Academic literature on the topic 'The usual price'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'The usual price.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "The usual price"
1
Wang, Cheng, Hailei Zou, and Juncheng Yin. "Fourier Transform of Lookback Option Price." ISRN Applied Mathematics 2011 (November 30, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/518172.
Full textAbstract:
The Fourier transform of the damped price of Lookback option under B-S model is presented. Thus, the Lookback option across a range of strikes can be simultaneously priced via FFT algorithm. FFT algorithm is more efficient than both Monte Carlo simulation method and the integral of the usual pricing formula. In addition, by FFT algorithm, investors can easily capture the sensitivity of option prices when the strike prices vary as to make reasonable investment decisions.
2
Chinnakum, Warattaya, and Sean Aguilar. "Why Black-Scholes Equations Are Effective Beyond Their Usual Assumptions: Symmetry-Based Explanation." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 28, Supp01 (August 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488520400012.
Full textAbstract:
Nobel-Prize-winning Black-Scholes equations are actively used to estimate the price of options and other financial instruments. In practice, they provide a good estimate for the price, but the problem is that their original derivation is based on many simplifying statistical assumptions which are, in general, not valid for financial time series. The fact that these equations are effective way beyond their usual assumptions leads to a natural conclusion that there must be an alternative derivation for these equations, a derivation that does not use the usual too-strong assumptions. In this paper, we provide such a derivation in which the only substantial assumption is a natural symmetry: namely, scale-invariance of the corresponding processes. Scale-invariance also allows us to describe possible generalizations of Black-Scholes equations, generalizations that we hope will lead to even more accurate estimates for the corresponding prices.
3
D’Haultfœuille, Xavier, Isis Durrmeyer, and Philippe Février. "Automobile Prices in Market Equilibrium with Unobserved Price Discrimination." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 5 (October 29, 2018): 1973–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy064.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In markets where sellers are able to price discriminate, individuals pay different prices that may be unobserved by the econometrician. This article considers the structural estimation of a demand and supply model of differentiated products with such price discrimination and limited information on prices taking the form of, e.g., observing list prices from catalogues or average prices. Within this framework, identification is achieved not only with usual moment conditions on the demand side, but also through supply-side restrictions. The model can be estimated by GMM using a nested fixed point algorithm that extends the usual contraction mapping algorithm to our setting. We apply our methodology to estimate the demand and supply in the French new automobile market. Our results suggest that discounting arising from price discrimination is important. The average discount is estimated to be 9.6%, with large variation depending on buyers’ characteristics and cars’ specifications. Our results are consistent with other evidence on transaction prices in France.
4
EKSTRÖM, ERIK, and JOHAN TYSK. "DUPIRE'S EQUATION FOR BUBBLES." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 15, no. 06 (September 2012): 1250041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024912500410.
Full textAbstract:
We study Dupire's equation for local volatility models with bubbles, i.e. for models in which the discounted underlying asset follows a strict local martingale. If option prices are given by risk-neutral valuation, then the discounted option price process is a true martingale, and we show that the Dupire equation for call options contains extra terms compared to the usual equation. However, the Dupire equation for put options takes the usual form. Moreover, uniqueness of solutions to the Dupire equation is lost in general, and we show how to single out the option price among all possible solutions. The Dupire equation for models in which the discounted derivative price process is merely a local martingale is also studied.
5
Cabral, Luís, and Arthur Fishman. "Business as usual: A consumer search theory of sticky prices and asymmetric price adjustment." International Journal of Industrial Organization 30, no. 4 (July 2012): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2012.01.003.
Full text
6
Board, Simon, and Marek Pycia. "Outside Options and the Failure of the Coase Conjecture." American Economic Review 104, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 656–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.2.656.
Full textAbstract:
A buyer wishes to purchase a good from a seller who chooses a sequence of prices over time. Each period the buyer can also exercise an outside option, abandoning their search or moving on to another seller. We show there is a unique equilibrium in which the seller charges a constant price in every period equal to the monopoly price, contravening the Coase conjecture. We then embed the single-seller model into a search framework and show the result provides a foundation for the usual “no haggling” assumption. (JEL C78, D42, D43, L12, L13)
7
Olvik, Ander, and Raul Kangro. "PRICING OF WARRANTS WITH STOCK PRICE DEPENDENT THRESHOLD CONDITIONS." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 20, no. 4 (July 20, 2015): 516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2015.1073187.
Full textAbstract:
Warrants with stock price dependent threshold conditions give the right to buy specially issued stocks, if the performance of the stock price satisfies some requirements. Existence of these derivatives changes the price process of the underlying. We show that in the presence of such warrants one cannot assume that the stock market is arbitrage free and that the stock is tradeable at every time moment with the same price for buying and selling. This means that the usual methods for deriving fair prices for such warrants cannot be used. We start from a simple model for the firm’s value process and discuss some ways to specify a related model for the stock price process in the presence of warrants with threshold conditions. We also discuss how indifference pricing approach can be used for pricing such warrants.
8
Goodchild, Mark, and Rong Zheng. "Tobacco control and Healthy China 2030." Tobacco Control 28, no. 4 (July 20, 2018): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054372.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe Healthy China 2030 strategy sets ambitious targets for China’s policy-makers, including a decrease in the smoking rate from 27.7% in 2015 to 20% by 2030. China has made progress on tobacco control in recent years, but many key measures remain underused. This study explores the potential for full implementation of these measures to achieve the targeted reduction in smoking by 2030.MethodsFirst, a ‘business as usual’ scenario for China’s cigarette market was developed based only on underlying economic parameters. Second, non-price tobacco control measures were then added assuming they are fully implemented by 2030. Third, excise per pack was raised to a level that would increase the real price of cigarettes by 50% in 2030.FindingsUnder the business as usual scenario, the rate of smoking falls to around 26.6% in 2030. When non-price measures are included, the rate of smoking falls to 22.0% (20.9%~23.1%). Thus, non-price measures alone are unlikely to achieve the Healthy China target. Under the third scenario, excise per pack was roughly doubled in 2030 in order to increase real cigarette prices by 50%. The rate of smoking then falls to 19.7% (18.2%~21.3%), reflecting 78 million (59~97 million) fewer smokers compared with 2016. In addition, real excise revenue from cigarettes increases by 21% (−3%~47%) compared with 2016.ConclusionSignificantly higher tobacco taxes will be needed to achieve Healthy China 2030 target for reduced smoking even after the implementation of other tobacco control measures.
9
Rumler, Fabio, Alfred Stiglbauer, and Josef Baumgartner. "Patterns and Determinants of Price Changes: Analysing Individual Consumer Prices in Austria." German Economic Review 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00523.x.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We provide empirical evidence on the degree and characteristics of price stickiness in Austria by estimating the average frequency of price changes and the duration of price spells from a large dataset of individual price records collected for the computation of the Austrian consumer price index. The mean (median) duration of price spells in Austria amounts to 14 (11) months, but there is considerable heterogeneity across sectors and products. We find that price increases occur only slightly more often than price decreases. For both directions, the average magnitude of price changes is quite large (11% and 14%, respectively). The introduction of the euro cash in January 2002 led to more frequent but, on average, smaller price adjustments than usual. Estimating the probability of a price change in a panel probit model, we find a small but positive effect of the price spell duration on the incidence of price changes. Furthermore, product-specific inflation, the size and the sign of the last price change and the period of the euro introduction significantly affect the probability of a price change.
10
Tiriplica, Petre Gheorghe, Cristian Doicin, Cristian Tarba, Ionut Gabriel Ghionea, and Florian Draganescu. "Analysis of the Product Cost and Price Variation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (May 2015): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.677.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a method for analysing the variance of manufacturing cost and price components using a scenario method. The analysis model is based on the usual relations for calculus of the total manufacturing cost and final price of the product, by integrating relationships that take into account complex dependencies between different components of a product cost and selling price.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The usual price"
1
Šimášková, Ľubomíra. "Porovnání cen bytu v České republice a na Slovensku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233169.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this Diploma Thesis is to benchmark prices of preselected types of flats in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Main aim of this exercise is to examine the pricing rules in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Other area of focus is to set prices for selected prices of flats in the suburb and in the city center of Brno and Bratislava and compare them with each other. Analyze which factors affect prices and how they differ from each other.
2
Dittrichová, Zuzana. "Vlivy působící na cenu stavebních pozemků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318581.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out and evaluate the influences affecting the price of building lands in the given region. Furthermore, the results are confronted with the valuation decree. In the theoretical part are given the definitions of building lands according to different legal regulations. In the practical part, thirty parcels are valued, divided into two localities and subsequently compared with the purchase price of the individual lands.
3
Tichá, Kateřina. "Vlivy působící na cenu obvyklou nemovitostí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227038.
Full textAbstract:
This master´s thesis examines the factors that influence the usual price of real estate. The different types of real estate are different influences which it operates and also vary the intensity of their action. In addition to outlining the basic effects and intensity of exposure to various types of real estate work includes analysis of several influences – influences acting on apartments in major cities of our country influences in time for the usual price of apartments in Havirov and in Karvina, analyzing the factors that influence the amount of the usual price in selected locations of these cities, the impact of privatization of flats on the usual price of apartments in Karvina and size effect of floor space on the usual price of apartments.
4
Fibich, Marek. "Vliv stavebních úprav na cenu polyfunkčního domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232881.
Full textAbstract:
Valuation of immovable property is made for different purposes. This paper will analyze the differences between these methods of valuation for the case of the valuation of multifunctional building before and after the proposed construction works.
5
Formanová, Barbora. "Vliv lokality na výši obvyklé ceny bytu v Břeclavi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402094.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of the locality on the usual price of a flat in the town of Břeclav. First of all, the basic relevant terms related to the valuation of immovable property are defined and individual valuation methods are described. In the next part of this work there are formulated problems related to the stated goal of this work, including the proposal of its fulfillment and hypothesis. Then the analysis of the territory of the town of Břeclav is carried out, focusing on civic amenities and urban development. This section also describes the process of selected methods for valuing housing units. The following section is devoted to descriptions of selected housing units and also to their actual evaluation by comparative method according to the price regulation and the direct comparison method, including the expert estimate of their price. The last part is devoted to the recapitulation and discussion of all resulting prices set in this work. There is also an evaluation of the impact of selected localities on the estimated usual price of valued apartments.
6
Babinská, Petra. "Srovnání cen rodinného domu ve vybraných lokalitách v okrese Olomouc v letech 2016 a 2017." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317084.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of prices of a family house in years 2016 and 2017 in the Olomouc district and in three different locations – north from the statutory city of Olomouc, the surrounding area from the statutory city of Olomouc and the outskirts of Olomouc. The family house is located in the village of Bělkovice-Lašťany. This village is located in the northern area of the statutory city of Olomouc. Next, I will place a family house fictitiously in the town of Náměšť na Hané and in the town district Nemilany, which is the peripheral part of the statutory city of Olomouc. For specified locations, the price is determined and the usual price is compared and determines factors influencing the house price. In the theoretical part, I will explain the terminology, familiarize myself with the law, the comparative method on the basis of which I will determine the usual price and the comparative method according to the valuation order, which will determine the price determined.
7
Řehořová, Michala. "Stanovení obvyklého nájemného z pozemků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225966.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of my thesis is to outline the problems of determining normal rent for the land. In the beginning of my work I have focused on defining the basic concepts that relate to your topic. I also focused on clarifying the concept of market value. In another part of his continuing work allude tenancy, the rights and obligations of the landlord and tenant. To determine the usual rent is necessary to establish the normal price of the land, so in the next part, the method of valuation of land. Then bring the reader into the very issue of determining normal rent for the land. In my work, not just the stark listing of all operations associated with this topic, but also the willingness to give readers a better orientation when confronted with this issue. In the practical part is focused on the determination of usual rent on land different space consumption.
8
Lorenc, Tomáš. "Analýza rozhodujících vlivů na obvyklou cenu vybraných rodinných domů v Břeclavi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399599.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with decisive factors effecting the usual price of family houses in town Břeclav. The long-term research was conducted on Czech real estate server Sreality.cz and on the server of Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre cuzk.cz. Based on this research the situation on real estate market was described in details in the thesis and the databases were built. Furthermore, the administrative price and the usual price were determined for three chosen family houses located in different parts of the city (in Břeclav center, in Stará Břeclav, in Poštorná). The final part of diploma thesis is devoted to the analysis of critical influences, especially the influence of the location. Both of comparison of results from individual parts of the city and comparison with existing knowledge found by search activities were made.
9
Kollár, Filip. "Vliv lokality na výši obvyklé ceny rodinného domu v Ostravě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399635.
Full textAbstract:
The main topic of the master’s thesis is the inluence of the locality on the usual price of a family house in town of Ostrava. This analysis does not only focus on usual criterias (accessibility to the center, etc.), but also addresses the specific problems of the region, eg. air quality. There is also a questionnaire survey aimed at identifying respondents' preferences regarding the choice of the ideal location for housing. For the valuation of the selected family house, two methods are selected, namely the comparative method according to the valid valuation rule and the method of market comparison, specifically the direct comparison method, which are described in more detail in the theoretical introduction. The final part deals with the comparison of the outcomes of these two methods and possible discrepancies that might arise.
10
Forman, Radek. "Analýza vlivu lokality a typu konstrukce na výši obvyklé ceny rodinných domů v Havlíčkově Brodě a okolí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233160.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective is assessment to which extent the usual price of selected houses is affected by the location and type of structure. Further tasks are finding the cost price of houses according to the valid valuation regulations and finding approximate price comparison method according to the valid valuation regulations, including the price of land in a single functional unit. Another task is to create a database of offered prices of comparable objects through which is determined by a direct comparison of the market price of houses. In the final part of the thesis is a price comparison of observed houses.
Books on the topic "The usual price"
1
Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium attainment vs. equilibrium necessities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter is about Kenneth Arrow’s 1959 article about price adjustment. This chapter uses that article to explain the logical requirements of any equilibrium model that purports to explain, say, equilibrium prices. Arrow explains why just assuming maximization on the part of both demanders and supplier in a market is not enough to assure equilibrium attainment. Arrow rejects the usual textbooks’ addition of an additional assumption that the markets are already at equilibrium. He instead argues that explicitly assumptions about the dynamics of equilibrium attainment must be included in any equilibrium model. The chapter thus discusses price adjustment in formal models; equilibrium attainment as an explicit process. It recognizes that Arrow equilibrium attainment also need something like imperfect competition to deal with any disequilibrium state that would necessarily exist prior to equilibrium attainment.
2
Homburg, Stefan. Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 2 sets out the basic framework. It considers an economy evolving indefinitely in discrete time, with producers, consumers, and a central bank as principal actors. Individuals plan over finite horizons and form expectations according to what they see. Money is conceived of as a commodity that is produced through credit creation rather than distributed by a fancy helicopter. This natural way to represent money is rarely followed in the literature and differs sharply from the usual helicopter drops because it ties money creation to credit creation. The chapter’s upshot is a system of simultaneous equations determining prices, wages, and the nominal interest rate. Using this solution, individuals revise their expectations, and the economy proceeds to the next period. The chapter concludes with functional and numerical specifications for later simulations, the purpose of which is to analyze key economic processes and to derive meaningful results.
Book chapters on the topic "The usual price"
1
"Is It Still the Product, Price, Promotion & Place “Business as Usual” in a Transnational Market?" In Transnational Marketing in the Information Age, 19–34. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315053226-9.
Full text
2
Karlamangla, Arun S., and Teresa E. Seeman. "Environment and ageing biology." In Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine, 317–22. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Psychosocial factors over the life course and major life events are associated with the health, functional status, and survival of older adults. This chapter discusses the biological mechanisms through which these influences are thought to operate, and how life stresses might accelerate the usual ageing of biological systems. It starts with a brief description of psychosocial determinants of health and functioning before elaborating on the allostatic mechanisms by which the body adapts its internal physiological milieu in response to perceived stressors. The price paid for frequent and recurring adaptation is eventual dysregulation of the mediators of allostasis, or allostatic load. We close with a brief discussion of allostatic load links to health outcomes in older adults and potential interventions that might ameliorate the impact of psychosocial adversities on health.
3
Gill, Hannah. "Conclusion." In The Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina, Revised and Expanded Second Edition, 175–80. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646411.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
It was standing-room only in the South Graham Elementary School (SGE) gym at the “Latin America through the Decades” event on a September evening in 2016. Principal Elizabeth Price welcomed students and their families, speaking Spanish and English in her usual fashion. An audience of more than two hundred people cheered and clapped as kindergarten classes walked onstage wearing white gloves and jean jackets, Michael Jackson– style. They performed choreographed dances to Latin pop music from the 1980s and sang songs with great enthusiasm and huge smiles. Older students followed with different performances highlighting music from the Americas. Afterward, a salsa band appeared onstage and played music as families met teachers and students got stamps on “passports” they had made in school. Despite the fact that the gym was crowded and hot, the audience lingered, laughed, and learned about the extraordinary work of the SGE community, which has embraced learning models that celebrate the heritage and linguistic skills of its Latino students....
4
Borjas, George J., Barry R. Chiswick, George J. Borjas, Barry R. Chiswick, George J. Borjas, and Barry R. Chiswick. "Educational Mismatch: Are High-skilled Immigrants Really Working in High-Skilled Jobs, and What Price Do They Pay If They Are Not?" In Foundations of Migration Economics, 385–424. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788072.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the incidence of mismatch of educational attainment and occupation of employment, and the impact of this mismatch on earnings, of high-skilled adult male immigrants in the U.S. labor market. The results show that over-education is widespread in the high-skilled U.S. labor market, both for immigrants and the native born. The extent of over-education declines with duration in the U.S. as high-skilled immigrants obtain jobs commensurate with their educational level. Years of schooling beyond what is usual for a worker’s occupation are associated with very low increases in earnings. Indeed, in the first 10 to 20 years in the U.S. years of over-education among high-skilled workers affect earnings negatively. This ineffective use of surplus education appears across all occupations and high-skilled education levels. Although schooling serves as a pathway to occupational attainment, earnings appear more closely linked to a worker’s occupation than to the individual’s level of schooling.
5
"Not Usual for Korean." In The Prince of Mournful Thoughts and Other Stories, 161–76. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1595nfb.12.
Full text
6
Elyachar, Julia. "Neoliberalism, Rationality, and the Savage Slot." In Mutant Neoliberalism, 177–95. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823285716.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter upends usual discussions of neoliberal governmentality by focusing on the relation of neoliberalism to the irrational. The central task of neoliberalism in its early days was to resurrect a discredited liberalism. WW I and the problematic Versailles Peace of 1919 convinced many that irrationality lay at the core of the “civilized” European world. Those who became neo-liberal (before the hyphen was eliminated) embraced that which was irrational while resolutely attacking all kinds of collectivism. Early neoliberals such as Mises equated socialists with savages and put socialists in what Trouillot called “The Savage Slot,” thanks to their wilful overthrow of the free market price system, without which rationality itself could not exist. Hayek and the next generation of neoliberals shifted the source of irrationality into the physiology of individual humans. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union against which early neoliberal polemics were aimed, tacit knowledge moved out of the body to the corporation via Jean Lave’s concept of communities of practice. The chapter draws on classic works in anthropology; history of economic thought; US corporate history; and obscure annals of the public sector in Egypt to make these arguments.
7
Trollope, Anthony. "Chapter 5 ‘no one knows anything about him’." In The Prime Minister. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199587193.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Neither at dinner, on that evening at Manchester Square, nor after dinner, as long as Mrs Roby remained in the house, was a word said about Lopez by Mr Wharton. He remained longer than usual with his bottle of port-wine in the dining-room; and...
8
Tolstoy, Leo. "25." In War and Peace. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199232765.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
Prince Andrei was to leave next evening. The old prince, not altering his routine, retired as usual after dinner. The little princess was in her sister-in-law’s room. Prince Andrei in a travelling coat without epaulettes had been packing with his valet in the rooms...
9
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. "11." In The Idiot. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536399.003.0029.
Full textAbstract:
It was three days before the Yepanchins relented. Although the prince blamed himself a great deal as usual, and quite sincerely expected chastisement, inwardly he had been fully convinced all the same that Lizaveta Prokofievna could not be seriously angry with him, and was...
10
Hardy, Thomas. "XXVII." In The Mayor of Casterbridge. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537037.003.0028.
Full textAbstract:
It was the eve of harvest. Prices being low Farfrae was buying. As was usual, after reckoning too surely on famine weather the local farmers had flown to the other extreme, and (in Farfrae’s opinion) were selling off too recklessly—calculating with just a trifle...
Conference papers on the topic "The usual price"
1
Zhang, Zhengkai, Youyun Zhang, and Yongsheng Zhu. "Vibration Analysis of Rotor-Fluid Film Bearing System Using Monte Carlo Method." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28323.
Full textAbstract:
The rotor-fluid film bearing systems are widely used in machinery due to their small size, low price, and capability of carrying load. However, if its design and manufacturing is inappropriate, the use of rotor-fluid film bearing system will suffers from some problem such as violent vibration. Although the checking calculation has been carried out during the design process, nominal value of design parameters is usual used to prognosis the vibration characteristics of rotor-fluid film bearing system. However, in practice, these parameters always vary within a certain range due to manufacturing tolerances and variation of working environment. In this paper, a model for simulating the performance of rotor-fluid film bearing system has been established. Monte Carlo analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of manufacturing tolerances and variation of working environment on the rotor vibration. In the end, a uncertainty analysis is carried out to demonstrate which of the factors has the greatest effect on the rotor vibration at different rotational speed.
2
Bruckner, Tomáš, and Filip Vencovský. "Extracting usual service prices from public contracts." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11645.
Full textAbstract:
The paper describes a project of automatic selection, scraping, and full-text analysis of contracts in the area of IT and Information Systems. The purpose of the project was to extract manday prices and build the list of usual manday prices for particular roles that are stated in the contracts. The list aims to provide a foundation for sizing of new IT solutions before the public tender for an association of major state institutions of the Czech Republic. The result of the research is the list of usual prices for the specified roles, including blended rate, based on median and interval between quartiles, all with demonstrable links to origin contracts. The discussion states additional social factors to be considered when interpreting and using the resulting list, like the subjective influence of validators, tendency for generalization, or defensive attitude of affected vendors.
3
Hirst, Gary, and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura. "Simulation Tool to Select the Most Optimum Route for Pipeline Projects." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0685.
Full textAbstract:
The decisions made during the process of selecting the route of pipeline are very critical to the project. Unfortunately, the decision is often complicated by the numerous variables that must be considered and the uncertainty of estimated costs. When choosing the pipeline route a project manager must balance the likely capital cost of the pipeline with the risks inherent in the chosen route. Ideally, a project manager would investigate numerous alternatives to fully explore the merits of various pipeline routes (including the level of risk) prior to making his final decision. This paper presents a project manager with a simulation tool to effectively and efficiently model the costs associated with various pipeline routes. The model is designed to be user friendly by replicating the usual decision-making process as much as possible. The model uses a graphical interface that promotes the rapid analysis of numerous alternatives and provides opportunities to investigate in detail the various aspects of a pipeline route. The model output includes a calculation of the costs of the alternative, a statistical analysis of the risks of the project and information that can be used to establish the confidence level of a pipeline target price.
4
Sawyer, John E. "With High Fertilizer Prices is it Business as Usual or Should Fertilization Practices Change?" In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-796.
Full text
5
Salomón, Marianne, María F. Gómez, James Spelling, and Andrew Martin. "Optimization of a Sawmill-Based Polygeneration Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95844.
Full textAbstract:
Biomass-based fuels have attracted worldwide interest due to their plentiful supply and their environmentally friendly characteristics. In many cases they are still considered waste but for most industries in Sweden, biomass has changed from being simply a disposal problem to become an important part of the energy supply, thanks to the long-term efforts made by the government, researchers and industry, where energy policies have played an important role. However, the amount of power that could be generated from biomass resources is much greater than that which is currently used. To effectively capture this resource requires a new generation of biomass power plants and their effective integration into already existing industrial processes. The implementation of an integrated polygeneration scheme requires the simultaneous consideration of technical, economic and environmental factors to find optimum solutions. With this in mind, a unified modeling approach that takes into account thermodynamic as well as economic and environmental aspects was used. The analysis was done using ASPEN Utilities and the MATLAB optimization toolbox. A specific case of a sawmill in Sweden, with an annual capacity of 130’000 m3 of sawn wood, has been analyzed and different options for generating electricity and process heat (for the sawmill and for a district heating network) as well as densified biofuels was analyzed. Optimization was then applied for different configurations and operational parameters. The results show that the sawmill has the capability to not only supply its own energy needs, but also to export from 0.4 to 1MW of electricity to the grid, contribute 5 to 6 MWth of district heating and 20 000 ton/y of biomass pellets. The production of pellets helps to maintain the electricity production throughout the year when the district heating demand is lower. However, the levelized electricity cost is higher than the usual electricity price in the Nordic electricity market and may have difficulty to competing with low-cost electricity sources, such as nuclear energy and hydropower. In spite of this, polygeneration remains attractive for covering the energy demands of the sawmill and pelletization plant.
6
Sa´nchez, D., H. Frej, J. M. Mun˜oz de Escalona, R. Chacartegui, and T. Sa´nchez. "Alternative Approach to Determining the Preferred Plant Size of Parabolic Trough CSP Power Plants." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46585.
Full textAbstract:
The share of Concentrated Solar Power plants in power generation has increased significantly in the last decade due to the need to develop and deploy clean technologies that help reduce the carbon footprint of the power generation industry and, at the same time, are less voracious in terms of fossil fuel consumption. As a governmental support to promote the installation of solar plants, different incentives are found in most countries: complementary rates to the market price of electricity (premium), tax credits, financial support, long term power purchase agreements and, in general, other mechanisms that are generally grouped in a “feed-in tariff” that should ideally be more demanding (stringent) over time. The objective of these measures is to make this technology competitive in the mid/long term. At the same time, and in order to distribute these economical resources as fairly as possible, governments have usually limited the power output of those power plants benefitting from these incentives, as a means to prevent oligopolies that would eventually stop technology evolution while concentrating on preserving market conditions. This has led to the common 50 and 80 MW limits that exist in Spain and the USA respectively. As a consequence, OEMs and EPCs have focused on developing reliable and cost-effective CSP plants of these sizes, especially 50 MW. This work is based on unrestrained regulatory or market scenarios, with the aim of finding out which plant size yields the best efficiency at the lowest cost of electricity (COE). In other words, the objective is to establish the plant size of interest for power producers and consumers, should CSP facilities compete in the same market conditions as conventional fossil-fuel plants. The work begins by reviewing briefly the origins of the usual constraints applied to CSP plants. Then, a survey of existing literature dealing with the issue of technical and economic CSP optimization is presented, with a special focus on the work by B. Kelly from Nexant Inc. Taking this work as reference, a model of performance of parabolic trough plants developed in Thermoflex environment to put forth strong project specific feature of CSP facilites. Thermal storage and natural gas hybridization are included among the key design parameters.
7
LEFORT, Romain, Arnaud DECATOIRE, Malek ABDI, Patrick LACOUTURE, and Raymond BUISSON. "Development of a new “6-axis” force connected sensor." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201919005.
Full textAbstract:
This new sensor project has been initiated mainly in order to take measurements in the field of biomechanics during motions of human bodies. For that, it’s necessary to detect the efforts at the contacts with these human bodies in real situation, such as during working, walking, running, biking and so on. Up to now, most of 6 components force sensors which are used, for instance are sensors with each component measuring device as perfectly as possible decoupled from each other’s. This leads to expansive or very expansive sophisticated sensors. The present sensor is a stand-alone wireless, small sized 6-axis force sensor with a powerful and precise conditioning and acquisition system. The sensitive cell is a raw Stewart mechanical structure (strain-gages based) with, conversely to usual multicomponent sensors, force and moment components not decoupled at all, but optimally coupled. Owing to the powerful numerical capabilities of the sensor, the 6 effective components of a given mechanical action are instantaneously computed. Thanks to that, even for small quantity production, the sensor cost price is significantly reduced. This reduction is bigger for larger quantity productions like for: robotics, machine tools, hoisting machines… Added to the sensor design, the project include also a theoretical mechanical research in order to find an accurate calibration method, as easy as possible to be performed. This results in calibration tests needing only a standard traction-compression test machine running with mechanical effects decoupling tools dimensioned so that the calibration relative uncertainty is kept below 1‰. With that, only 6 elementary loading tests have to be applied to the sensor. The whole sequence of calibration is done automatically, completely governed by a powerful calculation and acquisition software. All the raw tests results (strain in µm/m) are automatically collected, converted and analyzed. At the end of the numerical treatment of each set of measurements, all the calibration data attesting the traceability to the International System of units (SI) of the sensor, including : raw calibration results, sensitivities coefficients matrix needed for later data reduction and conversion in solicitation components (force and moment), sensor performances characteristic curves (non-linearity, hysteresis error curve, zero shift error, etc.), calibrations uncertainties, are stored in the computer memory. The calibration matrix is then uploaded on the sensor. So, the measurement results (values of solicitations components) are directly expressed in mechanical units traceable to SI. This sensor is able to perform high data rate wireless streaming with time-synchronization protocol or low data rate transmissions compatible with IOT connectivity. The following paper describes and comments most important engineering job sequences and calibration results. It’s also an example of future connected sensors structures able to gather, not only the staff needed to give accurate high levels measurement results, but also all the key pieces of information’s relative to the measurement traceability proof and quality management, all of them being instantaneously available on the net (IOT). This research and development job got the funding of FEDER-FSE-2014-2020 Nouvelle-Aquitaine program and of CRITT-Sport et Loisirs.
8
Genta, Giancarlo, and Marco Dolci. "Robotic Gripper for Payload Capture in Low Earth Orbit." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65429.
Full textAbstract:
The consensus to a study phase for an IXV (Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle) successor, a preoperational vehicle called PRIDE (Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe), has been recently enlarged, as approved during last EU Ministerial Council. One of the main project task consists in developing PRIDE to conduct on orbit servicing activity with no docking. PRIDE would be provided with a robotic manipulator system (arm and gripper) able to transfer payloads, such as scientific payloads, from low Earth orbiting platforms to PRIDE payload bay. The platform is a part of a space tug designed to move small satellites and other payloads from Low Earth Orbits (LEO) to Geostationary orbit (GEO) and viceversa. A study on this robotic technology is here presented. This research is carried out by Politecnico di Torino and Thales Alenia Space Italy (Grasping Manipulator Design), and by Thales Alenia Space Italy and Amet (PRIDE Robotics System Design). The system configuration of the robotic manipulator is first described in terms of volumes and masses. The assumed housing payload bay requirements in terms of volume (<100 l) and mass (<50 kg) combined with the required overall arm dimensions (4 m length), as defined following the stated mission scenario, and mass of the payload (5–30 kg) force to developing an innovative robotic manipulator with the task-oriented end effector. It results in a 7 degree-of-freedom arm to ensure a high degree of dexterity and a dedicate end-effector designed to grasp the payload interface. The gripper concept here developed consists in a multi-finger hand able to lock both translational and rotational payload degrees of freedom through an innovative under actuation strategy to limit its mass and volume. While in the literature in usual actuation architectures, underactuated systems have been realized where the first (nearest) phalanx closure led afterwards to the closure of the second (distal) one using the loading of a torsional springs and mechanical linkages, this system presents a new underactuation strategy. In this case the distal phalanx closes before the nearest one, allowing to grasp the handle side and limiting the handle length and volume. This concept will allow the distal phalanx to move independently from the nearest one. A configuration study on the payload handle interface has also been performed. Moreover, trade-off studies, computer aided design models, multibody and structural analysis of the whole system are shown to prove its feasibility. Finally, the concept of system control architecture, organized in three main blocks is defined: the Control Overall System Block, the Control Arm Block and the Control Robotic Hand Block.
9
Čepek, Ondřej, and Miloš Chromý. "Switch-List Representations in a Knowledge Compilation Map." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/229.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper we focus on a less usual way to represent Boolean functions, namely on representations by switch-lists. Given a truth table representation of a Boolean function f the switch-list representation (SLR) of f is a list of Boolean vectors from the truth table which have a different function value than the preceding Boolean vector in the truth table. The main aim of this paper is to include the language SL of all SLR in the Knowledge Compilation Map [Darwiche and Marquis, 2002] and to argue, that SL may in certain situations constitute a reasonable choice for a target language in knowledge compilation. First we compare SL with a number of standard representation languages (such as CNF, DNF, and OBDD) with respect to their relative succinctness. As a by-product of this analysis we also give a short proof of a long standing open question from [Darwiche and Marquis, 2002], namely the incomparability of MODS (models) and PI (prime implicates) languages. Next we analyze which standard transformations and queries (those considered in [Darwiche and Marquis, 2002] can be performed in poly-time with respect to the size of the input SLR. We show that this collection is quite broad and the combination of poly-time transformations and queries is quite unique.
10
Falkenhorst, Arne, Stefan Krüger, and Christoph Michael Steinbach. "Application of Energy Saving Fins on Rudders." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41796.
Full textAbstract:
Due to rising fuel oil prices in the last decade as well as rising design speeds, it has become common practice to build rudders with twisted leading edges to minimize resistance and cavitation risk. The next step in this development is the application of fins on to the rudder. The aim is to generate a distinct amount of thrust through the fins by retrieving rotational kinetic energy from the propeller slipstream. This paper presents a fast method to design and calculate rudder fins in the propeller slipstream, which has been implemented in the ship design environment E4. Because of his working principle, the propeller induces velocities to its slipstream. In the usual setup, the rudder is placed behind the propeller to generate higher steering forces caused by the higher inflow speed in the slipstream. In this arrangement, propeller and rudder together are forming a rotor–stator system. The gains of the stator can be maximized by adding fins to the rudder. The main challenge of a fin design is the maximization and prediction of the regained thrust from the propeller slipstream. In order to do this, a steady, three dimensional, direct panel method is used to calculate the flow around the rudder and fin bodies, from which later the pressures and forces are evaluated. A lifting line method is used to predict the inflow velocities caused by the vortex dominated propeller slipstream on each panel. A special focus is on the treatment of the vortex wake, as crossing wake elements can lead to numerical instabilities and a wrong wake alignment produces bad thrust predictions. For the purpose of rudder design steady computation should be preferred over fully unsteady computation, since only time average integral values are of interest and the degrees of freedom are reduced to the relevant ones. For example, it is not necessary to know the fluctuation of the angle of attack for the basic design of the profile respective the leading edge of the foil, only the mean value is needed. In the industrial practice, rudder fins are not often used because the calculation is difficult. Until now it is more expensive to design and build the fins than the savings earned by the ship owner. This phenomenon will change in the next years due to better calculations and rising fuel oil prices.
Reports on the topic "The usual price"
1
Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
Full textAbstract:
The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor