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Journal articles on the topic 'The Tokugawa period'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Platonov, Dmitrij, and Olesya Emelyanova. "Special Features of the Socioeconomic Development of Japan During the Bakumatsu Transition Period (1853–1868)." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2018, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201821.

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In Russian historiography there are few articles investigating the problem of Japan’s economic development during the Tokugawa period from 1602 to 1867. However, both the Russian and Western researchers covering the long Tokugawa period of more than 250 years, paid little attention to the bakumatsu period from 1853 to 1868. In terms of political history, the bakumatsu years are significant for the ending of the Tokugawa’s military government. However, from the economic viewpoint, a wide range of problems had accumulated and they became more evident due to the opening of the Japanese market for international trade. This caused dramatic changes in the country’s economic development trends. This article presents a comprehensive review of the social and economic characteristics of Japan’s development during the bakumatsu period that triggered Japan’s economic recovery and entailed industrialization in the country.

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TASHIRO, Kazui. "Japanese-Korean Relations during the Tokugawa Period." Transactions of the Japan Academy 72, Special_Issue (April 11, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/tja.72.special_issue_109.

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MATSUI, Yoko. "Japanese-Dutch Relations in the Tokugawa Period." Transactions of the Japan Academy 72, Special_Issue (April 11, 2018): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/tja.72.special_issue_139.

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4

Hellyer, Robert I. "INTRA-ASIAN TRADE AND THE BAKUMATSU CRISIS: RECONSIDERING TOKUGAWA COMMERCIAL POLICIES IN LATE EDO PERIOD JAPAN." International Journal of Asian Studies 2, no. 1 (December 10, 2004): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591405000045.

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By moving away from locating the significance of late Edo period Japanese foreign trade within the context of industrialization, this essay offers an alternative interpretation of the weakness of the Tokugawa regime and contrasting success of the Satsuma domain during the bakumatsu period crisis of the mid-nineteenth century. It argues that the marine product export trade to China provides a useful tool to understand the Tokugawa commercial strategy that focused not on “capital accumulation,” so important in the Western experience, but on supporting the economy of Nagasaki and the port's key role in the system of foreign relations. In turn it shows how Satsuma, not fettered with the same “national” goals, developed a more flexible strategy that used marine product exports to build a broad domestic and foreign trade network. With its commercial enterprises, Satsuma challenged Tokugawa commercial dominance and by implication, political authority, contributing to the larger political divisions that helped to define the bakumatsu crisis.

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Tran Nam, Trung. "Tokugawa Shogunate's policy on Buddhism and its implications." Journal of Science Social Science 65, no. 8 (August 2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2020-0057.

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In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate, ushering in a long period of Japanese peace. In order to maintain social stability, the Tokugawa Shogunate has issued a series of policies in the fields of politics, economy, culture, and society. For Buddhism, the bakufu forced families to register for permanent religious activities at a local temple; required the sects to make a list of monasteries in their sects; banned the construction of new monasteries; encouraged the learning and researching discipline of monasteries throughout the country. These policies have had a multifaceted impact on the bakufu government, as well as Buddhism. For Buddhism, the policies of the Tokugawa shogunate marked a period of restoration but tightly controlled by this religion in Japan. The privileges that Buddhism possesses have given great power to Buddhist temples to Japanese people from peasants to samurai. This was also a period of witness to the academic revival of the Japanese Buddhist sects. For the bakufu government, Buddhism was tightly controlled by the government, becoming an effective tool to fight against Christianity as well as managing and controlling the inhabitants, and strengthening the feudal social order.

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Frumer, Yulia. "Japanese Reverse Compasses: Grounding Cognition in History and Society." Science in Context 31, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 155–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889718000157.

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ArgumentAn unusual compass, on which east and west are reversed, provides insight into the dynamics guiding our understanding of artifacts. By examining how such compasses were used in Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868), the benefits they brought, and how users knew how to read them, this article uncovers the cognitive factors that shape our interaction with technology. Building on the methodological approach of thedistributed cognitiontheory, the article claims that reverse compasses allowed the user to conserve cognitive effort, which was particularly advantageous to Tokugawa-period mariners. Moreover, the article shows that even non-professional Tokugawa Japanese had a relatively easy time reading reverse compasses due to similarity between the compasses’ orientation and Tokugawa timekeeping practices. Building on the bodily and cognitive habits they had developed through the practices of keeping time, users could identify and interpret cultural cues embedded in the structure of reverse compasses.

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Moriyama, Takeshi. "Rural Poets' Publishing Projects in a Tokugawa-period Province." Japanese Studies 33, no. 2 (September 2013): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2013.816242.

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8

Švambarytė, Dalia. "Scientific expeditions in Tokugawa Japan: Historical background and results of official ventures to foreign lands." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2008.1.3720.

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Vilnius UniversityThis article discusses the problem of the research expeditions to foreign lands during the period of national seclusion in Japan. Each historical period has its specific geographical perspective. The geographical thinking in Tokugawa Japan was influenced by a policy of self-isolation. In the Tokugawa period, Japan was more interested in protecting the boundaries than expanding its geographical horizons. There were, nevertheless, several expeditionary ventures launched by the government.This article presents the background of research expeditions dispatched by the shogunate and then moves to a discussion of the mechanism of these official expeditions and motivation behind them, as well as the nature of the political statements implied by the explorations and their results. The Japanese expeditions to the Pacific islands and northern region were mostly limited to scientific observation, mapping, and geographical survey, and the reasons for expeditionary ventures were security concerns rather than territorial expansion or the pursuit of economic interests. Although the links between the geographical exploration of the Tokugawa period and colonialism were weak, the expeditions had a considerable degree of political effect on the state policy of modern Japan.

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9

Coaldrake, William H. "The Gatehouse of the Shogun's Senior Councillor: Building Design and Status Symbolism in Japanese Architecture of the Late Edo Period." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 47, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990383.

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Gateways, or mon, have served as powerful symbols of authority throughout Japanese history. In particular the stately mon built for the Edo city residences of the regional lords expressed the dignity of high rank in the Tokugawa political and social order, but unlike their earlier counterparts in temples and palaces, they have been neglected as a subject for scholarly study. These gateways, virtually the only surviving examples of secular buildings from the great castle-city of Edo, clarify our understanding of the use of architectural style as a symbol of status in the period of Tokugawa rule (1603-1867). The Rōjūmon, or "Gatehouse of the Senior Councillor," is one of three well-preserved gatehouses dating from the last century of warrior government in Japan. Analysis of the structure of the building reveals the design principles upon which it was based and details of building practices at the time. The technical and stylistic features of the gatehouse are interpreted in the light of Tokugawa government laws and pictorial records to establish the importance of mon architecture as a status symbol in general terms and the precise meaning of this building as an example of the gatehouse type.

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10

Li, Jingyi. "The Master in the Clouds: Imagining Li Yu in Early Modern Japan." Japanese Language and Literature 56, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jll.2022.213.

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The Chinese novelist and playwright Li Yu 李漁 (1610~1680) enjoyed great fame in Japan since the 1690s when he was introduced to Japanese readers of the Tokugawa period. Particularly important in the reception history of Li Yu in Japan was Jieziyuan huazhuan, the Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting. The reproduction and reinterpretation of Jieziyuan huazhuan in Tokugawa Japan shaped Li Yu’s reputation as a literatus ideal among his Japanese readers in spite of his obscure reputation among his Chinese contemporaries. Through a wide range of primary materials, this article examines the idolization of Li Yu in the middle and late Tokugawa period and argues that it was a result of the misrepresentation of Li Yu as a literati painting master, as well as a hermit fiction writer. The close connection established between him and Jieziyuan huazhuan led to the recognition of him in Tokugawa Japan as one of the greatest literati painting artists. Meanwhile, the imagination of him as a hermit further established his image as the ideal of literati spirit among his Japanese admirers. Such idolization in turn contributed to his reputation in early modern China when his works were re-introduced to Chinese readers in the 1930s.

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11

Simonini, Emanuel. "Sakoku. Ökonomische Anpassungen des Tokugawa-Shōgunats von 1639–1853." historia.scribere, no. 8 (June 14, 2016): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.8.457.

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During the period of Edo (1603–1868), Japan was dominated and ruled by the Tokugawa Dynasty. In fact this family ruled the country on its own and provided every Shōgun in the modern age. In the era of the third Shōguns reign – Tokugawa Iemitsu – Japan got into a term of forclosure which at least took 200 years, today known as ‚Sakoku‘ (1639–1853). The purpose of this paper is to examine the economic and social conditions in order to consist as a souvereign country during this period of isolation. The focus to answer this question thereby lies on food supply, foreign commerce and the external relations of the Shōgunat.

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12

Morris, James Harry. "Anti-Kirishitan Surveillance in Early Modern Japan." Surveillance & Society 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 410–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i4.8616.

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From 1614 to 1873 Christianity was outlawed in Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate, which ruled Japan for most of this period, built rigorous and complicated systems of surveillance in order to monitor their population’s religious habits. This paper seeks to describe the evolution of Edo period (1603–1868) anti-Christian religious surveillance. The first two sections of the paper explore the development of surveillance under the first three Tokugawa leaders. The following sections focus on the evolution of these systems (the recruitment of informants, temple registration, the composition of registries, and tests of faith) in subsequent periods and includes some short passages from previously untranslated contemporaneous documents. Finally, the paper offers some thoughts on the efficacy of anti-Christian surveillance, arguing that the toleration of the existence of hidden communities resulted from changes in Christian behaviour that made them harder to discover and a willingness on the part of the authorities to tolerate illegal activity due to economic disincentive and a reduction in the threat that Christianity posed.

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13

Brown, Philip C. "The Mismeasure of Land. Land Surveying in the Tokugawa Period." Monumenta Nipponica 42, no. 2 (1987): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384949.

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AMANO, Kozo, Kazuhiko NISHIDA, Masayasu HISATAKE, Tomio TAMANO, Junko YANO, and Mitsuko NISHIDA. "Stabilizing Mechanism of Osaka Castle Stone Wall in Tokugawa Period." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 17 (1997): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.17.377.

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15

Ravina, Mark. "Wasan and the Physics that Wasn't. Mathematics in the Tokugawa Period." Monumenta Nipponica 48, no. 2 (1993): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385528.

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윤유숙. "Villages of Joseon residents of western Japan in early Tokugawa period." SA-CHONG(sa) ll, no. 68 (March 2009): 91–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.16957/sa..68.200903.91.

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17

Wakita, Shigeru. "Efficiency of the Dojima rice futures market in Tokugawa-period Japan." Journal of Banking & Finance 25, no. 3 (March 2001): 535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(00)00087-x.

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18

Flershem, Robert G., and Yoshiko N. Flershem. "Migratory fishermen on the Japan sea coast in the Tokugawa period." Japan Forum 3, no. 1 (April 1991): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09555809108721408.

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19

Sawada, Janine Anderson. "Sexual Relations as Religious Practice in the Late Tokugawa Period: Fujido." Journal of Japanese Studies 32, no. 2 (2006): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2006.0063.

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20

ZHANG, Tingting. "Labor Migration from a Fishing Village in Echigo during Tokugawa Period." Journal of Rural Studies 27, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9747/jars.27.2_13.

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21

EISENSTEIN, Naama. "Poetic Deception: The Ujigawa Senjin Episode Between Court and Warrior Traditions." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.111-126.

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The story of Kajiwara Kagesue and Sasaki Takatsuna’s race across the River Uji is one of the most commonly depicted episodes from the Heike monogatari. During the Tokugawa period this tale of deception and wit was presented in a wide variety of formats, yet the context in which these art works were made differed greatly from the original twelfth-century setting of the story. This article examines how the meaning of the Ujigawa senjin episode changed over time and suggests that its immense popularity in Tokugawa imagery was based more on its ability to fit with poetic associations than its content as a war story.

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22

Howell, David L. "Proto-Industrial Origins of Japanese Capitalism." Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (May 1992): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058029.

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Proto-Industrialization has been defined as a transitional phase on the way to modern, factory industrialization, characterized by “the development of rural regions in which a large part of the population lived entirely or to a considerable extent from industrial mass production for inter-regional and international markets” (Kriedte, Medick, and Schlumbohm [KMS] 1981:6). This article will use protoindustrialization as a lens through which to reexamine a number of issues in early modern Japanese history, including the relationship between commercial agriculture and rural industry, the role of the state in economic development, and the economic geography of the late Tokugawa period. Perhaps most importantly, I hope by looking at proto-industrialization to reach a better understanding of the transition from the feudalism of the Tokugawa era to the capitalist development of the Meiji period and beyond.

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23

Yonemoto, Marcia. "The “Spatial Vernacular” in Tokugawa Maps." Journal of Asian Studies 59, no. 3 (August 2000): 647–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658946.

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As key components of the “peculiar metaphysic of modernity,” geographers in nineteenth-century Japan began to remap the world in the name of science and “civilization” (Mitchell 1991, xii). What is often overlooked in this equation of the map with modernity, however, is Japan's history of mapmaking before the modern period. Although the earliest imperial governments in Japan practiced administrative mapmaking on a limited scale beginning in the seventh century, it was only during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) that comprehensive land surveying and mapmaking by the state were standardized and regularized. The Tokugawa ordered all daimyo to map their landholdings in 1605; these edicts were repeated numerous times, such that by the early nineteenth century the bakufu had organized five countrywide mapmaking and surveying projects, and produced from those surveys four comprehensive maps of Japan.

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Bianchi, Alessandro. "Introduction to Medicine or Satire on Doctors." East Asian Publishing and Society 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2014): 65–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341256.

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AbstractThis article aims to shed light on the multifarious relationship between medicine and literature in Tokugawa Japan (1603-1867) by focusing on a humorous-informative work of popular fiction entitledYōjō kyōkun isha dangi(1759). Firstly, this essay provides an overview ofIsha dangiexplaining how medical knowledge is grafted onto narrative structure. Secondly, it analyses the didactic and entertaining aspects of this text and describes howIsha dangiwas influenced both by works of comic literature and by instructive medical manuals produced during the Tokugawa period. In doing so, this study supports the hypothesis of genre hybridism in Japanese early-modern literature. Finally, usingIsha dangias a case study, this article takes into account issues of authorship and readership in medically-themed literary works.

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25

金光男. "A Reflection on the Coal Development in Kyushu of Late Tokugawa Period." Journal of Eurasian Studies 5, no. 3 (December 2008): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31203/aepa.2008.5.3.004.

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AMANO, Kozo, Kazuhiko NISIDA, Takeru WATANABE, Tomio TAMANO, and Hiroji NAKAMURA. "Historical and Empirical Study on Osaka Castle Masonry Wall at Tokugawa Period." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 660 (2000): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2000.660_101.

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AMANO, Kozo, Toshiharu SAZAKI, Haruoki OCHIAI, Katsumi KAWASAKI, Yoshiharu KANATANI, and Sadaaki NISHIKAWA. "A Study on Masonry Work Technology of Osaka Castle in Tokugawa Period." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 16 (1996): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.16.619.

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SHIMIZU, AKIRA. "Effluvia of the Foreign: Olfactory Experiences in Nagasaki during the Tokugawa Period." Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University 5 (March 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/2794932.

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Rodicheva, Irina, and Olga Novikova. "Genesis of Buddhism in Japan: The Age of Nara – The Tokugawa Period." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 4-1 (December 27, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.4.1-42-56.

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This article considers the genesis and development of Buddhism in Japan from the age of Nara to the Tokugawa period. Revealing the problems of the first six philosophical and religious schools of academic Buddhism, namely Kusha, Sanron, Jōjitsu, Hosso, Risshu and Kegon, the authors of the article sought to fully explore the basic foundations of the philosophy of each of them, delve into the linguistic nuances of Japanese and Sanskrit terms, touching on such aspects like dharma, dukha, anatmavada, shunyata or emptiness, the "two truths" of the Buddha's teachings, etc. The text focuses on the role of Buddhism in the Nara period, it explores the main purpose of monks and the system of "local" temples which was not only an intellectual support of that era, but also played the role of an important military force. Drawing an analogy with the philosophy of the Rinzai-shu and Soto-shu schools, the authors analyze the expansion of the line of succession in Zen by monitoring the formation of groups of thinkers, their development and emergence of cultural capital through long-term discussions and continuous reflection over several generations. The work pays special attention to significant figures in Japanese Buddhism, it outlines the role of philosophical creativity, examines the social and religious transformations that occur over different eras and periods. The question of redistribution of power and basic economic resources, suppression of Buddhism, emergence of anti-Buddhist positions and formation of new doctrines are touched upon. As a result of the study, the genesis of Buddhism was described through the prism of Japanese culture, the trajectory of its development from inception to transformation processes in new trends as well as social phenomena that sometimes gave rise to a creative or destructive tendency and influenced the course of history. The authors note that Japanese society that tends to a greater extent towards abstraction and aesthetic pleasure managed to assimilate to the new realities of life and new teachings with pinpoint accuracy, transforming Buddhism into its culture and polishing and refining it in the Japanese style.

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Park, Sang-hyun. "A Study of Kazin in the Late Tokugawa (Edo) Period - Focusing on ‘Zyunanyuizyu ’." East Asian Ancient Studies 36 (December 30, 2014): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17070/aeaas.2014.12.36.239.

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Sugimoto, Fumiko. "Overview of the research work of Prof. Fumiko Sugimoto." Impact 2021, no. 7 (September 14, 2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.7.26.

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Professor Fumiko Sugimoto has been analysing the history of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century with a focus not only on the temporal axis but also on the relationships between specific spaces and the people who live and act as subjective agents in these spaces. During the past few years, she has been endeavouring to decipher the history in the period of transition from the early modern period to the modern period by introducing the perspective of oceans, with a focus on Japan. Through the study of history in terms of spatial theory that also takes oceans into consideration, she is proposing to present a new concept about the territorial formation of modern states. [Main subjects] Law and Governance in Early Modern Japan Judgement in Early Modern Society The Evolution of Control over Territory under the Tokugawa State A Human Being in the Nineteenth Century: WATANABE Kazan, a Conflicting Consciousness of Status as an Artist and as a Samurai Early Modern Maps in the Social-standing-based Order of Tokugawa Japan The World of Information in Bakumatsu Japan: Timely News and Bird's Eye Views Early Modern Political History in Terms of Spatial Theory The Emergence of Newly Defined Oceans and the Transformation of Political Culture.

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Doan, Giang Le. "Diplomatic writings 外蕃通書: The old texts of Vietnam-Japan relations." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i2.1329.

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Diplomatic Writings外蕃通書 (also known as 外蕃書翰, which literally means “pappers and ink of diplomacy”) is a collection of diplomatic texts between Tokugawa Bakufu and the representatives of neibouring nations such as Korea, the Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Those writings were exchanged from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century, during which the Edo period had reached its half and the Trinh and Nguyen families of Vietnam were fighting against each other. The writings were collected and edited by Kondo Juzo 近藤重蔵 (also known as Kondo Morishige 守重) (1771 - 1892), who was a scholar and vassal of Tokugawa Bakufu. Diplomatic Writings consists of 27 volumes, including a volume for the content list. Diplomatic writings with Vietnam were sorted in the section named “An Nam Nation Writings” 安南國書. The collection was composed from 1808 to 1819, presented in traditional Chinese, ancient Japanese, and Katakana. The “An Nam Nation Writings” section consists of writings from Bakufu Tokugawa to Lord Nguyen in the South of Vietnam and Lord Trinh in the North of Vietnam, and vice versa, discussing diplomacy, commerce, and protections for Japanese citizens commercing in Vietnam. This is one in the oldest writing collection about Vietnam-Japan relations. This article introduces and studies the section “An Nam Nation Writings” in Diplomatic Writings.

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33

Fujimoto, Hiro. "Miners, Benevolent Government, and Administration: A History of Medical Policy in Tokugawa Japan." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 51-52, no. 1 (January 26, 2020): 17–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-05105201006.

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Since the 1980s, the rise of local history scholarship has increasingly pushed historians of medicine of Japan’s Tokugawa period to examine how people dealt with sickness and disease in local communities. Scholars have shown that while local people benefitted from the rising number of village doctors, the shogunate and domains provided scant medical services. In part for this reason, the history of medical policy in the Tokugawa has been understudied, despite important initiatives by some domains to employ physicians and distribute drugs to save lives. Specifically, this article examines how the Akita domain was more actively engaged in medical policy than the shogunate or other domains, both in terms of ideology and administration. The Tenmei famine (1782-1788) sparked political reformation in Akita, leading newly educated officials to play a significant role in providing medical aid to the population, especially miners, as an act of benevolent government.

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Sasaki, Elisa Massae. "Estudos de Japonologia no Período Meiji." Estudos Japoneses, no. 37 (June 29, 2017): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-7125.v0i37p19-32.

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In the end of the Tokugawa period (1603-1868), inaugurated the Meiji period (1868- 1912), which implies a transformation without precedent in Japan, when it began to have an intense contact with Western countries, sending diplomatic missions, as the Iwakura Mission, as well as getting hired foreigners (Oyatoi gaikokujin), to acquire knowledge and technology and thus they match and even surpass them in the late 19th century to the 20th. In this context, Japanology, that is, how to think and imagine Japan also won other contours.

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White, James W., Herbert P. Bix, William W. Kelly, Stephen Vlastos, and Anne Walthall. "Scholarly Discourse and Peasant Discontent: Four Studies of Popular Contention in the Tokugawa Period." Journal of Japanese Studies 15, no. 1 (1989): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132412.

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36

Ooms, Herman, and Marcia Yonemoto. "Mapping Early Modern Japan: Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period (1603-1868)." Sixteenth Century Journal 35, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477120.

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AMANO, Kozo, Toshiharu SAZAKI, Haruoki OCHIAI, Katsmi KAWASAKI, Yoshiharu KANATANI, and Sadaaki NISHIKAWA. "A Study on Construction Process of Stone Wall of Osaka Castle in Tokugawa Period." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 17 (1997): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.17.389.

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38

Clements, Rebekah. "Rewriting Murasaki: Vernacular Translation and the Reception of Genji Monogatari during the Tokugawa Period." Monumenta Nipponica 68, no. 1 (2013): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2013.0013.

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39

Nenzi, Laura. "Mapping Early Modern Japan: Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period (1603–1868)." History: Reviews of New Books 31, no. 4 (January 2003): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2003.10527534.

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40

Schaede, Ulrike. "Forwards and futures in tokugawa-period Japan:A new perspective on the Dōjima rice market." Journal of Banking & Finance 13, no. 4-5 (September 1989): 487–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(89)90028-9.

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윤유숙. "About “the Irregular Diplomatic Envoys” Dispatched by the Tsushima Clan to Joseon in Tokugawa Period." SA-CHONG(sa) ll, no. 70 (March 2010): 119–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.16957/sa..70.201003.119.

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Vaporis, Constantine Nomikos. "Mapping Early Modern Japan: Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period (1603-1868) (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 30, no. 2 (2004): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2004.0079.

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IWAMOTO, Kaoru. "RELATION BETWEEN SAMURAI LAND (BUKECHI) POLICY AND SHOGUNS RETAINER ADMISSION DURING TOKUGAWA TSUNAYOSHI GOVERNMENT PERIOD." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 80, no. 711 (2015): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.80.1213.

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Bektas, Yakup. "Mapping Early Modern Japan: Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period, 1603-1868 (review)." Technology and Culture 45, no. 1 (2004): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2004.0005.

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Botsman, Daniel. "Recovering Japan’s urban past: Yoshida Nobuyuki, Tsukada Takashi, and the cities of the Tokugawa period." City, Culture and Society 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2012.06.004.

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Groemer, Gerald. "Edo's "Tin Pan Alley": Authors and Publishers of Japanese Popular Song during the Tokugawa Period." Asian Music 27, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/834495.

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Tudor, Thomas R., Robert R. Trumble, and Gerard George. "Significant Historic Origins That Influenced The Team Concept In Major Japanese Companies." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 12, no. 4 (September 8, 2011): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v12i4.5788.

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<span>Major historical aspects of the Japanese people reinforce their continued inclination to conform to societal norms at the cost of their own individualism. We look at this unique characteristic of their country, often referred to as a need for dependence versus the need for independence, with a historic perspective. We seek to identify these historic roots and its ramifications on the successful team-based Japanese management style. This paper examines the team concept as witnessed in (a) rice growing activities (100 BC to present); (b) religious influences, (500 BC to present); (c) the Tokugawa Period (1660-1867); and (d) the Meiji Period (1868-1911).</span>

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IWAMOTO, Yoshiteru. "The immigration of Jodo Shinshu-sect Buddhists into the Mutsu-Nakamura domain during the Tokugawa period." Journal of Rural Studies 17, no. 2 (2011): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9747/jars.17.2_18.

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HMELJAK SANGAWA, Kristina. "Confucian Learning and Literacy in Japan’s Schools of the Edo Period." Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2017.5.2.153-166.

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With the political stability, economic growth and cultural revitalisation of Japan after its unification by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the educational infrastructure also grew to meet new literacy demands. Governmental schools endowed by the shogunate (Shōheikō) and by the domains (hankō), which catered to the upper military class of the samurai, focused on classical Chinese studies, particularly the Neo-Confucian canon taught in kanbun, a style of classical Chinese. Given the prestige of Neo-Confucian Chinese learning and of the kanbun writing style, these were taught also in temple schools (terakoya) and private academies (juku) that were open to the lower classes, thus contributing to the spread of this particular type of literacy. However, Chinese learning in these schools often involved memorising rather than reading, both because of educational traditions and socio-ideological factors, and also because of the sheer difficulty of reading kanbun, a de facto foreign language. The present article investigates the contrasting implications of Neo-Confucian learning and of the kanbun writing style for the development of education and literacy in Japanese society: while the prestige of Chinese learning contributed to the demand for and development of educational facilities, its complexity also acted as an obstacle to the development of widespread functional literacy.

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Walker, Brett L. "Commercial Growth and Environmental Change in Early Modern Japan: Hachinohe's Wild Boar Famine of 1749." Journal of Asian Studies 60, no. 2 (May 2001): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659696.

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The only aspect of this bizarre famine that historians really know for sure is that the Hachinohe chroniclers of the day remembered it as the “wild boar famine” (inoshishi kegachi) of 1749. From what can be pieced together from the few available sources, thousands of peasants from Hachinohe died when an intensification of slash-and-burn farming, fueled by economic growth during the Tokugawa period (1600–1868), combined with terrestrial and climatological environmental changes and converged on this small northeastern domain. This convergence disrupted local agricultural cycles, caused food shortages, and, ultimately, pitted the human population against wild boar in a life-or-death struggle for survival. Like other domains, Hachinohe had faced worsening economic conditions throughout the eighteenth century, and so it took advantage of the commercialization of the economy by sponsoring cash-crop farming in the form of soybean cultivation to meet the growing financial demands of doling out retainer stipends and paying the other high costs of life in the Tokugawa polity. As peasants cleared new swaths of land for soybean cultivation, however, they in turn sparked changes in the land that led to an explosion of the wild boar population. Wild boar thrived in the newly deforested terrain—a terrain that, with its ample brush and many tuberous plants, supplied them with shelter and food.

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