Relevant bibliographies by topics / The upper echelon theory

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'The upper echelon theory'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The upper echelon theory"

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Anwar Quttainah, Majdi. "Upper Echelon Theory: Role of Community and Strategy." International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, no. 3 (2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.13.2004.

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In this paper, we argue that community plays an important role in shaping the values and characteristics of top management teams. It builds on upper echelon theory to posit that community level characteristics are instrumental in framing the cognitions of CEOs and top executives. Strategic decisions made by managers in organizations represent the significant impact community has on top management teams. Examining the influence community has on top management teams provides additional implications about why certain firms perform better than others.
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Awa, Hart O., Sunday C. Eze, Joseph E. Urieto, and Benjamin J. Inyang. "Upper echelon theory (UET)." Journal of Systems and Information Technology 13, no. 2 (May 3, 2011): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13287261111135981.

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Đerđa, Dino. "International Experience in Upper Echelon Theory: Literature Review." Business Systems Research Journal 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsrj-2017-0021.

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Abstract Background: The international experience of top managers is an evolving research within the upper echelon theory; therefore this literature review summarizes everything made so far. Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review of international experience within the theory of the upper echelons. Methods/Approach: We reviewed the literature from the beginning of the theory formation and tried to understand the direction in which it develops, particularly in the context of international experience. We conducted a bibliometric analysis in order to understand the research area better. Results: We have found that 38 papers were published in 25 different journals by 72 authors. We have concluded that the area of research is very narrow and that most of the research is concentrated on finding out the impact of demographic characteristics and international experience of top managers on internationalization strategy mostly with MNC-s. Conclusions: After two decades of international experience in the upper echelon theory there is a significant possibility of uniformity of the theory but only if researchers are able to prove equal results among different countries.
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Lee, Won Seok, Choongbeom Choi, and Joonho Moon. "The upper echelon effect on restaurant franchising: the moderating role of internationalization." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-05-2017-0055.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate how upper echelon theory accounts for franchising by selecting the top management team to proxy for the upper echelon and using age, tenure, education, equity ownership and stock options as its main attributes. Design/methodology/approach The sample was drawn from the Execucomp and Compustat databases and from other publicly accessible resources (e.g. LinkedIn and Business Week, in addition to Annual 10-K reports). A total of 29 restaurant companies were used for data collection, which covered the period of 2000-2013. A panel feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) regression was used to analyze the data. Findings The study found a significant moderating effect of the degree of internationalization on the relation between the attributes of the upper echelon (e.g. tenure, education and share ownership) and franchising decisions. Research limitations/implications The results verified that top managers in the restaurant industry with more tenure and share ownership become more risk averse when they operate under riskier conditions, whereas highly educated restaurant top management teams tend to take more risks in strategic decision-making. Originality/value This study expanded internationalization research to upper echelon theory and into the arena of franchising.
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Omri, Ahlem, and Younes Boujelbene. "Team Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Team Success: The Mediating Role of Decision Quality." Journal of Enterprising Culture 29, no. 02 (June 2021): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495821500072.

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Little research on Entrepreneurial Teams (ET) has sought to understand how team processes may influence organizational outcomes. In this paper, we unite upper echelon theory to provide a deeper understanding of which entrepreneurial team dynamics, directly, or indirectly through decision quality, result in entrepreneurial team success. In order to do so, we build upon data collected from 225 entrepreneurial teams from Sfax region. Based on structural equation modeling, the findings demonstrate that shared leadership among entrepreneurial teams indirectly and positively affect ET success, and that decision quality mediates the relationship between ET communication and ET success. Our research contributes to the upper-echelons theory and ET literature by drawing attention to the team dynamics and social interaction between team members, and their implications for entrepreneurial team success.
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Putra, Zaga Kresna Pratama, and Novrys Suhardianto. "The Influence of Political Connection on Tax Avoidance." Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan 22, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jak.22.2.82-90.

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The upper echelon theory and rent-seeking theory propose conflicting arguments related to the relationship between a firm’s political connection and tax avoidance. This research aims to examine the relationship between a firm’s political connection and tax avoidance. The 1,079 samples used in this research are public companies with positive income in the 2014-2018 period. By using regression analysis, this research finds that political connection has a negative relationship with tax avoidance, implying that political connection increases tax payment. This research contributes to providing supporting evidence for upper echelon theory by finding that management’s political experience or the intention to maintain a positive image of politically connected management improves tax obedience
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Hayduk, Ted, and Matthew Walker. "The Effect of Ownership Marketing Expertise on MLB Attendance and Digital Consumption." Sport Marketing Quarterly 30, no. 1 (March 2021): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/smq.291.032021.03.

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Scholarship has established that characteristics of a firm’s upper echelon affect firm-level outcomes in a range of industries. In professional sport, firms depend on live game attendance and, increasingly, the consumption of online content to generate local revenue. The ability to drive these two revenue streams depends on a franchise’s competencies in marketing, relationship management, and brand building. In this research, we speculate those competencies start at the top, i.e., with ownership. Using upper echelons theory (UET), we hypothesize that franchises with owners who have substantial marketing expertise are better able to drive attendance and online search traffic. Using a panel dataset of 30 teams over a 10-season period, we found that ownership expertise in marketing was generative of significantly more attendance but perhaps not significantly greater online traffic. The results are discussed in the context of UET, and implications for practitioners are presented.
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Hayduk, Ted, and Matthew Walker. "The Effect of Ownership Marketing Expertise on MLB Attendance and Digital Consumption." Sport Marketing Quarterly 30, no. 1 (March 2021): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/smq.301.032021.03.

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Scholarship has established that characteristics of a firm’s upper echelon affect firm-level outcomes in a range of industries. In professional sport, firms depend on live game attendance and, increasingly, the consumption of online content to generate local revenue. The ability to drive these two revenue streams depends on a franchise’s competencies in marketing, relationship management, and brand building. In this research, we speculate those competencies start at the top, i.e., with ownership. Using upper echelons theory (UET), we hypothesize that franchises with owners who have substantial marketing expertise are better able to drive attendance and online search traffic. Using a panel dataset of 30 teams over a 10-season period, we found that ownership expertise in marketing was generative of significantly more attendance but perhaps not significantly greater online traffic. The results are discussed in the context of UET, and implications for practitioners are presented.
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Agnihotri, Arpita. "The role of the upper echelon in the value chain management." Competitiveness Review 24, no. 3 (May 13, 2014): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2013-0049.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of top management teams on firms' value chain action intensity and value chain activity heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted from an emerging market perspective. The sample was based on the secondary data collected from three fast-growing industries in India: automobile, pharmaceutical and fast-moving consumer goods over the three-year period from 2009 to 2012. The Panel Poisson and Tobit regression have been used to conduct this study. Findings – Drawing upon the upper echelon theory, the author found that a top management team's educational level, functional heterogeneity and total organizational tenure influence value chain action intensity and value chain activity heterogeneity. Originality/value – The author introduces the concept of value chain action intensity and value chain action heterogeneity and investigates the role of the upper echelon in influencing intensity and heterogeneity.
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Hambrick, Donald C. "Upper Echelons Theory: An Update." Academy of Management Review 32, no. 2 (April 2007): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The upper echelon theory"

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Egelstig, Malin, and Simon Ekizean. "Finns det ett samband mellan ledningsgruppens sammansättning och risken i företaget?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202304.

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Sammansättningen i svenska börsnoterade bolags ledningsgrupper består till stor del av medelålders män med svensk härkomst. Mångfalden i dagens Sverige återspeglas därmed inte i näringslivets topp, vilket kan leda till negativa konsekvenser för både företag och samhället i stort. Med hjälp av en välkänd teori inom den strategiska forskningen, the upper echelon theory, och tidigare forskning inom området ämnar vi förklara samband mellan risknivån i företag och ledningsgruppens sammansättning i form av ålder och kön. Vi har genomfört en kvantitativ studie där vi samlat in data om 1991 ledningsgrupper, vilka tillsammans omfattar nästan 14 000 observerade ledande befattningshavare. Den statistiska undersökningen har resulterat i att samband har anträffats mellan risken i företaget och ledningsgruppens sammansättning avseende både kön och ålder. Vi har dessutom funnit att branschen har en viss påverkan på vilka personer som ingår i ledningsgruppen.
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Simonsson, Linda, and Karlsson Frida. "Hur upplever en soloföretagare sin allra första rekrytering? : En entreprenörs upplevda hinder, möjligheter och tankeprocess." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65517.

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Det finns mycket forskning kring entreprenörskap samt rekrytering, dock är soloföretagarens upplevelse av sin första rekrytering ett outforskat område. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod vill vi få en ökad förståelse för hur en soloföretagare upplever hinder och möjligheter när de tar sitt beslut om att bli arbetsgivare. Vi har fått en ökad förståelse genom att vi har genomfört en fokusgrupp samt fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer. De fick själva lyfta fram sina egna erfarenheter samt perspektiv på hur anställningen upplevdes. Vi har i denna studie valt att utgå från två dimensioner kön och ålder då vi har generella uppfattningar om att det kan skilja sig åt mellan dem. Studiens entreprenörer har yttrat sig om att de upplevt både hinder och möjligheter i samband med sin första rekrytering. Ytterligare har vi även en generell uppfattning om att anställa är ett mer riskfyllt beslut i jämförelse med att hyra in sina medarbetare. Studien visade dock att vår generella uppfattning endast stämde överens med två av våra entreprenörer.
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Husell, Ida, and Emma Moen. "Styrelsens oberoende och dess samband med företagets prestation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447763.

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Med bakgrund i tidigare forsknings tvetydiga resultat samt avsaknad av studier för svensk marknad ämnar denna studie undersöka huruvida styrelsens oberoende har ett samband med företagets finansiella prestation hos svenska börsnoterade företag. Urvalet baseras på bolag noterade på Nasdaq Stockholm Large-, Mid- och Small Cap samt Nordic Growth Market för åren 2014–2019 med totalt 478 observationer. Med hjälp av multipel regressionsmetod studerades styrelsens oberoende i förhållande till två prestationsmått, Return on Assets (ROA) och Tobins Q. Studien finner inget signifikant samband mellan styrelsens oberoende och företagets finansiella prestation oavsett vilket mått som används. Resultaten är robusta även för test över tidsperioden 2017–2019. Studiens resultat analyseras i relation till tidigare forskning samt agentteori och upper echelon theory. Utfallet för denna studie går inte i linje med teoriernas antaganden eller tidigare forskning i Europa, därav anses ytterligare studier krävas för att säkerställa sambandet.
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Sebaa, Ali A. "The importance of aligning managerial characteristics to functional strategy in public sector organisations: An empirical study of Dubai government." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4885.

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Managerial characteristics have an important influence on strategy implementation. Previous studies have looked at the alignment of managerial characteristics with strategic type and aspects of performance. In all cases, the focus has been on corporate strategy and, predominantly, in private sector organisations. This study combines these objectives and investigates alignment between managerial characteristics, strategy and perceived performance. It focuses on management at the functional level in a public sector setting and demonstrates that classical upper-echelon theory is also relevant when applied at the functional level of management. The Miles and Snow (1978) typology is applied to the functional strategy for Dubai government organisations, to investigate whether functional units pursuing strategies are led by functional managers with dissimilar attributes, and whether the alignment between managerial characteristics and strategy is related to performance of the functional unit. Based on the extant literature, a research model has been developed, which yields two types of hypothesis. Data was collected by means of interviews and surveys to obtain knowledge of strategy types, and demographic and psychological characteristics for the functional managers. Regression techniques have been used for data analysis rendering support for two types of hypothesis. Consequently, this study supports the view that Upper Echelon theory can also apply at the functional level, emphasising the role of the functional managers, at the lower management levels of the organisations, in strategy implementation.
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Gustafsson, Peter, and Eda Uysal. "CEO? Or More Like RiskEO? : A Cross-Sectional Study of CEO Characteristics and Firm Risk-Taking." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149641.

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Risk is something intrinsic to business, and something firms are exposed to on a daily basis. This means that there exists a great deal of pressure on the Top Management of a firm to successfully navigate the different risks to which they are exposed. The CEO holds a unique position in the firm, as she is ultimately responsible for deciding which strategies to employ in order to properly respond to these risks. But what influenced the CEO when making such decisions? The Upper Echelon Theory suggests that decisions made by the Top Management Team of a firm are influenced by their values and their cognitive base, which is formed throughout their upbringing. Researchers on Upper Echelon Theory suggest that these two abstract constructs can be difficult to measure and analyse, and should therefore be approximated using specific and observable characteristics of the Top Management Team. In our study, this theory has applied to Swedish CEOs as they are the ultimate decision-maker in a firm. The specific characteristics observed and analysed in our investigation into the relationship between the CEO and risk are; gender, age, nationality, and tenure. Thus, the purpose of this study is formulated as follows: “The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between CEO characteristics, specifically age, gender, tenure, and nationality, and firm risk-taking, as measured by the leverage ratio, stock return volatility, cash holdings, and R&D expenditure, on the Swedish market. As a sub-purpose, we intend to investigate whether there is a nonlinear relationship between CEO tenure and risk-taking.” By collecting data from the databases, Thomson Reuters Eikon and Amadeus, a dataset of 284 firms and their CEOs was collected and used in the cross-sectional analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to determine the relationships between the previously mentioned CEO characteristics and the proxies for firm risk-taking. The majority of the relationships found were of a non-significant nature, indicating that the relationship between Swedish CEO characteristics and the strategies they employ when running their firms is weak and differs from relationships found in earlier studies, using data from different markets. The significant relationships found were between cash holdings and age, long tenures and leverage ratio, and short tenures and stock return volatility. This indicates that older CEOs are more risk-averse, while longer seated CEOs maintain less debt, and shorter seated CEOs are perceived as more risky by the market. However, as these results only entail 15% of our observed results, none of the hypotheses constructed for this study were verified. Therefore, our conclusion is that the previously observed relationships between the characteristics of CEOs and their risk-taking is not present within our sample of firms listed on the Swedish market. Some tendencies that align with previous results have been found but are not generalisable and as a result, we cannot recommend that private actors act on these results.
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Sebaa, Ali Ahmed. "The importance of aligning managerial characteristics to functional strategy in public sector organisations : an empirical study of Dubai government." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4885.

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Managerial characteristics have an important influence on strategy implementation. Previous studies have looked at the alignment of managerial characteristics with strategic type and aspects of performance. In all cases, the focus has been on corporate strategy and, predominantly, in private sector organisations. This study combines these objectives and investigates alignment between managerial characteristics, strategy and perceived performance. It focuses on management at the functional level in a public sector setting and demonstrates that classical upper-echelon theory is also relevant when applied at the functional level of management. The Miles and Snow (1978) typology is applied to the functional strategy for Dubai government organisations, to investigate whether functional units pursuing strategies are led by functional managers with dissimilar attributes, and whether the alignment between managerial characteristics and strategy is related to performance of the functional unit. Based on the extant literature, a research model has been developed, which yields two types of hypothesis. Data was collected by means of interviews and surveys to obtain knowledge of strategy types, and demographic and psychological characteristics for the functional managers. Regression techniques have been used for data analysis rendering support for two types of hypothesis. Consequently, this study supports the view that Upper Echelon theory can also apply at the functional level, emphasising the role of the functional managers, at the lower management levels of the organisations, in strategy implementation.
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Charas, Solange. "DOES UPPER ECHELONS TEAM DYNAMIC MATTER? THE CRITICALITY OF EXECUTIVE TEAM BEHAVIOR IN ECONOMIC VALUE CREATION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1395319255.

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Grant, Navneet Chattha. "FACTORS INFLUENCING WILLINGNESS TO ADOPT ADVANCED ANALYTICS IN SMALL BUSINESSES." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1599811292346464.

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Bodin, Kristiansen Malin, and Alexander Johnson. "Faktorer bakom adoption av styrmodeller : Tio svenska stora företag med olika strukturella attribut." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64323.

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Syftet med examensarbetet är att beskriva och kartlägga hur adoptionen av styrmodeller kan se ut i stora företag och utifrån detta identifiera vilken betydelse olika faktorer karaktäriserade av individuella-, organisationella- och omvärldsaspekter som påverkar adoptionen. Detta för att öka kunskapen om vilka faktorer som kan ligga bakom adoptionen av styrmodeller och hur dessa påverkar. Vidare är syftet att explorativt finna mönster mellan påverkande faktorer och företags strukturella attribut för att se hur möjliga kopplingar till företagens strukturer kan se ut. Studien bidrar därmed iutvecklingen av ett mer holistiskt synsätt. För att uppnå syftet utgår studien från sju faktorer; rationella och effektiva, psykodynamiska, retoriska och mode, politiska, kulturella, tvingande samt härmande och trender som på olika sätt påverkar adoptionen inom företag. Studien genomfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tio stycken stora företag i Norrbotten med olika attribut inom ledartyp, ägarform och koncernförhållande. Företagens deltagare utgjordes av beslutsfattare med höga positioner inom företaget medinsikt i adoptionsprocessen som ingående kunde förklara händelser som påverkade adoptionen. Resultaten indikerar på att samtliga sju faktorer i olika grad påverkar företagens adoption av styrmodeller. Framförallt var de rationella och effektiva faktorerna klart framträdande som den faktor med högst påverkan inom samtliga företag eftersom att adoptionsbeslutet ofta grundade sig i någon form av problem eller kris. Resterande faktorer påverkade i olika utsträckning, där det fanns antydningar om mönster mellan faktorer och företagens strukturella attribut. Studien formulerade sex hypoteser kopplat till funna mönster mellan faktorer och företagens strukturella attribut.
The purpose of this thesis is to describe and map how the adoption of management practices works in large companies and to identify the importance of different factors characterized of individual, organizational and environmental aspects that can affect the adoption. This to increase knowledge about the underlying factors that might affect the adoption of management practices. Furthermore, the purpose is to exploratively find patterns between influencing factors and corporate structural attributes to identify how possible connections to corporate structures may exist. This study contributes to the development of a more holistic approach. To achieve the purpose, the study is based on seven different factors; Rational and effective, psychodynamic, rhetorical and fashion, political, cultural, forced-selection (coercive), and imitation (mimetic) and trends that affect business adoption in various ways. This study was conducted through qualitativeinterviews with ten large companies in Norrbotten with different attributes in the management type, ownership and corporate relationship. The companies’ participants consisted of high-level decision-makers within each company with insight into the adoption process, which could thus explain in detail the events that affected the adoption. The results indicate that all seven factors influence the companies’ adoption of management practices to a different extent. In particular, the rational and effective factors were clearly prominent as the factors with the highest impact within all companies, because the adoption decision was often based on some kind of problem or crisis. Remaining factors affected to varying degrees, where there were indications of patterns between factors and the company's structural attributes. The study formulated six hypotheses linked to found patterns between factors and the company's structural attributes.
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Björkegren, Emilia, and Rebecca Lind. "Frivillig rapportering och personliga egenskaper : En kvantitativ studie om hur CEO:ers respektive CFO:ers personliga egenskaper påverkar den frivilliga rapporteringen hos svenska börsnoterade företag." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166806.

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Intresset för frivillig rapportering har under de senaste åren ökat. Tidigare studier har fått varierande resultat avseende vad som påverkar företags frivilliga rapportering, men managers personliga egenskaper har antagits kunna ha en påverkan. Syftet med studien är att förklara hur personliga egenskaper, som CEO:er respektive CFO:er i svenska börsnoterade företag besitter, påverkar den frivilliga rapporteringen i företagens årsredovisningar. Såväl påverkan på den totala mängden frivillig information som på vilka kategorier av frivillig information som läggs vikt vid studeras. Studien visade att kvinnliga CFO:er bidrar positivt till den totala mängden frivillig rapportering och att CFO:ers personliga egenskaper generellt har en större påverkan än CEO:ers personliga egenskaper på den frivilliga rapporteringen. Managers personliga egenskaper visades påverka den totala mängden frivillig rapportering mer än vilka kategorier som läggs vikt vid. Dock visade resultatet också på att agentteorin och de systemorienterade teorierna bättre förklarar vad som påverkar frivillig rapportering än vad managers personliga egenskaper gör. Studien bidrar till ökad kunskap om vad som påverkar företagens frivilliga rapportering. Genom att utgå från företagens CEO respektive CFO bidrar studien med förståelse för hur personliga egenskaper hos dessa påverkar den frivilliga rapporteringen, både den totala mängden och vilka kategorier av information som läggs vikt vid.
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Books on the topic "The upper echelon theory"

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Hendy, M. D. Upper bounds on the order, size, and dimension of a Buneman graph. Palmerston North, N.Z: College of Sciences, Massey University, 2000.

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N, Pitts James, ed. Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere: Theory, experiments, and applications. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.

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Johnson, R. M., and T. L. Killeen, eds. The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm087.

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The [ Gamma]-equivariant form of the Berezin quantization of the upper half plane. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 1998.

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Jackman, Charles H. Two-dimensional intercomparison of stratospheric models: Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., Upper Atmosphere Theory and Data Analysis Program held in Virginia Beach, Virginia, September 11-16, 1988. Greenbelt, Md: Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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Barnett, Alex, 1972 December 7- editor of compilation, ed. Spectral geometry. Providence, Rhode Islands: American Mathematical Society, 2012.

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1975-, Sims Robert, and Ueltschi Daniel 1969-, eds. Entropy and the quantum II: Arizona School of Analysis with Applications, March 15-19, 2010, University of Arizona. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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Lippert, Amy K. DeFalco. From the Cradle to the Grave: Visualizing the Life Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268978.003.0005.

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Images were so bound up with the concept of mortality, and such potent reminders of the unceasing and irreversible onslaught of time, that they soon came to play a critical role as markers along the key junctures of both individual and family lifespans in nineteenth-century America. They commemorated births, deaths, and everything in between. The residents of a far-flung city like San Francisco were all the more reliant on two-dimensional substitutes for their absent kin. Painted portraits and miniatures had previously served similar functions as documentation of significant events or achievements, but only as mediated by an artist’s hand, with a limited replication and distribution capacity, and primarily for a small upper echelon of the population. It was fitting that photography, the most democratic of all media, should preserve memories of loved ones after their demise—death being among the most democratic of life experiences.
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Dance Theory In Practice For Upper Secondary Physical And Performance Skills. Essential Resources Ltd, 2008.

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Pitts, Jr James N., and Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications. Academic Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "The upper echelon theory"

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Hambrick, Donald C. "Upper Echelons Theory." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_785-1.

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Hambrick, Donald C. "Upper Echelons Theory." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1782–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_785.

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Swilley, Esther. "Upper Echelons Theory and Market Orientation: TMT Characteristics as Antecedents to a Market Orientation." In Revolution in Marketing: Market Driving Changes, 189. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11761-4_92.

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Prestwich, Steve D., S. Armagan Tarim, Roberto Rossi, and Brahim Hnich. "Neuroevolutionary Inventory Control in Multi-Echelon Systems." In Algorithmic Decision Theory, 402–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04428-1_35.

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Bart, Harm, Torsten Ehrhardt, and Bernd Silbermann. "Echelon Type Canonical Forms in Upper Triangular Matrix Algebras." In Large Truncated Toeplitz Matrices, Toeplitz Operators, and Related Topics, 79–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49182-0_8.

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Imai, Isao. "Upper (Lower)-Type Hyperfunctions." In Applied Hyperfunction Theory, 115–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2548-2_7.

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Greaves, George. "Selberg’s Upper Bound Method." In Sieves in Number Theory, 41–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04658-6_3.

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Clark, Andrew J., and Herbert Scarf. "Optimal Policies for a Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem." In Herbert Scarf’s Contributions to Economics, Game Theory and Operations Research, 9–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137024381_2.

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Chen, William W. L. "Upper Bounds in Discrepancy Theory." In Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2010, 23–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27440-4_2.

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Clark, Andrew J., and Herbert Scarf. "Approximate Solutions to a Simple Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem." In Herbert Scarf’s Contributions to Economics, Game Theory and Operations Research, 93–105. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137024381_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "The upper echelon theory"

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Zhihua, Jiang. "Determinant of Corporate Social Performance: From the Perspective of Upper Echelon Theory." In 2010 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2010.265.

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Gali, Nazha. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance in the Context of Upper Echelon Theory." In CARMA 2016 - 1st International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2016.2016.3106.

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Slimani, Ilham, and Said Achchab. "Game theory to control logistic costs in a two-echelon supply chain." In 2014 International Conference on Logistics and Operations Management (GOL). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gol.2014.6887435.

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Xing, Zongxin. "Moral hazard analysis on a two-echelon supply chain based on contract theory." In International Association of Management Science and Engineering Technology. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/aie120101.

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Hledik, Michal, Thomas R. Sokolowski, and Gasper Tkacik. "A Tight Upper Bound on Mutual Information." In 2019 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw44776.2019.8989292.

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Sanderovich, Amichai, Shlomo Shamai, and Yossef Steinberg. "On Upper bounds for Decentralized MIMO Receiver." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2007.4557363.

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Diggavi, Suhas, Michael Mitzenmacher, and Henry D. Pfister. "Capacity Upper Bounds for the Deletion Channel." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2007.4557469.

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Cheraghchi, Mahdi. "Capacity upper bounds for deletion-type channels." In STOC '18: Symposium on Theory of Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3188745.3188768.

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Reisizadehmobarakeh, Amirhossein, Clayton Schoeny, Chi-Yo Tsai, and Lara Dolecek. "Approximate file synchronization: Upper bounds and interactive algorithms." In 2016 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw.2016.7606848.

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Speidel, Ulrich, and T. Aaron Gulliver. "An analytic upper bound on T-complexity." In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2012.6284014.

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