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Relevant bibliographies by topics / The value of equity

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Academic literature on the topic 'The value of equity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The value of equity"

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IGNATESCU, Camelia. "Equity- the Essential Value of Law." Postmodern Openings 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/po/2013.0404.04.

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Hao, Shengquan, Qinglu Jin, and Guochang Zhang. "Investment Growth and the Relation between Equity Value, Earnings, and Equity Book Value." Accounting Review 86, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 605–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000028.

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Abstract: Using Zhang (2000) as the theoretical basis, we predict and empirically test the effect of investment growth on the relation between equity value and accounting variables. We find that (1) growth increases the slope in the value-earnings relation for high-profitability firms (consistent with growth having positive NPV), but has an insignificant or negative effect on the slope for lower-profitability firms (consistent with growth having non-positive NPV); (2) given earnings, growth increases the (positive) slope of the relation between equity value and equity book value for low-profitability firms, but reduces this slope and causes equity value to decrease with book value for high-profitability firms; and (3) given profitability (ROE), equity value uniformly increases with book value, and growth increases the slope of this relation. We also examine the valuation impact of past investment activities that arises from accounting conservatism. We find that the earnings coefficient is greater in the years following faster investment increases (which cause earnings to be more conservatively stated).

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Willen, Sarah S., Colleen C. Walsh, and Abigail Fisher Williamson. "Visualizing Health Equity: Qualitative Perspectives on the Value and Limits of Equity Images." Health Education & Behavior 48, no. 5 (March 19, 2021): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198121994520.

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Background Health educators and advocacy groups often use side-by-side visual images to communicate about equity and to distinguish it from equality. Despite the near-ubiquity of these images, little is known about how they are understood by different audiences. Aims To assess the effectiveness of an image commonly used to communicate about health equity. Method In 167 interviews with health stakeholders in Greater Cleveland, Ohio, in 2018 to 2019, a commonly used health equity image was shown to participants, who were asked to interpret its meaning. Interviewees included 21 health professionals, 21 clinicians, 22 metro-wide decision makers, 24 community leaders, and 79 community members. Results About two thirds of our socioeconomically, racial/ethnically, educationally, and professionally diverse sample said the equity image helped clarify the distinction between “equality” and “equity.” Yet less than one third offered an interpretation consistent with the image’s goals of foregrounding not only injustice but also a need for systemic change. Patterns of misinterpretation were especially common among two groups: ideological conservatives and those of lower socioeconomic status. Conservatives were most likely to object to the image’s message. Conclusions Equity images are widely used by public health educators and advocates, yet they do not consistently communicate the message that achieving equity requires systemic change. In this moment of both public health crisis and urgent concern about systemic racism, new visual tools for communicating this crucial message are needed.

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Budac, Camelia, and Lia Baltador. "The Value of Brand Equity." Procedia Economics and Finance 6 (2013): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(13)00161-5.

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Pahud de Mortanges, Charles, and Allard van Riel. "Brand Equity and Shareholder Value." European Management Journal 21, no. 4 (August 2003): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2373(03)00076-8.

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Aaker, David A. "The Value of Brand Equity." Journal of Business Strategy 13, no. 4 (April 1992): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb039503.

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Hanazono, Makoto, and Yasutora Watanabe. "Equity bargaining with common value." Economic Theory 65, no. 2 (October 6, 2016): 251–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-016-1004-1.

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Komariah, Siti, Shendy Amalia, and Agatha Rinta Suhardi. "Macroeconomics and Net Asset Value (NAV) on Equity Mutual Funds." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 02 (February 12, 2020): 3164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i2/pr200623.

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Sohn, Byungcherl Charlie. "Equity value, implied cost of equity and shareholders’ real options." Accounting & Finance 52, no. 2 (February 15, 2011): 519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629x.2011.00404.x.

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Boatsman, James, and Xiaobo Dong. "Equity Value Implications of Lease Accounting." Accounting Horizons 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2011.25.1.1.

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SYNOPSIS: The literature exhibits a long tradition of attention to the financial statement effects of accounting for operating leases. For the most part, that attention has focused on what are commonly viewed as errors in operating assets, deferred tax liabilities, debt, stockholders’ equity, and net income that, if not properly corrected, can lead to errors in financial statement analysis. There has been, at least, an implied effect of such financial statement analysis errors on estimated equity value. What has been lacking is a discussion of the precise nature of how the errors may, or may not, translate into errors in estimating equity value. We bring clarity to this matter through an example in which a nai¨ve reliance on financial statements unadjusted for the errors in accounting for operating leases has no effect on equity value estimated with three popular equity valuation models. We then discuss prior empirical evidence suggesting that the critical aspect of the example, namely the cost of equity capital is exogenously determined, is expected to be present in many practical applications. In short, lease accounting is often not a matter of consequence in the context of estimating equity value.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The value of equity"

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Hahn, Moritz. "Essays on Private Equity Value Creation." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-116129.

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Richards, Andriette. "Creating value in private equity investments." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59758.

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Private equity has shown persistence in creating value in underlying portfolio investments as evidenced from its outperformance of corporate counterparts. The superior returns that these investments achieve have been attributed to a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors, including financial engineering, operational improvements and strong capabilities in composing and effectively structuring the management function of underlying investments. This research set out to identify and quantify the relative importance and preferred levels of features, both quantitative and qualitative, that are deemed by private equity practitioners to create value in underlying private equity investments. The research was conducted using a mixed-method approach with conjoint analysis, which is often used in decision-making research, as the main tool and basis for the design and data analysis. The quantitative results of the research showed that the quality of a management team is the key feature that private equity professionals deem important and together with Corporate Governance and Incentive structures, is the management platform that drives value creation. The results also showed that Financial value engineering continues to play a strong role, but that Operational improvements take a small leading position in creating value. Finally, the composition of each category's underlying features appears to have distinct features when compared to the literature reviewed.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
zk2017
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
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Alves, Pedro José Fernandes. "Equity Research - Luz Saúde." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12182.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Luz Saúde, S.A. é uma das maiores empresas da área da saúde em Portugal. Com um serviço diferenciado a empresa tem conseguido um crescimento considerável mesmo em períodos económicos adversos. Com uma estrutura e área de negócio bastante apetecível a investidores estrangeiros, acabou por ser adquirida quase na totalidade em 2014. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o valor intrínseco das ações da Luz Saúde, através de uma análise detalhada do desempenho operacional do grupo e de seu ambiente externo. A avaliação foi baseada no método dos fluxos de caixa descontados, que de acordo com o estabelecido na revisão da literatura constitui a melhor metodologia para avaliar a Luz Saúde. Com esta avaliação, foi possível concluir que o valor da ação da Luz Saúde em 31/12/2014 encontra-se subvalorizada, ou seja, foram cotados abaixo do seu valor intrínseco 3,80 euros, apresentando assim um potencial de valorização de 22,15%, foi dada uma recomendação de compra aos investidores interessados.
Luz Saúde, S.A. is one of the largest companies within the Portuguese health sector. Offering differentiated services, the company achieved considerable growth, in spite of the ongoing economic crisis. Given its structure and desirability to foreign investors, it would eventually be acquired almost entirely in 2014. This study aims to determine the intrinsic value of Luz Saúde, S.A.'s shares, through a detailed analysis of the group's operating performance and external environment. The evaluation was based on the method of discounted cash flows, which according to the literature review, is the best methodology for evaluating Luz Saúde. This evaluation suggests that the company's share price on 12/31/2014 was underestimated, i.e. the share was rated below its intrinsic value of 3.80 euros, thus presenting a potential of appreciation of 22, 15%, resulting in a recommendation to buy for interested investors.

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Gonçalves, Fernanda Maria Guerreiro. "Equity Research da TAP, SGPS." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11282.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Depois de gorada a venda do Grupo TAP (adiante designado por TAP ou Grupo) à Synergy de German Efromovich, único interessado na transportadora aérea portuguesa, em Dezembro 2012, noticias recentes apontam para a retoma da sua privatização no segundo semestre de 2013. O modelo de privatização do Governo visa atrair investidores ligados ou não à indústria da aviação, faltando apenas definir se a privatização incluirá ou não as subsidiárias TAP Manutenção e Engenharia Brasil, visto serem os negócios com maior prejuízo no grupo, ou mesmo a venda parcial da empresa, dispersando o restante em bolsa. O objectivo deste trabalho é determinar o valor de mercado do Grupo TAP através de uma análise aprofundada do Grupo e da indústria, assim como das suas perspectivas de crescimento. A avaliação foi realizada utilizando o método Adjusted Present Value (APV) e o múltiplo EV/EBITDA, definidos na literatura como os métodos mais adequados para a avaliação de empresas. De acordo com os pressupostos definidos, o valor de mercado da TAP é de 1.069.484 mil Euros e o valor accionista de -1869,84 mil euros (-1,25 euros por acção). Com esta avaliação será possível concluir que a proposta de German Efromovich bem como propostas futuras são coerentes com o valor encontrado. Utilizando a simulação de Monte Carlo, a probabilidade de o valor de mercado do Grupo ser superior à proposta de German Efromovich (35 milhões Euros) é de 42,26%, para um intervalo de confiança de 95%.
In December 2012, the selling of TAP Group failed to the only party that showed an interest on the Portuguese Airline, Synergy of German Efromovich. More recently, public news discuss renewing the effort to negotiate privatization of this Group in 2013. The privatization model for TAP is based on attracting investors that may or may not be in the airline industry. It is not yet defined whether the privatization will include the subsidiaries TAP M&E Brasil, given that these businesses represent the largest losses in the group. Partial sale and dispersion of the remainder of these two businesses in the stock market are also options being considered. The aim of this work is to evaluate the TAP Group through an in depth analysis of the group and the industry including considerations regarding their growth possibilities. This study uses the APV method and the multiple EV/EBITDA. These were identified in the literature review and were judged to meet best practices in business evaluation and provide a fair adjusted present value for TAP. According to the assumptions defined, the market value of TAP is 1.069.484 thousand Euros and the total shareholder value is -1869,84 thousand euros (-1,25 euros per share). With this evaluation it is possible to conclude that the proposal from German Efromovich, are coherent with the value found. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, it was determined that the probability of the Groups market value being superior to that proposed (35 million Euros) was 42,26% with a confidence level of 95%.

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Pojezny, Nikolas Hommel Ulrich. "Value creation in European equity carve-outs." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10231849.

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Pojezny, Nikolas. "Value creation in European equity carve-outs." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universität-Verlag, 2006. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v7v835/.

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Junker, Lukas. "Equity carveouts, agency costs, and firm value /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/497325225.pdf.

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Laia, Manuel José Centeno Castanho Naves. "Equity research - Marriott Hotels." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8749.

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Mestrado em Finanças
O presente trabalho teve como objectivo determinar o valor intrínseco da Marriot International, através de uma análise específica do desempenho operacional da empresa e do seu ambiente externo. A presente avaliação foi baseada no método de fluxo de caixa livre para a firma e WACC, que, de acordo com uma revisão da literatura relevante, constitui o modelo mais adequado para a avaliação da Marriot International.
This study aimed to determine the intrinsic value of Marriot International, through a specific analysis of the company's operating performance and its external environment. This assessment was based on the free cash flow to the firm method and WACC, which, according to a review of the relevant literature, was the most appropriate model for the assessment of Marriot International.

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Hyun, Sunghyup. "Creating and Validating a Measure of Customer Equity in Hospitality Businesses: Linking Shareholder Value With Return on Marketing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28350.

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Understanding the contribution of marketing to the shareholder value of a company has been a major challenge for marketing research. The purpose of this dissertation was creating and validating an attitudinal measure of customer equity in hospitality businesses, thus providing a link between return on marketing and the shareholder value of a company. The theoretical background of the customer equity construct was examined, and then systematic scale development processes were initiated. The results produced two concise scales: (1) 17 items that represent the six dimensions of customer equity in the restaurant industry and (2) 19 items that represent the six dimensions of customer equity in the hotel industry. Six dimensions of customer equity achieved strong convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency, indicating unidimensionality of the constructs. To further validate the newly developed scale, criterion validity was checked in correlation with six criterion measures using data collected from 590 hospitality industry consumers. The results demonstrate that customer equity closely reflects the shareholder value of a company. Also, it was found that value equity, brand equity, relationship equity, and service quality are significantly and positively correlated with overall customer equity of a company. In conclusion, customer equity represents the long-term value of a company, and reflects shareholder value of the company, thus providing a link with return on marketing investments. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Ph. D.

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Gordo, Bernardo Calado Mendes. "Equity reasearch - REN." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14617.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estimar o valor patrimonial da Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), bem como a estimação do valor intrínseco das ações da REN. É uma empresa de serviços públicos que se caracteriza por ser um operador de rede. A empresa está cotada no PSI 20 e opera nos seguintes segmentos de mercado: eletricidade, gás natural e telecomunicações (considerado como "outros" ao longo do relatório). A avaliação é elaborada considerando os diferentes segmentos onde a empresa opera e usando o modelo dos Fluxos de Caixa Descontados, mais especificamente o Adjusted Present Value (APV). Também elaborámos uma análise de sensibilidade e uma simulação Monte Carlo para avaliar a robustez dos resultados. Elaborámos igualmente uma Avaliação Relativa com o método dos Múltiplos. Os resultados foram de encontro à Análise dos Fluxos de Caixa Descontados. A nossa análise sugere que o valor das ações transacionadas da REN no dia 31.12.2016 estão subvalorizadas. Foram transacionadas a 2.68€ e o valor intrínseco é 2.99€, apresentando uma potencial variação positiva de 11.74%.
This dissertation aims to estimate the equity value of Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), as well as the intrinsic value of REN's share. REN is a utility company usually referred as transmission system operator or grid operator. The company is quoted in PSI 20 and operates in the following business segments: electricity, natural gas and telecommunication. The valuation is done considering the different segments where the company operates and using the Discount Cash Flow (DCF) model, more specifically the Adjusted Present Value (APV) model. We also perform a sensitivity analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation. To check the robustness of our results, we also perform a Relative Valuation with the Multiples approach. The results were according to the DCF analysis. Our analysis suggests that REN's shares at 31.12.2016 were undervalued. The trading value of the shares in that day was 2.68€, which is below the intrinsic value of 2.99€ as calculated by DCF analysis with APV method. The superior intrinsic value represents a 11.74% upside potential in relation to the trading value of the share of 2.68€.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Books on the topic "The value of equity"

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Leleux, Benoit. Private equity 4.0: Reinventing value creation. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2015.

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Marcotte, Marilee. Equal pay for work of equal value. Kingston, Ont., Canada: Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University, 1987.

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Mehra, Rajnish. Indian equity markets: Measures of fundamental value. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Junker, Lukas. Equity Carveouts, Agency Costs, and Firm Value. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-82117-1.

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Neal, William D. Value creation: The power of brand equity. Texere: Cincinnati, Ohio, 2007.

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Becker, Alexander. Private equity buyout Fonds--value creation in Portfoliounternehmen. Bern: Haupt, 2009.

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Ward, Beth. Pay equity: Towards equal pay for work of equal value in Ontario. [Toronto]: Ontario Legislative Library, 1986.

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Leeds, Roger S. Private equity investing in emerging markets: Opportunities for value creation. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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Davis, Morris A. Housing, home production, and the equity and value premium puzzles. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2008.

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Rust, Roland T. Driving customer equity: Linking customer lifetime value to strategic marketing decisions. Cambridge, Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "The value of equity"

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Martin, James, and Louis Petro. "Value of Internal Control." In Private Equity, Second Edition, 177–99. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119203391.ch10.

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Jetter, Thomas. "What Attracts Private Equity Firms to the Chemical Industry?" In Value Creation, 417–26. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527612246.ch31.

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Chapman, John L., and Peter G. Klein. "Value Creation in Middle-Market Buyouts: A Transaction-Level Analysis." In Private Equity, 229–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118267011.ch11.

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Yanagi, Ryohei. "Equity Spread and Value Creation." In Corporate Governance and Value Creation in Japan, 81–113. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8503-1_4.

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Zaher, Fadi. "Equity Factor Investing: Value Stocks." In Index Fund Management, 47–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19400-0_4.

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Marseguerra, Giovanni. "Value, Ownership, and Equity Linkages." In Contributions to Management Science, 103–13. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47010-3_8.

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Francioni, Reto. "An Exchange and Its Value Chain." In Equity Markets in Transition, 15–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45848-9_2.

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Stötzel, Matthias. "Contractual Relationships Across the Value Chain." In Equity Markets in Transition, 215–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45848-9_8.

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Harris, Trevor S., Juliet Estridge, and Doron Nissim. "Morgan Stanley ModelWare's Approach to Intrinsic Value: Focusing on Risk-Reward Trade-offs." In Equity Valuation, 193. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119208754.part4.

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Rytchkov, Oleg A. "Size and Value Anomalies." In The Handbook of Equity Market Anomalies, 265–84. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119200697.ch10.

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Conference papers on the topic "The value of equity"

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Tijdink, Ton, and Eric Nieuwland. "Measuring the business value of availability." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Exploring Quantifiable IT Yields (EQUITY). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/equity.2007.11.

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Kramulová, Jana, Jakub Vincenc, and Helena Houžvičková. "How to value equity in national accounts?" In Proceedings of the 22nd International Scientific Conference on Applications of Mathematics and Statistics in Economics (AMSE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/amse-19.2019.3.

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Cabrero, Daniel, Javier Garzás, and Mario Piattini. "Choosing the Best Design Strategy from Requirements. A Value-Based Approach." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Exploring Quantifiable IT Yields (EQUITY). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/equity.2007.6.

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Hutagalung, Bongsu, and Syafrizal Helmi Situmorang. "The Effect Of Social Media Marketing On Value Equity, Brand Equity And Relationship Equity On Young Entrepreneurs In Medan City." In 1st Economics and Business International Conference 2017 (EBIC 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ebic-17.2018.84.

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Hu, Wenxiu, and Weiguo Zhang. "The Effect of Hostile Acquisition Threats on the Equity Value and Firm Value." In 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5998181.

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Nunes, Rui, Braulio Alturas, and Adriana L. Fernandes. "Creating value in equity crowdfunding platforms using blockchain technology." In 2021 16th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cisti52073.2021.9476339.

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Xiangxiang, Zhang, Xiao Jia, and Wu Shuzhen. "Build differentiation competition dynamic value model and redefine brand equity." In 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsn.2011.6014972.

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Yang, Changbing, and Mu Zhang. "The Research on SME's Equity Value with Stochastic Pricing Method." In 7th Annual Meeting of Risk Analysis Council of China Association for Disaster Prevention (RAC-2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rac-16.2016.96.

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Diryana, Ivan, and Gatot Iwan Kurniawan. "Brand Equity of Green Products through Customer Trust and Customer Value." In International Conference on Economics and Banking. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceb-15.2015.53.

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Shao, Jingbo, Jiaoyan Mao, and Dongfang Zhao. "The Influence on Value Driver of Customer Equity Exerted by Culture Factor." In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2008.1974.

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Reports on the topic "The value of equity"

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Mehra, Rajnish. Indian Equity Markets: Measures of Fundamental Value. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16061.

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Leslie, Phillip, and Paul Oyer. Managerial Incentives and Value Creation: Evidence from Private Equity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14331.

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Nordhagen, Stella. Gender equity and reduction of post-harvest losses in agricultural value chains. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36072/wp.20.

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Lettau, Martin, and Jessica Wachter. Why is Long-Horizon Equity Less Risky? A Duration-Based Explanation of the Value Premium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11144.

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Mascagni, Giulia, Roel Dom, and Fabrizio Santoro. The VAT in Practice: Equity, Enforcement and Complexity. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.002.

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Abstract:

The value added tax (VAT) is supposed to be a tax on consumption that achieves greater economic efficiency than alternative indirect taxes. It is also meant to facilitate enforcement through the ‘self-enforcing mechanism’ – based on opposed incentives for buyers and sellers, and because of the paper trail it creates. Being a rather sophisticated tax, however, the VAT is complex to administer and costly to comply with, especially in lower-income countries. This paper takes a closer look at how the VAT system functions in practice in Rwanda. Using a mixed-methods approach, which combines qualitative information from focus group discussions with the analysis of administrative and survey data, we document and explain a number of surprising inconsistencies in the filing behaviour of VAT-remitting firms, which lead to suboptimal usage of electronic billing machines, as well as failure to claim legitimate VAT credits. The consequence of these inconsistencies is twofold. It makes it difficult for the Rwanda Revenue Authority to exploit its VAT data to the fullest, and leads to firms, particularly smaller ones, bearing a higher VAT burden than larger ones. There are several explanations for these inconsistencies. They appear to lie in a combination of taxpayer confusion, fear of audit, and constraints in administrative capacity.

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Rubin, Deborah, Brenda Boonabaana, and Cristina Manfre. Building an inclusive agriculture: Strengthening gender equality in agricultural value chains. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896293649_06.

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Gietel-Basten, Stuart. “Catching up with ‘compressed modernity”’ - How the values of Millennials and Gen-Z’ers could reframe gender equity and demographic systems. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2020.deb03.

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van Binsbergen, Jules, Wouter Hueskes, Ralph Koijen, and Evert Vrugt. Equity Yields. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17416.

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Shiller, Robert, and Allan Weiss. Home Equity Insurance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4830.

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Novy-Marx, Robert. Understanding Defensive Equity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20591.

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