Academic literature on the topic 'The time of sensorimotor reactions to sound and light stimuli'

<strong><em>Purpose:</em></strong><em> to develop quantitative criteria for assessing the physical quality of the speed and its constituent elements for modeling the training process in rowing on kayaks. </em> <strong><em>Material </em></strong><strong>&amp;<em> Methods:</em></strong><em> young men, specializing in rowing on kayaks, differing in age and sports qualification were examined. We have studied the tempo, time and speed of one motion, the frequency of movements, as well as sensorimotor responses to sound and light stimuli, according to the method of measuring the effect of the training action developed by us. The testing process simulates the typical conditions of training and competitive activity and evaluates performance of the task. </em> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> on the basis of complex studies of physical quality indicators of rapidity and constituent elements, criteria have been developed for their evaluation for young men of different ages in sports qualification who are engaged in rowing on kayaks. The proposed method of research and comparative analysis of mean values, as well as relative deviations of physical fitness indicators of surveyed athletes from model characteristics may indicate the functional preparedness of oarsmen</em><em>. </em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>the conducted research made it possible to ascertain the sufficient effectiveness of the method developed by us for measuring the effect of a training action for determining the physical quality of the speed of athletes specializing in rowing on kayaks, which makes it possible to recommend it for practical use in training sessions</em><em>.</em>

<strong><em>Purpose: </em></strong><em>to conduct a comprehensive study of the functional state of female athlete&rsquo;s specializing in rowing, for the subsequent determination of the prospects in this sport.</em> <strong><em>Material &amp; Methods: </em></strong><em>girls of various age groups and sports qualifications were examined. The functional state of the athletes was studied according to the developed methodology for measuring the effect of the training action, and the sensorimotor reactions to sound and light stimuli, the power of forced inspiration and expiration, the level of muscular-articular sensitivity and coordination of movements were determined. The testing process simulated typical conditions of training and competitive activity. </em> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>on the basis of comprehensive studies, it is shown that the most important methodological condition for the formation of a rational technique is the interconnection and interdependence of the structure of movements and the development of physical qualities. Correspondence of an athlete&rsquo;s physical preparedness to the level of possession of sports equipment, structure and the degree of perfection of its characteristics determines the technical preparedness in sports. The proposed research methodology and comparative analysis of average values, as well as relative deviations of the functional state indicators of the examined athletes, may indicate the level of sports preparedness of the rowers</em><em>.</em> <strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>the use of the proposed methodology will maximize focus on the individual characteristics and abilities of each particular athlete when choosing a sports specialization, developing a system of multi-year training, determining the rational structure of training and competitive activity.</em>

Specialists testify to the positive influence of the system of exercises with the use of technical means of training on the indicators of preparedness of players in sports games. The level of manifestation of sensorimotor reactions is of great importance in training and competitive activity of representatives of sports games. However, the educational and training process of improving sensorimotor reactions, which includes the development and use of methods of effective use of technical means of teaching basketball, is not sufficiently studied. The purpose and objectives of the study. To experimentally test the effectiveness of specially selected exercises with a reaction ball aimed at changes in the indicators of sensorimotor reactions of basketball players of a student team. Material and methods of the study. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalisation of scientific and methodological literature; testing of sensorimotor reactions; pedagogical experiment; methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 2 student teams of Kharkiv. The experimental group consisted of players (12 boys) from the Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, and the control group included players (12 boys) from Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University. The study took place in September-December 2021. In order to determine the psychophysiological abilities of basketball players, tests were used to assess sensorimotor reactions to light, sound, reactions to a moving object, and choice reactions. The psychophysiological state was assessed with the help of the hardware and software complex ‘Sports Psychophysiologist’ of the scientific laboratory of the KhDAFC. The pedagogical experiment consisted in supplementing the content of the training process of the experimental group with exercises with reaction balls aimed at improving sensorimotor reactions. Exercises with reaction balls were applied both in individual and group exercises. In individual exercises, basketball players performed throwing the ball at the wall while facing or backing up to it and catching the ball after it bounced off the wall or floor; exercises with throwing the ball uphill and catching it after it bounced off the floor, sometimes the task of making a rotation was added to the exercises. Reaction ball exercises were also performed in pairs and threes, when catching the ball had to be done after it bounced off the floor. Ball passes were performed on the spot and in motion. Some exercises were performed with two balls at the same time. These exercises were included in the main part of each training session. Training sessions were held 4 times a week, lasting 3 academic hours. Results of the study. Indicators of sensorimotor reactions of basketball players of EG were as follows: time of simple reaction to light - 0,285±0,023 s, to sound - 0,452±0,105 s, time of reaction to a moving object - 0,364±0,164 s, time of choice reaction - 0, 417±0.018 s, CG - 0.280±0.100 s, to sound - 0.458±0.090 s, reaction time to a moving object - 0.366±0.102 s, choice reaction time - 0.410±0.090 s, respectively. Supplementing the content of the EG training process with exercises with reaction balls made it possible to improve the indicators of basketball players' sensorimotor reactions. In a simple reaction to light the improvement was 0.052 s, in a reaction to sound - 0.070 s, in a choice reaction - 0.184 s, in a reaction to a moving object - 0.047 s. The greatest improvements were observed in the choice reaction. Conclusions. The introduction of specially selected exercises with reaction balls into the process of physical training improved the indicators of basketball players of EG in a simple reaction to light by 18.24 %, in a reaction to sound - by 15, 48 %, in a choice reaction - by 50.54 % and in a reaction to a moving object - by 11.27 %. Significant changes were observed only in the results of the simple reaction time to light and the choice reaction time (p&lt;0.05). The results of the research make it possible to recommend exercises with a reaction ball for use in the educational and training process in order to develop sensorimotor reactions of basketball players.

Background. The digitalization of education makes relevant monitoring studies for assessing the impact of computer technologies on the functional status of children, their cognitive ca-pabilities and somatic support (“adaptation cost”). Aim. The paper aims to study the impact of different computer load on sensorimotor reactivity in primary schoolchildren. Materials and methods. The data obtained in Moscow schools in 2006-2011 were analyzed. Surveys were carried out twice a year (October, March-April) in 66 different educational organizations. In total, the study included data on 4205 first-fourth year schoolchildren. To evaluate the reaction time (RT) of simple sensorimotor reactions to light (L) and acoustic (A) stimuli, the computer movement meter equipment (CMM, INTOX, St. Petersburg, Russia) was used. Also, the RTA / RTL ratio was used for analysis. Results. There is a correlation between RT (both RTL and RTA) and the general (lesson-related and extracurricular) volume of computer load. It was different depending on gender and the season, and was opposite for RTL and RTA. It was established that excessive computer load (exceeding hygienic standard requirements by 3 or more times) increased the seasonal variability of RTL in spring testing, principally in the third and fourthyear girls. However, under the influence of high computer loads, the RTA / RTL ratio also changes – seasonal varia-bility is formed as a decrease of this indicator in spring testing, principally in the third and fourth-year boys. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate the ambiguity of the effect of high computer loads on sensorimotor reactivity. On the one hand, there are symptoms of fatigue in children during the academic year, which requires compensation through health promotion education. On the other hand, there is a formation of a new skill during the academic year. This period of skill formation is recommended for extension through the summer period.

Background. The digitalization of education makes relevant monitoring studies for assessing the impact of computer technologies on the functional status of children, their cognitive ca-pabilities and somatic support (“adaptation cost”). Aim. The paper aims to study the impact of different computer load on sensorimotor reactivity in primary schoolchildren. Materials and methods. The data obtained in Moscow schools in 2006-2011 were analyzed. Surveys were carried out twice a year (October, March-April) in 66 different educational organizations. In total, the study included data on 4205 first-fourth year schoolchildren. To evaluate the reaction time (RT) of simple sensorimotor reactions to light (L) and acoustic (A) stimuli, the computer movement meter equipment (CMM, INTOX, St. Petersburg, Russia) was used. Also, the RTA / RTL ratio was used for analysis. Results. There is a correlation between RT (both RTL and RTA) and the general (lesson-related and extracurricular) volume of computer load. It was different depending on gender and the season, and was opposite for RTL and RTA. It was established that excessive computer load (exceeding hygienic standard requirements by 3 or more times) increased the seasonal variability of RTL in spring testing, principally in the third and fourthyear girls. However, under the influence of high computer loads, the RTA / RTL ratio also changes – seasonal varia-bility is formed as a decrease of this indicator in spring testing, principally in the third and fourth-year boys. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate the ambiguity of the effect of high computer loads on sensorimotor reactivity. On the one hand, there are symptoms of fatigue in children during the academic year, which requires compensation through health promotion education. On the other hand, there is a formation of a new skill during the academic year. This period of skill formation is recommended for extension through the summer period.

Background: About 40% of foreign students from 150 countries of the world study at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Unusual environment, other sociocultural traditions, climatic and geographic factors, time-related changes make special demands on the adaptationof foreign students. It is especially difficult for students with health status deviations. Aim: The article aims to assess the psychophysiological parameters of adaptation in foreign students with impaired health status. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on the basis of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Male students aged from 18 to 19 years participated in the study. All students belong to a special medical group for health reasons and are divided into two groups: the control (Russian students, n = 28) and experimental (foreign students, n = 35) groups. To assess the psychophysiological features of adaptation, the indicators of response to light and sound stimuli were used, as well as the test of maximum oxygen consumption, the duration of individual minutes, and the orthostatic test conducted with the help of Sports psychophysiologist hardware and software complex (no. 2010617789). The obtained data were subjected to variational and statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS (version 19.0 for Windows) software. The survey was conducted with the written consent of the students. Results: Significant differences in simple sensorimotor response to light and sound stimuli were revealed in foreign students compared to Russian students (P ≤ 0.05). Also, more than half of the students from both groups had a low level of physical performance. However, males from the experimental group were characterized by lower values. The duration of the individual minute in foreign students with health status deviations is much shorter than in students from the control group. There were no significant differences in the data btained in the orthostatic test. Conclusion: In males of both groups, pathological processes are characterized by a decrease in the functional capacities. However, most psychophysiological parameters are worse in foreign students. This indicates a decrease in the adaptive capacity of students from the experimental group and indirectly indicates the imbalance in the psychophysiological status.

The model of visual backward masking in its two-color modification is applicable in the study of the mechanisms of conjugation of the processes of sensory sensation formation and realization of sensorimotor reactions. The effect of the full (100 %) two-color backward masking is reliably implemented with the following values of its parameters: the duration of the test stimulus (red and green) is 0 ms, the stimulus masker (blue) is 45 ms, and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is 0.1 — 25 ms. In the range of SOA values from 25 to 35 ms, the efficiency of backward masking decreases to 14 %, and with an SOA of 40 ms, it completely disappears. The stimulus detection time (sDT) as part of a simple visual-motor reaction in the paradigm of the model of two-color backward masking does not depend on its effectiveness, the color of the test stimulus, the value of asynchrony in the range (0 — 40 ms), the duration of the stimulus-masker in the formation of a conscious light sensation. A comparative analysis of the stimulus detection time values under the conditions of full (100 %) backward masking and in its absence suggests that the mechanism of the two-color backward masking not associated with photoreceptors, but is implemented in the central parts of the visual analyzer.

Background. The solution of a number of applied problems requires extrapolation of the medical and biological effects of exposure to extreme physical factors from animals on humans based on the results of experimental studies of the behavioral reactions of animals under the influence of such factors. The specificity of such studies is the need for preliminary formation of the necessary behavioral responses in a large group of laboratory animals, which requires significant time costs.&#x0D; Purpose. The purpose of the study was to reduce the time of formation of behavioral reactions in laboratory animals during experimental studies.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The experimental setup consists of five vertically located functionally independent identical three-beam (Y-shaped) radial labyrinths with an electric field, sensors for recording animal movements, generators of sound and light stimuli, and a control unit. The animal can move freely within all three rays. During the experiment, the time of the animal’s transition from the dangerous (starting) arm to the safe (target) arm and the number of erroneous actions performed in this case are automatically recorded. The number and duration of cycles and series of the experiment is set by software, which allows you to adjust the start time of the experiment autonomously, without the participation of the operator. To test the operability of the installation, a series of experiments was carried out to teach rats the reaction of active avoidance in the maze, white outbred mature male rats weighing 160-180 g in the amount of 50 individuals were used.&#x0D; Results. At the initial stage of training (during two weeks), the rats developed a current avoidance reflex. During the first week of training, the probability of achieving the goal increased from 0.64 to 0.85. In the second week of training, the probability of achieving the goal was 0.85-0.95. In the first week of training, the average time to reach the goal (time to go to the safe sleeve) decreased from 9 to 7 s. In the second week, the time to reach the goal decreased to 5-6 s. On the second week of training, some rats began to perform the task (to avoid the action of the current) before it was turned on, that is, in less than 5 s. The number of erroneous actions in the second week also decreased. For three weeks of continuous training, 30 animals with a stable behavioral skill (probability of correct action 0.45-0.50) were selected, with a time expenditure of 4 hours per day for autonomous (without the participation of the experimenter) training.&#x0D; Conclusion. The developed technology has demonstrated the possibility of effective training of a large group of animals in a relatively short period of time. A distinctive feature of the developed hardware and software complex is the possibility of implementing screening studies to study key indicators of operator functions with the possibility of autonomous operation of the experimental setup.

Relevance. Accumulation of aluminum in brain tissues has a negative effect on the nervous system, which can subsequently lead to memory impairment, emotional instability, decreased motor activity, and therefore to various neurodegenerativediseases. The aim of the work was to evaluate the peculiarities of behavioral reactions in rats against the background of aluminum chloride intoxication and their correction by means of preventive measures. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 32 male white rats weighing from 239 to 268 g, which were divided into four groups: group 1 – intact animals (n = 8); group 2 – injection of 0.5 ml of 12% AlCl3 ×6H2O solution (80 mg Al/kg) (n = 8); group 3 – introduction of a preventive complex against the background of aluminum chloride intoxication: «Lequin» (NPA «Odeska Biotechnology», Ukraine) at a dose of 500 mg/kg, «Gotu Cola» («Nature’s Answer», USA) at a dose of 300 mg/kg and «Sklerosin» (TOV «ECOSVIT OIL», Ukraine) at a dose of 300 mg/kg (n = 8); group 4 – administration of Minerol (NVMP «GOBOR», Ukraine) at a dose of 1000 mg/kg of body weight (n = 8). On the 60th day of aluminum intoxication, the peculiarities of the behavioral reactions of rats of all groups were studied in the Barnes maze using extraneous stimuli (bright light and loud sound). Results and conclusions. A study of the nature of the behavior of rats in the Barnesmaze showed that when performing the task (searching for the «rescue» hole), the animals of each group made mistakes. The highest average number of errors (10) was observed in animals with aluminum intoxication on the 9th day of the experiment (р ≤0.05, Uemp=15.5) compared to control. The average number of errors in this period decreased to 5 and 7, respectively, compared to the previous group, in animals that received the preventive complex and «Minerol» against the background of intoxication. The time to pass the maze (completed task) by rats of the control group compared to the others was the smallest during the entire experiment and from the 5th to the 12th day of the study it further decreased from 48 to 36 s, respectively, and in animals with aluminum intoxication it was the largest. The use of both the preventive complex and «Minerol» reduced the time of passing the maze until the end of the experiment, but these indicators did not reach the values of the control group. Males of the control group chose a direct search strategy in 65-75% of cases. For animals with aluminum intoxication, refusal to perform the task is characteristic both at the beginning of the study and at the end.

The authors examined the toxicological parameters of the drug “Vitosept”, based on a solution sodium chloride, which is obtained by the diaphragm free (diaphragmless) continuous flow electrolyzer. According to the developers, the sodium chloride solution obtained in this way is the optimal carrier of active oxygen; non-toxic; it easily releases active oxygen and penetrates through protein barriers. In the course of the research, it was found that during the whole observation period, the experimental animals were active, had satisfactory appetite, responded to sound and light stimuli, and retained reflex excitability. Clinical signs of violations on the part of the respiratory and urinary tract systems, as well as disorders of the gastrointestinal tract – were absent. Inadequate reactions and death of animals – were not observed. The morphological and biochemical changes in the blood of experimental rats showed an increase in the total number of leukocytes by 19.4%, 28.6% and 33.7%, as compared to control. The erythrocyte index of intoxication in rats of the IVth experimental group increased more than twice (P &lt; 0.05). The total protein content of blood serum of animals of the II and III groups was higher than the control values by 9.3% and 3.2%. At the same time, the increase in albumin fractions was 33.2% and 36.4%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Consequently, in the course of the research, it was found that the DL50 of the drug for intragastric (rat) and intra-abdominal (white mouse) inputting is less than 1000 mg/l, and according to this index it relates it to grade IV toxicity – low-toxic compounds. The revealed individual changes in the evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters of blood in rats and mice did not go beyond the limits of physiological parameters and most likely were compensatory in nature.

Abstract Pieces of music are dynamic events in time—not static, visible, or tangible as are pieces of pictorial and sculptural art. In the latter, perceived color, light, surface structure, and other properties cannot be separated from the objects themselves. Sounds, tones, and music may likewise be perceived as belonging to objects (e.g., instruments, performers), but they may also be attended to as such—as “pure events”—without any consideration of their origin or belonging (Scruton, 1997; Zuckerkandl, 1956). Music often seems abstract and ineffable, inaccessible to description by ordinary language, or only hinted at by means of similes or metaphors. While most pictorial art depicts phenomena visible in nature, music rarely depicts in that sense, except in a few examples of program music (Davies, 1994, chap. 2). Nor can music be regarded as a language because its elements (e.g., tones, chords) do not have fixed dictionary meaning, as elements in language usually have (Davies, 1994, chap. 1; Hermere´n, 1986; Langer, 1957, p. 228; Scruton, 1997, chap. 7). On the contrary, musical elements are ambiguous; they mean different things in different contexts. So what, then, can music do? Richard Wagner, who wrote both libretto and music for his operas, declared that music begins where language comes to an end, and that music is the language of passion (Benestad, 1978). Langer (1957) claimed that music “can reveal the nature of feelings with a detail and truth that language cannot approach” (p. 235), and Cooke (1959) maintained that music is not apt to expression of ideas or abstract concepts but is the expression of emotion. Sounds, it seems, may express and arouse emotions more readily than visual stimuli. People who have become deaf as adults experience “a consequent draining of feeling from the world about them” (Brown, 1981, p. 240). Before the advent of sound film, a pianist was hired to strengthen the expression of what happened on the screen, and nowadays music is routinely used to generate or amplify emotional expression in plays, films, videos, television programs, and so forth (Cohen, 2001). Before proceeding further, it is necessary to refer to a distinction between, on the one hand, a listener’s perception of expression in the music—to perceive an expression of, say, sadness without being affected oneself—and, on the other hand, a listener’s response to the music—to feel sad. This distinction is not always observed, neither in theoretical treatises nor in empirical investigations (and in reality the border between the two alternatives is somewhat blurred). In the following, however, we focus mainly on perceived emotional expression. (For discussions of emotional reactions to music, see Gabrielsson, 2001; Scherer &amp; Zentner, 2001; Sloboda &amp; Juslin, 2001.) Expressive qualities of Western music have been discussed by philosophers, music theorists, and others ever since antiquity, and many opinions have been issued concerning what can be expressed in music. We first take a look at some of these ideas as they relate to emotion. Then, we review empirical investigations on emotional expression in music. Finally, we discuss methodological and theoretical issues and consider implications for future research.