Academic literature on the topic 'The UN General Assembly adopted the "Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women" (1979)'

The author conducted a retrospective review of the activities of international organizations through the prism of their role in forming the legislative foundation for combating gender-based violence. It is noted that for the first time at the international level the norm of equality of all people was enshrined in Art. 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. An important step towards combating gender-based violence was the signing in 2011 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. The Istanbul Convention visualizes the issue of gender-based violence. It has been determined that women and girls are increasingly exposed to severe forms of violence, such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, forced marriage, crimes committed in the name of so-called "honor", and genital mutilation, which constitutes a significant violation of human rights. for women and girls and is a major obstacle to achieving equality between women and men.
 The author singles out three conditional periods of formation of the modern paradigm of counteraction to gender - based violence in the activity of international organizations: 1) 1945 - 1974. The basic foundations of gender equality are laid at the level of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Combating gender-based violence was not considered through the prism of sex discrimination. The activities of the world community were aimed primarily at combating discrimination against women in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres of society. 2) 1975-2010.During this period, all 4 World Conferences on the Status of Women were held. In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Articles 30 of the Convention clearly define discrimination against women and propose an agenda for action at the national level to end such discrimination. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, adopted by the General Assembly in 1993, contains a definition of violence against women. 3) 2011 - to the present time. This period covers the process of realizing the scale of the spread of gender-based violence. A key event of this period was the adoption in 2011 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. Activation of the world community to intensify the fight against gender-based violence. Adoption of sustainable development goals, in which gender equality is recognized as the general idea (Goal 5) and condition of sustainable development.

The violations and abuses of the rights of women and children has been a source of global concern for decades. The United Nations (UN) has made several international efforts to protect the rights and freedoms of women and children starting with the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHRs) by its General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948, which sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be internationally safeguarded. Other efforts which the UN has made to protect the rights of women include the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others 1949, Equal Remuneration Convention 1951, Convention on the Political Rights of Women 1952, Convention on the Nationality of Married Women 1957, Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention 1958, Convention against Discrimination in Education 1960, Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages 1962, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1979. Similarly, efforts which the UN has made to protect the rights of children include the UN General Assembly Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1959, the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) 1985, the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children 1986, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2003. However, despite these global efforts made by the UN to protect the rights of women and children, there still exist rampant cases of the violations of the rights of women and children globally. Therefore, the UN, in 2015, made further efforts to protect the rights of women and children through its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article, which adopted the doctrinal research methodology, assesses the protection of the human rights of women and children under the United Nations 2030 Agenda for SDGs in the light of some selected human rights instruments.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) imposes on signatory States the obligation to implement and apply legal measures promoting equality and the elimination of gender discrimination. The General Assembly adopted it in 1979. Violence against women is, on the one hand, one of the most systematic and widespread forms of human rights violation in the world and, on the other, a socio-economic problem that impacts social harmony, economic growth and threatens overall development progress. The consequences include the deterioration of women’s mental and physical health, disruption of communities, and a decrease in economic productivity. The manifestation of unequal power relations between women and men is one of the most extreme forms of gender-based discrimination and an attack on the dignity and fundamental rights of women and girls. Gender-based violence stems from structural causes linked to the norms and values of a society, culture, or community. These factors legitimize and perpetuate various gender inequalities based on a hierarchy of relationships between men and women, thus contributing to gender-based violence. Harmful stereotypes and traditional expectations further bolster these inequalities, restricting women's autonomy and frequently rationalizing acts of violence. At the beginning of October 2023, a woman was subjected to cruel and degrading treatment, tied up and beaten by law enforcement officers in Kisangani, the capital of Tshopo province, on the orders of her ex-husband; the latter, using his position as a public official, ordered the arrest and beating of his ex-wife by law enforcement officers; As a result, the person who gave the order and the officers who carried out the manifestly illegal order were prosecuted and convicted, in accordance with the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, which requires States to act with due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish acts of violence against women in accordance with national law, whether perpetrated by the State or by private persons. Every woman has the right to respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and to recognition and protection of her human and legal rights. This article is timely and calls for the unfailing application of provisions on respect for the recognised rights of women and girls, in the interests of a fairer and more balanced society.

Such is its pervasiveness that human rights discourse is used to legitimise humanitarian and military intervention in the affairs of other states, provide a rationale for ‘ethical’ foreign policy, justify the punishment of war crimes, and validate the formation of international coalitions mandated to eradicate terrorism wherever its is found. At grass-roots level, human rights talk is deployed to lobby governments and to press for socioeconomic and legal change, to combat the dehumanising treatment of specific populations, to ground educational initiatives and spawn local, national, international, and sometimes global networks oriented to its advancement, and to induce the patient and meticulous documentation of its violations. In terms of women, human rights activism has been instrumental in problematising violence against women, prompting the recognition by the UN Human Rights Commission in 1992 of rape during war as a form of torture, and as a war crime or crime against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (which came into force in 2001). It also led to the appointment in 1994 by the UN Human Rights Commission of Radhika Coomaraswamy as the first Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women and its Causes and Consequences. Activities centring on human rights produced the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1979 and became operational as an international treaty on 3 September 1981 when it was ratified by its twentieth signatory.

The article highlights the problem of reflection on violence against people of respectable age, reveals the types of violence and manifestations against people in this category. Therefore, the purpose of the article is the need for timely social prevention of violence against people of respectable age. The structure and content of social support of people of respectable age in modern society are analyzed.
 Statistics confirm that Ukraine is one of the countries with a significant population over the age of sixty. Statistics also confirm the existence of domestic violence against elderly people and these individuals do not seek help from social services. It was found that the issues of ill-treatment of elderly people are currently the most common in the professional discourse of social assistance. There is a strong correlation between the two interpretations: in the context of health care and social assistance. This is one of the reasons why we focused primarily on the interpretation of human rights and the application of the legislative and political approach. The socio-pedagogical conditions that help prevent the treatment of elderly people are presented and the leading factor is the need to adopt legislation on human rights in this category.
 The rights of respectable people are not yet fully regulated by a separate international human rights instrument, as is the case for some other vulnerable groups (eg the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities). At the UN level, the issue of protecting them as a vulnerable group was first raised at the 1982 World Assembly on Aging, which adopted a political declaration and an International Plan of Action on Aging.
 The prospect of further research is to study the structure and content of social support for the adaptation of elderly people in social services in Slovakia.

İnsan hüquqları dedikdə, dinindən, dilindən, irqindən, cinsindən və etnik mənsubiyyətindən asılı olmayaraq, dünyadakı bütün insanların sadəcə insan olduqları üçün istifadə etdikləri hüquq və azadlıqlar başa düşülür. İnsan hüquqlarının bir hissəsi olaraq qadın hüquqları uğrunda mübarizə 1789-cu il Fransa İnqilabından sonra başladı. Tarixdə ilk dəfə olaraq qadınlar 1791-ci ildə öz Qadın və Mülki Hüquqları Bəyannaməsini nəşr etdilər. Oktyabrın 24-də BMT Nizamnaməsinin qəbulu ilə 1945-ci ildə müasir insan hüquqları rəsmiləşdi. Xüsusən də Nizamnamənin preambulasında insan hüquqlarının müdafiəsinin Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının əsas məqsədlərindən biri olduğu bildirilir və eyni zamanda kişi və qadınların bərabərliyi məsələsinə toxunulur. Dünyanın bir çox yerində qadın hüquqlarının əhəmiyyət kəsb etmədiyi bir vaxtda qadın hüquqlarına bu cür yanaşma çox vacib hesab olunurdu. 1945-ci ildə Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının yaradılmasından sonra qadın bərabərliyini təmin edən daxili orqanın yaradılması əsas məsələlərdən biri oldu. Buna görə də 1946-cı ildə BMT-nin tərkibində İnsan Hüquqları Komissiyası və Qadının Statusu üzrə Komissiya yaradıldı. Daha sonra 1979-cu ildə o dövr üçün böyük əhəmiyyət kəsb edən və müstəsna olaraq qadın hüquqlarının müdafiəsi ilə bağlı olan Qadınlara qarşı ayrı-seçkiliyin bütün formalarının ləğv edilməsi haqqında Konvensiya (CEDAW) qəbul edildi. CEDAW Konvensiyasını digər beynəlxalq sənədlərdən fərqləndirən əsas xüsusiyyət ondan ibarət idi ki, digər sənədlərdə ümumilikdə bütün insanlara təminat verilən mülki, siyasi, iqtisadi, sosial və mədəni hüquqların hər biri qadınlar üçün nəzərdə tutulmuşdur. Bəyannamənin iştirakçısı olan dövlətlər qadınları bu cür zorakılıq hərəkətlərindən qorumağa və zorakılığa məruz qalmış qadınlara belə zorakılığın qarşısını almaq üçün lazımi şərait yaratmağa borcludurlar. Ailə münasibətləri də daxil olmaqla, zorakılığın bütün formalarından uzaq yaşamaq hər bir qadının və qızın əsas insan hüququdur. Açar sözlər: İnsan hüquqları, Qadın hüquqları, CEDAW bəyannaməsi, Gender bərabərliyi, BMT Zeynab Natig Baghirova Women's rights as part of human rights Abstract Human rights mean the rights and freedoms that all people in the world, regardless of religion, language, race, gender or ethnicity, enjoy simply because they are human. As part of human rights, the struggle for women's rights began after the French Revolution of 1789. For the first time in history, women published their own Declaration of Women's and Civil Rights in 1791. With the adoption of the UN Charter on October 24, 1945, modern human rights became official. In particular, the preamble to the Charter states that the protection of human rights is one of the main goals of the United Nations, and also addresses the issue of equality between men and women. In many parts of the world, this approach to women's rights was considered very important at a time when women's rights were not important. After the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, one of the key issues was the establishment of an internal body to ensure women's equality. Therefore, in 1946, the Commission on Human Rights and the Commission on the Status of Women were established within the UN. Then, in 1979, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted, which was of great importance for that period and dealt exclusively with the protection of women's rights. The main feature that distinguished the CEDAW Convention from other international documents was that in other documents, each of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights guaranteed to all people in general was intended for women. The States Parties to the Declaration are obliged to protect women from such acts of violence and to provide the necessary conditions for women who have been subjected to such violence to avoid such violence. Living away from all forms of violence, including family relationships, is a fundamental human right of every woman and girl. Keywords: Human rights, Women rights, CEDAW convention, Gender equality, UN