Academic literature on the topic 'The water cycle'

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Journal articles on the topic "The water cycle"

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Cashdan, Liz. "Water cycle." English in Education 47, no. 2 (June 2013): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eie.12013.

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Hanya, Takahisa. "Global Water Cycle." Japan journal of water pollution research 14, no. 9 (1991): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.14.586.

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Yabe, Shizu, S. I. Monichoth, K. Tsujimoto, and P. koudelova. "GEOSS/Asian Water Cycle Initiative/Water Cycle Integrator (GEOSS/AWCI/WCI)." APN Science Bulletin 5, no. 1 (March 2015): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30852/sb.2015.26.

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Nelson, Bruce W., Elizabeth K. Berner, and Robert A. Berner. "The Global Water Cycle." Estuaries 10, no. 2 (June 1987): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1352184.

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Iovino, F., M. Borghetti, and A. Veltri. "Forests and water cycle." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0583-006.

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Palmer, Lisa. "The next water cycle." Nature Climate Change 4, no. 11 (October 29, 2014): 949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2420.

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Abrams, Michael. "Closing the Water Cycle." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 04 (April 1, 2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-apr-3.

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This article discusses how wastewater can be recycled for consumption if there is scarcity of water. It gives the example of the Orange County plant that is in operation since 2008, and is the largest “indirect to potable reuse” plant in the world. It is “indirect” because that water does not flow straight from the plant to the faucet. Instead, after being treated with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and then ultraviolet light, the water is pumped back into the ground. Pumping water to an underground basin gives the county time to react if there’s a problem. The soil also works to remove accidental contaminants. The Orange County facility processes some 70 million gallons of water a day, using 14 different reverse osmosis units. Currently, the water is tested – for total organic carbon – at the point where it is all mixed to a single stream.
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Stocker, Thomas F., and Christoph C. Raible. "Water cycle shifts gear." Nature 434, no. 7035 (April 2005): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/434830a.

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Bowen, G. J. "A Faster Water Cycle." Science 332, no. 6028 (April 21, 2011): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1205253.

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Hornberger, George M. "A Water Cycle Initiative." Ground Water 43, no. 6 (November 9, 2005): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00120.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The water cycle"

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Böttger, Henning M. "Modelling the water cycle on Mars." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289340.

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Shwageraus, Evgeni 1973. "Rethinking the light water reactor fuel cycle." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16641.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, February 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 249-262).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
The once through nuclear fuel cycle adopted by the majority of countries with operating commercial power reactors imposes a number of concerns. The radioactive waste created in the once through nuclear fuel cycle has to be isolated from the environment for thousands of years. In addition, plutonium and other actinides, after the decay of fission products, could become targets for weapon proliferators. Furthermore, only a small fraction of the energy potential in the fuel is being used. All these concerns can be addressed if a closed fuel cycle strategy is considered offering the possibility for partitioning and transmutation of long lived radioactive waste, enhanced proliferation resistance, and improved utilization of natural resources. It is generally believed that dedicated advanced reactor systems have to be designed in order to perform the task of nuclear waste transmutation effectively. The development and deployment of such innovative systems is technically and economically challenging. In this thesis, a possibility of constraining the generation of long lived radioactive waste through multi-recycling of Trans-uranic actinides (TRU) in existing Light Water Reactors (LWR has been studied. Thorium based and fertile free fuels (FFF) were analyzed as the most attractive candidates for TRU burning in LWRs. Although both fuel types can destroy TRU at comparable rates (about 1150 kg/GWe-Year in FFF and up to 900 kg/GWe-Year in Th) and achieve comparable fractional TRU burnup (close to 50a/o), the Th fuel requires significantly higher neutron moderation than practically feasible in a typical LWR lattice to achieve such performance.
(cont.) On the other hand, the FFF exhibits nearly optimal TRU destruction performance in a typical LWR fuel lattice geometry. Increased TRU presence in LWR core leads to neutron spectrum hardening, which results in reduced control materials reactivity worth. The magnitude of this reduction is directly related to the amount of TRU in the core. A potential for positive void reactivity feedback limits the maximum TRU loading. Th and conventional mixed oxide (MOX) fuels require higher than FFF TRU loading to sustain a standard 18 fuel cycle length due to neutron captures in Th232 and U238 respectively. Therefore, TRU containing Th and U cores have lower control materials worth and greater potential for a positive void coefficient than FFF core. However, the significantly reduced fuel Doppler coefficient of the fully FFF loaded core and the lower delayed neutron fraction lead to questions about the FFF performance in reactivity initiated accidents. The Combined Non-Fertile and UO2 (CONFU) assembly concept is proposed for multi- recycling of TRU in existing PWRs. The assembly assumes a heterogeneous structure where about 20% of the UO2 fuel pins on the assembly periphery are replaced with FFF pins hosting TRU generated in the previous cycle. The possibility of achieving zero TRU net is demonstrated. The concept takes advantage of superior TRU destruction performance in FFF allowing minimization of TRU inventory. At the same time, the core physics is still dominated by UO2 fuel allowing maintenance of core safety and control characteristics comparable to all-UO2.
by Evgeni Shwageraus.
Ph.D.
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Pradinaud, Charlotte. "Considering water quality and characterizing water as a resource in Life Cycle Assessment." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0012.

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Maintenir la qualité des ressources en eau est l'un des défis majeurs auxquels la société d’aujourd’hui doit faire face. Il est donc primordial que ce critère soit intégré correctement dans les méthodes d’analyse d’impacts environnementaux, tel que l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Cependant, l’estimation de la qualité de l’eau et la manière dont cette information est utilisée dans les modèles d’évaluation d’impacts soulève un certain nombre de challenges méthodologiques, d’où la problématique de recherche : « Comment considérer la qualité de l’eau dans l’évaluation des impacts de l’utilisation de l’eau en ACV, de l’inventaire aux Aires de Protection ? ». Ce travail de thèse propose dans un premier temps une étude approfondie du rôle et de la nécessité de l’information « qualité de l’eau » dans l’évaluation des impacts de plusieurs type d’utilisation d’eau (usage consommatif, dégradatif et amélioration de la qualité). Cette étude s’applique aux différentes chaines de causalité de manière mécanistique, jusqu’aux trois Aires de Protection (AoP) santé humaine, qualité des écosystèmes et ressources naturelles. Afin d’améliorer la compréhension et la considération des impacts de l’utilisation de l’eau sur l’AoP ressources naturelles, un cadre théorique consensuel élaboré en collaboration avec WULCA (le groupe Water Use in LCA, de l’UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative) est défini. Ce cadre fournit une base solide pour l’élaboration cohérente de méthodes d’analyse d’impacts, permettant d’évaluer la diminution irréversible de la disponibilité physique de l'eau douce et/ou de son degré d'utilisabilité pour les générations futures. La thèse se conclut par le développement d’un modèle de caractérisation d’impacts de la dégradation des ressources en eau causée par des émissions. Des facteurs de caractérisation sont calculés pour cinq métaux, au niveau midpoint. L’application de ces indicateurs permet d’améliorer l’interprétabilité des résultats concernant les défis futurs liés aux ressources en eau ainsi que les résultats des impacts sur la santé humaine liés aux problèmes de qualité d’eau
Maintaining the quality of water resources is one of the major challenges society faces today. It is therefore essential that this criterion be properly integrated into environmental impact assessment methods, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, the estimation of water quality and how this information is used in impact assessment models raises a number of methodological challenges; hence, the general research question is “How to consider water quality in water use impact assessment in LCA, from inventory to Areas of Protection?” This thesis first provides a detailed study about the role and necessity of "water quality" information in assessing impacts of different types of water use (consumptive and degradative use, as well as quality improvement). This study applies to the different cause-effect chains in a mechanistic way, in view of the three Areas of Protection (AoP) human health, ecosystem quality and natural resources. In order to improve the understanding and consideration of the water use impacts on the AoP natural resources, a consensual framework, developed jointly with WULCA (Water Use in LCA group of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative), is presented. This framework provides a solid basis for the consistent development of impact characterization models to assess the irreversible reduction in physical availability of freshwater and its quality-based usability for future generations. The thesis ends with the development of a characterization model for water resource degradation impacts caused by emissions. Characterization factors are calculated for five metals at the midpoint level. The application of these indicators improves the interpretability of LCA results regarding future water resource challenges and water-quality related impacts on human health
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Tejada, Francisco Javier. "Quantifying the life cycle water consumption of a passenger vehicle." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43637.

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Various studies have pointed out the growing need to assess the availability of water sources in regions around the world as future forecasts suggest that water demands will increase significantly for agricultural, industrial and human consumption while freshwater resources are being depleted. One such emerging issue is the effect of industrial operations on said resources, specifically from automobiles. With numerous localities experiencing stresses on water availability, key stakeholders - suppliers, automakers, and vehicle end-users - need to better realize the effect vehicle manufacturing, usage, and disposal have on water resources. While efforts to improve the overall environmental performance of vehicles have mainly concentrated on improving technologies, there has also been considerable effort devoted to characterizing the life-cycle performance of the vehicle product system. However, much of this work has focused on energy consumption and carbon emissions while few studies have examined water. The difference between water use versus water consumption were highlighted and the life-cycle water consumption of a gasoline-powered midsize vehicle were analyzed from material extraction through production, use, and final disposition/end of life. This analysis examines each of the phases to determine a carâ s water footprint using data from the EcoInvent Life Cycle Analysis database as well as data collected from literature sources. Although water use is typically metered at the factory level, water consumption (i.e., water lost through evaporation and/or incorporation into a material, part, and/or product) is much harder to quantify. As shown in this thesis, the difference can be an order of magnitude or more because much of the water that goes into the different processes is either reused, recycled, or discharged back to its original source. The use phase of a vehicle has the biggest impact on the overall vehicle water consumption, followed by material production, whereas water consumption for the end of life processing seems to be relatively insignificant. It is also shown that the impact of energy consumption as part of the total water footprint is very large when compared to the other processes given the dependence on water for energy production. The assessment in this thesis represents a life-cycle inventory and serves as an initial benchmark as no previous study has been completed to determine the water consumption for the life of a vehicle, let alone for most other products. The impact of water consumption varies by region and locality, and a differentiation of impact would still be needed to determine whether the water consumption actually happens in water scarce regions or not.
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Trujillo, Iliana Cardenes. "Quantifying the energy consumption of the water use cycle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df481801-cce1-4824-986c-612f4673b8eb.

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The management and delivery of water and wastewater consume significant amounts of energy, mostly in the form of electricity. With increasing populations, climate change, water quality issues and increasing energy prices, it is more important than ever to understand energy consumption patterns. Energy usually represents the largest operational cost in water utilities around the world, yet there is limited work aiming to quantify the specific relationship between water and its associated energy, and understand its implications for future decision-making. This thesis presents variousmethodological approachesto quantify and understand energy use in water infrastructure systems, as well as how to incorporate them in decision-making processes. The main hypotheses are as follows: firstly, a detailed understanding of the use of energy in water infrastructure systems can facilitate more efficient and sustainable water infrastructure systems and, secondly, that incorporating energy into planning for water and wastewater resources can help understand the impacts of decisions and establish trade-offs between actions. To test these hypotheses, the thesis presents an analytical approach to various areas. Firstly, it identifies, maps and quantifies the energy consumption patterns within a water infrastructure system. This is then used to identify inefficiencies and areas of potential energy saving. Secondly, it incorporates detailed energy costs into short and long-term water resources management and planning. Thirdly, it evaluates trade-offs between energy costs and changing effluent quality regulations in wastewater resources. The Thames River basin, in the south-east of England, is used as a case study to illustrate the approach. The results demonstrate that a systematic approach to the quantification of energy use in a water infrastructure system can identify areas of inefficiencies that can be used to make decisions with regards to infrastructure planning. For example, water systems have significant geo-spatial variations in energy consumption patterns that can be addressed specifically to reduce negative trade-offs. The results also show that incorporating detailed energy information into long-term water resources planning can alter the choices made in water supply options, by providing more complete information. Furthermore, methodologically, they show how several methodological approaches can be used to support more complete decision-making in water utilities to reduce short and long-term costs. In this particular case study, the results show that there are important differences in energy consumption by region, and significant differences in the seasonal and energy patterns of water infrastructure systems. For example, water treatment was shown to be the largest consumer of energy within the whole system, compared with pumping or wastewater treatment; but wastewater treatment energy consumption was shown to be the fastest growing over time due to changes in water quality regulatory frameworks. The results show that more stringent effluent standards could result in at least a doubling of electricity consumption and an increase of between 1.29 and 2.30 additional million tonnes of CO2 a year from treating wastewater in large works in the UK. These are projected to continue to increase if the decarbonisation of the electricity grid does not occur fast enough. Finally, the thesis also shows that daily energy consumption can be reduced by up to 18% by optimally routing water through a water network. optimization of water networks, and that a change in discount rates could change the daily operating costs by 19%, that in turn leads to a resulting different set of optimal investment options in a water supply network.
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Ruane, Alexander C. "Diurnal to annual variations in the atmospheric water cycle." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3263195.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 10, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-154).
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Comer, Ruth Elizabeth. "Understanding the diurnal cycle in clouds and water vapour." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446198.

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Molyneaux, Glenn Arthur. "Resorption cycle heat pump with ammonia-water working fluid." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326335.

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Sturm, Kristof. "Regional atmospheric modelling of the stable water istope cycle." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010157.

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Dans un contexte de changement climatique, la connaissance des climats passés permet de mieux cerner l'évolution future du climat. Les isotopes stables de l'eau constituent un excellent proxy paléo-climatique. Les propriétés physiques des isotopes lourds de l'eau (H182 O; HDO) induisent des fractionnements isotopiques, qui dépendent de la température et du taux de distillation. Sous réserve d'une inversion bien conditionnée du signal isotopique, on peut reconstruire les variations passées du climat à partir d'archives isotopiques. Les carottes de glace andines constituent un enregistrement unique de la variabilité du climat tropical. En revanche, la complexité de la circulation atmosphérique rend plus ardue l'interprétation de leur signal isotopique. En conséquence, nous avons développé au cours de cette thèse un module traitant du fractionnement des isotopes stables de l'eau au sein du modèle de circulation régionale REMO pour application au cas de l'Amérique du Sud. Le manuscrit retrace les principales étapes de la thèse. Il s'agit de la mise en perspective du travail de thèse dans la problématique du changement climatique ; la description du modèle de circulation régionale REMOiso et de son module traitant des isotopes de l'eau ; la validation initiale de REMOiso sur l'Europe ; l'étude des variations saisonnières des précipitations, de la circulation atmosphérique régionale et du signal isotopique en Amérique du Sud ; de l'enregistrement par les isotopes stables de l'eau de la mousson sud-américaine
Climate change has recently become a major concerning among scientists and the general public. A better knowledge of past climates helps forecasting the future evolution of climate. Stable water isotopes stand as an outstanding paleo-climate proxy. Physical properties of heavy stable water isotopes (H182 O; HDO) cause fractionation processes related to temperature and degree of distillation. If the isotopic signal is correctly inverted, past climate change can be inferred from isotopic archives. Andean ice-cores offer a unique records of tropical climate and its variability through time. However, the interpretation of the isotopic signal is difficult because of complex atmospheric dynamic over South America. For this purpose, we developed a module handling the stable water isotope fractionation processes within the regional circulation model REMO and applied it to South America. The manuscript outlines the major milestones of the present PhD. We first introduce the research topic in the wider scope of climate change; the description of the stable water isotope enabled regional circulation model REMOiso; an initial validation of REMOiso over Europe; an investigation of the seasonal variations of precipitation, atmospheric circulation and isotopic signal over South America; and at last the recording of the south American monsoon system (SAMS) by stable water isotope diagnostics
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Kvadsheim, Mari Hellvik. "Life Cycle Assessment of Desalinated Water for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22780.

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Currently, fossil fuels supply 85% of the world?s energy demand. Nevertheless, we consume more than we are able to produce from new discoveries of fossil resources. As energy demand is predicted to grow rapidly over the next few decades, the need for new methods to sustain oil production emerges. By using new technology, known as enhanced oil recovery, it is possible to recover oil previously considered too tightly bound to the reservoir rock to be recovered in a profitable way. One such method is low-salinity waterflooding, where desalinated water is injected into the reservoir in order to increase the crude oil recovery. If implemented, this method could result in significant economic benefit, but little is known on the environmental impacts associated with it. In this thesis, a life cycle assessment of desalinated water for enhanced oil recovery was conducted. Reverse osmosis was chosen as desalination technology and a generic model located in the North Sea was developed based on existing literature. The results show that the operation phase is the largest contributor to environmental impacts due to the generation of power by natural gas-driven turbines on the platform. The chemical treatment process is also a significant contributor to environmental impacts, due to energy inputs and wastes from chemical manufacturing. The emissions of greenhouse gases from the system were calculated to be 151 kg of CO2 equivalents for each standard cubic meter of recovered crude oil. This is three times higher than greenhouse gas emissions from oil production without enhanced oil recovery methods, but substantially lower than emissions from oil sands production. It is recommended to implement enhanced oil recovery methods such as low-salinity waterflooding, rather than producing oil from unconventional fossil reserves such as oil sands. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted, presenting alternative scenarios for power supply, by means of electrification of the platform. The results show that electrification of a platform could offer substantial environmental benefits in terms of reduced emissions of greenhouse gases, depending on the composition of the electricity mix. However, several issues will need to be addressed before this should be implemented on a large scale, in order to ensure that it will indeed reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. The results from this thesis create a basis and a starting point for future research. The environmental impacts associated with desalination of water are deemed reliable; however, great uncertainty is linked to the required amount of water per standard cubic meter of recovered crude oil. In order to calculate the environmental impacts from one specific oil field or enhanced oil recovery project, it is necessary to quantify material and energy inputs, emissions and wastes, as well as the exact water-to-oil ratio by mapping and identifying key parameters and properties of the petroleum reservoir in question.
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Books on the topic "The water cycle"

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Water cycle. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 2010.

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Hughes, Monica. Water cycle. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2005.

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Association, American Water Works. The water cycle: Hydrologic cycle. [Denver, Colo.?]: The Association, 1988.

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Adam, Jon. The water cycle. Orlando, Fla: Harcourt [School Publishers], 1999.

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Silverman, Buffy. Saving water: The water cycle. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Water world: Earth's water cycle. New York: PowerKids Press, 2009.

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Silverman, Buffy. Saving water: The water cycle. Harlow, U.K: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Jakab, Cheryl. The water cycle. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2007.

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Bauman, Amy. The water cycle. Tunbridge Wells: Ticktock, 2008.

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David, Smith. The water cycle. New York: Thomson Learning, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "The water cycle"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Water Cycle." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 932. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_15110.

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Van Brahana, John. "Hydrologic Cycle." In Fresh Water and Watersheds, 65–67. Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised edition of: Encyclopedia of natural resources. [2014].: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429441042-11.

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Paz, Carlota Garcia, Teresa Taboada Rodríguez, Valerie M. Behan‐Pelletier, Stuart B. Hill, Pablo Vidal‐Torrado, Miguel Cooper, Peter van Straaten, et al. "Field Water Cycle." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 272–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_228.

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Oshima, Kazuhiro, and Koji Yamazaki. "Atmospheric Water Cycle." In Ecological Studies, 25–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6317-7_2.

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Seiler, K. P., and J. R. Gat. "The Water Cycle." In Groundwater Recharge from Run-Off, Infiltration and Percolation, 5–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5306-1_2.

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Pfister, Stephan. "Water Use." In Life Cycle Impact Assessment, 223–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9744-3_12.

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Wang, Xiaochang C., Chongmiao Zhang, Xiaoyan Ma, and Li Luo. "Introduction." In Water Cycle Management, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45821-1_1.

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Wang, Xiaochang C., Chongmiao Zhang, Xiaoyan Ma, and Li Luo. "Concepts of Water Cycle Management for Water Reuse System Design." In Water Cycle Management, 7–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45821-1_2.

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Wang, Xiaochang C., Chongmiao Zhang, Xiaoyan Ma, and Li Luo. "Safety Control of Reclaimed Water Use." In Water Cycle Management, 29–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45821-1_3.

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Wang, Xiaochang C., Chongmiao Zhang, Xiaoyan Ma, and Li Luo. "A Real Case of Water Reuse Through a Water Cycle." In Water Cycle Management, 75–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45821-1_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "The water cycle"

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Koike, Toshio, Rick Lawford, and Douglas Cripe. "African water cycle coordination initiative and the GEO water cycle integrator." In 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLI - Hydrology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xli.2011.6047979.

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Houston, Eric J., Arlene S. Rahn, and George J. Licina. "Service Water Life Cycle Management." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61778.

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Nuclear plant service water systems are a critical part of the facility’s infrastructure. System integrity and performance are vital for plant reliability and essential to achieving a plant life of 40 years and beyond. Corrosion, fouling (macrofouling, microfouling and sedimentation) and other effects that are detrimental to the reliability of the service water system led to the issue of NRC Generic Letter 89-13 “Service Water System Problems Affecting Safety-Related Equipment.” This generic letter continues to be a fundamental guideline for safety related service water systems at all U.S. nuclear plants. The low temperature and pressure service water piping systems are primarily degraded by corrosion. Because of the complexity and random nature of corrosion processes, it is nearly impossible to develop a mathematically deterministic model that accurately predicts pipe wall loss. However, if statistical distributions are used to describe the various corrosion processes, mathematical algorithms that incorporate all of the distributions, iterated a statistically significant number of times, can be used to forecast the most probable number of leaks. This paper predicts the condition of service water piping at Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant using the described model and includes the expected number of through-wall leaks as a function of operating time.
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Kawato, Wataru, Junichi Aoki, Motohiro Mizuno, and Tetsu Nishioka. "Water resource cycle simulation system." In 2013 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/r10-htc.2013.6669060.

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Schmitt, R. W., T. Boyer, G. Lagerloef, J. Schanze, S. Wijffels, and L. Yu. "Salinity and the Global Water Cycle." In OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society. European Space Agency, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/oceanobs09.pp.34.

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Rondinelli, Giuseppe, Sergio Di Girolamo, and Giangrande Barresi. "Small satellites for water cycle experiments." In Orlando '91, Orlando, FL, edited by Brian J. Horais. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.45874.

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Loáiciga, Hugo A. "The Life Cycle of Vernal Pools: Hydrologic Principles." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)143.

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Rowbottom, Ron, Pascal Grinneiser, and Jo Ann Cobb. "Facility Water Cycle Management in Diverse Conditions." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/168384-ms.

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Pearlman, Jay. "Global water cycle: Introduction to breakout sections." In 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLI - Hydrology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xli.2011.6047981.

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Houser, P., D. Belvedere, W. Pozzi, B. Imam, R. Schiffer, C. Welty, R. Lawford, et al. "WaterNet the NASA water cycle solutions network." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423341.

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Tuba, Eva, Edin Dolicanin, and Milan Tuba. "Water Cycle Algorithm for Robot Path Planning." In 2018 10th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecai.2018.8679051.

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Reports on the topic "The water cycle"

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Powell, Amy, Erin Acquesta, Warren Davis, Jefferey Nichol, Irina Tezaur, Kara Peterson, Susan Rempe, and Jose Huerta. Water Cycle-Driven Infectious Diseases as Multiscale, Reliable, Continuously Updating Water Cycle Sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769797.

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Schroeder, Jenna, Christopher Harto, and Corrie Clark. Geothermal Water Use: Life Cycle Water Consumption, Water Resource Assessment, and Water Policy Framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171191.

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Schroeder, J. N., C. B. Harto, R. M. Horner, and C. E. Clark. Geothermal Water Use: Life Cycle Water Consumption, Water Resource Assessment, and Water Policy Framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1155056.

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Roesler, Erika. E3SM Water Cycle Visualization Project Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1668925.

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BD Middleton and J Buongiorno. Supercritical Water Reactor Cycle for Medium Power Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/903079.

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Rick Lawford. Co-Support of the U.S. Water Cycle Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/816045.

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Krajewski, W., H. Loesche, R. Mason, K. McGuire, B. Mohanty, G. Poulos, P. Reed, J. Shanley, O. Wendroth, and D. A. Robinson. Enhanced Water Cycle Measurements for Watershed Hydrologic Sciences Research. Chair J. Jacobs. Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4211/techrpts.200605.wc.

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Taylor, Robin, Roger Davenport, Jan Talbot, Richard Herz, David Genders, Peter Symons, and Lloyd Brown. Solar High Temperature Water-Splitting Cycle with Quantum Boost. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130473.

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Ng, Brenda, Vidya Samadi, Cheng Wang, and Jie Bao. Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Multiscale Water Cycle Prediction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769760.

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Anderson, Gemma, Baoxiang Pan, André Goncalves, Donald Lucas, Chris Terai, Céline Bonfils, and Jiwoo Lee. Robust data-driven uncertainty quantification in water cycle extreme predictions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769775.

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