Dissertations / Theses: 'The Word for World is Forest'

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Grainger, A. "The future role of the tropical rain forests in the world forest economy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377888.

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Müller, Suzana Simão. "Brazil in the world trade of forest products export performance and government policy from 1961 to 1989 /." Madison, WI, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29809221.html.

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Smith, Alison M. "Forest ecology in a changing world : effective ground-based methods for monitoring temperate broadleaved forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11979.

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The impacts of climate change on temperate forests are predicted to accelerate, with widespread implications for forest biodiversity and function. Remote sensing has provided insights into regional patterns of vegetation dynamics, and experimental studies have demonstrated impacts of specific changes on individual species. However, forests are diverse and complex ecosystems. To understand how different species in different forests respond to interacting environmental pressures, widespread ground-based monitoring is needed. The only practical way to achieve this is through the involvement of non-professional researchers, i.e., with citizen science. However, many techniques used to identify subtle changes in forests require expensive equipment and professional expertise. This thesis aimed to identify practical methods for citizen scientists to collect useful data on forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Methods for monitoring tree phenology and canopy-understorey interactions were the main focus, as tree phenology exerts strong control on understorey light and forest biodiversity, and is already responding to climate change. The response of understorey vegetation to canopy closure in four woodlands from a single region of England (Devon) was examined in detail. These geographically close woodlands differed considerably in their composition and seasonal dynamics. The spring period was particularly important for herb-layer development, and small variations in canopy openness had important effects on herb-layer cover and composition. This work highlights the need to monitor a range of different woodlands at the regional scale, with sufficient resolution to pick up small but crucial differences through time. Citizen scientists could help to collect such data by monitoring herb-layer cover and changes in the abundance of key species, alongside monitoring the overstorey canopy. The spring leaf phenology of four canopy trees (ash, beech, oak and sycamore) were monitored intensively in one woodland using a range of methods: counts, percentage estimates and photography. First budburst and leaf expansion dates were compared with estimates of leaf expansion timing and rate, derived from time-series data using logistic growth models. Frequently used first-event dates were potentially misleading due to high variation in leaf development rates within and between species. Percentage estimates and counts produced similar estimates of leaf expansion timing and rate. A photo-derived greenness index produced similar estimates of timing, but not rate, and was compromised by practical issues of photographing individual crowns in closed canopy woodland. Citizen science should collect time-series data instead of frequently-used first event dates―visual observations offer the most practical way to do this, but further work is needed to test reliability with citizen scientists. Given high intra- and inter-species variation in tree phenology, whole forest canopies need to be monitored to infer canopy closure timing. Canopy openness was assessed using sophisticated hemispherical photography and a range of low-cost alternatives, across four Devon woodlands over a year. Visual estimates and ordinary photography were too coarse to identify fine-scale variation in canopies. Smartphone fisheye photography analysed with free software was identified as a reliable surrogate for estimating relative, though not absolute, canopy openness. The method has high potential as a citizen science tool, as different phone models and users gave similar canopy openness estimates. In a detailed follow-up study, smartphone fisheye photography, hemispherical photography and visual observations of leaf expansion were used every other day to characterise spring canopy development. Logistic growth models estimated canopy closure timing and rate. Visual observations identified much earlier canopy development than either photographic method. Smartphone fisheye photography performed comparably to hemispherical photography. There is good potential for practical application of smartphone fisheye photography, as similar canopy closure estimates were gained from photos taken once every two weeks. The research in this thesis identifies a range of methods suitable for widespread monitoring of forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Developing a smartphone app for automatic analysis and submission of canopy images will be an important next step to enabling widespread use. A pilot project is underway to begin testing methods with citizen scientists. Further research into data quality with citizen scientists is needed before the methods can be rolled out widely with confidence.

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Nieskens, Liesa. "Forest Management Decentralisation in a REDD+ World : A Case Study of a REDD+ Pilot Project in the Kolo Hills Forests, Kondoa District, Tanzania." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-154107.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradatin (REDD+) is a market-based approachto address tropical deforestation as a key driver of anthropogenic climate change. In Tanzania, participatory forest management (PFM) was used as a vehicle for the institutionalisation of REDD+and implementation of pilot initiatives. With the lens of political ecology, this thesis analyses the effects of the REDD+ pilot project ‘Advancing REDD+ in the Kolo Hills Forests’ (ARKFor) inKondoa District, Tanzania, on structures of access and use of forest resources for local communities. This analysis is done by using qualitative interviews with villagers living within the REDD+ project area and government actors involved in forest management as well as textual analysis of a PFMagreement and community bye-laws established within the ARKFor project. The findings suggest that REDD+ pilot activities were planned without real participation by local communities and failed to take complex conservation histories and underlying power structures into account. Community access rights were not legally secured which resulted in processes of re-centralisation of forest managementand ‘green grabbing’ after the conclusion of project activities in 2014. The study underscores that successful forest management decentralisation needs to be based on localised, longer-term adaptive processes which clash with the globally driven, neoliberal conservation logic of REDD+.

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Burns, Sarah L. [Verfasser]. "International Forest Policy by International and Transnational Organizations : Case Studies of the World Bank and Forest Certification Organizations in Argentina and Armenia / Sarah L. Burns." Göttingen : Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1154361365/34.

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DeSantis, Larisa R. G. "Paleoecology of forest environments through time evidence from stable isotopes of mammalian herbivores in the New World /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024701.

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Bensköld, Manda, and Christine Jacobsson. "Vilse i skogen : Urban Forestry som möjlighet eller problem?" Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18002.

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Detta kandidatarbete syftar till att utreda om Urban Forestry kan tillföra något till svensk planering. Urbanisering har skett under en lång tid och för att tillgodose det växande behovet av bostäder har förtätning av staden skett, vilket ofta har gjorts på bekostnad av städers grönska. För att hantera utmaningarna med att integrera grönska i täta städer har ett behov av nytänkande grönplanering uppkommit. Urban Forestry anses vara en lösning på denna problematik och fokuserar på att skapa gröna städer där det inte finns ytor kvar för traditionella parker. För att undersöka om Urban Forestry tillför något nytt till svensk planering utreds grönplaneringens utveckling genom tiderna samt företeelsen Urban Forestry genom en litteraturstudie. Urban Forestry visade sig vara ett vagt och svårdefinierat begrepp, dessutom är de vetenskapliga grunderna för dess positiva miljöeffekter bristande. Dock bidrar Urban Forestry med uppmärksammande av miljö- och hållbarhetsfrågor, och visar goda ambitioner och initiativ till att utveckla och förbättra grönplanering. När den svenska grönplaneringen sattes i relation till Urban Forestry visade det sig att de bärande idéerna redan är representerade inom existerande grönplanering i Sverige.
This bachelor thesis aims to investigate if the concept of Urban Forestry could bring new knowledge into Swedish urban planning. Urbanization has taken place for a long time and in order to meet the growing need for housing, densification of the city has taken place, which has often been done at the expense of urban greenery. In order to deal with the challenges of integrating greenery into dense cities, a need for innovative green planning has arisen. Urban Forestry as a concept is considered a solution to this problem and focuses on creating greenery in cities where limited areas for traditional parks are available. In order to investigate whether Urban Forestry adds something new to Swedish planning, the development of green planning over time and the concept of Urban Forestry is investigated. Urban Forestry turned out to be vague and difficult to define, and the scientific basis for the concept’s arguments are lacking. However, Urban Forestry contributes attention to environmental and sustainability issues, and shows good ambitions and initiatives to develop and improve green planning. When Swedish green planning was put in relation to Urban Forestry, the outcome was that the ideas in the concept were already represented within existing green planning.

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Pravat, Poshendra Satyal. "Understanding Environmental Justice in the Developing World: The Case of Forest Management Policy and Practice in the Terai, Nepal." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518184.

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Venard, Asongayi. "The Impact of World Bank’s Conditionality-Ownership Hybrid on Forest Management in Cameroon: Policy Hybridity in International Dependence Development." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2349.

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Many developing countries depend on the World Bank for development assistance, which the Bank often provides with policy reform conditions. Resistance to World Bank’s conditionality caused the Bank to posit “ownership” as a country’s real assent to its development policies. The combination of ownership and conditionality invalidates the neocolonial, false-paradigm and dualism theses in explaining the international dependence development model. This study explains this model by investigating how the relationship between conditionality and ownership in the context of this model impacts forest management in Cameroon. Integrating theoretical and methodological insights mainly from political science, economics, geosciences, and sociology, the study finds that in this model, conditionality and ownership have a hybrid relationship that fosters and hinders effective forest management in Cameroon. This finding positions policy hybridity within this model. It proposes a nouvelle way to understand international development policies’ interactions, and the effects of the interactions on natural resource management.

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Korpela, Jukka. "The world of Ladoga society, trade, transformation and state building in the Eastern Fennoscandian boreal forest zone c. 1000 - 1555." Berlin Münster Lit, 2006. http://d-nb.info/989930963/04.

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Korpela, Jukka. "The world of Ladoga : society, trade, transformation and state building in the Eastern Fennoscandian boreal forest zone c. 1000 - 1555 /." Berlin ; Münster : Lit, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989930963/04.

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Sarker, Pradip Kumar [Verfasser]. "The forest policies of international regimes in different world regions: issue specificity, formalisation, and hegemony as drivers / Pradip Kumar Sarker." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236401549/34.

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Attah, Alhassan. "A model for forest and product certification in Ghana : the perception and attitudes of forest enterprises in Ghana." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2011. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/10085/.

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Forest and product certification was initially promoted as a means of enhancing sustainable management of forests in the tropics. However after almost two decades, there is still very little evidence of certified timber products originating from tropical countries. A number of approaches have been suggested to enhance the growth of forest certification in the tropics. These approaches such as that of the Forest Stewardship Council, Global Forest Trade Network of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Sustainable Forest Initiative and various private sector initiatives have all failed to facilitate forest certification. Therefore to enhance the development of forest certification in Ghana, the research work amongst others, draws on experiences in certification from other sectors such as cocoa, fisheries, tourism and oil palm to develop a model for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research work uses elements identified in the literature review in developing a questionnaire for the survey of timber firms in Ghana. The research work identified stakeholder consultations, legal framework, resource rights, and the regulation of the domestic market as key elements for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research recommends a phased approach to promoting forest certification with the first phase being verification of legality that adopts the European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) initiative. The study identifies this approach not only as a means of reducing cost to the private sector in pursuing forest certification but a means of drawing on support measures to enhance the regulation of the domestic market; a key component for promoting forest certification. The report argues that it is only through a well regulated domestic market can tropical timber producing countries achieve sustainable forest management and hence forest certification. The domestic market is therefore seen as a strong means of promoting certification since it will be internalised in the producing countries. None of the research on certification has so far identified the domestic market as a key factor to promoting forest certification and the research work argues that the slow pace of certification has been the lack of demand for certified products on the domestic market. Developing the domestic market is therefore seen as a key policy instrument for promoting the uptake of forest certification in Ghana and the tropics in general.

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Munter, Johan. "Number Recognition of Real-world Images in the Forest Industry : a study of segmentation and recognition of numbers on images of logs with color-stamped numbers." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39365.

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Analytics such as machine learning are of big interest in many types of industries. Optical character recognition is essentially a solved problem, whereas number recognition on real-world images which can be one form of machine learning are a more challenging obstacle. The purpose of this study was to implement a system that can detect and read numbers on given dataset originating from the forest industry being images of color-stamped logs. This study evaluated accuracy of segmentation and number recognition on images of color-stamped logs when using a pre-trained model of the street view house numbers dataset. The general approach of preprocessing was based on car number plate segmentation because of the similar problem of identifying an object to then locate individual digits. Color segmentation were the biggest asset for the preprocessing because of the distinct red color of digits compared to the rest of the image. The accuracy of number recognition was significantly lower when using the pre-trained model on color-stamped logs being 26% in comparison to street view house numbers with 95% but could still reach over 80% per digit accuracy rate for some image classes when excluding accuracy of segmentation. The highest segmentation accuracy among classes was 93% and the lowest was 32%. From the results it was concluded that unclear digits on images lessened the number recognition accuracy the most. There are much to consider for future work, but the most obvious and impactful change would be to train a more accurate model by basing it on the dataset of color-stamped logs.

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Krahwinkler, Petra Maria [Verfasser]. "Machine learning based classification for semantic world modeling : support vector machine based decision tree for single tree level forest species mapping / Petra Maria Krahwinkler." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038510147/34.

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Lewis, Jerome Daniel. "Forest hunter-gatherers and their world : a study of the Mbendjele Yaka pygmies of Congo-Brazzaville and their secular and religious activities and representations." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18991/.

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This thesis is about a forest hunter-gatherer people, the Mbendjele Yaka Pygmies of northern Congo-Brazzaville. The thesis is based on field research carried out between 1994 and 2001. I begin by examining certain key terms used in the thesis and by situating my research within the existing literature. Research methodologies are presented and the fieldwork experience described. I provide an overview of the historical, political and economic context of the research including an outline assessment of the main historical reconstructions of regional history. Conservationist and loggers' models of the forest are juxtaposed with Mbendjele ways of representing landscape and the forest environment. I discuss the significance of the forest in Mbendjele social experience and its role as the ideal environment for social life. I examine the way the Mbendjele classify animals and the cosmological significance of hunting and killing. This theme is continued with a presentation of ekila, a complex set of practices and beliefs that regulate the interactions of people with animals and express a complex relationship between human fertility and the correct handling of prey animals. I continue the analysis of Mbendjele collective representations with a presentation of the activity of massana. The link between children's play and adult rituals implicit in the use of this term is analysed. I then build on this understanding to present an analysis of aspects of two ritual associations, Ejengi and Ngoku, central to men's and women's power in society. The thesis is brought to a close by moving beyond the forest to examine Mbendjele relations with and conceptualisations of outsiders and property rights. New technological developments and financial incentives are increasingly transforming the Mbendjele forest into faunal and floral assets for distribution to international organizations.

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Carlson, Cody King. "The Marshall System in World War II, Myth and Reality: Six American Commanders Who Failed." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707257/.

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This is an analysis of the U.S. Army's personnel decisions in the Second World War. Specifically, it considers the U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall's appointment of generals to combat command, and his reasons for relieving some generals while leaving others in place after underperformance. Many historians and contemporaries of Marshall, including General Omar N. Bradley, have commented on Marshall's ability to select brilliant, capable general officers for combat command in the war. However, in addition to solid performers like J. Lawton Collins, Lucian Truscott, and George S. Patton, Marshall, together with Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lesley J. McNair, often selected sub-par commanders who significantly underperformed on the battlefield. These generals' tactical and operational decisions frequently led to unnecessary casualties, and ultimately prolonged the war. The work considers six case studies: Lloyd Fredendall at Kasserine Pass, Mark Clark during the Italian campaign, John Lucas at Anzio, Omar Bradley at the Falaise Gap, Courtney Hodges at the Hürtgen Forest, and Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. at Okinawa. Personal connections and patronage played strong roles in these generals' command appointments, and often trumped practical considerations like command experience. While their superiors ultimately relieved corps commanders Fredendall and Lucas, field army and army group commanders Clark, Hodges, and Bradley retained command of their units, (Buckner died from combat wounds on Okinawa). Personal connections also strongly influenced the decision to retain the field army and army group commanders in their commands.

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Reig, Alejandro. "When the forest world is not wide enough we open up many clearings : the making of landscape, place and people among the Shitari Yanomami of the upper Ocamo basin, Venezuela." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669819.

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Wilkerson, Bryan Scott. "Old World...New Word." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1394808105.

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Fanstone, Ben Paul. "The pursuit of the 'good forest' in Kenya, c.1890-1963 : the history of the contested development of state forestry within a colonial settler state." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25290.

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This is a study of the creation and evolution of state forestry within colonial Kenya in social, economic, and political terms. Spanning Kenya’s entire colonial period, it offers a chronological account of how forestry came to Kenya and grew to the extent of controlling almost two million hectares of land in the country, approximately 20 per cent of the most fertile and most populated upland (above 1,500 metres) region of central Kenya . The position of forestry within a colonial state apparatus that paradoxically sought to both ‘protect’ Africans from modernisation while exploiting them to establish Kenya as a ‘white man’s country’ is underexplored in the country’s historiography. This thesis therefore clarifies this role through an examination of the relationship between the Forest Department and its African workers, Kenya’s white settlers, and the colonial government. In essence, how each of these was engaged in a pursuit for their own idealised ‘good forest’. Kenya was the site of a strong conservationist argument for the establishment of forestry that typecast the country’s indigenous population as rapidly destroying the forests. This argument was bolstered against critics of the financial extravagance of forestry by the need to maintain and develop the forests of Kenya for the express purpose of supporting the Uganda railway. It was this argument that led the colony’s Forest Department along a path through the contradictions of colonial rule. The European settlers of Kenya are shown as being more than just a mere thorn in the side of the Forest Department, as their political power represented a very real threat to the department’s hegemony over the forests. Moreover, Kenya’s Forest Department deeply mistrusted private enterprise and constantly sought to control and limit the unsustainable exploitation of the forests. The department was seriously underfunded and understaffed until the second colonial occupation of the 1950s, a situation that resulted in a general ad hoc approach to forest policy. The department espoused the rhetoric of sustainable exploitation, but had no way of knowing whether the felling it authorised was actually sustainable, which was reflected in the underdevelopment of the sawmilling industry in Kenya. The agroforestry system, shamba, (previously unexplored in Kenya’s colonial historiography) is shown as being at the heart of forestry in Kenya and extremely significant as perhaps the most successful deployment of agroforestry by the British in colonial Africa. Shamba provided numerous opportunities to farm and receive education to landless Kikuyu in the colony, but also displayed very strong paternalistic aspects of control, with consequential African protest, as the Forest Department sought to create for itself a loyal and permanent forest workforce. Shamba was the keystone of forestry development in the 1950s, and its expansion cemented the position of forestry in Kenya as a top-down, state-centric agent of economic and social development.

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Vo, Phuong Vi. "A Comparison of Picture to Word Training and Word to Word Training on Native English Speaking College Students’ Acquisition of Italian Vocabulary." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407810/.

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The current study assessed the effects of two teaching stimulus presentations, i.e. picture to word and word to word, used to teach second language vocabulary to college students. It also evaluated the emergence of untaught relations when picture to word and word to word were used separately as a teaching strategy. The findings showed picture to word training resulted in more untaught relations. Several aspects such time allotted for online quizzes, experimental and teaching arrangements and vocabulary complexity were suggested for future research.

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Seidule, James Tyrus. "Morale in the American expeditionary forces during World War I." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392717711.

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Seidule, James Tyrus. "Morale in the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487945320758839.

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Greenacre, John William. "The development of Britain's airborne forces during the Second World War." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/657/.

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The operational history of Britain's airborne forces during the Second World War ranges from small-scale raids in 1941 through to full divisional deployments in 1944 and 1945. British airborne warfare during the war appears to be characterised by a lack of consistency or apparently observable trends in the military effectiveness. The execution and results of most British airborne operations are extensively recorded within the extant historiography. However, there has been no attempt to examine the process of airborne capability development as a method of identifying the relevant factors that influenced military effectiveness. The inception and growth of any new military capability requires progress and coordination across a number of parallel and inter-linked 'lines of development'. Each line has the potential to create factors that impinge on the progress of other areas of development and ultimately can have effect on the size, shape, and function of the overall capability. Some lines of development have a purely physical effect on the process such as the procurement and supply of equipment and the recruitment and training of manpower. The effect of others is less tangible such as the influence exercised by an individual commander and the control exerted by his staff. While not strictly a line of development the entire process of bringing military capability into service is, at least in part, a function of government policy and therefore the political environment is a significant developmental factor. The process of development is translated into observable military effectiveness by the concepts and doctrine that govern and guide the capability during operations, which is the final line of development examined. This approach to research, using sources previously unexamined in this context, has resulted in the exposure of primary and secondary factors that had either direct or indirect influence on the manner in which Britain's airborne forces fought and the resultant military effect of their employment during the Second World War. New historical insights into the performance of British airborne forces have arisen through this approach to study including the conceptual progression from small-scale raids to divisional operations and the development of tactical doctrine from the Mediterranean in 1943 through northwest Europe in 1944 and 1945.

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Ouditt, Sharon Ann. "Fighting forces/female identity : women writers of the First World War." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34880.

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Griffiths, Derek Peter. "Policing in England and Wales between the two World Wars." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341189.

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Herlitz, Mattias. "Analyzing the Tobii Real-world-mapping tool and improving its workflow using Random Forests." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228474.

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The Tobii Pro Glasses 2 are used to record gaze data that is used for market research or scientific experiments. To make extraction of relevant statistics more efficient, the gaze points in the recorded video are mapped to a static snapshot with areas of interests (AOIs). The most important statistics revolve around fixations. A fixation is when a person is keeping his or her vision still for a short period of time. The method most used today is to manually map the gaze points. However, a faster method is automated mapping using the Real World Mapping (RWM) tool. In order to examine the reliability of RWM, the fixations from different recordings and projects were analyzed using Decision Trees. Further, a Random Forest (RF) model was constructed in order to predict if a gaze point was correctly or incorrectly mapped. It was shown that fixation classification on data from RWM performed significantly worse than when the same fixation classification on manually mapped data was run. It was shown that RWM works better when head movement is low and AOIs are set appropriately. This can guide researchers in set- ting up experiments, although major improvements of RWM is needed. The RF classifier showed promising results on several test sets for mapped gaze points. It also showed promising results for gaze points that were not mapped and were close in time to being mapped. In conclusion, the RF should replace current methods of estimating the quality of RWM gaze points. Gaze points that are classified as badly mapped can be manually remapped. If RWM fails to map large segments of gaze points to a snapshot, visually classifying these to be remapped is the preferred method.
Tobii Pro Glasses 2 används för att spela in tittdata vid marknadsundersökningar och vetenskapliga experiment. Tittpunkterna mappas från den inspelade filmen till en bild med intresseareor (AOI). De flesta viktiga mätvärdena handlar om fixationer, som uppkommer när en person betraktar samma ställe under en kort period. Metoden som främst används idag är att mappa tittpunkter manuellt, men ett snabbare sätt är att genom automatisk mappning använda Real World Mapping-verktyget (RWM). RWM:s tillförlitlighet undersöktes genom att analysera fixationer från flera inspelningar med hjälp av beslutsträd. En metod för att klassificera gazepunkter som korrekt eller icke-korrekt mappade skapades med hjälp av Random Forests (RF). Resultaten visar att RWM inte är särskilt bra på att mappa fixationer, varken att finna dem eller mappa dem till korrekt AOI. Det visade sig att RWM fungerar bättre vid begränsade rörelser och då AOI:erna är korrekt utformade, vilket kan agera som riktlinjer för den som utför ett experiment. RWM borde dock förbättras. RF-klassificeringen gav bra resultat på flera test set där tittpunkterna är mappade på en bild av RWM, och på tittpunkter som inte var mappade av RWM men som var i avseende av tid nära tittpunkter som är mappade. Tittpunkter som är långt ifrån mappade tittpunkter hade dåliga testresultat. Slutsatsen var att relevanta tittpunkter borde klassificeras med RF för att mappa om felaktigt mappade tittpunkter. Om RWM inte mappar stora segment tittpunkter så borde visuell klassificering användas.

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BOGEA, DIOGO BARROS. "THE WILL TO POWER AND THE WORLD AS A NETWORK OF FORCES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19620@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Formulação de uma ferramenta teórica de descrição e explicação dos processos que constituem o mundo, com base no conceito nietzschiano de vontade de poder e em sua teoria das forças, segundo a qual tudo o que há são forças intrinsecamente impulsionadas pela vontade de poder. Todo e qualquer dado físico ou mental é concebido como expressão de forças pulsionais que, em seu movimento de acumulação e expansão de poder, atuam umas sobre as outras, estabelecem relações de poder entre si, aniquilam-se, dominam-se, escravizam-se, associam-se temporariamente, entrelaçam-se em rede e produzem, como efeito, configurações de forças de todos os tipos – células, tecidos, pessoas, coisas, instituições, ideias, etc.
Formulation of a descriptive and explanatory theoretical tool to the processes that constitute the world, based on the Nietzschean concept of will to power and his theory of forces, according to which everything that exists are forces intrinsically driven by the will to power. Any given physical or mental data is conceived as an expression of instinctual forces that in its movement of accumulation and expansion of power, act on each other, establish relations of power between themselves, annihilate, dominate, enslave, get temporarily associated, intertwine in a network and produce, as effect, configurations of forces of all kinds – cells, tissues, people, things, institutions, ideas, etc.

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Essa, Irfan A. (Irfan Aziz). "Contact detection, collision forces and friction for physically based virtual world modeling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14054.

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Coode, Stephen L. "The American Expeditionary Forces in World War I: The Rock of the Marne." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1908.

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American participation in the First World War developed slowly throughout 1917 to a mighty torrent during the last six months of the war. United States participation undoubtedly helped not only repel but to stop all German assaults on the Western Front: it had substantially aided in defeating Imperial Germany. Through primary and secondary sources a timeline, as well as a few of the more significant events, has been established following the United States' involvement in the war. Special attention has been focused on the United States Third Infantry Division and its part in the July 15- 17, 1918 Second Battle of the Marne. The Third Infantry Division would see the war throughout its remaining battles and aid in the occupation of Germany. However, it is most famous for the Marne battle.

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Barkawi, Tarak Karim. "Battle and culture : British imperial forces in Southeast Asia in the Second World War /." Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2001. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.

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Neumann, Brian Fisher. "Pershing's right hand : General James G. Harbord and the American Expeditionary Forces in the First World War /." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2006. http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/4424.

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Patterson, Carol Lynn. "Gathered for worship and word| Scattered to witness to the world." Thesis, Drew University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10102674.

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This narrative research ministry project sought to enhance the spiritual life of Calvary Baptist Church in Morristown, New Jersey by strengthening the congregation’s commitment to witnessing. Calvary’s stated mission is to glorify God by making disciples of Jesus Christ through our commitment to Worship, Word and Witness. While some members may dedicate time to private devotions, the church gathers corporately for a few hours each week to worship the Lord and study the Word of God. Daily, members of the church scatter into the world, which is chock full of opportunities to witness.

Pre-project congregational interviews and surveys revealed similarities to most 21st Century Christians. The majority of Calvary members were spiritually committed to the concept of witnessing. Yet, very few were actively engaged in the practice of sharing their faith with people they knew.

Through experiential adult education, Church School students were equipped with tools and techniques that would enable them to effectively witness to friends, relatives, associates and neighbors within their circles of influence. The work described herein represents that part of the effort that could be accomplished during the project implementation phase.

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Perkins, Alison Emily Havard. "KNOWING THE NATURAL WORLD: THE CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EVOLUTION IN AND OUT OF THE CLASSROOM." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03102010-111612/.

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Evolution is a central underlying concept to a significant number of discourses in civilized society, but the complexity of understanding basic tenets of this important theory is just now coming to light. Knowledge about evolution is constructed from both formal and "free-choice" opportunities, like television. Nature programs are commonly considered "educational" by definition, but research indicates the narratives often promote creationist ideas about this important process in biology. I explored how nature programs influenced knowledge construction about evolutionary theory using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Because misconceptions about evolution are common, I examined how students` conceptual ecologies changed in response to information presented in an example of a particularly poor nature film narrative. Students` held a diversity of misconceptions, proximate conceptions, and evolutionary conceptions simultaneously, and many of their responses were direct reflections of the nature program. As a result, I incorporated the same nature program into an experiment designed to examine the effects of narrative and imagery on evolution understanding. After completing an extensive pre-assessment that addressed attitudes and beliefs about science knowledge, students viewed one of four versions of the nature program that varied in the quality of science and imagery presented. The effect of watching different versions was only vaguely apparent in students with a moderate understanding of evolution. The relationship was much more complex among students with a poor understanding of evolution but suggested a negative effect that was more influenced by public discourses about this "controversial" subject than conceptual understanding. The relationships warranted examining learning from the perspective of the consumers of these programs. I surveyed audience beliefs about the educational value of nature programs and found that an overwhelming majority believed the programs were "educational" and designed to teach about nature. The results were particularly alarming because beliefs about the educational value may strongly impact learning outcomes. An informal survey of nature programs aired during a "sweeps" month indicated that poor presentation of science, and specifically evolutionary theory, was indeed the norm. Indeed, nature programs may be contributing to the "deconstruction" of knowledge about evolution both in and out of the classroom.

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Clark, Frazer Stephen. "Zeitgeist and zerrbild : word, image and idea in German satire, 1800-48." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251440.

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Millar, Anne. "Wartime Training at Canadian Universities during the Second World War." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33146.

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This dissertation provides an account of the contributions of Canadian universities to the Second World War. It examines the deliberations and negotiations of university, government, and military officials on how best to utilize and direct the resources of Canadian institutions of higher learning towards the prosecution of the war and postwar reconstruction. During the Second World War, university leaders worked with the Dominion Government and high-ranking military officials to establish comprehensive training programs on campuses across the country. These programs were designed to produce service personnel, provide skilled labour for essential war and civilian industries, impart specialized and technical knowledge to enlisted service members, and educate returning veterans. University administrators actively participated in the formation and expansion of these training initiatives and lobbied the government for adequate funding to ensure the success of their efforts. This study shows that university heads, deans, and prominent faculty members eagerly collaborated with both the government and the military to ensure that their institutions’ material and human resources were best directed in support of the war effort and that, in contrast to the First World War, skilled graduates would not be heedlessly wasted. At the center of these negotiations was the National Conference of Canadian Universities, a body consisting of heads of universities and colleges from across the country. This organization maintained an active presence in all major deliberations and exercised substantial influence over the policies affecting the mobilization of university resources.

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Ma, Li. "The Word and the World: Exploring World Views of Monolingual and Bilingual Chinese Through the Use of Proverbs." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/530.

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Many thinkers argue that major differences among languages lead to major differences in experience and thought. Each speech community possibly embodies a distinct world view. The purpose of this study was to explore, through the use of proverbs, the relationship between acculturation and world views among monolingual and bilingual Chinese, with proficiency in Chinese and/or English used a proxy for level of acculturation. Data were collected through questionnaires and qualitative interviews regarding attitudes to English and Chinese proverbs. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS and modified grounded theory methodology. The statistical and qualitative findings contradicted each other: the former found a significant effect for monolingual English speakers, while the latter indicated much more mixed responses with no clear patterns related to language. Implications of findings were discussed and a “global view” was proposed to take the place of a culturally-based world view.

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Orloff, Lars R. H. "Analysis of fratricide in United States naval surface and Submarine Forces in the second World War." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA374561.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999.
"September 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Wayne P. Hughes, Jr. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82). Also Available online.

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Ibramovska, Canan, and Kamila Weremko. "The World of Word-of-Mouth (WOM) – The Factors Influencing WOM Communication." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Health and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4730.

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In this study we try to answer the questions regarding factors that may have influence on Word-of-Mouth (WOM) referrals within the service industry. Aim of this paper is to explore relevant literature in search for factors that may influence WOM communication, create a model of factors that will be tested during the research and finally to gather both the theoretical and empirical data in the new model that describes observed factors. The dissertation is built on an exploratory research and deductive approach to reach insight and better understanding for the phenomenon. Furthermore, we used semi-structured pilot interviews to collect the primary data and we chose to investigate the restaurants as the representatives of the service industry. Both the theoretical and empirical findings build upon Berlo’s (SMCR) communication model. SMCR stands for Source, Message, Channel and Receiver which are presented in correlation to each other under the process of developing, sending and receiving the message. Factors found to be important for the WOM communication are: the message, service and people. The message was found to be relevant for influencing the referrals when generating feeling of engagement and anticipation thru the company’s concept, events and other arrangements. The service was divided into three categories: employees, interior and food. The service works as a channel for the message. The channel should be unique, personal and create a value to be good carriers of the message. The people are the last factor, and they are the receivers of the message sent by the company and the source of the message to be sent further. The people that are most likely to influence referrals are the regular customers, employees, fans and hobbyists as well as people and companies connected to the restaurants in formal as well as informal relationships. Due to the limited amount of time we do not managed to investigate the efficiency of these factors. The further researches on this topic should include the consumers’ perspective. The paper can serve informative purpose to the current as well as future managers of the restaurants which want to explore the possibilities of using marketing technique that not requires large financial investments. Our research outcome is build upon the factors listed in the literature and factors that we found after analysing the empirical findings. We had to reject some of the factors but at the same time we discovered new like: event, concept, personal network and other companies that are used by the restaurants to harness the referrals.

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Sokolsky, Mark D. Sokolsky. "Taming Tiger Country: Colonization and Environment in the Russian Far East, 1860-1940." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468510951.

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Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan. "The AEF way of war: the American army and combat in the First World War." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/569.

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Many scholars of the First World War have examined the European armies in new ways that have shown not only how those armies actually fought along the Western Front, but how they changed their ideas and methods over time, and why they fought the way they did. This dissertation does the same for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). It examines how four AEF divisions (the 1st, 2nd, 26th, and 77th) planned and conducted their battles, what they learned about modern combat in those battles, and how they adapted their doctrine, tactics, and other operational methods during the war. Although this dissertation describes AEF training and operations, its focus is on ideas and methods, and the changes in both during the war. It shows that when the United States joined the war in 1917, the U.S. Army was doctrinally unprepared for the industrial combat of the Western Front. It demonstrates that General John J. Pershing and other AEF leaders accepted this inadequate prewar doctrine, with only minor modification, as the official doctrine of the AEF. Many early American attacks suffered from these unrealistic ideas, which retained too much faith in the infantry rifleman on a battlefield dominated by artillery, machine guns, and barbed wire. However, this dissertation also shows that AEF divisions adjusted their doctrine, tactics, and other operational methods, as they fought. Experienced divisions prepared more comprehensive attack plans, employed more flexible infantry formations, and maximized firepower to seize limited objectives. Although some of these adaptations were accepted by senior officers at AEF General Headquarters (GHQ), the American First Army, and the various corps, the lessons seem to have been learned first, and best, by officers and men within the combat divisions. Often the extent of these changes reduced the operational relevance of senior officers at GHQ, including Pershing, many of whom failed to make the same doctrinal adjustments. In short, this study exposes the battle of ideas waged within the AEF, between those who adhered to the traditional, human-centered ideas of the prewar army and those who increasingly appreciated the modern, industrial ideas then prevalent in the European armies.

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Barth, Danielle. "To HAVE and to BE: Function Word Reduction in Child Speech, Child Directed Speech and Inter-adult Speech." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19687.

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Function words are known to be shorter than content words. I investigate the function words BE and HAVE (with its content word homonym) and show that more reduction, operationalized as word shortening or contraction, is found in some grammaticalized meanings of these words. The difference between the words’ uses cannot be attributed to differences in frequency or semantic weight. Instead I argue that these words are often shortened and reduced when they occur in constructions in which they are highly predictable. This suggests that particular grammaticalized uses of a word are stored with their own exemplar clouds of context-specific phonetic realizations. The phonetics of any instance of a word are then jointly determined by the exemplar cloud for that word and the particular context. A given instance of an auxiliary can be reduced either because it is predictable in the current context or because that use of the auxiliary usually occurs in predictable contexts. The effects cannot be attributed to frequency or semantic weight. The present study compares function word production in the speech of school-aged children and their caregivers and in inter-adult speech. The effects of predictability in context and average predictability across contexts are replicated across the datasets. However, I find that as children get older their function words shorten relative to content words, even when controlling for increasing speech rate, showing that as their language experience increases they spend less time where it is not needed for comprehensibility. Caregivers spend less time on function words with older children than younger children, suggesting that they expect function words to be more difficult for younger interlocutors to decode than for older interlocutors. Additionally, while adults use either word shortening or contraction to increase the efficiency of speech, children tend to either use contraction and word shortening or neither until age seven, where they start to use one strategy or the other like adults. Young children with better vocabulary employ an adult-like strategy earlier, suggesting earlier onset of efficient yet effective speech behavior, namely allocating less signal to function words when they are especially easy for the listener to decode.

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Wallgren, Märtha. "Mammal community structure in a world of gradients : effects of resource availability and disturbance across scales and biomes /." Umeå : Dept. of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200859.pdf.

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Elza, Dethe. "Browser evolution document access on the World Wide Web." Ohio : Ohio University, 1998. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176833339.

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Gennaro, Matthieu de. "Modélisation de la propagation des grands incendies de forêts et élaboration d'un outil opérationnel d'aide à la lutte tactique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0148/document.

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Ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur le développement d’un modèle de propagation d’un incendie de forêt et son intégration dans une chaîne opérationnelle d'aide à la lutte tactique. C'est un modèle dont la propagation s'effectue sur un réseau de sites combustibles qui prend en compte les mécanismes principaux de transfert de chaleur radiatifs et convectifs des sites en feu vers les sites sains et l'environnement. Ce modèle tient également compte du relief et des conditions locales de vent et végétation. La simulation « temps réel » a nécessité deux développements distincts. Le premier a consisté à combiner la méthode de Monte Carlo à un algorithme génétique pour créer une base de données des facteurs de vue radiatifs de la flamme sur la végétation environnante, pour une large gamme de propriétés de flammes et de conditions environnementales. Le second repose sur une méthode de suivi du front de feu afin de limiter les données manipulées aux seules données utiles au calcul de sa propagation. La phase de validation a porté sur l’analyse comparative des contours de feux calculés par le modèle avec ceux mesurés lors de deux brûlages dirigés, dont un réalisé en Thaïlande dans le cadre de cette thèse, et ceux mesurés lors du feu de Favone de 2009 en Corse et d'un feu de grande ampleur aux États-Unis. Les temps de calcul sont très inférieurs au temps réel. Le modèle a été ensuite étendu pour permettre une évaluation du risque incendie à l’interface forêt-habitat. Dans le cadre du projet TechForFire, porté par la société NOVELTIS, il a été enfin couplé aux différents modules de la chaîne opérationnelle. La chaîne complète a été validée sur le feu historique de Velaux de 2015
This thesis work is focused on the development of a wildfire spread model and its integration into a decision-making tool for planning firefighting operations. The fire spread model is based on a network model to represent vegetation distribution on land and considers the main heat transfer mechanisms from burning to unburnt vegetation items (i.e. radiation from the flaming zone and embers, surface convection and wind-driven convection through the fuel bed, and radiative cooling from the heated fuel element to the environment). The effects of local conditions of wind, topography, and vegetation are included. To address the challenge of real-time fire spread simulations, the model is also extended in two ways. First, the Monte Carlo method is used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to create a database of radiation view factors from the flame to the fuel surface for a wide variety of flame properties and environment conditions. Second, the front-tracking method is introduced in order to reduce the amount of data to store and handle during propagation. The fire spread model is validated against data from different fire scenarios, showing it is capable of capturing the trends observed in experiments in terms of rate of spread, and area and shape of the burn, with reduced computational resources. It is then extended to evaluate fire risk at the wildland fire interface. In the frame of the TechForFire project coordinated by the NOVELTIS company, the new version of the fire spread model is coupled with the other modules of the operational chain. Finally, data from the fire of Velaux in 2015 are used to evaluate the TechForFire solution

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McMahon, Peter, and n/a. "Homefires and Embers." University of Canberra. Creative Communication, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20090609.112638.

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In December 1945, four months after the end of the Second World War, two soldiers meet on an aeroplane flying towards Port Hedland, located in north-west Western Australia, the Pilbara district. Frank Grey found the war a horrific experience and is deeply traumatised. He is returning home, after an absence of five years, hoping to reunite with his wife, get his old job back, and continue on with his life as it was before the war. Patrick Gray is an Aboriginal. He also found the war horrific. However, for him, serving in the A.I.F. was also a liberating experience. For the first time in his life he received equal pay and conditions of white men. He found equality. He is hoping that because he, and other Aborigines, served in the armed forces, the social conditions for Aborigines will have improved in the 6 years he's been away. They are both disappointed.

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Rigg, Bryan Mark. "Jews and men of Jewish descent who served in the German armed forces during World War II." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620231.

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Overholt, Steven M. "Instructing new believers to filter the teaching of this world through God's Word." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1176.

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Wang, Peng. "Historical handwriting representation model dedicated to word spotting application." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STET4019/document.

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L’objectif du travail de thèse est de proposer un modèle de représentation des écritures dans les images de documents du patrimoine sans recourir à une transcription des textes. Ce modèle, issu d’une étude très complète des méthodes actuelles de caractérisation des écritures, est à la base d’une proposition de scénario de recherche par similarité de mots, indépendante du scripteur et ne nécessitant pas d’apprentissage. La recherche par similarité proposée repose sur une structure de graphes intégrant des informations sur la topologie, la morphologie locale des mots et sur le contexte extrait du voisinage de chaque point d’intérêt. Un graphe est construit à partir du squelette décrit en chaque point sommet par le contexte de formes, descripteur riche et compact. L’extraction de mots est assurée par une première étape de localisation grossière de régions candidates, décrites par une séquence déduite d’une représentation par graphes liée à des critères topologiques de voisinage. L’appariement entre mots repose ensuite sur une distance dynamique et un usage adapté du coût d’édition approximé entre graphes rendant compte de la nature bi-dimensionnelle de l’écriture. L’approche a été conçue pour être robuste aux distorsions de l’écriture et aux changements de scripteurs. Les expérimentations sont réalisées sur des bases de documents manuscrits patrimoniaux exploitées dans les compétitions de word-spotting. Les performances illustrent la pertinence de la proposition et ouvrent des voies nouvelles d’investigation dans des domaines d’applications autour de la reconnaissance de symboles et d’écritures iconographiques
As more and more documents, especially historical handwritten documents, are converted into digitized version for long-term preservation, the demands for efficient information retrieval techniques in such document images are increasing. The objective of this research is to establish an effective representation model for handwriting, especially historical manuscripts. The proposed model is supposed to help the navigation in historical document collections. Specifically speaking, we developed our handwriting representation model with regards to word spotting application. As a specific pattern recognition task, handwritten word spotting faces many challenges such as the high intra-writer and inter-writer variability. Nowadays, it has been admitted that OCR techniques are unsuccessful in handwritten offline documents, especially historical ones. Therefore, the particular characterization and comparison methods dedicated to handwritten word spotting are strongly required. In this work, we explore several techniques that allow the retrieval of singlestyle handwritten document images with query image. The proposed representation model contains two facets of handwriting, morphology and topology. Based on the skeleton of handwriting, graphs are constructed with the structural points as the vertexes and the strokes as the edges. By signing the Shape Context descriptor as the label of vertex, the contextual information of handwriting is also integrated. Moreover, we develop a coarse-to-fine system for the large-scale handwritten word spotting using our representation model. In the coarse selection, graph embedding is adapted with consideration of simple and fast computation. With selected regions of interest, in the fine selection, a specific similarity measure based on graph edit distance is designed. Regarding the importance of the order of handwriting, dynamic time warping assignment with block merging is added. The experimental results using benchmark handwriting datasets demonstrate the power of the proposed representation model and the efficiency of the developed word spotting approach. The main contribution of this work is the proposed graph-based representation model, which realizes a comprehensive description of handwriting, especially historical script. Our structure-based model captures the essential characteristics of handwriting without redundancy, and meanwhile is robust to the intra-variation of handwriting and specific noises. With additional experiments, we have also proved the potential of the proposed representation model in other symbol recognition applications, such as handwritten musical and architectural classification

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Bush, Aryn L. H. "Effects of mild cognitive impairment on visual world recognition a longitudinal investigation /." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1144771075.

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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Psychology, 2006.
"May, 2006." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 09/16/2006) Advisor, Philip A. Allen; Committee members, Kevin P. Kaut, Martin D. Murphy, Raymond E. Sanders, Daniel L. Ely; Department Chair, Paul E. Levy; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Word for World is Forest'

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