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Journal articles on the topic 'The value of biodiversity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Gaia, Silvia, and Michael John Jones. "UK local councils reporting of biodiversity values: a stakeholder perspective." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 7 (September 18, 2017): 1614–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2367.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of narratives in biodiversity reports as a mechanism to raise the awareness of biodiversity’s importance. By classifying biodiversity narratives into 14 categories of biodiversity values this paper investigates whether the explanations for biodiversity conservation used by UK local councils are line with shallow, intermediate or deep philosophies. Design/methodology/approach This study used content analysis to examine the disclosures on biodiversity’s importance in the biodiversity action plans published by UK local councils. The narratives were first identified and then allocated into 14 categories of biodiversity value. Then, they were ascribed to either shallow (resource conservation, human welfare ecology and preservationism), intermediate (environmental stewardship and moral extensionism) or deep philosophies. Findings UK local councils explained biodiversity’s importance mainly in terms of its instrumental value, in line with shallow philosophies such as human welfare ecology and resource conservation. UK local councils sought to raise awareness of biodiversity’ importance by highlighting values that are important for the stakeholders that are able to contribute towards biodiversity conservation such as landowners, residents, visitors, business and industries. The authors also found that local councils’ biodiversity strategies were strongly influenced by 2010, the International Year of Biodiversity. Originality/value This paper is one of the few accounting studies that engages with the literature on environmental ethics to investigate biodiversity. In line with stakeholder theory, it indicates that explanations on biodiversity’s importance based on anthropocentric philosophies are considered more effective in informing those stakeholders whose behaviour needs to be changed to improve biodiversity conservation.

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2

Alho, CJR. "The value of biodiversity." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 4 suppl (November 2008): 1115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000500018.

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In addition to its intrinsic value (nature working as it is; species are the product of a long history of continuing evolution by means of ecological processes, and so they have the right to continued existence), biodiversity also plays a fundamental role as ecosystem services in the maintenance of natural ecological processes. The economic or utilitarian values of biodiversity rely upon the dependence of man on biodiversity; products that nature can provide: wood, food, fibers to make paper, resins, chemical organic products, genes as well as knowledge for biotechnology, including medicine and cosmetic sub-products. It also encompasses ecosystem services, such as climate regulation, reproductive and feeding habitats for commercial fish, some organisms that can create soil fertility through complex cycles and interactions, such as earthworms, termites and bacteria, in addition to fungi responsible for cycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur and making them available to plant absorption. These services are the benefits that people indirectly receive from natural ecosystem functions (air quality maintenance, regional climate, water quality, nutrient cycling, reproductive habitats of commercial fish, etc.) with their related economic values.

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3

Bengtsson, Jan, Hefin Jones, and Heikki Setälä. "The value of biodiversity." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, no. 9 (August 1997): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01135-x.

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4

Freeman,, A. Myrick. "The Economic Value of Biodiversity." BioScience 48, no. 5 (May 1998): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313369.

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5

Rogers, C. D., David Pearce, and Dominic Moran. "The Economic Value of Biodiversity." Journal of Applied Ecology 32, no. 3 (August 1995): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404666.

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6

Humphries, C. J., P. H. Williams, and R. I. V. Wright. "Measuring Biodiversity Value for Conservation." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, no. 1 (November 1995): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000521.

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7

Hanley, Nick, and Charles Perrings. "The Economic Value of Biodiversity." Annual Review of Resource Economics 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093946.

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Biodiversity is declining worldwide, and the costs of biodiversity losses are increasingly being recognized by economists. In this article, we first review the multiple meanings of biodiversity, moving from species richness and simple abundance-weighted species counts to more complex measures that take account of taxonomic distance and functionality. We then explain the ways in which protecting biodiversity generates economic benefits in terms of direct and indirect values. Empirical approaches to estimating direct and indirect values are presented, along with a selection of recent evidence on how substantial these values are. The use of asset accounting approaches to track biodiversity values over time is discussed, in the context of sustainable development paths. Finally, we review some important challenges in valuing biodiversity that remain to be solved.

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8

Schmid, Bernhard, and Andy Hector. "The value of biodiversity experiments." Basic and Applied Ecology 5, no. 6 (December 2004): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2004.07.001.

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9

Paul, Carola, Nick Hanley, Sebastian T. Meyer, Christine Fürst, Wolfgang W. Weisser, and Thomas Knoke. "On the functional relationship between biodiversity and economic value." Science Advances 6, no. 5 (January 2020): eaax7712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax7712.

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Biodiversity’s contribution to human welfare has become a key argument for maintaining and enhancing biodiversity in managed ecosystems. The functional relationship between biodiversity (b) and economic value (V) is, however, insufficiently understood, despite the premise of a positive-concave bV relationship that dominates scientific and political arenas. Here, we review how individual links between biodiversity, ecosystem functions (F), and services affect resulting bV relationships. Our findings show that bV relationships are more variable, also taking negative-concave/convex or strictly concave and convex forms. This functional form is driven not only by the underlying bF relationship but also by the number and type of ecosystem services and their potential trade-offs considered, the effects of inputs, and the type of utility function used to represent human preferences. Explicitly accounting for these aspects will enhance the substance and coverage of future valuation studies and allow more nuanced conclusions, particularly for managed ecosystems.

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10

Overton, Jacob McC, R. T. Theo Stephens, and Simon Ferrier. "Net Present Biodiversity Value and the Design of Biodiversity Offsets." AMBIO 42, no. 1 (September 6, 2012): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0342-x.

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11

Burton, P. J., A. C. Balisky, L. P. Coward, D. D. Kneeshaw, and S. G. Cumming. "The value of managing for biodiversity." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68225-2.

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The concept of biological diversity (biodiversity) is reviewed, with special attention to its measurement and natural trends. While generalizations regarding the necessity of biodiversity need to be interpreted with caution, it is argued that biodiversity should be protected in more ecosystem and landscape reserves, and that biodiversity is a reasonable management objective on timber lands as well. Maintaining biodiversity is important because we cannot always identify which individual species are critical to ecosystem sustainability, nor which species may be useful to mankind in future. Many wild species can provide useful natural products and genetic material, and can serve as ecological indicators. Diversity reduces pest and disease problems, and encourages recovery from disturbance. Uncertainty exists with regard to climate change and future socioeconomic values. It is therefore prudent to maximize flexibility by promoting a wide array of species and potential products. Suggestions are offered on how to promote biodiversity in multiple-use forests. Key words: biological diversity, climate change, environmental ethics, forest inventory, genetic conservation, integrated resource management, indicator species, landscape ecology, multiple-use, natural products, stability, uncertainty.

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12

Artuso, Anthony. "The Pharmaceutical Value of Biodiversity Reconsidered." Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j063v09n04_04.

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13

Supriatna, Jatna. "Biodiversity Indexes: Value and Evaluation Purposes." E3S Web of Conferences 48 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184801001.

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Biodiversity is a word recently introduced by experts in the field of biology. This word became more meaningful after Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University introduced it in a book entitled Biodiversity, an extension of biological diversity, in 1989 [11]. In subsequent developments, it became very popular and used not only by environmental biologists but also by researchers, environmentalists, funders, educators, social experts, economists, policy makers, and many others, although many do not know what that means. Biodiversity includes variations within the biological community, where living species, and ecosystems, where communities are located, as well as interaction between them (Pri. The science of biodiversity has emerged rapidly since then included monitoring and evaluation systems which is measuring the value of biodiversity components, such as the number of species present, the population of species, a habitat or the sum of all such components within a given area or site. Such monitoring and evaluation may be carried out for a variety of reasons, included identification of a given area for biodiversity richness, evenness or healthy ecosystems. The richness is the number of species per sample, the more species present in a sample, the richer the sample. Evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area. Two commonly used to measure biodiversity Simpson index Ds and Shannon’s index H’. Simpson’s index DS is similarity index (the higher the value the lower in diversity). While Shannon index is combining evenness and richness and less weighted on dominant species. Both indexes are more reflective in nature and can predict the environment health. Therefore, it may be good to have one of those biodiversity indexes to be used for UI GreenMetric to understand the environment healthiness in the campus.

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14

Balmford, Andrew, and Kevin J. Gaston. "Why biodiversity surveys are good value." Nature 398, no. 6724 (March 1999): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/18339.

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15

Parizeau, Marie-Hélène. "Can biodiversity be a universal value?" International Social Science Journal 64, no. 211-212 (March 2013): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/issj.12041.

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16

Di Falco, Salvatore. "On the Value of Agricultural Biodiversity." Annual Review of Resource Economics 4, no. 1 (August 2012): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-110811-114543.

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17

Hungate, Bruce A., and Bradley J. Cardinale. "Biodiversity: what value should we use?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15, no. 6 (August 2017): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.1511.

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18

Morgan, Gregory J. "Prioritizing the transformative value of biodiversity." Biology & Philosophy 22, no. 4 (June 14, 2007): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9067-9.

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19

Chavas, Jean-Paul. "On the Productive Value of Biodiversity." Environmental and Resource Economics 42, no. 1 (March 14, 2008): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-008-9206-z.

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20

Fearnside, Philip M. "The intrinsic value of Amazon biodiversity." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02133-7.

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21

SONDAK, CALVYN FA, ERLY Y. KALIGIS, and ROBERT A. BARA. "Economic valuation of Lansa Mangrove Forest, North Sulawesi, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 4 (March 12, 2019): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200407.

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Abstract. Sondak CFA, Kaligis EY, Bara RA. 2019. Economic valuation of Lansa Mangrove Forest, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 978-986. Mangrove forest gives many benefits and services to human and environment. Even though it contributes many benefits and services, coastal ecosystems threatened as one of the most critical ecosystems in the world. The study aims to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services provided by Lansa mangrove forest, Wori Sub-district, North Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Here, we describe the use value (direct and indirect value) and non-use value (option and existence value), and emphasize the components of ecosystem services fish resources, firewood, coastal protection, biodiversity, carbon (C) removal and mangrove sustainability because these directly influence human welfare. Their market price calculated fish and C removal value. Coastal barrier and firewood were approached using the replacement cost method. Biodiversity value was calculated using Indonesia mangrove forest biodiversity value. Contingent Valuation method was used to find out people willing to pay for the sustainability of mangrove forest. Lansa mangrove forest total economic value (TEV) was IDR 4,431,197,603 or equal to US$ 305,600 (US$ 1,959 ha-1). The success of this mangrove valuation has potentially large implications for future policy-making of its’ ecosystem service values.

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22

Weikard, Hans-Peter. "Diversity Functions and the Value of Biodiversity." Land Economics 78, no. 1 (February 2002): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146920.

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23

Vellend, Mark. "The value of biodiversity: a humbling analysis." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29, no. 3 (March 2014): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.004.

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24

Small, Ernest. "The value of cartoons for biodiversity conservation." Biodiversity 17, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2016.1203818.

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25

Coppins, B. J., and A. M. Coppins. "Lichens — the biodiversity value of western woodlands." Botanical Journal of Scotland 57, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746600508685093.

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26

Ghilarov, Alexei M. "Ecosystem functioning and intrinsic value of biodiversity." Oikos 90, no. 2 (August 2000): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900222.x.

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27

Laurila-Pant, Mirka, Annukka Lehikoinen, Laura Uusitalo, and Riikka Venesjärvi. "How to value biodiversity in environmental management?" Ecological Indicators 55 (August 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.02.034.

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28

Williams, Paul, Chris Humphries, Dick Vane-Wright, and Kevin Gaston. "Value in biodiversity, ecological services and consensus." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 9 (September 1996): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81143-8.

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29

Dumont, Henri J. "Biodiversity: a resource with a monetary value?" Hydrobiologia 542, no. 1 (July 2005): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-0888-8.

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30

Seddon, Nathalie, Georgina M. Mace, Shahid Naeem, Joseph A. Tobias, Alex L. Pigot, Rachel Cavanagh, David Mouillot, James Vause, and Matt Walpole. "Biodiversity in the Anthropocene: prospects and policy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20162094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2094.

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Meeting the ever-increasing needs of the Earth’s human population without excessively reducing biological diversity is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, suggesting that new approaches to biodiversity conservation are required. One idea rapidly gaining momentum—as well as opposition—is to incorporate the values of biodiversity into decision-making using economic methods. Here, we develop several lines of argument for how biodiversity might be valued, building on recent developments in natural science, economics and science-policy processes. Then we provide a synoptic guide to the papers in this special feature, summarizing recent research advances relevant to biodiversity valuation and management. Current evidence suggests that more biodiverse systems have greater stability and resilience, and that by maximizing key components of biodiversity we maximize an ecosystem’s long-term value. Moreover, many services and values arising from biodiversity are interdependent, and often poorly captured by standard economic models. We conclude that economic valuation approaches to biodiversity conservation should (i) account for interdependency and (ii) complement rather than replace traditional approaches. To identify possible solutions, we present a framework for understanding the foundational role of hard-to-quantify ‘biodiversity services’ in sustaining the value of ecosystems to humanity, and then use this framework to highlight new directions for pure and applied research. In most cases, clarifying the links between biodiversity and ecosystem services, and developing effective policy and practice for managing biodiversity, will require a genuinely interdisciplinary approach.

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31

Maier, Stephanie, Jan Lindner, and Javier Francisco. "Conceptual Framework for Biodiversity Assessments in Global Value Chains." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071841.

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Land use and land use change are among the main drivers of the ongoing loss of biodiversity at a global-scale. Although there are already Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods to measure this impact, they are still rarely used by companies and municipalities in the life cycle assessment of products and processes. Therefore, this paper highlights four main requirements for a biodiversity methodological framework within LCIA in order to facilitate biodiversity assessments: first, to consider the global uneven distribution of biodiversity and its risks with respect to vulnerability and irreplaceability; second, to account for the need to regionalize the impacts of land use; third, to consider the specific impacts that different land use types have on biodiversity; and fourth, to analyze the biodiversity impacts of different land use management parameters and their influence on the intensity of land use. To this end, we provided a review of existing methods in respect to conformity and research gaps. The present publication describes the development of a new methodological framework that builds on these requirements in a three-level hierarchical framework, which enables the assessment of biodiversity in LCA at a global-scale. This publication reveals research gaps regarding the inclusion of proactive and reactive conservation concepts as well as methods of land management into LCIA methodology. The main objective of this concept paper is therefore to describe a new methodological framework for the assessment of biodiversity in the LCA that could fill some of the research gaps, including compilation and suggestion of suitable data sets. The conclusion discusses both the benefits and limitations of this framework.

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32

Foale, Simon, Michelle Dyer, and Jeff Kinch. "The Value of Tropical Biodiversity in Rural Melanesia." Valuation Studies 4, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 11–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/vs.2001-5992.164111.

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In this paper we discuss differences in the ways transnational conservationists and Melanesian farmers, hunters and fishers value ‘biodiversity’. The money for conservation projects in developing countries originates from people who are embedded in a capitalist system, which allows engagement with nature as an abstract entity. Their western education has given them a scientific/ evolutionary-based worldview, which attributes intrinsic value to all species (and particular arrangements of species, e.g. rainforests and coral reefs), irrespective of economic value or ecosystem function. Because this value system is mostly not shared by the custodians of the biodiversity that conservationists want to save, alternative tactics and arguments are utilised. These inevitably take the form of so-called ‘win-win’ economic rationales for preserving biodiversity, most of which do not work well (e.g. bioprospecting, ecotourism, non-timber forest products, environmental certification schemes, payments for ecosystem services, etc.), for reasons which we detail. Agriculture- and aquaculture-based livelihoods appear to enjoy more success than the ‘win-win’ options but do not necessarily obviate or deter further biodiversity loss. Artisanal use of species-poor but productive and resilient pelagic fisheries is increasing. These ecological and economic realities bring into sharp focus the importance of understanding differences in value systems for successful biodiversity conservation in the tropics.

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33

Morris, Douglas W. "Biodiversity series: ForewordScience and the conservation of biodiversity." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2059–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-171.

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Humans are most likely to conserve biodiversity when they derive direct utilitarian benefit by doing so. High biodiversity, for example, may often reduce the frequency of disease and pestilence. Scientists are morally and professional obliged to (i) make society aware of such benefits and (ii) promulgate the value and practice of science.

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34

Mehri, Azade, Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny, Ali Reza Mikaeili Tabrizi, Seyed Hamed Mirkarimi, and Amir Sadoddin. "Integration of anthropogenic threats and biodiversity value to identify critical sites for biodiversity conservation." Geocarto International 34, no. 11 (May 16, 2018): 1202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1475510.

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35

Gowdy, John M. "The Value of Biodiversity: Markets, Society, and Ecosystems." Land Economics 73, no. 1 (February 1997): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3147075.

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36

Collins, Rebecca, Marije Schaafsma, and Malcolm D. Hudson. "The value of green walls to urban biodiversity." Land Use Policy 64 (May 2017): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.025.

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37

Augeraud‐Véron, Emmanuelle, Giorgio Fabbri, and Katheline Schubert. "The Value of Biodiversity as an Insurance Device." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 101, no. 4 (March 19, 2019): 1068–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaz002.

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38

Balasubramanian, M. "National accounts and value of biodiversity in India." International Journal of Green Economics 9, no. 1 (2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijge.2015.067884.

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39

Lyal, Chris, Paul Kirk, David Smith, and Richard Smith. "The value of taxonomy to biodiversity and agriculture." Biodiversity 9, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2008.9712873.

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40

Farnsworth, Keith D., Olga Lyashevska, and Tak Fung. "Functional complexity: The source of value in biodiversity." Ecological Complexity 11 (September 2012): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2012.02.001.

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41

Stahn, Hubert. "Biodiversity, Shapley value and phylogenetic trees: some remarks." Journal of Mathematical Biology 80, no. 3 (October 22, 2019): 717–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-019-01439-z.

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42

Conradie, Beatrice, and Maria Garcia. "An estimate of the recreational value of the Agulhas Plain, South Africa, with special reference to the value of plant biodiversity." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 16, no. 2 (May 31, 2013): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v16i2.331.

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The Agulhas Plain is a remarkable recreational site which combines the attraction of a pristine marine environment with exceptional plant biodiversity, rural tranquillity and the novelty of being at the southernmost tip of Africa. The resource is a public good to which the market cannot assign a full value. This paper presents an estimated recreational value based on individual travel cost models and a sample of 370 visitors surveyed in 2010. Trip demands were estimated with zero truncated negative binomial models to account for over-dispersion. The study established a recreational value of R2.167 billion in 2010 prices for the site as a whole. By partitioning the sample into visitors who indicated having been attracted or not to the area by its nature and biodiversity, a net biodiversity value of R2 866 per trip was calculated. Allocated between marine and terrestrial resources based on the proportion of activities related to each type of resource, the value of plant biodiversity was estimated to be R2 268 per hectare in 2010to 2010 prices.

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43

Swanepoel, Felicity, Francois Retief, Alan Bond, Jenny Pope, Angus Morrison-Saunders, Morgan Houptfleisch, and Monica Fundingsland. "Explanations for the Quality of Biodiversity Inputs to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Areas with High Biodiversity Value." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 21, no. 02 (June 2019): 1950009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333219500091.

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Biodiversity is under significant threat globally and therefore the biodiversity input to environmental impact assessment (EIA) is important. The quality of biodiversity inputs needs to be high if biodiversity is to be protected, especially in areas with high biodiversity value. Here, we follow-up quality reviews of biodiversity inputs to EIA reports, through interviews with the biodiversity specialists who authored the biodiversity inputs, in order to find explanations for the quality results. This is the first quality review research to systematically engage with biodiversity specialists in this way. The biodiversity specialists highlighted professional registration as a key factor supporting strengths around professional conduct and gathering of baseline information. Weaknesses identified relate to review areas dealing with alternatives, public participation, prediction, as well as management actions and monitoring arrangements, which seem to be the result of a lack of understanding and/or agreement on the role of the biodiversity specialists in the EIA process. The research results suggest that ideally biodiversity inputs should not be seen as a one-off contribution but rather as an iterative contribution during different stages of the EIA process.

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44

Tribot, Anne-Sophie, Julie Deter, and Nicolas Mouquet. "Integrating the aesthetic value of landscapes and biological diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (September 5, 2018): 20180971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0971.

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As a cultural ecosystem service, the aesthetic value of landscapes contributes to human well-being, but studies linking biodiversity and ecosystem services generally do not account for this particular service. Therefore, congruence between the aesthetic perception of landscapes, ecological value and biodiversity remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the conceptual background, current methodologies and future challenges of assessing landscape aesthetics and its relationship with biodiversity. We highlight the methodological gaps between the assessment of landscape aesthetics, ecological diversity and functioning. We discuss the challenges associated with connecting landscape aesthetics with ecological value, and the scaling issues in the assessment of human aesthetics perception. To better integrate aesthetic value and ecological components of biodiversity, we propose to combine the study of aesthetics and the understanding of ecological function at both the species and landscape levels. Given the urgent need to engage society in conservation efforts, this approach, based on the combination of the aesthetic experience and the recognition of ecological functioning by the general public, will help change our culture of nature and promote ecologically oriented conservation policies.

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45

Naeem, S., Case Prager, Brian Weeks, Alex Varga, Dan F. B. Flynn, Kevin Griffin, Robert Muscarella, Matthew Palmer, Stephen Wood, and William Schuster. "Biodiversity as a multidimensional construct: a review, framework and case study of herbivory's impact on plant biodiversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20153005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.3005.

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Biodiversity is inherently multidimensional, encompassing taxonomic, functional, phylogenetic, genetic, landscape and many other elements of variability of life on the Earth. However, this fundamental principle of multidimensionality is rarely applied in research aimed at understanding biodiversity's value to ecosystem functions and the services they provide. This oversight means that our current understanding of the ecological and environmental consequences of biodiversity loss is limited primarily to what unidimensional studies have revealed. To address this issue, we review the literature, develop a conceptual framework for multidimensional biodiversity research based on this review and provide a case study to explore the framework. Our case study specifically examines how herbivory by whitetail deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) alters the multidimensional influence of biodiversity on understory plant cover at Black Rock Forest, New York. Using three biodiversity dimensions (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity) to explore our framework, we found that herbivory alters biodiversity's multidimensional influence on plant cover; an effect not observable through a unidimensional approach. Although our review, framework and case study illustrate the advantages of multidimensional over unidimensional approaches, they also illustrate the statistical and empirical challenges such work entails. Meeting these challenges, however, where data and resources permit, will be important if we are to better understand and manage the consequences we face as biodiversity continues to decline in the foreseeable future.

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46

Bos, Frits, and Arjan Ruijs. "Quantifying the Non-Use Value of Biodiversity in Cost–Benefit Analysis: The Dutch Biodiversity Points." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 12, no. 2 (2021): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2020.27.

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AbstractBiodiversity points are a quantitative measure for biodiversity. For over a decade, biodiversity points are being applied in the Netherlands for measuring the impact of roads, enclosure dams, and other water management projects on the non-use value of biodiversity. Biodiversity points are quite similar to the quality-adjusted life years used for cost-effectiveness analysis of healthcare treatments. Biodiversity points can be calculated by multiplying the size of the ecotope (e.g., number of hectare), the ecological quality of the ecotope (0–100 %), and the ecological scarcity of each type of ecotope. For many infrastructure projects, the impact on the non-use value of biodiversity can be a principal purpose or a major co-benefit or trade-off, for example, for a park, a fish sluice, a road, an ecoduct, an enclosure dam, or a marine protected area. Biodiversity points are a simple, transparent, and standardized way to aggregate and quantify the qualitative or ordinal assessments by ecological experts. For measuring the non-use value of biodiversity, they are also more informative than valuation by revealed or stated preferences methods. This paper provides the first overview of the application of this method in the Dutch practice of cost–benefit analysis. It also discusses its merits and limitations. The calculation and use of biodiversity points are illustrated by four case studies.

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Benedetti, Yanina. "Trends in High Nature Value farmland studies: A systematic review." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0012.

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AbstractBackground. Since the High Nature Value (HNV) concept was defined in the early 1990s, several studies on HNV farmland has been increasing over the past 30 years in Europe, highlighting the interest by scientific community of HNV farming systems supporting biodiversity conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends and main gaps on HNV farmland peer-reviewed publications in order to contribute to the effectiveness of future research in this field. Methods. Searches were conducted using the databases Web of SciencesTM and Scopus in order to identify only peer-reviewed articles on HNV farmland, published prior to July 2017. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed a priori. Data as year, country, type of document, subject area, taxa studied and biodiversity metrics assessed were extracted and explored in order to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of the concept, including the main topics addressed in HNV farmland literature. Results. After screening 308 original articles, 90 were selected for this review. HNV farmland studies involved several disciplines, mainly biodiversity and conservation and environmental sciences and ecology. Most peer-reviewed articles focused on HNV farming were conducted in Spain, Italy, Ireland and Portugal. The main studied taxa were plants and birds. Taxonomic diversity was the biodiversity metric more often used to assess the biodiversity status on HNV farmland areas. A positive correlation was found between HNV farmland area and HNV farmland studies conducted in respective countries. Discussion. The HNV farmland research subject is a relative novel approach, and this systematic review provides a comprehensive overview about the main topics in the HNV farmland peer-reviewed literature contributing to highlight the main gaps and provide some considerations in order to assist the performance of HNV farming systems and conservation policies, addressed to sustain high levels of biodiversity.

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Elliott, Kevin C. "Framing conservation: ‘biodiversity’ and the values embedded in scientific language." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 4 (August 26, 2020): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892920000302.

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SummaryThe global loss of biodiversity is one of the most important challenges facing humanity, and a multi-faceted strategy is needed to address the size and complexity of this problem. This paper draws on scholarship from the philosophy of science and environmental ethics to help address one aspect of this challenge: namely, the question of how to frame biodiversity loss in a compelling manner. The paper shows that the concept of biodiversity, like many scientific concepts, is value-laden in the sense that it tends to support some ethical or social values over others. Specifically, in comparison with other potential concepts, the biodiversity concept is tied more closely to the notion that nature has intrinsic value than to the idea that nature is valuable instrumentally or relationally. Thus, alternative concepts could prove helpful for communicating about biodiversity loss with those who emphasize different value systems. The paper briefly discusses five concepts that illustrate the potential for using different concepts in different contexts. Going forward, conservationists would do well to recognize the values embedded in their language choices and work with social scientists to develop a suite of concepts that can motivate the broadest swath of people to promote conservation.

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Tobin, Daniel, Rick Bates, Mark Brennan, and Tom Gill. "Peru potato potential: Biodiversity conservation and value chain development." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000284.

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AbstractAlthough crop diversity has been identified as essential to enhance global food security and adapt to climate change, high loss of genetic resources is occurring due to agricultural industrialization and market requirements. Value chain development is an emerging market strategy that seeks to simultaneously achieve agrobiodiversity conservation and economic goals, though little empirical evidence exists regarding the extent to which value chains encourage biodiversity maintenance. This study considers the conservation of native potatoes among households in the highlands of Peru where value chain development is being pursued to create market niches for certain native potato varieties. Utilizing a mixed-methods case study approach, the findings of this study indicate that the conservers of native varieties are the households with more endowed resource bases as well as those that sell native varieties in value chains. However, the findings suggest that value chains themselves likely have only a marginal effect on conservation. Native potato conservation and potato production for value chains exist as two separate livelihood activities, and households with more resources are best positioned to engage in both. While value chains allow households to capitalize on the economic value of certain native varieties, the production of other native varieties allows households to fulfill cultural values. Based on these findings, this study concludes that value chain opportunities for native varieties should continue to be identified but they alone are not an adequate strategy to conserve agrobiodiversity. Therefore, in addition to value chain development, a full suite of conservation schemes should be implemented simultaneously.

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Zhang, Chengxiang, Li Wen, Yuyu Wang, Cunqi Liu, Yan Zhou, and Guangchun Lei. "Can Constructed Wetlands be Wildlife Refuges? A Review of Their Potential Biodiversity Conservation Value." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041442.

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The degradation of wetland ecosystems is currently recognized as one of the main threats to global biodiversity. As a means of compensation, constructed wetlands (CWs), which are built to treat agricultural runoff and municipal wastewater, have become important for maintaining biodiversity. Here, we review studies on the relationships between CWs and their associated biodiversity published over the past three decades. In doing so, we provide an overview of how wildlife utilizes CWs, and the effects of biodiversity on pollutant transformation and removal. Beyond their primary aim (to purify various kinds of wastewater), CWs provide sub-optimal habitat for many species and, in turn, their purification function can be strongly influenced by the biodiversity that they support. However, there are some difficulties when using CWs to conserve biodiversity because some key characteristics of these engineered ecosystems vary from natural wetlands, including some fundamental ecological processes. Without proper management intervention, these features of CWs can promote biological invasion, as well as form an ‘ecological trap’ for native species. Management options, such as basin-wide integrative management and building in more natural wetland components, can partially offset these adverse impacts. Overall, the awareness of managers and the public regarding the potential value of CWs in biodiversity conservation remains superficial. More in-depth research, especially on how to balance different stakeholder values between wastewater managers and conservationists, is now required.

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