Dissertations / Theses: 'The value of biodiversity'

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Kolstoe, Sonja. "Essays on the Recreational Value of Avian Biodiversity." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20494.

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This dissertation uses a convenience sample of members of eBird, a large citizen science project maintained by the Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithology, to explore the value of avian biodiversity to bird watchers. Panel data (i.e. longitudinal data) are highly desirable for preference estimation. Fortuitously, the diaries of birding excursions by eBird members provide a rich source of spatial data on trips taken, over time by the same individuals, to a variety of birding destinations. Origin and destination data can be combined with exogenous species prevalence information. These combined data sources permit estimation of utility-theoretic choice models that allow derivation of the marginal utilities of avian biodiversity measures as well as the marginal utility of net income (i.e. consumption of other goods and services). Ratios of these marginal utilities yield marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) estimates for numbers of bird species (or numbers of species of different types, in richer specifications). MWTP for levels of other attributes of birding destinations are also derived (e.g. ecosystem type, management regime, seasonal variations, a time trend).\\ The chapters are organized as follows: Chapter 2 is a stand-alone paper that demonstrates the feasibility of a travel-cost based random utility model with the eBird data. This chapter focuses on measuring the total number of bird species at each birding hotspot in Washington and Oregon states. This chapter does not differentiate among types of birders beyond using their recent birding activities in an analysis of habit formation or variety-seeking behavior. For this model, beyond past behavior, a representative consumer is postulated. Chapter 3 starts from the basic specifications identified in Chapter 2 and explores heterogeneous preferences among consumers as well as their preferences for species richness and for different categories of birds. This chapter explores whether different types of birds are relatively more attractive to different types of birders (for example, by gender or by age or by neighborhood characteristics and educational attainment). Chapter 4 is an extension of the work in Chapter 3 to explore how changing site attributes in the face of climate change effects birder welfare. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.
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Thomas, Susan Rosena. "Assessing the value of beetle banks for enhancing farmland biodiversity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/426725/.

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The perennial herbaceous understorey found in well-maintained hedgerows and grassy field margins provides resources or refuge for a highly diverse fauna. Invertebrates are especially important as they underpin food chains, with many species being valuable polyphagous predators that feed on arable crop pests. However, agricultural intensification has caused many of these non-cropped areas to become degraded or lost, resulting in very high field area to edge ratios. Farmland biodiversity has declined markedly as a consequence. Predator assemblages dependent on margins within their lifecycles are often less abundant and diverse, with slower colonisation of feeding sites. The temperature-buffered conditions found within dense tussocky grasses in margins are particularly crucial for predator overwinter survival. 'Beetle banks' are grass-sown ridges designed to replicate and increase the availability of this kind of habitat, in a simple and inexpensive form. The original design was for single island strips extending across large arable fields, where predators are most impoverished, to effectively shrink the field in terms of spring dispersal into the crop. Early experimental banks still exist, and many more have been sown over the decade since the concept was first put into practice through the recommendation of advisory organisations. However, long-term management strategies for their successful upkeep are not clearly identified. With a known establishment date, beetle banks provide a means of exploring potential successional change or biodiversity development within new habitat. I assessed age-related differences in the botanical composition of beetle banks, considering potential degradation as overwintering sites, and resource provision for other wildlife. A dense structure was retained, despite age, thus banks continue to be functional for predators for over a decade at least. Increasing summer floral diversity with age may also benefit other insects. Weed presence was no worse than conventional margins, and so control should be relatively straightforward. Associated with this work was an evaluation of whether levels of polyphagous invertebrates, previously reported as high in new sites, were sustained in older beetle banks. I discovered little difference in densities per m' between beetle banks and conventional field margins, regardless of age, while boundary-overwintering carabid densities increased though time. Predator diversity was also similar between habitat types through the year. A large-scale trapping experiment was undertaken to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns of predatory Carabidae in fields adjacent to beetle banks through the crop season. A novel spatial analysis was used to explore the distributions of different species groups. I found evidence to support the description of a 'wave' of boundary-species emerging from refuges and dispersing across the field. In contrast, field-inhabiting species were slow to develop from field centres and may be of less value for pest control. Beetle banks appear as valuable as conventional boundaries for aiding carabid dispersal into crops. Subtle microclimate, prey distribution or edaphic factors probably accounted for the spatially and temporally fluctuating activity-densities of beetles observed through the season. In addition, the abundance of predatory Empididae was similar within a beetle bank and a hedgerow, with a low, homogeneous presence at increasing distances from them, coinciding in time with serious cereal pests. Thus beetle banks may also contribute useful habitat resource for these little studied insects. 1 hypothesised that simple sown grass strips would contain a lower diversity of other invertebrates when compared to older, botanically complex habitats, although this difference might lessen with age. There was evidence to support this view. Beetle banks were found to contain useful, albeit lower, densities of game bird chick-food, when compared with conventional field margins; additionally furnishing nesting cover for adults birds. Severe declines in wild game are attributed to losses of these invertebrates vital for chick survival, as well as inadequate provision of nesting and brood-rearing habitat. Orthopteran species richness was similar between beetle banks and conventional margins, although there were compositional differences in capture; and older banks were increasingly speciose. Grasshoppers favoured mid-field banks, whereas bushcrickets tended to prefer hedgebottoms. Additionally, Lepidopteran species composition was investigated. As expected fewer butterflies were observed in beetle banks than hedge banks on conventionally managed farmland, but the grass swards clearly were of value, with butterfly presence related to floristic species richness and diversity. Better management, such as incorporating conservation headlands alongside beetle banks, and protection &om agronomic activities in the field, may be a means of further enhancing the resources that beetle banks provide for these invertebrates of increasing conservation concern. A supplementary chapter of this thesis describes the findings of a questionnaire survey sent to a cohort of farmers in southern England, to elucidate their current perceptions, opinions and use of the beetle bank design.

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Perron, Mary Ann. "The Value of Urban Ponds for Odonata and Plant Biodiversity." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40522.

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Urbanization involves the conversion of natural areas to impervious surfaces, which can lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of flood events in cities. To mitigate flood risk, stormwater ponds are constructed to manage urban runoff. Stormwater ponds can also be colonized by wildlife, but their suitability as habitat is disputed due to potential toxicological risks. This study assessed the suitability of stormwater ponds as habitat for the bioindicators Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and determined environmental factors that impact their community structure. Odonata (adults, nymphs and exuviae) were sampled at 41 stormwater ponds and 10 natural reference ponds across the National Capital Region of Canada, with a subset of ponds sampled over four years (2015-2018). Plant communities, water quality and surrounding land cover were analyzed at each pond to determine their impacts on Odonata community structure. Overall, stormwater ponds had lower Odonata abundance and a greater variation in species richness and community structure compared to natural ponds but had comparable dragonfly reproduction rates. Plants were the most significant driver of Odonata communities, as stormwater ponds with a high richness of native wetland plants had higher Odonata abundance and community structures similar to natural ponds. Water quality was the second most important driver of Odonata communities with dragonflies showing greater sensitivity to urban contaminants than damselflies. While stormwater ponds had higher concentrations of trace elements than natural ponds (e.g. Ni, V, As), concentrations were generally below toxic levels for all elements except copper and chloride, the latter likely an input from winter road salting. Surrounding land cover was the least important factor affecting Odonata communities. In conclusion, this research demonstrated the importance of local-scale factors related to plants and water quality in sustaining Odonata communities and specifies recommendations for stormwater pond design and maintenance that enhance urban biodiversity.

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Whitworth, Andrew William. "Conservation value, biodiversity value and methods of assessment in regenerating and human disturbed tropical forest." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7426/.

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Although the value of primary forests for biodiversity conservation is well known, the potential biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating forests remains controversial. Many factors likely contribute to this, including: 1. the variable ages of regenerating forests being studied (often dominated by relatively young regenerating forests); 2. the potential for confounding on-going human disturbance (such as logging and hunting); 3. the relatively low number of multi-taxa studies; 4. the lack of studies that directly compare different historic disturbances within the same location; 5. contrasting patterns from different survey methodologies and the paucity of knowledge on the impacts across different vertical levels of rainforest biodiversity (often due to a lack of suitable methodologies available to assess them). We also know relatively little as to how biodiversity is affected by major current impacts, such as unmarked rainforest roads, which contribute to this degradation of habitat and fragmentation. This thesis explores the potential biodiversity value of regenerating rainforests under the best of scenarios and seeks to understand more about the impact of current human disturbance to biodiversity; data comes from case studies from the Manu and Sumaco Biosphere Reserves in the Western Amazon. Specifically, I compare overall biodiversity and conservation value of a best case regenerating rainforest site with a selection of well-studied primary forest sites and with predicted species lists for the region; including a focus on species of key conservation concern. I then investigate the biodiversity of the same study site in reference to different types of historic anthropogenic disturbance. Following this I investigate the impacts to biodiversity from an unmarked rainforest road. In order to understand more about the differential effects of habitat disturbance on arboreal diversity I directly assess how patterns of butterfly biodiversity vary between three vertical strata. Although assessments within the canopy have been made for birds, invertebrates and bats, very few studies have successfully targeted arboreal mammals. I therefore investigate the potential of camera traps for inventorying arboreal mammal species in comparison with traditional methodologies. Finally, in order to investigate the possibility that different survey methodologies might identify different biodiversity patterns in habitat disturbance assessments, I investigate whether two different but commonly used survey methodologies used to assess amphibians, indicate the same or different responses of amphibian biodiversity to historic habitat change by people. The regenerating rainforest study site contained high levels of species richness; both in terms of alpha diversity found in nearby primary forest areas (87% ±3.5) and in terms of predicted primary forest diversity from the region (83% ±6.7). This included 89% (39 out of 44) of the species of high conservation concern predicted for the Manu region. Faunal species richness in once completely cleared regenerating forest was on average 13% (±9.8) lower than historically selectively logged forest. The presence of the small unmarked road significantly altered levels of faunal biodiversity for three taxa, up to and potentially beyond 350m into the forest interior. Most notably, the impact on biodiversity extended to at least 32% of the whole reserve area. The assessment of butterflies across strata showed that different vertical zones within the same rainforest responded differently in areas with different historic human disturbance. A comparison between forest regenerating after selective logging and forest regenerating after complete clearance, showed that there was a 17% greater reduction in canopy species richness in the historically cleared forest compared with the terrestrial community. Comparing arboreal camera traps with traditional ground-based techniques suggests that camera traps are an effective tool for inventorying secretive arboreal rainforest mammal communities and detect a higher number of cryptic species. Finally, the two survey methodologies used to assess amphibian communities identified contrasting biodiversity patterns in a human modified rainforest; one indicated biodiversity differences between forests with different human disturbance histories, whereas the other suggested no differences between forest disturbance types. Overall, in this thesis I find that the conservation and biodiversity value of regenerating and human disturbed tropical forest can potentially contribute to rainforest biodiversity conservation, particularly in the best of circumstances. I also highlight the importance of utilising appropriate study methodologies that to investigate these three-dimensional habitats, and contribute to the development of methodologies to do so. However, care should be taken when using different survey methodologies, which can provide contrasting biodiversity patterns in response to human disturbance.

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LeClerc, Joshua Elliott. "Bird Conservation Value of Golf Courses." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626454.

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Smith, Joanne. "Agri-environment schemes and soil biodiversity: assessing the conservation, biodiversity and functional value of arable field margins for soil macrofauna." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486322.

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Joubert, Lize. "Biodiversity value of grassland ecological networks in afforested areas, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6465.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current biodiversity crisis requires creative initiatives for mitigating further biodiversity loss. The use of ecological networks (ENs) is such an initiative. The South African forestry industry recognizes that there is loss of biodiversity at the smaller patch scale, while attempting to mitigate this loss at the landscape scale by implementing largescale ENs. The aim of this study was to determine how representative grassland biodiversity in ENs are of similar habitat in a nature reserves (NR). The study was conducted in the northeast of the KwaZulu-Natal Province, adjacent iSimangaliso Wetland Park, which is a natural World Heritage site. A systematic approach compared a wide range of taxa, namely plants, decomposition macrofungi, vertebrates (birds and large mammals) and faunal manifestations (e.g. molehills, dung and ant nests) between the EN and nature reserve, while controlling for differences in disturbance regime. Species richness was compared using Mann-Whitney U tests, while differences in species composition were determined using Correspondence Analyses, Multi-Dimensional Scaling and Analyses of Similarity. Grassland ENs had significantly less plant species. In addition, there were differences in plant and fungi species composition. Differences were probably caused by (1) degree of isolation i.e. proximity to source habitat patches in the surrounding matrix, and (2) habitat quality. Habitat quality was determined by local disturbance regimes (e.g. grazing and fire) and plantation-induced drought for plants, and size and amount of coarse woody debris for fungi. In addition, significant differences in abundances of mole hills (NR>EN) and small mammal burrows (EN>NR) might have had an effect on succession and regeneration of plant communities. There were differences in plant species composition between grassland EN and that at the adjacent nature reserve. However, differences between EN and NR were small when compared to differences between habitat types at the landscape spatial scale. It is concluded that grassland ENs among forestry plantations contribute to biodiversity conservation in the commercially-productive landscape. This approach to land use planning should be explored for other commercial land uses.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige biodiversiteitskrisis vereis kreatiewe strategieë om ‘n verdere verlies in biodiversiteit te bekamp. Ekologiese Netwerke (EN’e) is een voorbeeld van sulke kreatiewe strategieë. Die Suid Afrikaanse bosbou-industrie erken die verlies in biodiversiteit wat kenmerkend in plantasies gevind word. Implementering van grootskaalse EN’e kan egter die verlies aan biodiversiteit, wat in plantasies ondervind word, temper. Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel hoe goed biodiversiteit in grasveld EN’e soortgelyke habitat in ‘n nabygeleë natuurreservaat verteenwoordig. Die studie was uitgevoer in die noordooste van KwaZulu-Natal, langs iSimangaliso Wetland Park wat ‘n wêrelderfenisgebied is. Ons het ‘n stelselmatige benadering gevolg waartydens ‘n wye verskeidenheid taksa, naamlik plante, makro-fungi, vertebrate (groot soogdiere en voëls) en tekens van diere-aktiwiteit (bv. miersneste, dieremis en molshope), in die EN vergelyk is met die van ‘n natuurreservaat terwyl ons vir verskillende versteuringe gekontrolleer het. Spesiesrykheid is vergelyk met Mann-Whitney U toetse terwyl verskille in spesiessamestelling vasgestel is met Correspondence Analyses, Multi-Dimensional Scaling en Analyses of Similarity. Daar was ‘n statisties beduidende verskil in die hoeveelheid spesies tussen grasveld EN’e en die natuurreservaat. Grasveld EN’e het minder plant spesies gehad. Boonop was daar verskille in die samestelling van plant en fungi gemeenskappe. Verskille was waarskynlik veroorsaak deur (1) isolasie of die hoeveelheid nabygeleë habitatbronne in die omliggende omgewing, en (2) habitat kwaliteit. Habitat kwaliteit word bepaal deur versteuringe (bv. brand en beweiding) en die uitdrogingseffek van plantasies vir plante, en die hoeveelheid en grootte van growwe houtagtige puin vir fungi. Daar was ook beduidende verskille in die hoeveelheid molshope (NR>EN) en klein soogdier gate (EN>NR), wat moontlik ‘n effek kon hê op suksessie en herstel van plantgemeenskappe. Daar was verskille in plantspesiessamestelling tussen grasveld EN’e en die van die langsliggende natuurreservaat. Hierdie verskille was egter klein wanneer dit vergelyk word met die verskille tussen verskillende soorte habitatte in die landskap. Daarom kom ons tot die gevolgtrekking dat grasveld EN’e tussen bosbouplantasies bydra tot die bewaring van biodiversiteit in kommersiële landskappe. Hierdie benadering tot grondgebruik behoort verder verken te word vir ander kommersiële bosbou en boerderypraktyke.

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Brook, James. "A framework for biodiversity conservation and value prioritisation in multiple-use marine protected areas /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb8712.pdf.

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Zielewska-Büttner, Katarzyna [Verfasser]. "Deriving biodiversity-relevant forest structure parameters: The value of aerial imagery from state surveys." Freiburg : Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1229349405/34.

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Spash, Clive L., and Iulie Aslaksen. "Re-establishing an Ecological Discourse in the Debate over the Value of Ecosystems and Biodiversity." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3474/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2012_05.pdf.

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The approach of conceptualizing biodiversity and ecosystems as goods and services to be represented by monetary values in policy is being championed not just by economists, but also by ecologists and conservation biologists. This new environmental pragmatism is now being pushed forward internationally under the guise of hardwiring biodiversity and ecosystems services into finance. This conflicts with the realisation that biodiversity and ecosystems have multiple incommensurable values. The current trend is to narrowly define a set of instrumental aspects of ecosystems and biodiversity to be associated with ad hoc money numbers. We argue that ecosystem science has more to offer the policy debate than pseudo-economic numbers based on assumptions that do not reflect ecological or social complexity. Re-establishing the ecological discourse in biodiversity policy implies a crucial role for biophysical indicators as policy targets e.g., the Nature Index for Norway. Yet there is a recognisable need to go beyond the traditional ecological approach to create a social ecological economic discourse. This requires reviving and relating to a range of alternative ecologically informed discourses (e.g. intrinsic values, deep ecology, ecofeminism) in order to transform the increasingly dominant and destructive relationship of humans separated from and domineering over Nature. (author's abstract)
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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Spash, Clive L., and Iulie Aslaksen. "Re-establishing an Ecological Discourse in the Policy Debate over How to Value Ecosystems and Biodiversity." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4401/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2014_05.pdf.

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In this paper we explore the discourses of ecology, environmental economics, new environmental pragmatism and social ecological economics as they relate to the value of ecosystems and biodiversity. Conceptualizing biodiversity and ecosystems as goods and services that can be represented by monetary values in policy processes is an economic discourse being increasingly championed by ecologists and conservation biologists. The latter promote a new environmental pragmatism internationally as hardwiring biodiversity and ecosystems services into finance. The approach adopts a narrow instrumentalism, denies value pluralism and incommensurability, and downplays the role of scientific knowledge. Re-establishing an ecological discourse in biodiversity policy implies a crucial role for biophysical indicators as independent policy targets, exemplified in this paper by the Nature Index for Norway. Yet, there is a recognisable need to go beyond a traditional ecological approach to one recognising the interconnections of social, ecological and economic problems. This requires reviving and relating to a range of alternative ecologically informed discourses, including an ecofeminist perspective, in order to transform the increasingly dominant and destructive relationship of humans separated from and domineering over Nature. (authors' abstract)
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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Carver, Louise Emily. "Assembling the value of nature : a performative analysis of English biodiversity offsetting and the DEFRA pilot study." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2018. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/374/.

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This thesis explores the UK Government's Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs' (DEFRA) 2-year pilot study into biodiversity offsetting (BDO) in England. The objective is to investigate the socio-technical assemblages of biodiversity offsetting to examine what it means to value biodiversity in practice, how the ensuing values materialise and with what effects. The thesis undertakes a multi-sited investigation of the DEFRA pilot study. Firstly I explore the origins of the BDO assemblage focussing on two of its critical elements, the policy standard of 'no net loss' of biodiversity and the central calculative device, the DEFRA metric. I contextualise these conceptual and calculative technologies within the wider socio-political milieus in which they were conceived, circulated and subsequently took effect. The next three chapters present case studies built through diachronic empirical engagements with three sites of the DEFRA pilot. These chapters trace the assemblages of actual BDO negotiations, efforts to value biodiversity by actors in-situ, and the tensions that threaten these processes. Lastly, I explore the value/s conflicts appearing in these case studies through an empirical investigation of the BDO dispute as it played out at the Business and Biodiversity Offsetting Programme (BBOP) conference in London in June 2014. I argue for an understanding of value making in conservation as a performative project through which the values of nature are actively constructed and assembled via social, political and technical processes that can be documented empirically. I emphasise that biodiversity value does not therefore exist waiting to be captured but is actively performed through the assemblages and practices of BDO. The thesis concludes by discussing the implications of a valuation approach in conservation noting the necessary occlusions this sustains and the important changes to biodiversity conservation policy and practice it signals.

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Bigirimana, Joseph. "Urban plant diversity patterns, processes and conservation value in Sub-Saharan Africa: case of Bujumbura in Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209636.

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This study focuses on the vegetation of the African city of Bujumbura, Burundi. Urban flora is detailed according to the origin of the species (native or introduced), their life form, the use of these species by the local population and their behaviour (invasive or not).

The correlation between different natural and anthropogenic environmental factors and the composition of plant communities has been demonstrated through the analysis of vegetation plots. Three types of green areas were studied: spontaneous vegetation on terra firma, wetlands

and domestic gardens.

The main ecological factor correlated to the composition of the spontaneous vegetation of terra firma is the degree of urbanization. From the suburb to the city centre, savannah species typical for the region are replaced by alien invasive species, mostly ruderals. The latter generally have a large distribution, often on several continents. The physiognomy of the vegetation also changes, with hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes in the outskirts and the dominance of therophytes and chamaephytes in the city centre.

In most of wetlands, a large proportion of the plant species are natives, but some wetlands are almost totally invaded by alien species. Soil type is the main environmental factor correlated with

the variability of the vegetation.

The flora of domestic gardens is mainly composed of introduced species used as ornamental, food or medicinal plants. The socio-economical status of the neighbourhood is the main factor correlated with the variability of the garden flora. In high standing neighbourhoods, most species are onamental, with many trees and shrubs. In popular neighbourhoods, the flora is mainly utilitarian (vegetables and fruits), with a significant proportion of native species, and composed mainly of annual species.

A small proportion of the alien species cultivated in gardens has become invasive in the semi-natural vegetation of the city and its surroundings. Many other species cultivated in the gardens could become invasive, based on their ecology and their invasive behaviour in other regions with a climate similar to that of Bujumbura.

Overall, the city of Bujumbura has a diverse flora, with many useful species (vegetables and fruits, traditional medicine, construction of fences and roofs, material for mats and art objects.). The vegetation also hosts wildlife: birds, fishes, hippos, crocodiles etc…

In conclusion, the vegetation of Bujumbura contributes to biodiversity conservation and provides services to the urban population, but the expansion of alien invasive species and the consequent homogenization of the vegetation is a challenge for the future.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Nguyen, Hoang Khanh Linh, Ngan Ha Trinh, and Quang Tan Nguyen. "Study on the status and effectiveness of coastal wetland utilization in Duy Xuyen district, Quang Nam province." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32576.

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This paper aims to assess the current status and effectiveness of coastal wetland utilization in Duy Xuyen district, Quang Nam province, and to propose solutions to improve land use and conserve the existing wetlands of the locality. Research results show that there are five types of wetlands in Duy Xuyen district: wetlands with tidal forests, streams, freshwater ponds, aquaculture ponds, and irrigated land. The wetland areas in Duy Xuyen district are mainly distributed in 3 communes: Duy Thanh, Duy Nghia and Duy Vinh and there is a noticeable decrease in the period from 2010 to 2016. The calculated results show that the total economic value of wetlands in the study area includes: direct use value is 41,276,949,000 VND/year (accounting for 99.61%), non-use value is 162,855,000 VND/year (accounting for 0.39 %). In which, the social and environmental economic values of wetland use types are totally different.
Bài báo này nhằm mục đích đánh giá thực trạng và hiệu quả sử dụng đất ngập nước ven biển trên địa bàn huyện Duy Xuyên, tỉnh Quảng Nam, trên cơ sở đó đề xuất những giải pháp nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả sử dụng và bảo tồn diện tích đất ngập nước hiện có của địa phương. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, trên địa bàn huyện Duy Xuyên có 5 kiểu đất ngập nước: vùng đất ngập nước có rừng gian triều, sông suối, vùng nước ngọt, ao nuôi trồng thủy sản, đất được tưới tiêu. Diện tích đất ngập nước trên địa bàn huyện Duy Xuyên chủ yếu phân bố ở 3 xã: Duy Thành, Duy Nghĩa và Duy Vinh và có sự biến động giảm rõ rệt từ năm 2010 đến năm 2016. Kết quả điều tra cho thấy tổng giá trị kinh tế của đất ngập nước trên địa bàn nghiên cứu bao gồm: giá trị sử dụng trực tiếp (41,276,949,000 đồng/năm, chiếm 99.61%), giá trị phi sử dụng (chiếm 0.39% đạt 162,855,000 đồng/năm). Trong đó, hiệu quả xã hội và môi trường giữa các kiểu sử dụng đất ngập nước không đồng đều.

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Duncan, Imogen May. "Contrasting biodiversity values in four states of Eastern Province thornveld." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003759.

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Land use and land transformation are major threats to biodiversity. Only a small percentage of land and thus biodiversity is protected within reserves. The majority of biodiversity lies in the hands of private and communal farmers and in order to protect biodiversity they must perceive it as having some value and have the means and incentive to conserve it. This study examined two things: (i) the relationship between biodiversity and measures of ecosystem health, range condition, primary production and presence of useful plants that would be expected to be of relevant use to land users, (ii) the perceptions of farmers of vegetation states that differ in the abovementioned attributes. Within the Eastern Province Thornveld of the Smaldeel area, four different vegetation states were selected for the study, namely park-like grassland with scattered Acacia karroo (“savanna”), heavily infested Acacia karroo grassland (“acacia”), thicket-grassland mosaic (“thicket”) and heavily utilised thicketgrassland in communal lands (“communal”). The four states are a consequence of different patterns of browsing and fire, in both pre-colonial and recent times. Different ecological attributes were assessed and compared for each state and the relationships between the different attributes determined. Ecosystem health, in terms of stability or resistance to erosion, infiltration/water-holding capacity, and nutrient cycling were compared using Landscape Function Analysis. The agricultural value of the different landscapes was measured using range condition assessment techniques. Plant species richness and other measures of diversity, along with their conservation and usefulness values, were compared between states. Plant productivity and biomass were compared using satellite data. The thicket state was found to be the most functional due to the added habitat complexity provided by the vegetation. It was the most biodiverse, the most useful and contained many, but not all of the important conservation species. The communal state had high biodiversity and was be fairly resilient to heavy usage, not showing the expected signs of land degradation. The savanna state, although thought of as the optimum state for cattle production, was not significantly different from the other states in terms of agricultural potential, but had the lowest values for plant diversity, browse potential, abundance of useful plant species and biomass. The acacia state had the highest and least stable values in terms of biomass production, however it was found to contain species of conservation importance. The preference that four groups of land users, namely men and women from commercial and communal farming areas, expressed for the four vegetation states was assessed using semi-structured interviews in conjunction with A3 colour photographs. The men and women from the communal areas and the men from the commercial areas valued the thicket state highly for its farming potential. The male commercial farmers also valued the savanna state highly as they perceived it as being most productive for cattle farming. Both the thicket state and the savanna state were found aesthetically pleasing by all the user groups, in line with theories of preference for modified savannas and for familiar environments. There appears to be potential for preserving biodiversity on farmland. The farmers in this study, with their very utilitarian perspective, were found to intuitively gauge the health of the landscape and recognise biodiversity as indicating good farming land. The commercial farmers were strongly influenced by economic motives and thus attracted to the savanna state, but also recognised the opportunity for a wider variety of farming activities in the thicket state. The communal farmers have a high dependence on the land for their livelihoods and preferred the thicket state for its overall usefulness. The views of the farmers indicate that the opportunity for conservation is good, however much of the thicket state lies in the communal land, where the openaccess land use system makes managing for biodiversity difficult.

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Ribeiro, Paulo Pacheco de Castro Flores. "Modelling the effects of agricultural policies on high nature value farmland: a farming systems approach." Doctoral thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13497.

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Doutoramento em Gestão Interdisciplinar da Paisagem - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL / Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada - Universidade de Évora / Universidade dos Açores
In recent years, High Nature Value (HNV) farmland became a priority for biodiversity conservation in Europe. Covering about 1/3 of total agricultural area in Europe, HNV farmland is in decline mainly because of agriculture abandonment/intensification driven by markets and public policies. HNV farmland is mostly provided by low-intensity and traditional farming systems, largely on less productive areas. Given the multiple environmental public goods provided by HNV farming systems, agri-environment schemes were set under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to maintain HNV farmland, although with mixed results. Recent policy changes, including the decoupling of direct payments during the 2003 CAP reform, led to changes in farming systems which often further undermined HNV farmland sustainability. This research aims at evaluating the resilience of HNV farmland under policy change based on a farming systems approach, seeking to contribute to improving the design of agri-environment policies. Focusing on HNV farmland in southern Portugal, we used farm level data from the Integrated Administration and Control System and the Land Parcel Identification System provided by the national CAP paying agency for the years 2000 to 2010, complemented with farm survey data, to derive a farming systems typology which was used to 1) assess agricultural changes over this time period, related with changes in the policy framework (e.g. 2003 CAP reform); 2) assess the extent to which this approach enables the identification of HNV farming systems, based on landscape features and farming practices, and; 3) model the choice of farming system based on farms’ biophysical and structural features and on economic and policy variables, to assess scenarios of market and policy change and derive a supply curve for biodiversity conservation services. The farming systems approach proved to be a relatively simple way to identify HNV farming systems and a promising tool to improve the cost-effectiveness EU agri-environment policy, suggesting the feasibility and benefits of a CAP direct payment scheme aimed at HNV farming systems. Keywords: Farming
N/A

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Maass, Petra. "The cultural context of biodiversity conservation." Doctoral thesis, Göttingen Univ.-Verl. Göttingen, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F23A-C.

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Berglund, Håkan. "Biodiversity in fragmented boreal forests : assessing the past, the present and the future." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-220.

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The aims of this thesis are to (1) analyze the predictability (indicators) of plant and fungal species diversity in old-growth forests, and (2) assess the history and biodiversity of woodland key habitats (WKHs) and their potential to maintain species diversity in fragmented boreal forest landscapes.

Predictability was explored in Granlandet nature reserve, an unexploited landscape composed of discrete old-growth Picea forest patches of varying size isolated by wetland, reflecting conditions of insular biota at stochastic equilibrium. Data from 46 patches (0.2-12 ha) showed that most species were rare. However, species richness and composition patterns exhibited a high degree of predictability, which strengthen the possibility to apply biodiversity indicators in old-growth forest stands. Area was a key factor. The increase in species richness starts to level out at 2-3 ha. Large patches host more Red-list species in their interiors than do small ones, i.e. stand size is an important qualitative aspect of old-growth habitat. Nestedness emerged in relation to area but also in equal-sized plots. Structural complexity and habitat quality were important for species richness and compositional patterns, and small habitats of high quality could harbor many rare species. Monitoring of wood-fungi on downed logs showed that species diversity on downed logs changed over periods of 5-10 years and that the occurrences of annual species were unpredictable. It is suggested that monitoring of species with durable fruit bodies (mainly polypores) is likely to be a feasible approach to obtain comparable data over time.

Assessments of biodiversity of WKHs were performed in two areas with contrasting histories of forest exploitation, namely in south boreal and north boreal Sweden. Analyses of the history of 15 south boreal WKHs showed that fire-suppression, selective logging until mid-20th century and abandonment by modern forestry has shaped their forest structure. These WKHs are not untouched forests, they lack key structural components and harbor few Red-list species. Artificial interventions to restore natural processes and patterns are needed to further increase their suitability for threatned species. Modeling analyses of species richness in 32 WKHs in north boreal Sweden, some of which have not been isolated by modern forestry until recently, indicated an excess of crustose lichen species, i.e. WKHs may face delayed species extinctions. By contrast, the results indicate that wood-fungi have tracked the environmental changes. Differences in substrate dynamics between epiphytes on living trees and species growing on decaying logs may explain the diffeence between species groups. The results indicate that population densities of Red-list species were low, which may result in further depletion of species diversity.

Continuing species declines and extinctions are likely if not conservation of WKHs are combined with other considerations in th managed forest landscape. Both WKHs and their surroundings must be managed and designed to maintain biodiversity over time. For a successful future conservation of boreal forest biodiversity monitoring of WKHs must be combined with monitoring of refeence areas.

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Moreno, Peralta Jose Alejandro. "Exploring Sustainability in theValue Chain: The Case of ‘RoundTable on Responsible Soy’ in Brazil." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201726.

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The production of soy in Brazil has been linked with serious ecological impacts. In order to curbenvironmental problems, there have been established public-private initiatives such as the “Round Tables”,focused on the creation of standards to make value chains of commodities products more sustainable. Thepresent study focuses on identifying the motives and challenges of the adoption of the Roundtable onResponsible Soy (RTRS) certification amongst Brazilian soy producers. The results show the adoption of the RTRS among large producer is mainly driven by potential higher pricesand access to new markets. Medium and small producer adopt the scheme in order to improve their technicalcapacity and ability to meet social and environmental regulation. On the other hand lack of demand for RTRS certified soy seems to be the main challenge for producers to adopt the certification. The gained insights willprovide practioners and academics a basis for exploring possible solutions to overcome such challenges and atthe same time, boost the adoption of the RTRS amongst Brazilian producers.

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Chapman, Mollie Anne. "Agri-'culture' and biodiversity : rethinking payments for ecosystem services in light of relational values." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64126.

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Agricultural land management has major implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services, including the many cultural and social values that agricultural landscapes provide. A key challenge is balancing trade-offs between these diverse and sometimes conflicting goals. One popular but controversial tool to address this challenge is Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs, which offer agricultural producers monetary compensation for stewardship actions. In this dissertation, I consider the role of environmental values in policy-making and program development, both for PES or alternative policy options to address the ecological impacts of agriculture. The first study examines the consequences of applying a metric (as a simple scientific tool) towards the challenge of food system sustainability in Vancouver, Canada. Via a case study examining four different policy options (including a PES program), I conclude that the Ecological Footprint, when applied as a sustainability metric, led the city towards a ‘metric trap’ that excluded policy options and prioritized particular values. The second study examines an incentive program in Costa Rica that pays farmers to protect forested land. I show that while program management focused on the instrumental values of nature and used an economic framing for the program, most participants focused on values about their relationships to the land (relational values) and saw the program as a type of help or support. The final two studies examine an incentive program for riparian buffers on agricultural land in the Puget Sound region of Washington State (USA). In the third study, I use interviews with land managers to show how key program rules conflict with farmer and rural land manager values. The fourth study draws on expert interviews and document analysis to show the ways that supposedly value-free scientific guidelines, in reality, express a suite of values regarding culture, landscape and place. This dissertation as a whole shows the ways that environmental policies and programs articulate values about what matters, and why, via supposedly value-free rules, regulations, metrics, and guidelines. I conclude by offering suggestions for how agri-environmental incentive programs could be made more effective and popular by incorporating values-thinking.
Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate

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Gyllin, Mats. "Biological diversity in urban environments : positions, values and estimation methods /." Alnarp : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000566/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004.
Appendix consists of reprints of five manuscripts, four of which are co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially available online in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

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Gouriveau, Fabrice. "Constructed farm wetlands (CFWs) designed for remediation of farmyard runoff : an evaluation of their water treatment efficiency, ecological value, costs and benefits." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3806.

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Farmyard runoff, i.e. the effluent generated by the rain falling over farmyards, tracks and roofs, is a significant and overlooked source of nutrients and pathogens which degrades aquatic ecosystems through eutrophication, siltation and wildlife poisoning, raises public health concerns, and incurs considerable costs for society. Among other Best Management Practices implemented to address agricultural water pollution and help achieve compliance with the Water Framework Directive, Constructed Farm Wetlands (CFWs), i.e. shallow surface flow wetlands comprising several vegetated cells in series, are being recommended for remediation of farmyard runoff, due to their capacity to remove or store pollutants. Investigation is therefore needed of their long-term water treatment efficiency and ecological value to optimize their design and cost-effectiveness and minimize their negative externalities. The main aims of this study were to: 1) evaluate the treatment performance of CFWs and the link between design, hydrology and efficiency; 2) assess their ecological value and the influence of water quality and design on wetland ecology; 3) identify their costs, benefits and the way they are perceived by farmers; and 4) inform guidelines for the design, construction and aftercare of sustainable CFWs. Research focused on two CFWs in south-east Scotland, one at a dairy farm and one at a mixed beef-arable farm, which receive runoff from yards and roofs, field drainage and septic tank overflow. From February 2006 to June 2008, rainfall, evaporation, water levels and flow at the CFWs were monitored, and their treatment efficiency was assessed from water samples collected manually regularly or with automatic samplers during storm events, and analysed using standard methods. In addition, their ecological value was assessed twice a year from vegetation and aquatic macroinvertebrate surveys. Finally, semi-structured interviews with eight farmers and a farm advisor and discussions with three CFW designers in Scotland and Ireland allowed collection of technical and economic data on farm practices, CFW construction and maintenance, and helped assess CFW cost-effectiveness and acceptance by farmers. Both CFWs reduced pollutant concentrations between inlet and outlet, with efficiencies at CFW1 and CFW2 respectively of 87% and < 0% for five-day biochemical oxygen demand, 86% and 83% for suspended solids, 68% and 26% for nitrate/nitrite, 42% and 34% for ammonium, and 12% and 31% for reactive phosphorus. Nevertheless, the concentration of all pollutants at the outlet of CFW1, and concentration of nitrate/nitrite at the outlet of CFW2 frequently exceeded river water quality standards. Water treatment efficiency varied seasonally, being significantly lower in winter, mainly due to lower temperatures, increased volume of inputs and reduced residence time. The ecological value of the two CFWs differed greatly. At CFW1 and CFW2 respectively, 14 and 22 wetland plant species and 24 and 46 aquatic macroinvertebrate species (belonging to 13 and 27 BMWP scoring families respectively) were recorded, illustrating the greater biodiversity conservation value of CFW2, which was one year older, larger, cleaner, comprised several ponds with a combination of open water and densely vegetated areas, and was subsequently more structurally diverse. The socio-economic study revealed that, despite significant costs associated with their construction (£20 000-£50 000 ha-1) and maintenance (£900-£1500 ha-1 yr-1), CFWs may still represent a more cost-effective alternative than conventional methods. However, their adoption, implementation and sustainable use by farmers were conditioned by land availability and suitability, existing farm infrastructure, detailed information on limitations and maintenance requirements, and adequate financial support for both construction and aftercare. To ensure a long-term, consistent and efficient water treatment, and to enhance biodiversity and landscape, well-maintained, large, vegetated, multi-cell CFWs with shallow overflows are recommended. Their size should be adapted to local precipitation patterns and catchment characteristics. Keywords: agriculture, best management practice (BMP), biodiversity, constructed farm wetland (CFW), costs, farmyard runoff, water pollution, water treatment.

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Malan, Leon-Charl. "Beyond the debate exploring the underlying values and assumptions of biodiversity conservation in protected areas /." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1213992338.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.
"A dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at the Antioch University New England June 2008"--The title page. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 29, 2008). Advisor: Dr. Beth A. Kaplin. Keywords: Q-methodology, protected areas, biodiversity conservation, policy sciences. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-168).

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Badura, Tomas. "Spatial dimensions of biodiversity values : analyses of preference heterogeneity and conservation priorities across national landscapes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/69537/.

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This thesis contributes to our understanding of the spatial dimension of biodiversity related values in the context of changing environment. It starts with making a case for the use economic valuation for improving decision making related to environmental change and with an overview of the main concepts and approaches for doing so (Chapter 1). The thesis highlights the need to better incorporate the spatial considerations in ecosystem assessments and the importance of robust natural science that underpins any such assessments. The thesis then provides three empirical analyses, two that employ discrete choice modelling to examine how spatial information influences preferences for environmental change, and one that focuses on modelling the biodiversity impacts of land use change. The contributions of the thesis are as follows. 1) development of a novel methodology for choice experiments that incorporates space in the survey design, experimental design and presentation of choice situations on individualised maps (Chapter 3); 2) application of this methodology to test how addition of individualised maps alongside commonly used Tabular format impacts on preferences and welfare values for environmental change (Chapter 3); 3) provision of evidence that state and country borders have an impact on preferences for the portrayed changes (Chapter 2 and 3); and 4) development of prediction models that allow evaluating land use change impacts on farmland bird species; this includes assessment of model performance and variables importance for future integration of the models with economic analyses (Chapter 4). The thesis closes with research implications and personal research plans.

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Barranco, Blasco Martín. "Situating adscriptions of value on Nature's Contributions to People : The case of traditional farmers in San Pedro, Paraguay." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156893.

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This thesis focus on the unidimensional adscriptions of value behind industrial soybeans production in Paraguay. The thesis aims to present non-economic Nature’s Contributions to traditional farmers’ quality of life, the role of farmers’ traditional knowledge to display these contributions and the efficiency of such knowledge regarding high productive demands. From a theoretical framework based on nature’s contributions to people, ecosystem services, knowledge systems and conservation, the thesis formulates the following research questions: 1) What drives the prioritization of a single economic value on nature’s contributions to people in rural Paraguay? 2) What is the value of non-economic nature’s contributions, and what is the role of traditional farmers on displaying these values? The study mostly relies in primary data obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork period in the study area of San Pedro, Eastern Paraguay. The results present a plural assessment on nature’s contributions and the adaptation of small farmers to modern farming techniques. The thesis concludes that a perspective dominated by unidimensional value can be socially motivated within the rush for development in Paraguay, a concept tied to economic growth and modernization. In addition, nature’s contributions displayed by small farmers suggest that community-based conservation could represent a more sustainable approach for the farmers’ needs and the current environmental challenges of the country.

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Roebuck, Kyle. "Nuclear Genome Size Diversity Of Marine Invertebrate Taxa Using Flow Cytometric Analysis." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/462.

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Genomic analysis provides a substantial amount of information on evolutionary history, novel genes, transcriptomic expression and regulation in response to environmental stimuli, how efficiently organisms utilize their genome, and directional genome evolution. Genome size analysis serves as the first step in the sequencing process, because sequencing and annotation costs are directly correlated with genome size. Invertebrates represent the vast majority of faunal diversity on the planet, and, to a greater extent, the marine environment, although they are vastly understudied when compared to vertebrate genomes. Flow cytometry is a widely used, reliable, and accurate means of estimating genome sizes and has yielded valid measurements in this comparatively broad taxonomic study. This methodology quantifies genome sizes by measuring the fluorescent re-emission from nuclei that have been saturated with DNA- intercalating dyes, such as propidium iodide. Genome sizes of 19 species across five phyla were estimated by comparison with the known genome size of chicken (Gallus domesticus). Several estimates reported here are the first for their species or class. In addition to estimating new marine invertebrate genome sizes, analyses of some common preservation methods of tissue viability for flow cytometric estimations were performed. Generally, in comparison to RNAlater or ethanol, DMSO-based storage buffer was most successful at preserving nuclear membrane integrity, a requirement for flow cytometric genome size estimations. Recommendations of cost-effective species eligible for current next-generation sequencing technology (<3.5 Gb) are given for invertebrate genomicists seeking potential novel species to sequence.

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Choi, Ik-Chang [Verfasser], and Thanh Nguyen [Akademischer Betreuer] Trung. "Capturing the Aquatic Ecosystem Service Value of Water Quality Improvement and Biodiversity Conservation : Defining Water Challenges and Correcting the Biases in Valuation Approach / Ik-Chang Choi ; Betreuer: Nguyen Trung Thanh." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174251530/34.

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Valiauskas, Tomas. "VĮ Kauno miškų urėdijos kertinių miško buveinių ekonominis įvertinimas alternatyviųjų kaštų metodu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_154725-60210.

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Magistro darbe tiriama kertinių miško buveinių vertė alternatyviųjų kaštų metodu Darbo objektas – Kauno miškų urėdijos, girininkijų kertinės miško buveinės. Darbo tikslas – alternatyviųjų kaštų metodu įvertinti VĮ Kauno miškų urėdijos negaunamas pajamas dėl kertinių miško buveinių įsteigimo bei šių buveinių medieninės funkcijos kapitalizuotos vertės sumažėjimą dėl taikomų ūkinės veiklos apribojimų. Darbo metodai – Ištisinis statistinis metodas – duomenų apie kertines miško buveines rinkimui bei apdorojimui, alternatyviųjų kaštų metodas - kertinių miško buveinių ekonominiams skaičiavimams, taikant Faustmano miško žemės vertės formulę, naudojant MS EXCEL skaičiuoklę. Darbo rezultatai. Iš 1 ha kertinių miško buveinių dėl ūkinės veiklos apribojimų negaunamos vidutinės metinės pajamos svyruoja nuo 66 Lt/ha drebulynuose iki 208 Lt/ha ąžuolynuose. Negaunamų pajamų vertę labiausiai lemia vyraujanti medžių rūšis, esamas tūris ir medyno amžius. Vidutinės prarandamos metinės pajamos iš 1ha - 156 Lt. Visame kertinių miško buveinių plote vidutinės metinės prarandamos pajamos sudaro 205885 Lt. Dėl negaunamų pajamų sumažėja kapitalizuota medynų, patekusių į kertines miško buveines, vertė. Vertinant pagal Faustmano miško žemės vertės skaičiavimo metodą, visų kertinių buveinių kapitalizuota medieninės funkcijos vertė sumažėja 21,3 mln. Lt (vidutiniškai 24,7 tūkst. Lt/ha), lyginant su IV miškų grupei taikomu ūkiniu režimu. Tokia didelė vertė gali būti paaiškinta didele brandžių ąžuolynų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Value of woodland key habitat using the method of alternative costs is analyzed in the Master work. The object of the work – Kaunas state forests, woodland key habitat of state forests. The aim of the work – to evaluate decrease of annual income from timber and capitalized value of the stands in woodland key habitats in Public Institution Kaunas state forest enterprise because of restrictions applied to woodland key habitats. Methods of the work – continuous statistic method was used for collecting and processing data of woodland key habitat, alternative costs method was used for economic calculations of woodland key habitat applying Faustan formula of forest land value, using MS EXCEL spreadsheet. The results of the work. Average value of revenues of woodland key habitats of 1ha fluctuates according to dominant types of trees from 66 Lt/ha in aspen stands to 208 Lt/ha in oak stands. The value mostly depends on dominating tree species, age and volume of the stand. The average decrease of average annual revenues is 156 Lt/ha. The total average annual income lost by enterprise is 205885 Lt. Decrease of capitalised timbeer supply value of stands in woodland key habitats is as high as 21.3 mill. Lt, or 24.7 thou. Lt/ha, comparing to management practice applied to stands of IV forest group. Such a high value can be explained by big share of mature oak stands in woodland key habitats. Comparing to previous management regime, the decrease of the value is 13.8 mill. Lt.

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Matongo, Kudakwashe. "Conservation and use-values of medicinal plants in rural eastern Zimbabwe: A study of selected medicinal plants." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4065.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
Medicinal plants remain a very important natural resource used as traditional medicines for health needs in many developing countries. In the current deepening economic and political crises in Zimbabwe a significant number of the population has inevitably relied more on natural resources which has led to receding population and scarcity of many medicinal plant species in their natural habitat. It is against this background that this research, using Rural Eastern Zimbabwe that this study explored the extent to which use values of medicinal plants increased since the Zimbabwean crises and the different use values of these species among men and women. The rational choice theory, use value approach and concept of utility constituted a theoretical grounding of the research process. The study essentially used qualitative research methods with some quantitative data. A mix of interviews and focus group discussions were employed for this study. Interviews were conducted with community leaders, traditional healers, NGOs in the similar field and Government stakeholders eliciting their views on use values of medicinal plants and sustainable interventions that can be enacted in conserving these species. The findings of the study were shown through using tables, charts and the quantitative data was presented using STATA. The calculated total usevalues of the 11 medicinal plants showed that Kirkia ancuminata Oliv, Dicoma anomala Sond, Syzgium guineense DC, Zingiber offinale, Acacia Karoo Hayne were found to have “high total use-values” and Lannea edulis Engl, Aloe, Lippia javanica Spreng, Virtex payos merril, parinari curatelli and Coleochloa setiflora have “low total use-values”

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Hertzberg, Jillian M. "Investigating the effects of the invasive Euonymus fortunei on populations of native species in an on campus forest and assessing campus population social value in developing a protection plan." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303763035.

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Holmblad, Alexander, and Gabriel Bento da Silva Berglund. "Golfbanors potential vid åtgärder för ekologisk kompensation : En enkät- och intervjustudie om möjligheterna till samverkan mellan golfklubbar och kommuner för bevarandet av naturvärden i Stockholmsregionen." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301595.

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I takt med att befolkningen i Stockholmsregionen ökar så ökar även exploateringstrycket på grönytorna i regionen. Ekologisk kompensation har pekats ut som ett verktyg som kan användas för att minska förlusten av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster i samband med att grönområden exploateras. Syftet med detta arbete har varit att studera hur kommunerna i Stockholmsregionen arbetar med ekologisk kompensation samt vilka möjligheter det finns för att utföra kompensationsåtgärder på golfbanor. Utöver det så har även golfbanornas roll i ett eventuellt system med kompensationspool utforskats. Arbetet har främst bestått av en enkät- och intervjustudie som har kompletterats med en litteraturstudie. Sex stycken kommuner svarade på den utskickade enkäten och ytterligare fyra kommuner deltog i varsin intervju. Två stycken golfklubbar har även deltagit och besvarat ett antal frågor. Baserat på resultaten så drar författarna slutsatsen att golfbanor kan, under rätt förutsättningar, vara recipienter för en rad olika åtgärder för ekologisk kompensation. Exempel på åtgärder som utförts på golfbanor för att bland annat bidra till den biologiska mångfalden har identifierats under arbetet, som exempelvis anläggning av dammar för lekande groddjur. Inga säkra slutsatser kan dras om huruvida golfbanor kan delta i kompensationspooler då det ännu är oklart hur ett sådant system skulle se ut i Sverige.
The population growth in the Stockholm region presents challenges for planners, such as increased exploitation pressure on green spaces in the region. Ecological compensation has been identified as a measure to mitigate damages and minimize net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban areas. The purpose of this report has been to study to what extent municipalities in the Stockholm region incorporate ecological compensatory actions as well as to unravel any potential in utilizing golf courses as recipients when ecological compensations are to be done. Additionally, the possibilities for golf courses to enroll in compensation pools has been examined. Primary method for this report has been interviews and questionnaires, and has been complemented with a literature study. Six municipalities answered the questionnaire and four municipalities respectively two golf clubs participated in interviews. Based on the results it is concluded that golf courses could be the recipient of various projects of ecological compensation under certain conditions. Such compensatory actions are then dependent on local circumstances. Cases where golf courses are subjects for strategic ecological improvements are described, e.g. construction of ponds that support local amphibian fauna. No conclusions could be drawn regarding whether golf courses could participate in compensation pools due to legal uncertainties on how such a system could be established in Sweden.

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Baranes, Valérie. "Les intentions éducatives des professeurs des écoles dans l’enseignement-apprentissage pour une éducation au développement durable : éduquer à la biodiversité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3021.

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L’éducation à la biodiversité, au sein de l’éducation au développement durable connait de nombreuses difficultés du fait de la nature complexe de ce concept et des savoirs associés qui ne sont pas stabilisés. Les intentions éducatives des enseignants de l’école primaire, porteuses de valeurs, entrainent des choix didactiques spécifiques. Les différentes stratégies didactiques mises en œuvre pour aborder cette éducation ont des effets différents sur les apprentissages des connaissances et des comportements. Nous cherchons à mettre en évidence dans cette recherche les liens entre les intentions éducatives des enseignants et les apprentissages effectifs des élèves en fin de scolarité primaire (cycle 3)
Biodiversity education, within sustainable development education, is problematic because the complex nature of this concept and the unstable nature of the knowledge. The teacher’s educational intentions in primary school blear many values and lead to specific didactic choices. Different strategies used to convey this education have different effects on the learning acquisition: knowledge and behaviour. In this research we want to underline the links between the teacher educational intentions and the pupils’ real learning at the end of primary school

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Castelan, Florence Polegato. "A influência da biodiversidade no entorno do cultivo sobre a expressão de protéinas de bananas produzidas no Vale do Ribeira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-06072015-174048/.

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As interações entre as plantas cultivadas e os outros organismos do agroecossistema podem afetar as características dos alimentos, trazendo implicações que abrangem desde as condições socioeconômicas dos produtores até a qualidade nutricional e sensorial dos produtos agrícolas. No caso de agroecossistemas equilibrados, a conservação da biodiversidade na propriedade contribui para diminuir a dependência de insumos externos, principalmente para o controle de pragas e doenças. Nesse sentido a produção de bananas no Vale do Ribeira constitui um mosaico de agroecossistemas, que pressionam os maiores e mais conservados remanescentes florestais de Mata Atlântica. A banana é um fruto climatérico típico, que mostrou grande potencial para o presente estudo, primeiro por ter boa parte de seus processos bioquímicos parcialmente elucidados, segundo, por apresentar seu genoma sequenciado e, terceiro, por ser um cultivo que permeia as áreas de Mata Atlântica do Vale do Ribeira. A perspectiva de análise do Proteoma label-free do fruto foi escolhida por sua ampla capacidade de compreensão de respostas biológicas, especialmente em delineamentos experimentais inéditos como esse, onde não é possível fazer grandes especulações acerca da resposta esperada. Dessa forma, inserido a um projeto de objetivo mais amplo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da biodiversidade atlântica no entorno do agroecossistema sobre a expressão de proteínas das bananas, considerando os aspectos físico-químicos, fisiológicos e bioquímicos, de modo a estimar as vias metabólicas influenciadas por esta condição ambiental. O projeto foi desenvolvido a partir da comparação de duas áreas comerciais de bananicultura que possuem idade e tratos culturais idênticos, sendo que a única diferença é que uma delas encontra-se cercada exclusivamente pelo monocultivo de bananeiras (parcela Controle) e a outra possui 60% do perímetro adjacente a um fragmento de Mata Atlântica (parcela Biodiversidade). Foi utilizada uma estratégia holística, contemplando diversos fatores do ambiente (fertilidade do solo e aspectos climáticos), da fisiologia da bananeira (diagnose foliar e infestação por doenças) e da banana (aspectos de qualidade, comportamento pós-colheita e proteoma da polpa). Os resultados mostram que as plantas da parcela biodiversidade apresentaram menor Índice de Severidade de Sigatoka Negra e produziram frutos com maior vida verde. Em relação ao Proteoma, as vias do Ciclo do ácido cítrico, do Metabolismo do piruvato e da Alanina, aspartato e glutamato foram as mais alteradas entre os frutos das duas parcelas, sinalizando uma maior tendência na síntese de ácidos graxos nos frutos da parcela Biodiversidade, que parece ter sido desviada para a síntese de aminoácidos nos frutos da parcela Controle. Algumas evidências reunidas sugerem que a presença da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica no entorno do agroecossistema favorece o restabelecimento da homeostase vegetal, trazendo efeitos benéficos para o cultivo e para o fruto.
Food quality is affected by crop and other agroecosystem organism interaction. These are a broad and diverse field of study, with unclear central issues, implying since socioeconomic condition of the producer, up to food quality, in terms of nutritional and sensorial issues. In this sense, banana production on Vale do Ribeira represents an agroecosystem mosaic, among the hugest and most conserved remaining Atlantic forest. Banana is a climacteric fruit with great potential for this study, firstly because its biochemical processes has been partially clarified, secondly, because its genome is already sequenced and, finally, because its cultivation area is surrounded by Atlantic forest areas from Vale do Ribeira. Proteomic label-free has been chosen, because of its great capability to understand biological response, especially in unprecedented experimental approaches, in which expectations cannot be done. Thereby, inserted on a broader project, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of Atlantic forest biodiversity surrounding the agroecosystem on protein expression of banana fruit, considering physic-chemical, physiological and biochemical aspects, in order to highlight metabolic pathways influenced by this environmental condition. The development of this project is based on the comparison of two banana commercial plots, with similar age and cultural practices, being the only difference between plots the presence of an Atlantic forest remanant on 60% of the Biodiversity plot, while the Control plot is exclusively surrounded by banana crop. It has been adopted an holistic approach, including several environmental factors (soil fertility and climatic factors), crop physiology factors (foliar diagnosis and disease severity) and banana fruit (quality attributes, post-harvest behavior and pulp proteome). Results revealed a reduction on disease severity and a longer fruit greenlife, which represents the time available to transport and marketing, for plants of the Biodiversity plot. The Proteome has shown alterations on metabolic pathways, as Citric acid cycle, Piruvate metabolism and Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, suggesting a greater tendency on fatty acid biosynthesis on fruits from Biodiversity plots, whereas fruits from Control plot seems to enhance amino acid biosynthesis. Some evidence suggest that the Atlantic forest surrounding the agroecosystem can be helpful to plant homeostasis, with benefits to the crop and fruit.

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Carrion, Ana de Araujo. "Potencial de plantas ornamentais nativas para o desenvolvimento rural no município de Canguçu / RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87377.

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O bioma Pampa estende-se pelo sul do Brasil, por todo o Uruguai e pelo leste e nordeste da Argentina, atingindo uma superfície de aproximadamente 700.000 km². No Brasil, prolongase por 176.496 km², ocupando somente a metade sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Essa área corresponde a cerca de 2,07% dos biomas brasileiros e de 63% da extensão do Estado. O bioma revela-se um espaço rico em diversidade biológica, possuindo relevantes diferenças regionais na estrutura de sua vegetação e na composição das espécies. Tem-se assistido, todavia, a uma contínua conversão dos ecossistemas campestres em outros usos, como os cultivos agrícolas e, sobretudo, a silvicultura em larga escala, além das frequentes queimadas nesse ambiente e do prejuízo causado pela pecuária, quando mal manejada e com utilização de pastagens exóticas. Essas constatações demonstram que o seu potencial não tem sido devidamente reconhecido e aproveitado. O município de Canguçu, que está inserido no referido bioma, enquadra-se em muito nas circunstâncias descritas: as diversas atividades econômicas desenvolvidas (como exemplo, a fumicultura, a rizicultura e a introdução da silvicultura) têm interferido na biodiversidade regional. Considera-se, por outro lado, que Canguçu possui imensa diversidade biológica e significativo potencial para a geração de renda das populações rurais, através de alternativas que considerem a proteção da natureza, tais como a produção e a comercialização de plantas ornamentais nativas. O objetivo precípuo deste trabalho é, portanto, verificar a percepção das pessoas com relação às plantas nativas com caráter ornamental do Município, verificando a possibilidade de que esses vegetais contribuam com o desenvolvimento rural da população inserida em Canguçu. A metodologia da pesquisa, de caráter quali-quantitativo, é representada por dois pilares principais: o da identificação das espécies potenciais e o da etnobotânica local. O primeiro baseou-se no levantamento em campo das espécies ornamentais nativas potencialmente utilizáveis para fins econômicos. O segundo alicerce da metodologia, baseou-se em estudos de caso, por em entrevistas com as pessoas que utilizam economicamente plantas ornamentais. Por fim, como principais resultados desse estudo, se pode afirmar que em Canguçu há uma demanda crescente por plantas ornamentais, tanto no âmbito local como regional, refletindo a tendência nacional de expansão do setor. Além disso, no levantamento florístico, identificou-se um elevado potencial natural existente nos campos de Canguçu, sendo que muitas das plantas nativas desse Município já estão sendo reconhecidas e utilizadas no exterior. Isso ocorre sobretudo por elas representarem um diferencial no mercado, em termos de suas características originais e da possibilidade de propiciar incentivos para que os agricultores familiares invistam na atividade de floricultura com esse grupo de plantas.
The biome Pampa stretches across the south of Brazil, along the territory of Uruguay and across the east and the northeastern territory of Argentina, covering a surface of approximately 700.000 km². In Brazil, it stretches for 176.496 km², occupying only the southern half of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This area corresponds to about 2,07% of the Brazilian biomes and 63 % of the State’s territory. The biome is a space rich in biological diversity: it has relevant regional differences in the structure of its vegetation and in the composition of the different species. We have been witnessing, however, a conversion of the terrestrial biomes into different usage forms, such as the agricultural activities of cultivation, and above all, into a large scale silvicultural activity, besides the frequent forest burnings in this environment and the damage caused by the activity of stockbreeding, when it is badly managed and used in exotic pastures. This findings demonstrate that their potential has not been duly recognized and thoroughly used. The municipality of Canguaçu, which is inserted in the above stated biome, fits the above described circumstances in many ways: the several economic activities developed (such as for example, tobacco culture, rice growing and the introduction of silviculture) have interfered in the regional biodiversity. One must consider, on the one hand, that Canguçu has an immense biological diversity and a meaningful potential for income generation of the rural populations, through the alternatives which consider the protection of nature, such as the production and the commercialization of native ornamental plants. Therefore the main objective of this research is to investigate the perception of people towards the native plants with an ornamental character at the Municipality, verifying these vegetables’ possibility of contributing with the rural development of the population inserted in Canguçu. The research methodology, of a quali-quantitative character, is represented by two main pillars: the identification of the potential species and the local ethno-botany. The first one was based on the survey in the field of native ornamental species potentially used for economic ends. The second foundation of our methodology was based on case studies, by means of interviews with the people who used ornamental plants economically. Lastly, as the main results of this study, it may be affirmed that in Canguçu there is an increasing demand for ornamental plants, both in the local environment and in the regional environment, thus reflecting the sector’s national tendency to expansion. Besides, in the floristic survey, the higher natural potential of the Canguçu fields was identified and many of the plants from this Municipality are already being recognized and utilized abroad. This occurs mostly due to the fact that they represent a differential in the market, in terms of their original characteristics and the possibility of generating incentives so that family agriculturists may invest into the activity of floriculture with this group of plants.

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Calhau, Maria Fernanda Nobre dos Santos. "A influência da proximidade da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica no perfil de compostos voláteis de bananas (Musa acuminata AAA cv. Nanicão) produzidas no Vale do Ribeira-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-14112014-112954/.

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O principal polo produtor de banana no estado de São Paulo está na Divisão Regional e Agrícola de Registro, que se estende do Vale do Ribeira até o litoral sul do estado. Nesta região, a produção de banana é a principal atividade dos produtores rurais e é responsável pela principal demanda de insumos e serviços de comercialização. No entanto, o Vale do Ribeira se caracteriza por ser uma região com baixos níveis de tecnologia e mecanização e a qualidade de vida é bastante baixa, fatores que contribuem para a baixa produtividade da banana. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer os efeitos que a proximidade da biodiversidade nativa da Mata Atlântica promove nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos do fruto da bananeira, em decorrência da proximidade da biodiversidade. Duas parcelas foram escolhidas para fornecer as amostras posteriormente analisadas quanto a parâmetros fisiológicos, químicos e bioquímicos: a parcela \"Controle\" plenamente inserida em um bananal convencional e a parcela \"Biodiversidade\" com 60% de seu perímetro rodeado pela biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica. Foram feitas as seguintes avaliações nos frutos colhidos destas parcelas: análise dos perfis de etileno e CO2 endógenos por cromatografia gasosa, quantificação de amido por método enzimático, e açúcares solúveis por CLAE-DAD, análise de textura (penetrômetro) e cor (colorímetro), determinação de compostos voláteis relacionados ao aroma por cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas. Além de avaliações em campo de incidência e severidade de pragas e doenças, de luminosidade, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, análise de solo e foliar, monitoramento da Umidade Relativa e temperatura. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas na parcela próxima à Mata Atlântica foram menos atacadas pela Sigatoka Negra (cerca de 15%) quando comparada à parcela Controle (cerca de 36%). Nos frutos colhidos, foram encontradas diferenças nos padrões de etileno, respiração, textura, cor, açúcares e perfil de compostos voláteis. Os resultados relativos ao perfil destes compostos mostraram alterações na rede de vias de biossíntese de compostos voláteis diferentes dos comumente detectados em bananas. Compostos típicos de frutos imaturos, conhecidos na literatura como Voláteis de Folhas Verdes (VFVs) foram detectados nos perfis de compostos voláteis de frutos maduros das amostras da parcela Biodiversidade, indicando o desencadeamento de vias metabólicas relacionadas à defesa de plantas, tais como a Via da enzima Lipoxigenase (LOX) e a Via de Biossíntese de Terpenos. Este fato provavelmente teve origem na maior quantidade de sistemas ecológicos originários do fragmento florestal próximo à parcela, que favoreceram uma rede mais rica de relações entre as bananeiras e outros organismos, bem como entre as bananeiras e outras plantas, em comparação às plantas da parcela Controle. Constatou-se que as condições de cultivo no campo têm influência direta sobre o produto final, refletindo no processo de amadurecimento dos frutos.
In São Paulo, the main banana producing region is the Divisão Regional e Agrícola de Registro, extending from the Vale do Ribeira to the southern coast of the state. In this region, the banana producing is the farmer\'s main activity and is responsible for the main demand of inputs and commercialization services. However, the Vale do Ribeira is characterized as a region with low levels of technology and mechanization and the quality of life is quite low, factors that contribute to low banana\'s productivity. This study aimed to stablish the effects that the proximity of native Atlantic Forest biodiversity promotes on the physical, chemical and biochemical of banana, due to the proximity of biodiversity attributes. Two plots were chosen to provide samples subsequently analysed for physiological, biochemical and chemical parameters: a control plot fully inserted into a conventional banana produce and another plot, called by Biodiversity Plot, with 60% of its perimeter surrounded by the Atlantic Forest biodiversity. The following evaluations were made in the fruits harvested from such plots: analyses of endogenous ethylene and CO2 profiles by gas chromatography, quantification of starch by enzymatic method, and soluble sugars by HPLC-DAD, texture analyses (penetrometer) and color (colorimeter), determination of volatile compounds related to flavor by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Apart from field evaluations of incidence and severity of pests and diseases, brightness photosynthetically active radiation, soil and leaf analyses, monitoring of relative humidity and temperature. The results showed that the plants in the plot next to the Atlantic Forest were less attacked by Black Sigatoka (about 15%) compared to the plants from the control plot (about 36%). In harvested fruits, differences were found in ethylene profiles, texture, color, sugars and volatile compound profile. The results for the profile of these compounds showed changes in the biosynthetic pathways of volatile compounds network, commonly found in bananas. Typical compounds immature fruit, known in the literature as Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) were detected in volatiles from samples of mature fruits portion Biodiversity profiles, indicating triggering of defense-related pathways in plants such as the Lipoxygenase Pathway and biosynthesis of terpenes pathway. This fact probably originated from the most amount of ecological systems originated near the plot forest fragment, wich favored a richer network of relations among the banana plants and other organisms as well as between the banana trees and other plants, compared to plants of the control plot. The growing conditions in the field have direct influence on the final product, reflecting on the fruit ripening process.

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Balistieri, Leandro. "Alto valor de conservação: uma avaliação em três escalas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-22032018-144603/.

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O conceito de Alto Valor de Conservação (AVC) foi desenvolvido pela certificação florestal FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), e tem por objetivo designar áreas com características excepcionais devido a presença de importantes atributos, divididos nas seguintes categorias: florestas com concentração significativa de biodiversidade; grandes áreas florestais em nível de paisagem, que contenham populações viáveis da grande maioria das espécies de ocorrência natural; áreas florestais contidas ou que contém ecossistemas raros, ameaçados ou em perigo; áreas florestais em situações críticas que forneçam serviços básicos da natureza; áreas florestais fundamentais para atender necessidades básicas das comunidades locais; áreas florestais críticas para a identidade cultural tradicional de comunidades locais. Trata-se de um conceito inovador ao incluir aspectos sociais e culturais, razão pela qual tem sido amplamente utilizado fora do setor florestal, sendo incorporado por esquemas de certificação ligados a commodities e biocombustíveis, empresas de cadeia de logística (produção) e instituições financeiras. A identificação dos atributos pode ser feita seguindo-se uma abordagem genérica, na qual o manejo deve contribuir para manutenção ou incremento dos atributos identificados seguindo uma abordagem de precaução, incluindo as comunidades locais no processo de identificação das áreas de AVC. Para melhor uso deste conceito em situações específicas, alguns países adaptam os conceitos gerais em documentos chamados de Interpretação Nacional. O Brasil é um dos países que ainda não possuem uma interpretação Nacional e, portanto, a identificação de áreas de AVC é feita utilizando-se a abordagem genérica. Este trabalho se propõe a uma análise ampla do uso do conceito de AVC em três diferentes escalas: análise das publicações existentes sobre o tema, aplicação regional por meio das interpretações nacionais e uso do conceito no Brasil pelos empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado pelo FSC. O capítulo 1 consiste em uma revisão estruturada das publicações existentes a nível mundial sobre o tema, que possibilitou a formação de uma base considerando as principais informações disponíveis sobre o tema. No capítulo 2 aprofunda-se em uma análise do conceito regional, considerando apenas os países que possuem uma interpretação nacional, reconhecendo as diferenças e características próprias de cada local. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo tem como foco específico os empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado no Brasil, possibilitando o levantamento dos atributos identificados até o momento e a realização de uma análise das etapas de condução dos estudos de AVC por meio de questionários.
The concept of High Conservation Value (AVC) was developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and its purpose is to designate areas with exceptional characteristics due to the presence of important attributes, divided into the following categories: forests with a significant concentration of biodiversity; large landscape-level forest areas containing viable populations of the vast majority of naturally occurring species; forest areas contained or containing rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems; forest areas in critical situations that provide basic services of nature; areas that are fundamental to meeting the basic needs of local communities; areas critical for the traditional cultural identity of local communities. It is an innovative concept to include social and cultural aspects, which is why it has been widely used outside the forest sector, being incorporated by certification schemes linked to commodities and biofuels, logistics chain companies (production) and financial institutions. The identification of the attributes can be done following a generic approach, in which the management should contribute to the maintenance or increment of the attributes identified following a precautionary approach, including the local communities in the process of identifying the areas of HCV. To better use this concept in specific situations, some countries adapt the general concepts into documents called National Interpretation. Brazil is one of the countries that do not yet have a national interpretation and, therefore, the identification of areas of HCV is done using the generic approach. This work proposes a broad analysis of the use of the concept of HCV in three different scales: analysis of existing publications on the theme, regional application through national interpretations and use of the concept in Brazil by the forest management companies certified by the FSC. Chapter 1 consists of a structured review of the existing worldwide publications on the subject, which enabled the formation of a base considering the main information available on the theme. In Chapter 2, the analysis of the regional concept is analyzed, considering only the countries that have a national interpretation, recognizing the differences and characteristics of each place. Finally, the third chapter focuses specifically on certified forest management projects in Brazil, enabling the identification of attributes identified so far and conducting an analysis of the stages of conduction of HCV studies through questionnaires.

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Öster, Mathias. "Biological diversity values in semi-natural grasslands : indicators, landscape context and restoration." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Botany, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1352.

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Semi-natural grasslands, which are a declining and fragmented habitat in Europe, contain a high biodiversity, and are therefore of interest to conservation. This thesis examines how plant diversity is influenced by the landscape context, and how plant and fungal diversity can be targeted by practical conservation using indicator species and congruence between species groups. Reproduction and recruitment of the dioecious herb Antennaria dioica was also investigated, providing a case study on how fragmentation and habitat degradation may affect grassland plants.

Grassland size and heterogeneity were of greater importance for plant diversity in semi-natural grassland, than present or historical connectivity to other grasslands, or landscape characteristics. Larger grasslands were more heterogeneous than smaller grasslands, being the likely reason for the species-area relationship.

A detailed study on A. dioica discovered that sexual reproduction and recruitment may be hampered due to skewed sex-ratios. Sex-ratios were more skewed in small populations, suggesting that dioecious plants are likely to be particularly sensitive to reduced grassland size and fragmentation.

A study on indicators of plant species richness, used in a recent survey of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Sweden, revealed several problems. A high percentage of all indicator species were missed by the survey, removing an otherwise significant correlation between indicator species and plant species richness. Also, a null model showed that the chosen indicator species did not perform significantly better than species chosen at random from the available species pool, questioning the selection of the indicators in the survey. Diversity patterns of the threatened fungal genus Hygrocybe were not congruent with plant species richness or composition. Plants are thus a poor surrogate group for Hygrocybe fungi, and probably also for other grassland fungi. Implications from this thesis are that conservation of semi-natural grasslands should target several species groups, and that an appropriate scale for plant conservation may be local rather than regional.

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Boutin, Nathalie. "Management territorial et conflits environnementaux industriels : à la recherche de la biodiversité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0596.

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La question de la biodiversité apparue au premier plan des préoccupations environnementales au même titre que le changement climatique a fait l'objet au niveau mondial d'une volumineuse littérature et de nombreux rapports alarmistes. Selon que l'on regarde la question du point de vue des sciences de la vie ou des sciences sociales on dispose de vues complémentaires mais aussi contradictoires. On envisage la question de la biodiversité en particulier méditerranéenne sous l'angle de sa gestion territoriale axée sur l'étude comparative de plusieurs cas localisés au sein d'espaces marqués par d'intenses interactions hommes-milieux où la prise en compte de cet enjeu est questionnée dans un contexte décisionnel conflictuel. Cette thèse porte sur le management territorial et sur l'approche de la biodiversité qui ressort des pratiques en rapport de l'état de la biodiversité, des phénomènes qui la menacent. On confronte ce savoir avec les pratiques managériales quand celles-ci sont contraintes par des événements conflictuels révélant les valeurs de multiples parties prenantes. On en déduit trois modèles de relations « Homme-Nature » et les implications de régulation qui en découlent et on fait ressortir les paradoxes des politiques publiques orientées sur la biodiversité. On montre alors le caractère déterminant de ces modèles, explicites et implicites, mobilisés par les décideurs aux niveaux individuel et institutionnel. On apporte ainsi un éclairage à la faiblesse de l'institutionnalisation de l'enjeu de la biodiversité, balbutiante. Ceci nous amène à fournir des recommandations pour une intégration de cet enjeu dans les pratiques managériales tant publiques que privées
The issue of biodiversity has been at the forefront of environmental concerns in the same way as climate change, and has been the subject of a voluminous literature and numerous alarmist reports worldwide. Depending on whether one looks at the question from the point of view of the life sciences or the social sciences one has complementary but also contradictory views. The issue of biodiversity, particularly in the Mediterranean, is considered from the angle of its territorial management, which focuses on the comparative study of several localized cases in areas marked by intense interactions between men and the environment, where the consideration for this issue is questioned in a conflictual decision-making context. This thesis deals with territorial management and the approach to biodiversity that emerges from practices related to the state of biodiversity, the phenomena that threaten it. This knowledge is confronted with managerial practices when they are constrained by conflicting events revealing the values of multiple stakeholders. We deduce three models of « Man-Nature » relationships and the regulatory implications that arise from them, and we highlight the paradoxes of public policies oriented towards biodiversity. We then show the determinative nature of these explicit and implicit models, mobilized by decision makers at the individual and institutional levels. This brings to light the weakness of the institutionalization of the issue of biodiversity, stammering. This leads us to provide recommendations for the integration of this issue into managerial practices, both public and private

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Oliveira, Daniel Azevedo Mendes de. "A mirmecofauna como bioindicador em agroecossistema: estudo de caso em áreas de restauração no Vale do Ribeira, Sete Barras, SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/163.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The diversification of farm and agroforestry systems brings many ecosystemical services to the environment, the attraction of natural enemies and the decrease of herbivorous insects. A particular group of insects in agroecosystems are the ants, organisms that occur in all land Agroecosystems as predators and as plagues. The aim of this experiment was to analyze the occurrence of different guilds of ants in different forest restoration strategies in agroecosysten. For this purpose were collected monthly from February to July of 2013 ants on a farm in the city of Sete Barras in the Ribeira Valley, in different patterns of forest environments and agroforestry. It was noted that the predatory ants occur more frequently in areas with advanced vegetation successional stage, and that the leaf cutting ants occur more frequently in environments of vegetation in early stages of succession. This information can be use as an indicator of ecosystemical services by the biodiversity inside the agricultural properties that can be noted by the farmers himself suggesting that ants can be used as biological indicators in Agroecosystems transitions.
A diversificação da propriedade agrícola e o uso de sistemas agroflorestais prestam diversos serviços ecossistêmicos para o ambiente, pela atração de inimigos naturais e redução de insetos herbívoros. Um grupo em especial de insetos em agroecossistemas são as formigas, que são organismos muito presentes em todos os agroecossistemas terrestres podendo ser tanto predadores quanto pragas em propriedades agrícolas. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a ocorrência de guildas de formigas em diferentes estratégias de restauração florestal em um agroecossistema. Para este fim, foram realizadas coletas mensais de formigas durante os meses de fevereiro a julho de 2013, em uma propriedade agrícola no município de Sete Barras no Vale do Ribeira, em diferentes padrões de ambientes florestais e agroflorestais. Foi observado que ocorre maior frequência de formigas predadoras em áreas de vegetação em estágio sucessional mais avançado e maior presença de formigas cortadeiras em áreas de estágio inicial de sucessão. Esta informação pode ser um indicador dos serviços ecossistêmicos prestados pela presença da biodiversidade dentro da propriedade agrícola, que pode ser observado pelos próprios agricultores sugerindo que formigas podem ser utilizadas como bioindicadores em uma transição de agroecossistema.

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40

Sena, Livia Moreiras. "Educação ambiental e o trabalho com valores : um estudo de caso /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90048.

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Orientador: Dalva Maria Bianchini Bonotto
Banca: Luiz Carlos Santana
Banca: Ulisses Ferreira de Araujo
Resumo: A atual crise ambiental tem exigido uma ampla revisão das relações sociedade-sociedade e sociedade-natureza, implicando em mudanças profundas em nossas concepções, valores e ações frente ao mundo. A educação tem sido considerada uma possibilidade de enfrentamento dessa crise e em relação a ela, o trabalho com valores tem se apresentado como fundamental. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar e caracterizar entendimentos e práticas que uma professora, interessada no trabalho com valores na escola, manifestou ao elaborar e desenvolver um plano de ensino que procurasse efetivar esse trabalho a partir da temática ambiental. Através de uma abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se um estudo de caso instrumental, acompanhando a professora durante a elaboração e o desenvolvimento do plano de ensino junto a alunos do ensino fundamental, o que ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2009. A análise dos dados evidenciou que apesar da intencionalidade da professora em trabalhar valores através da educação ambiental e de um ambiente escolar propício para isso, tal dimensão configurou-se de forma implícita, tanto na proposta inicial como na sua concretização em sala de aula. A dificuldade encontrada pela professora para o desenvolvimento do trabalho mais explícito pareceu se dar por alguns fatores, um deles relacionado a certa ausência de clareza da professora quanto à necessidade de um melhor preparo para o trabalho com valores, em termos de apropriação dos procedimentos específicos para realizar essa tarefa. Outro fator que dificultou o trabalho da professora foi sua crença na idéia de que "conhecer implica em valorizar", claramente expressa na redação de seus objetivos no plano de ensino. A professora trouxe para o trabalho em sala de aula principalmente as experiências - e valores - construídos durante sua graduação em Ciências Biológicas e sua formação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The current environmental crisis requires a broad review of the society-society and societynature relationships, resulting in strong and profound changes in our conceptions, values and actions toward the world. Education has been considered a possibility of facing this crisis and working with the issue of values is crucial in this context. Considering these facts, the present study aimed to identify and characterize understandings and practices of a teacher interested in working with the issue of values, who elaborated and developed a teaching plan that aimed realize this work from the environmental theme. Using a qualitative approach, an instrumental case study was performed through the accompanying the teacher during the elaboration and development of the teaching plan with her students of fundamental degree at the first semester of 2009. The data analysis showed that, despite the intentions of the teacher in work with the issue of values through the environmental education and to exist a favorable scholar environment to this, this dimension was shaped in an implicit manner, both in the initial proposal and in its implementation in the classroom. The trouble encountered to develop this work in an explicit manner seem to be related to some factors, one of them related to a kind of an absence of a clear intention of the teacher facing the need of a better preparation to work with the issue of values, in terms of appropriation of the specific proceedings to realize this task. Another factor that hampered the teacher work was his belief in the idea that "knowing implies valorize", clearly expressed in the aims of her teaching plan. The teacher brought to the classroom mainly the experiences - and values - built during her graduation in Biological Sciences and during her master degree in the area of ethnobotany, values that she demonstrated it were built for herself. The development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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41

Narezi, Gabriela. "A agroecologia como estratégia de gestão de Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável no Vale do Ribeira − SP, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-21122012-101140/.

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Este trabalho apresenta elementos de reflexões acerca dos distintos modelos de gestão que são concebidos para as áreas naturais protegidas. Nosso interesse se voltou, em particular, para os debates acerca das Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável do estado de São Paulo - Brasil. Atualmente, na região do Vale do Ribeira, possuidora de um dos maiores remanescentes contínuos de Mata Atlântica do país, é possível encontrar disputas por diferentes modelos de gestão destas áreas. O estudo da implantação das Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) permite analisar as mais recentes formas de reconhecimento do direito de permanência de populações tradicionais no interior de áreas naturais protegidas no Brasil, em especial, na faixa de Mata Atlântica do litoral sul paulista. Nesta perspectiva, buscou-se analisar a inserção da temática da agroecologia como estratégia de gestão, em meio a conflitos socioambientais. A metodologia de pesquisa comportou levantamento bibliográfico e coleta de dados primários, graças a anotações em cadernos de campo, obtenção de relatos orais nos espaços participativos de gestão e uso do território da RDS do Despraiado, no âmbito da recategorização da Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins em mosaicos de UCs e entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos gestores e pesquisadores das UCs do Vale do Ribeira. A pesquisa ainda contou com um estágio doutoral no Institute des Hautes Études sur l\'Amerique latine, Sorbonne Nouvelle, onde foi possível analisar as estratégias de gestão territorial adotadas em dois Parques Naturais Regionais franceses, consideradas enquanto subsídio para nossa análise sobre a conciliação da conservação com o desenvolvimento. A partir dos dados coletados foi possível caracterizar e interpretar a organização social, o histórico das práticas produtivas agrícolas tradicionais, os conflitos socioambientais ligados à gestão da RDS do Despraiado e as práticas agrícolas intensivas em áreas degradadas. Neste quadro, foi possível encontrar evidências de que o modo de vida e de produção agrícola favorecem uma sensibilidade das populações locais ao início de um processo de transição agroecológica. Entretanto, as disputas em torno da implantação da RDS em estudo aqui revelam que a perspectiva de conservação da natureza com desenvolvimento - na qual a agroecologia está, em princípio, em primeiro plano - enfrenta muitos obstáculos para sua disseminação. A promulgação da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade contra a lei que instituiu o Mosaico de UCs Juréia-Itatins reforça a manifestação dos interesses preservacionistas no âmbito da gestão deste território no estado de São Paulo. Mesmo com a repercussão de experiências agroecológicas de sucesso no Vale do Ribeira, ainda são muito incipientes as iniciativas de conservação da sociobiodiversidade e de valorização cultural para o desenvolvimento sustentável das populações tradicionais no interior de UCs paulistas.
This paper presents reflections regarding different management models designed for protected natural areas. Our research is particularly focused in debates about Sustainable Conservation Units in Sao Paulo State in Brazil. Vale do Ribeira is an area that has one of the largest continuous remnants of Atlantic Rainforest of the country. There are several disputes over different management models for those areas. The study of Sustainable Development Reserves (Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável - RDS) implementation allows analyzing the latest forms of recognition of the right of residence of traditional populations within protected natural areas in Brazil, especially in the Atlantic rainforest in the southern coastal area of Sao Paulo state. In this perspective, this study sought to analyze the integration of agroecology as a management strategy amid environmental conflicts. The research methodology included bibliographic analysis and collection of primary data through field notes; oral histories obtained in management and land use participatory spaces at Despraiado RDS in the context of restructuration of Juréia- Itatins Ecological Station in Conservation Units Mosaics; and semi-structured interviews with the managers and researchers of Vale do Ribeira Conservation Units. The research also included a doctoral internship at Institute des Hautes Études sur l\'Amerique latine, at Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, in France where it was possible to analyze the strategies of land management practices of two French Regional Natural Parks. That experience was the base to analyze the conciliation between conservation and development in this study. From the data collected it was possible to characterize and interpret the social organization, the history of traditional agricultural production practices, of environmental conflicts related to the management of Despraiado RDS and intensive agricultural practices in degraded areas. In this context, it was possible to find evidence that the way of life and agricultural production of the area favor local sensitivity in regard of an agroecological transition process. However, the disputes over the implementation of the RDS analyzed in this study, shows that the perspective of nature conservation along with development faces many obstacles to its propagation even though agroecology is in the forefront of the discussion. The enactment of the lawsuit declaring the creation of Juréia-Itatins Conservation Unit Mosaic an unconstitutional act, reinforces the manifestation of preservationists\' interests in the management of this Sao Paulo State territory. Even with the impact of successful agroecological experiences at Vale do Ribeira, socio-biodiversity conservation initiatives and cultural valorization of sustainable development of traditional populations are still rudimentary at Conservation Units in the State of Sao Paulo.

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42

Sena, Livia Moreiras [UNESP]. "Educação ambiental e o trabalho com valores: um estudo de caso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90048.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sena_lm_me_rcla.pdf: 1023108 bytes, checksum: 73eb878f7345d42282e4e856867b4d6b (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A atual crise ambiental tem exigido uma ampla revisão das relações sociedade-sociedade e sociedade-natureza, implicando em mudanças profundas em nossas concepções, valores e ações frente ao mundo. A educação tem sido considerada uma possibilidade de enfrentamento dessa crise e em relação a ela, o trabalho com valores tem se apresentado como fundamental. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar e caracterizar entendimentos e práticas que uma professora, interessada no trabalho com valores na escola, manifestou ao elaborar e desenvolver um plano de ensino que procurasse efetivar esse trabalho a partir da temática ambiental. Através de uma abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se um estudo de caso instrumental, acompanhando a professora durante a elaboração e o desenvolvimento do plano de ensino junto a alunos do ensino fundamental, o que ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2009. A análise dos dados evidenciou que apesar da intencionalidade da professora em trabalhar valores através da educação ambiental e de um ambiente escolar propício para isso, tal dimensão configurou-se de forma implícita, tanto na proposta inicial como na sua concretização em sala de aula. A dificuldade encontrada pela professora para o desenvolvimento do trabalho mais explícito pareceu se dar por alguns fatores, um deles relacionado a certa ausência de clareza da professora quanto à necessidade de um melhor preparo para o trabalho com valores, em termos de apropriação dos procedimentos específicos para realizar essa tarefa. Outro fator que dificultou o trabalho da professora foi sua crença na idéia de que “conhecer implica em valorizar”, claramente expressa na redação de seus objetivos no plano de ensino. A professora trouxe para o trabalho em sala de aula principalmente as experiências – e valores – construídos durante sua graduação em Ciências Biológicas e sua formação...
The current environmental crisis requires a broad review of the society-society and societynature relationships, resulting in strong and profound changes in our conceptions, values and actions toward the world. Education has been considered a possibility of facing this crisis and working with the issue of values is crucial in this context. Considering these facts, the present study aimed to identify and characterize understandings and practices of a teacher interested in working with the issue of values, who elaborated and developed a teaching plan that aimed realize this work from the environmental theme. Using a qualitative approach, an instrumental case study was performed through the accompanying the teacher during the elaboration and development of the teaching plan with her students of fundamental degree at the first semester of 2009. The data analysis showed that, despite the intentions of the teacher in work with the issue of values through the environmental education and to exist a favorable scholar environment to this, this dimension was shaped in an implicit manner, both in the initial proposal and in its implementation in the classroom. The trouble encountered to develop this work in an explicit manner seem to be related to some factors, one of them related to a kind of an absence of a clear intention of the teacher facing the need of a better preparation to work with the issue of values, in terms of appropriation of the specific proceedings to realize this task. Another factor that hampered the teacher work was his belief in the idea that “knowing implies valorize”, clearly expressed in the aims of her teaching plan. The teacher brought to the classroom mainly the experiences – and values – built during her graduation in Biological Sciences and during her master degree in the area of ethnobotany, values that she demonstrated it were built for herself. The development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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43

Dempsey, Jessica Anne. "Making markets, making biodiversity : understanding global biodiversity politics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/39284.

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Pricing and market exchange, we are now often told, are the only routes through which biological diversity can be saved. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the material-semiotic processes and networks by which a kind of ‘economized’, and even at times, ‘entrepreneurial nature’ comes to be. I ask: how did biodiversity become entangled in economic rationalities and market calculations? What are the circuits of knowledge and power producing biodiversity in this way? What calculative devices, methodologies and policies are created, or envisioned as necessary to make biodiversity conservation economic? And what are the implications, especially for the kinds of nature produced? To answer these questions, I study several ‘circuits of power and knowledge’ through which biodiversity is rendered visible, legible and especially economically calculable within global environmental governance. Not taking the subject of my thesis for granted, I begin by examining the rise of biodiversity in the 1980s, and its entanglements in notions of human security and as a source of exchange value, especially for biotechnology related applications. With this foundation, I go on to examine the Beijer Institute biodiversity programme, where, in the early 1990s, leading economists and ecologists met and developed a consensus on ‘the problem of biodiversity’, a consensus that is steeped in economic rationalities and methodologies. The rest of the dissertation focuses on very contemporary ‘circuits’ wherein ecologists, economists, NGOs, international institutions, and private firms attempt to render biodiversity economic, and, in some cases, profitable. This includes an examination of the rise of ecosystem service frameworks and models focused on weighing ‘trade-offs’ between different environmental management policies, attempts to produce biodiversity loss as a ‘material risk’ (meaning impacts on the bottom line calculations of firms), debates over how to make biodiversity markets, and intergovernmental negotiations focused on developing regulated market-like mechanisms that could finally achieve ‘green development’. In each of these cases I focus on how biodiversity is made visible and legible for governance, which means focusing on the conceptual apparatus, but also the calculative devices that quantify and value biodiversity and ecosystem changes.

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Carter, Kathryn Sarah. "Pest or pastime? Coarse fish in Aotearoa/New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2790.

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Freshwater ecosystems are extremely important, both socially and ecologically, in Aotearoa/New Zealand. However, through detrimental practices of land-use change and the introduction of non-indigenous aquatic species, the health of freshwater areas is increasingly under threat. Coarse fish are one group of non indigenous fish that are largely perceived to have a negative effect on freshwater biodiversity and water quality. Despite this, there are people in New Zealand that value coarse fish highly, and consider their lives to be enriched through the practice of coarse angling. This thesis examines the diversity of perceptions and values ascribed to coarse fish by a variety of different environmental managers and resource users to understand how these multiple meanings influence approaches to freshwater biodiversity management in Aotearoa/New Zealand. As coarse anglers are often considered responsible for deliberate translocation of coarse fish, a space for communication and compromise between these stakeholder groups is also identified. Additionally, appropriate and effective educational methods to raise awareness of freshwater ecosystem restoration and non-indigenous invasive fish are discussed. Social factors are often the primary determinants of whether conservation efforts succeed or fail. Grounded in the theoretical perspectives of social construction, environmental perception, political ecology, and critical environmental adult education, this thesis provides an important contribution to the practice of interdisciplinary research by demonstrating the ways in which social science complements scientific approaches to environmental management. Utilising semi structured interviews with multiple stakeholder groups and an internet survey targeted at coarse anglers this research found that, while a multitude of perceptions of coarse fish exist, there is also willingness on both sides to engage in communication and develop effective practices to aid in managing the freshwater environment. A number of suggestions for improving legislation that addresses invasive freshwater fish, and several ideas regarding education and compliance, also emerged.

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Lindberg, Mattias. "Responsibility and Biodiversity: Analyzing the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21457.

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Europeiska Unionens strategi för biologisk mångfald 2020, har snart avklarats, och tiden är inne för att bedöma strategins styrkor och svagheter. Allt som nedbrytningen av ekosystem och förlust av biologisk mångfald fortsätter att öka, är betydelsen av den politiska beslutsprocessen och politikers tillvägagångsätt mot ett hållbart utnyttjande av ekosystemtjänster större än någonsin tidigare. Med sex huvudmål och 20 åtgärder för att nå dessa mål, analyserar denna studien innebörden och kontexten av dessa åtgärder för att se hur ansvar i förhållande till tillvägagångssätt har en inverkan på åtgärdens samt strategins produktivitet. En modell skapades för att visa de specifika koderna, och relationen mellan tillvägagångsätt (direkt och indirekt ansvar) och produktivitet.
The European Union biodiversity strategy 2020 has soon run its course, and it is time to start assessing its success as well as its weaknesses. As the degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity continues to speed up, the importance of political governance and policy makers’ approaches toward a sustainable use of ecosystem services, and loss of the loss of biodiversity, is greater than ever. With six targets and 20 actions to reach these goals, this study analyzes their content and context to see if responsibility, with regards to approach, has an impact on the productivity of the action, and the strategy. This has led to the creation of a model, mapping the actions and specific codes in an effort to find a relationship between the approach (direct and indirect responsibility) and productivity.

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Lucca, José Valdecir de. "Caracterização limnológica e análise de comunidades bentônicas sujeitas à invasão por espécies exóticas, em lagos do Vale do Rio Doce, MG, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-09112006-102228/.

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Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são importantes componentes nos ecossistemas aquáticos devido à sua participação no fluxo de energia e na ciclagem de nutrientes, recebendo gradativamente maior atenção nos estudos ecológicos nas últimas décadas. O presente estudo visa uma caracterização limnológica comparativa de quatro lagoas do sistema de lagos do Vale do Rio Doce, MG (lagoas Águas Claras, Almécega, Verde e Carioca), e o estudo dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos, com ênfase na composição taxonômica, distribuição espaçotemporal e diversidade, além de uma avaliação de possíveis relações com a ocorrência de espécies exóticas neste sistema. As lagoas encontram-se na depressão interplanáltica do Vale do Rio Doce, formada por uma rica rede de drenagem, circundada por remanescentes de Mata Atlântica (19 'GRAUS' 45 25,7 e 19 'GRAUS' 53 11,6 S; 42 'GRAUS' 37 35,6 e 42 'GRAUS' 35 11,3 W). Amostragens para análises físicas, químicas e biológicas foram realizadas em setembro e dezembro de 2002 e março e junho de 2003. As amostragens de sedimento para análises de composição granulométrica e da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foram realizadas com draga do tipo Van Veen (337 'CM POT.2'), em um total de 77 estações de coleta e em quatro períodos de amostragem. Foram identificados 56 táxons, sendo 2 pertencentes ao Filo Mollusca, 13 à Classe Oligochaeta, 1 à Classe Hirudinae, 1 ao Filo Nematoda e 41 à Classe Insecta. Desses últimos, 27 pertencem à família Chironomidae. A maior riqueza de táxons foi registrada na lagoa Carioca (43 táxons) e a menor na lagoa Águas Claras (27 táxons). Melanoides tuberculata, um molusco invasor, foi o táxon numericamente dominante nas lagoas Águas Claras e Almécega. Na lagoa Verde esse molusco ocorreu em densidade média 5 vezes menor do que nas lagoas anteriormente citadas onde suas populações já se encontram bem estabelecidas. Na lagoa Carioca não há ocorrência desse molusco, e nesta lagoa foi registrada a maior riqueza de táxons entre as lagoas estudadas, sendo os Chironomidae os macroinvertebrados bentônicos mais representativos. Sazonalmente ocorreram diferenças na densidade das populações. Existem também diferenças quanto à composição taxonômica da comunidade bentônica entre as regiões litorânea e limnética, evidenciando a compartimentalização do sistema. Os sedimentos das lagoas Águas Claras, Almécega e Verde tem baixo conteúdo de matéria orgânica, sendo do tipo mineral e arenoso, enquanto o da lagoa Carioca é do tipo barrento e orgânico. Em relação às variáveis limnológicas, o pH é ligeiramente ácido e as águas bem oxigenadas. As concentrações de nutrientes na coluna dágua são relativamente baixas podendo as lagoas Águas Claras, Almécega e Verde serem consideradas oligotróficas e a lagoa Carioca meso-oligotrófica.
Benthic macroinvertebrates are important components of aquatic ecosystems due to their role in the energy flow and material cycling. They have gradually received more attention in ecological studies in the last decades. The present study aimed a comparative limnological characterization of four lakes belonging to the middle Rio Doce Valley lacustrine system, MG (Águas Claras, Almécega, Verde and Carioca lakes), and the study of its benthic macroinvertebrate communities with emphasis on the taxonomical composition, spatial and temporal distribution and diversity, besides an evaluation of possible relationships with the occurrence of exotic species in the system. The lakes are located in the interplanaltic depression of Rio Doce Valley, an extense drainage web surrounded by Atlantic Forest remnants (19 'DEGREES' 45 25,7 and 19 'DEGREES' 53 11,6 South; 42 'DEGREES' 37 35,6 and 42 'DEGREES' 35 11,3 West). Samplings for physical, chemical and biological analyses were carried out in September and December 2002 and in March and June 2003. Sediment sampling for granulometric determinations and for benthic community analyses were performed with a Van Veen (337 'CM POT.2') dredge. Considering the four lakes and the sampling seasons, 77 stations were sampled. A total of 56 taxa were identified, 2 belonging to the Mollusca, Gastropoda; 13 to Oligochaeta and 1 to the Hirudinae, Annelida; 1 to Nematoda and 41 Insecta, Arthropoda. Among the Insecta 27 taxa belonged to the family Chironomidae. The highest richness of taxa was recorded in lake Carioca (43 taxa) and the lowest in lake Águas Claras (27 taxa). Melanoides tuberculata, an invader molusc was the numerically dominant taxon in Águas Claras and Almécega lakes. In lake Verde this species ocurred in densities 5 times lower than in those lakes where its populations are already well established. This mollusc does not occur in lake Carioca. This was among the lakes studied, the one where the highjest richness of taxa was recorded and Chironomidae were the most representative benthic macroinvertebrates. There were seasonal changes in the population densities. There are also diferences regarding the taxonomic composition of the benthic community among the littoral and the limnetic regions evidencing the system compartimentalization. The sediments of lake Águas Claras, Almécega and Verde have low organic matter content in the littoral region, being classified as mineral and sandy, whereas the sediment of lake Carioca is loamy and organic. Regarding the general limnological conditions the results indicate that lake waters are slightly acidic and well oxygenated. Nutrient concentrations in the water column are relatively low. The lakes Águas Claras, Almécega and Verde can be classified as oligotrophic and lake Carioca as meso-oligotrophic.

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47

Mackey, Robin L. "Disturbance and biodiversity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66170.pdf.

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48

Gotoh, Mari Nakatani Yoichi Matsumoto I. "Biodiversity in biomembranes." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2006. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/558/01/GOTOH2006.pdf.

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49

Gotoh, Mari. "Biodiversity in biomembranes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/GOTOH_Mari_2006.pdf.

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Tous les organismes vivant sont fait de cellules qui sont séparés du monde extérieur par une barrière, la membrane cellulaire. Un nombre important de protéine contrôle la fonction cellulaire en interagissant avec les stimuli extracellulaires. Cependant, les fonctions et structures des molécules de la membrane cellulaire tel que les lipides et les sucres ne sont toujours pas entièrement déterminées. Du point de vue de la biodiversité, quelques propriétés des biomembranes ont été étudiées sous deux aspects différents. (1) les phosphates de polyprényles ramifiés Plusieurs composés polyterpanique ont été abondamment trouvés dans les sédiments, et de telles structures auraient pour origine des alcools ou des phospholipides. Bien qu’ils n’aient toujours pas été trouvés dans les biomembranes actuelles, les phosphates de polyprényle ramifié auraient pu exister dans les membranes primitives. Plusieurs phosphates de polyprényle ramifié ont été synthétisés et nous avons effectué les études physico-chimiques de leurs propriétés membranaires. Les études microscopiques ont montré que les phosphates de polyprényle ramifié forment des vésicules en fonction du pH. Afin d’évaluer la perméabilité membranaire à l’eau de ces membranes, le gonflement osmotique d’une suspension unilamellaire de vésicules a été mesuré par la méthode de la diffusion de la lumière en flux à écoulement bloqué. Nous avons montré que la perméabilité à l’eau dépend étroitement de la structure et de la longueur de chaîne. Ces observations suggèrent que les phosphates de polyprényle ramifié pourraient être des constituants membranaires primitifs des membranes cellulaires. (2) Cholestérol phosphorylé Les membranes des vertébrés sont constitués de deux sortes de lipides : les constituants membranaires phosphorylés et les renforçateurs membranaires non phosphorylés comme le cholestérol. Pourquoi le cholestérol n’a pas été phosphorylé au cours de l’évolution des membranes ? Les membranes composées de diacylglycérol non phosphorylé et de cholestérol phosphorylé existent-elles ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, le cholestérol phosphocholine (CPC) a été synthétisé et ses propriétés physico-chimiques membranaires étudiées. Nous avons observé la formation de vésicules stables par microscopie optique d’un mélange approprié de CPC et de diacylglycérol à différents pH. Cependant, le rapport molaire entre le phospholipide et l’alcool permettant la formation de vésicules est plus étroit pour le mélange CPC/diacylglycérol que pour le mélange diacylglycérophospholipide/cholestérol. De plus, la perméabilité à l’eau des vésicules d’un mélange de CPC et de diacylglycérol dans un rapport molaire 1 : 1 est plus élevé que le mélange de diacylglycérophospholipide et de cholestérol dans le même rapport molaire 1 : 1. Les membranes des organismes vivants ont des propriétés d’adaptation à différents environnements contribuant ainsi à l’extension de la biodiversité. Ces résultats suggèrent donc que le cholestérol phosphorylés pourrait être présent dans les membranes de certains organismes qui n’ont pas encore été étudiés. (3) Des membranes « primitives » vers les proto-cellules Un processus d'évolution possible de vésicules formées par des constituants membranaires « primitifs » est le recouvrement de la membrane externe par un assemblage moléculaire pouvant former un « mur ». En premier lieu, nous avons montré que le phytyl-pullulan pouvait recouvrir les vésicules de lipides à double chaînes (2,3-diphytanyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine (DphPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)). Le cholestéryl-pullulan recouvre les lipides à double chaîne mais pas les lipides à une seule chaîne. Un mécanisme de sélection existe probablement entre la taille et la forme des constituants membranaires et les molécules hydrophobiques à insérer. Ensuite, l’utilisation des polysaccharides hydrophobes a permis la reconnaissance moléculaire entre les lectines et les polysaccharides sur la surface de vésicules géantes, ceci fournit un exemple de la complexification des membranes primitives vers les « proto-cellules ». (4) Fonction des membranes cellulaires. Les annexines sont une famille des protéines qui se lient aux phospholipides et aux carbohydrates. Dans cette étude, les propriétés immunologiques et les effets de l’annexines sur les bactéries Gram-positive dans le système immunitaire ont été étudiés. Premièrement, l’interaction des annexines avec l’acide lipotéichoique, localisé sur la surface des bactéries Gram-positive, de Staphylococcus aureus (bactérie Gram-positive) a été observée. Deuxièmement, les effets de l’annexines sur l’attachement des macrophages et des bactéries Gram-positive ont été examinés. Les résultats ont montré que les annexines supprimaient l’attachement de Staphylococcus aureus sur les macrophages humains. Cette découverte suggère que les annexines peuvent agir comme protéine anti-inflammatoire au niveau cellulaire en bloquant la voie d’interaction entre les cellules immunitaires et leurs cibles.

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50

Goaied, Amna, and Christian Sjöland. "Biodiversity and Business : Multiple Case-Studies on Biodiversity Strategy in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160476.

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Abstract:

Biodiversity loss has been stated as one of the greatest risks for the future society according to the World Economic Forum (2018, p. 5). A million species is risking extinction due to current societies’ practices according to a report published during the conduction of this study(Brondizio et al., 2019, p. 3). This situation of biodiversity has led an increasing amount of countries to enforce legislation which requires companies that work with land development to comply with no net loss goal. In Sweden, no such legislation existed with regards to biodiversity. Against this background, a group of seven companies in Sweden voluntarily chose to strive toward the goal of biodiversity net gain. According to BNG strategy, a company does not only avoid, minimise, restore and offset to reach the point where zero net loss of biodiversity is achieved, but goes farther to create a net gain. As it is not sufficient for companies to stop emissions in order to halt the loss of biodiversity, BNG practices can help mend and even reverse the negative impacts until a gain of biodiversity is attained. A greater understanding of the opportunities that companies can benefit from implementing BNG helps spread this practice across industries. No previous research within the business literature explains companies’ voluntary initiatives to embrace BNG. Therefore, this explorative study suggested the research question of what the drivers are encouraging companies to voluntarily work towards achieving biodiversity-net-gain in Sweden. Due to the lack of previous research about companies’ drivers to engage with BNG, our theoretical framework was found based on the drivers from business case for sustainability and CSR approaches as a factor to generate change. To be able to answer the research question, it was necessary to establish what BNG is and how it has developed from the concept of ecosystem services. Having an interpretivistic standpoint, this study was completed according to an inductive and deductive approach. This was in order to facilitate the exploratory nature that our qualitative and comparative study. We conducted a multiple-case study through semi-structured interviews with seven large companies in the context of Sweden. These businesses are considered as the most ambitious in working towards BNG’s goal. The findings from the primary data was complemented by secondary data about the companies, the status of current legislation in Sweden and the sustainability status in Sweden. As a result of this thesis, we found that cost and cost reduction, risk and risk reduction, sales and profit margin, reputation and brand value, attractiveness as employer, innovative capabilities, stakeholders and health and well-being of future society to all be drivers for BNG. By applying our theoretical framework in the Swedish context, the seven companies were identified to engage in a proactive corporate biodiversity behaviour. Business cases for biodiversity were identified in some of the companies.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The value of biodiversity'

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