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Journal articles on the topic 'The Word for World is Forest'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Crowther, David, and Branka Mraović. "The Word for World is Not Forest." Social Responsibility Journal 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb059263.

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In 1972 Ursula Le Guin published her award winning novella, The Word for World is Forest. This describes the world of the Athsheans, a small, green, furry, and peaceful people. Their planet consists of basically two things: water, and forest. Here they live, hunt, love and dream. They slip gently from dreamtime to realtime; their reality is not always as ours. Then the Terrans arrive. They don't particularly care about the natives, but they want the forest. With huge machines, they level the forest for mile wide strips, using the natives as slave labour. But then one of the Athsheans learn something from the conquerors: how to hate — and how to use this hate to fight for freedom. This is a story of how the search for profit, coupled with narrow — mindedness, blend into a mix with horrible consequences. Like all science fiction Le Guin provides not so much a vision of the future but rather a lens with which to view and make sense of the present. And the human exploitation of the world of the Athsheans is very similar to the current corporate exploitation of large parts of the world and its human inhabitants — anything is permissible (including enslavement) if there is a profit to be made. For Le Guin corporate exploitation is not sustainable but in Newtonian fashion will result violent retribution from the oppressed. Many would support this prognosis of the consequences of corporate misbehaviour and would, like Le Guin, be firmly on the side of the oppressed. It is the purpose of this paper however to use the metaphor provided by the work of Le Guin, together with a consideration of current corporate activity, to show that a sustainable future is neither exploitative (and so the corporate leaders have got it wrong) nor confrontational (and so the anti‐globalisation movement is equally wrong). A sustainable future actually requires what could have been described as a third way if the Blairite masters of spin had not arrived previously and made such a term ridiculed into oblivion.

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ATEŞ, Kevser. "AN ECOCRITICAL READING OF THE WORD FOR WORLD IS FOREST." Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 10, Number: 63 (January 1, 2017): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/jasss7378.

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3

Jurewicz, Joanna. "Polysemy and cognitive linguistics. The case of vána." Lingua Posnaniensis 61, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2019-0014.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to address the problem of the polysemy of Sanskrit words using the example of the meanings of the word vána used in the Ṛgveda (“a tree, wood, forest, fire drill, vessel for Soma, water and material of the world”). I will show that the methodology of cognitive linguistics is very useful to analyse the rational background of polysemy and its conceptual consistency. The basis for my analysis is three assumptions accepted in cognitive linguistics: 1. the meaning of words reflects thinking about the designate; 2. thinking is motivated by experience and cultural beliefs; 3. the associations between semantic aspects of the word can be modelled as conceptual metonymy, conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending. On the basis of these assumptions, I will reconstruct the semantic structure of the word vána. It is a radial category, the centre of which is constituted by its most literal meaning, “tree”, and its metonymic extensions, i.e. wood and forest. The meanings of things made of wood (i.e. fire drill and vessel) are also close to the central meaning and are metonymic extensions. The meanings of water and the material of the world are metaphoric extensions of the central meaning and more peripheral. They are based on cultural beliefs and models shared by the Ṛgvedic poets. I will also argue that the Ṛgvedic poets consciously shaped the semantics of the word vána by using it in contexts which forced the recipient to activate its less literal meanings. Thus they could create a general concept of the hiding place of desirable goods, such as fire, Soma, the sun, and the world.

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Roberts, Ralph W., and George S. Nagle. "Leadership and governance in world forestry: A discussion paper." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73445-4.

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Is improved world leadership in forestry feasible and is it imminent? The way UN international forest institutions are governed has a profound effect on their performance. The availability of resources and the responsiveness to sector issues in developing appropriate and coherent policies and programs are defining features of the quality of leadership. By any measure, funding and human resources are in extremely short supply among a fractionated and scattered number of small and relatively ineffective UN international forest institutions. A critical objective of institutional reform will be to enhance the effective representation of ministers responsible for forests (and not surrogates from agriculture, trade or environment ministries), the commercial private sector and representative citizen groups. Three options are explored for institutional reform with particular emphasis on the third.The first would be a minimalist approach. It would see the creation of a World Forest Programme in association with FAO similar to the World Food Programme. The second option to creating a new governance structure for more direct representation of forest interests would lead to the creation of a new UN "Forest Council" of ministers responsible for forests apart from FAO and other UN forest agencies that would guide international forest policy dialogue. A third option would result in the creation of a "hybrid" institution, the Global Alliance for Forests and Sustainable Development (GLOBALFOR), which would be established out-side the UN but could be more successful than other options in building a sound and modern governance structure among all interested parties, including governments, industry and NGOs that is open, inclusive and participatory.Institutional reform of international forest institutions is important and urgent and demands the attention of UN reformers and independent assessors. Reform could result in fewer institutions at lower cost and increased resources for more effective global forest related activity.

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5

KANGYONGKI. "The Metaphor of ‘Dream’ and Its Politics in Le Guin’s The Word for World Is Forest." English21 28, no. 1 (March 2015): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2015.28.1.001.

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6

Hovanec, Carol P. "Visions of Nature in The Word for World is Forest: A Mirror of the American Consciousness." Extrapolation 30, no. 1 (April 1989): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/extr.1989.30.1.84.

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7

Rotherham, Tony. "Forest management certification around the world –Progress and problems." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 05 (October 2011): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-067.

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Certification to approved forest management standards is a recognized business practice. There are two international forest certification programs: the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). The common objective of both is to improve forest management and provide assurance to the public and customers that forest products come from sustainably managed forests and not from illegal operations. As of June 2011 there were approximately 372 million ha of certified forests around the world. There are 234 million ha of forests in 26 countries that have been certified to standards approved by PEFC. There are143 million ha of forest certified to FSC standards in 81 countries. In 20 of these countries, with101 million ha (70%), the forests have been certified to standards approved by FSC. In the remaining 61 countries, 42 million ha (30%), the forests have been certified to draft or “interim standards” that have not gone through the FSC approval process. Consumers have no way of knowing whether the wood or paper products with an FSC label are from forests certified to FSC-approved standards or to “interim standards” developed by FSC certification bodies.

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8

Patel, Ravikumar, and Kalpdrum Passi. "Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data of World Cup Soccer Tournament Using Machine Learning." IoT 1, no. 2 (October 10, 2020): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iot1020014.

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In the derived approach, an analysis is performed on Twitter data for World Cup soccer 2014 held in Brazil to detect the sentiment of the people throughout the world using machine learning techniques. By filtering and analyzing the data using natural language processing techniques, sentiment polarity was calculated based on the emotion words detected in the user tweets. The dataset is normalized to be used by machine learning algorithms and prepared using natural language processing techniques like word tokenization, stemming and lemmatization, part-of-speech (POS) tagger, name entity recognition (NER), and parser to extract emotions for the textual data from each tweet. This approach is implemented using Python programming language and Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). A derived algorithm extracts emotional words using WordNet with its POS (part-of-speech) for the word in a sentence that has a meaning in the current context, and is assigned sentiment polarity using the SentiWordNet dictionary or using a lexicon-based method. The resultant polarity assigned is further analyzed using naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and random forest machine learning algorithms and visualized on the Weka platform. Naïve Bayes gives the best accuracy of 88.17% whereas random forest gives the best area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.97.

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9

Rotherham, Tony. "Canada's privately owned forest lands: Their management and economic importance." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79106-1.

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Canada has the third largest area of forest in the world after Russia and Brazil. About 89% is in public ownership; 11%, or 23 million ha, is privately owned. The comparatively small area of forest in private ownership has been largely overlooked. If it were a national forest, it would be the 11th largest in the world, between Japan and Finland, with the 8th largest production of industrial roundwood, between Finland and Germany. Canada's privately owned forest lands produce 19% of our wood supply, some 36 million m3 per year. There are about 425 000 owners with an average of 45 ha each. Their objectives vary greatly. They own a high percentage of the Deciduous, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence and Acadian Forest Regions. These forests are very important environmental, economic and social resources. We should understand their value better and set in place management programs to ensure their health and productivity. Landowner's rights and management objectives must be respected. Key words: private forest land, Canada, wood production, area of forest, management programs

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10

HILLRING, B. "World trade in forest products and wood fuel." Biomass and Bioenergy 30, no. 10 (October 2006): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.04.002.

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11

Koblitz, Neal. "“The Word for World Is Forest”: A Long-Range Funding Source for Women in Math in Developing Countries." Mathematical Intelligencer 33, no. 4 (July 21, 2011): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-011-9237-0.

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12

Stevenson, Deborah. "Forest World by Margarita Engle." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 71, no. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2017.0592.

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13

Björk, Pasi, and Jorma Halonen. "The World of Friendship Forest." Open Schools Journal for Open Science 1, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/osj.20389.

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The World of Friendship Forest project is located in the Finnish town of Salo, where the School of Uskela, Anjalankatu Unit has implemented various smaller projects in their nearby forest to engage students in meaningful and interesting activities which provide benefit for the whole town community. The school provides special education for grades 1 to 9 (ages 7 to 16) and the European Project Open Schools for Open Societies ( OSOS) projects so far have involved 60 students in total. The students of the school have extensive learning difficulties and behavioural and emotional troubles. Most students have a low socioeconomic status. Majority of the students also have low self-esteem. From the point of view of students’ overall development, it has been important to provide them with socially significant activities and to provide students with experiences of success and sense of togetherness. The main partners in the project have been the sports office of the town and schools of Tupuri and Uskela, Kavilankatu unit and the University of Turku.

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14

Langston, N. "On Teaching World Forest History." Environmental History 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/10.1.20.

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15

Norby, RJ. "Oaks in a high-CO2 world." Annales des Sciences Forestières 53, no. 2-3 (1996): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:19960224.

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16

Miyao, Yusuke, and Jun'ichi Tsujii. "Feature Forest Models for Probabilistic HPSG Parsing." Computational Linguistics 34, no. 1 (March 2008): 35–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2008.34.1.35.

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Probabilistic modeling of lexicalized grammars is difficult because these grammars exploit complicated data structures, such as typed feature structures. This prevents us from applying common methods of probabilistic modeling in which a complete structure is divided into sub-structures under the assumption of statistical independence among sub-structures. For example, part-of-speech tagging of a sentence is decomposed into tagging of each word, and CFG parsing is split into applications of CFG rules. These methods have relied on the structure of the target problem, namely lattices or trees, and cannot be applied to graph structures including typed feature structures. This article proposes the feature forest model as a solution to the problem of probabilistic modeling of complex data structures including typed feature structures. The feature forest model provides a method for probabilistic modeling without the independence assumption when probabilistic events are represented with feature forests. Feature forests are generic data structures that represent ambiguous trees in a packed forest structure. Feature forest models are maximum entropy models defined over feature forests. A dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for maximum entropy estimation without unpacking feature forests. Thus probabilistic modeling of any data structures is possible when they are represented by feature forests. This article also describes methods for representing HPSG syntactic structures and predicate-argument structures with feature forests. Hence, we describe a complete strategy for developing probabilistic models for HPSG parsing. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is empirically evaluated through parsing experiments on the Penn Treebank, and the promise of applicability to parsing of real-world sentences is discussed.

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Slee, Conrad. "Forests in a Full World." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 4 (2003): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040309.

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THE loss of forests globally, and particularly the rapid deforestation occurring in tropical areas is a concerning issue. Forests in a Full World is a book about the role of forests at a turning point in the human economy where natural capital has replaced human capital as the limitation to further development. This represents the "full world" which provides little space for forests and their values. The book is the product of Woods Hole Research Centre and follows on from the report: Our Forests . . . Our Future (1999) by the World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development. The book is a logically arranged collection of essays from experts in the field of forest management, which give relevant economic considerations to the sustainable use of forests. It is directed at readers with an interest in the fate of forests globally, particularly those with a desire for some technical information. The book gives reasons for deforestation in the past, the stages in which it occurs, and challenging options for increasing the role of forests in a degraded landscape.

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Gillespie, Thomas W., Gunnar Keppel, Chelsea M. Robinson, and Gonzalo Rivas-Torres. "Dry forests of the Galápagos: a comparative assessment of a World Heritage Site." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 2 (2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18071.

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Despite worldwide knowledge of the importance of the Galápagos archipelago, there is little comparative plot data from the forests in the dry regions. We examined patterns of woody plant (≥2.5cm diameter at breast height (DBH)) species richness and structure using Gentry’s transect method (0.1ha) on the three largest islands in the Galápagos. We identified the conservation status of woody plants within the dry forest region, assessed forest cover and change in the region, and compared field results to other tropical dry forests in the Pacific. Of the 22 species encountered (11 native, 11 endemic), there were no non-native species and only one threatened species. Isabela, Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal have similar overall levels of species, genera, family and liana richness per site, but significantly different tree species richness, density and tree height per transect. Geospatial databases identified 51 species (native 40%, endemic 60%) of woody plants (≥2.5cm DBH) within the dry forest region of the Galápagos and 13 species (10 from the genus Scalesia) on the IUCN Red List. There is an estimated 551.97km2 of dry forest in the Galápagos and there has been little change (<0.01%) in forest cover from 2000 to 2015. Dry forests of the Galápagos have similar levels of species richness to Hawaii and the Marquesas but contain lower densities, basal areas and tree heights than other dry forests in the Pacific. These dry forests appear to be the best preserved and protected tropical dry forest in the Pacific.

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Mariotti, B., and M. Marchetti. "On the XXV IUFRO World Congress “Forest Research and Cooperation for Sustainable Development”." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 16, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor3281-016.

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20

KAI, Keiko. "Tropical forest decreases. Decrease of tropical forest and forest in the world." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 28, no. 9 (1999): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.28.630.

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Sugden, A., J. Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, D. Malakoff, and S. Vignieri. "Forest health in a changing world." Science 349, no. 6250 (August 20, 2015): 800–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6250.800.

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Bacon, Gary. "A celebration of world forest research." Australian Forestry 69, no. 2 (January 2006): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2006.10676230.

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23

Pautasso, Marco, Markus Schlegel, and Ottmar Holdenrieder. "Forest Health in a Changing World." Microbial Ecology 69, no. 4 (December 13, 2014): 826–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8.

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McDowell, Nate G., Craig D. Allen, Kristina Anderson-Teixeira, Brian H. Aukema, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Louise Chini, James S. Clark, et al. "Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world." Science 368, no. 6494 (May 28, 2020): eaaz9463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9463.

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Forest dynamics arise from the interplay of environmental drivers and disturbances with the demographic processes of recruitment, growth, and mortality, subsequently driving biomass and species composition. However, forest disturbances and subsequent recovery are shifting with global changes in climate and land use, altering these dynamics. Changes in environmental drivers, land use, and disturbance regimes are forcing forests toward younger, shorter stands. Rising carbon dioxide, acclimation, adaptation, and migration can influence these impacts. Recent developments in Earth system models support increasingly realistic simulations of vegetation dynamics. In parallel, emerging remote sensing datasets promise qualitatively new and more abundant data on the underlying processes and consequences for vegetation structure. When combined, these advances hold promise for improving the scientific understanding of changes in vegetation demographics and disturbances.

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Blaser, Jürgen. "Die Welt braucht Wald – braucht die Welt Forstwirtschaft? | The World Needs Forest – Does the World Need Forestry?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0508.

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This essay investigates in a provocative way of the question whether foresters and forestry are actually still necessary for forest tending and conservation. The first section briefly describes the various points of view on forest and forest management. The second section sets out the importance of the forest and its functions. The third section illustrates the insufficiencies of forestry, in particular the problematic issue of world-wide forest destruction which can be explained by a lack of values, poverty and increasing corruption. The fourth section points out the trends within forest development (certification,forest carbon trade, intensification of chemical pulp production and nature conservation), in which classical forestry occupies a rather passive than active role. Finally, the fifth section (‹Quo vadis, Forestry?›) consists of reflections on how forestry and the foresters could overcome the dilemma of passivity, in order to again occupy a leading role within forest development. It is important to expand the very narrow forestry circle and develop and realise a forest vision together with others.

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Suda, Michael, and Stefan Schaffner. "Wald 2050 – Rückblicke in die Zukunft aus fünf Perspektiven (Essay) | Forest 2050 – review on the future from five perspectives (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0237.

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With the reviews on the future of the forest, the Chair of Forest and Environmental Policy of the Technische Universität München is free to present an experiment on how people may describe forests in the future. For this experiment we approach five different characters which describe what their environment and the world will be like in the year 2050 from different perspectives. Based on five stories about the forests’ future, we reflect on how we may experience and describe the world and the forests with diverse scenarios. We do not provide a solution as to how the future may look but we would like to awaken hope in our future nevertheless.

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Hüttl, R. "Forests and Energy — 1st Hannover EXPO2000 World Forest Forum (selected papers)." Ecological Engineering 16 (December 1, 2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(00)00160-9.

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Vasudeva, S. P. "Disastrous Forest Fires: Management and Control." Indian Journal of Public Administration 64, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117750900.

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Forest fires are the most common hazard in forests causing havoc with biodiversity. Forest fires may occur naturally; however, about 80 per cent of forest fires in the world are caused by human beings. Forest Survey of India estimates that about half of the country’s forests are affected by fire. The negative effects of forest fires override the beneficial effects requiring their strategic management. Management of forest fires through the disaster management continuum would lead to systematic tackling with better results. Involvement of communities with their viewpoint in devising strategy for forest fire prevention and control is required. Integrated approach incorporating ecological, economic, social, cultural and religious considerations, and rational knowledge of local people through consultative process to be considered by a fully accountable nodal department would go a long way in managing this disastrous menace.

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Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah. "The Word ‘Orangutan’." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 176, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10016.

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Abstract Orangutans are a type of great ape found in the wild in Sumatra and Borneo. The word ‘orangutan’ in European languages originates from a Malay expression meaning ‘forest person’, but many scholars have argued that it was not in genuine usage among the indigenous peoples of the archipelago. Instead, it is widely believed that the word ‘orangutan’, as a term for the ape, resulted from either an invention or a misunderstanding on the part of European visitors in the seventeenth century CE. I argue against this view, using data from Old Javanese texts and historical-linguistic analysis to show that orangutans have been referred to by this term since the first millennium CE. My findings indicate that the modern use of the word ‘orangutan’ has much older roots in Malay than has been recognized previously.

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Innes, JL. "Forest sciences in the world of tomorrow." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 1, no. 5 (November 25, 2008): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor0468-0010140.

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Conklin, Beth Ann. "Yuqul: Forest Nomads In a Changing World." Latin American Anthropology Review 2, no. 2 (May 8, 2008): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlca.1990.2.2.64.2.

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Liebhold, Andrew M. "Forest pest management in a changing world." International Journal of Pest Management 58, no. 3 (September 2012): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2012.678405.

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Packham, John R., E. Rohrig, and B. Ulrich. "Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystems of the World." Journal of Biogeography 19, no. 5 (September 1992): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845779.

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Oldekop, Johan A., Laura Vang Rasmussen, Arun Agrawal, Anthony J. Bebbington, Patrick Meyfroidt, David N. Bengston, Allen Blackman, et al. "Forest-linked livelihoods in a globalized world." Nature Plants 6, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1400–1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00814-9.

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Lexer, Manfred J., and Harald Bugmann. "Mountain forest management in a changing world." European Journal of Forest Research 136, no. 5-6 (November 7, 2017): 981–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1082-z.

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36

Gray, Ross E. J., and Robert M. Ewers. "Monitoring Forest Phenology in a Changing World." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030297.

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Plant phenology is strongly interlinked with ecosystem processes and biodiversity. Like many other aspects of ecosystem functioning, it is affected by habitat and climate change, with both global change drivers altering the timings and frequency of phenological events. As such, there has been an increased focus in recent years to monitor phenology in different biomes. A range of approaches for monitoring phenology have been developed to increase our understanding on its role in ecosystems, ranging from the use of satellites and drones to collection traps, each with their own merits and limitations. Here, we outline the trade-offs between methods (spatial resolution, temporal resolution, cost, data processing), and discuss how their use can be optimised in different environments and for different goals. We also emphasise emerging technologies that will be the focus of monitoring in the years to follow and the challenges of monitoring phenology that still need to be addressed. We conclude that there is a need to integrate studies that incorporate multiple monitoring methods, allowing the strengths of one to compensate for the weaknesses of another, with a view to developing robust methods for upscaling phenological observations from point locations to biome and global scales and reconciling data from varied sources and environments. Such developments are needed if we are to accurately quantify the impacts of a changing world on plant phenology.

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Segura Warnholtz, G., A. A. Molnar, and N. Ahuja. "Forest communities in control: are governments and donors prepared to help them thrive?" International Forestry Review 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829523989.

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John Spears, a visionary forest advisor to the World Bank in the 1970s, was an early advocate of the idea that communities could be good stewards of forest lands as well as providers of forest products and environmental services. At that time, most developing countries followed colonial policies claiming ownership and control of forests as national assets. The 1978 World Bank forest strategy stimulated a dialogue for a future where communities would have statutory rights over land and forests. Community-based forest management is now expanding, underpinned by a very different body of law, policy, and regulation. More developing countries now recognize locally-controlled forestry as an economic engine, providing multiple economic, social and environmental benefits. What has contributed to this policy shift and endorsement of collective rights? How has secure tenure contributed to make Community Forest Enterprises successful? What are the expectations on delivery of sustainable development goals? How do communities intersect with commercial value chains for forest resources and environmental services? This paper explores answers to some of these questions, and discusses some challenges currently faced by communities and their enterprises, and the options governments and donors have to help them succeed.

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Narmadha, S. "Chitra Banrjee Divakaruini’s “The Forest of Enchantments: Revisiting the Epic from Sita’s Prespective”." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i6.10634.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Forest OF Enchantments is about the retelling of our ancient prestigious epic of Ramayan from Sita’s perspective. As an Indian diasporic writer Divakaruni has nostalgia about Indian culture and tradition. The word culture comprises of behaviours and institutions, for its attempts at retelling an ancient epic through the female’s perspective. This novel focuses on the self discovery of Sita who is a celebrated female character of ancient India. So, Divakaruni has changed her way of thinking from traditional portrayal of simple and selfless women into modern female characters who is searching for their identity in the patriarchal world.

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Gu, Junlin, and Marina Pimenova. "Translation: Mapping and Reconfiguration of the Language World." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(1).74-83.

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The article discusses using the tenets of the linguistic world picture theory in terms of translation by analyzing the methods of interpreting the inscription on a public sign in a Chinese forest park. When the original and translated fragments of the language pictures of the world are the same or similar, the word-based translation is justified from the standpoint of conveying the pragmatic, semantic and grammatical value of the text. When the language pictures of the world are different and do not correspond to each other, the word combinations phrases of the source language cannot be literally translated into the target language. The word-based translation in such cases is a dead translation that will cause translational errors. Using the semantics of the source language, the translator must reconstruct the picture of the world in the target language in order to convey the pragmatic value of the original. The difference between languages is the manner they reflect the picture of the world. Various languages fix various worldviews. The characteristics of each particular language are limited by the linguistic consciousness of people who use the language. This individual worldview is also a unique view of the world. The theory of the language picture of the world contains a linguistic study of the relationship between the language, the thinking and the reality from a cognitive point of view. It begins with linguistic facts and refers to the cultural characteristics of peoples and differences in their thinking, expressed in the linguistic facts. Its essence lies in the cognitive reproduction of the objective world in the human mind, which is the subject of knowledge based on his own perceptual experience and the language of his national culture. The theory of the language picture of the world lies in the fact that it interprets the cultural heritage of the certain people from the point of view of the language. The characteristics of each particular language are limited by the language consciousness of people. Different languages are, in fact, different worldviews, which is an expression of the unique language pictures of the world.

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Oliver, Chadwick D. "Policies and practices: Options for pursuing forest sustainability." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77049-1.

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Achieving a goal of sustainable forestry will probably take time as people agree on what sustainability means at the global, subcontinental, national, and regional scales. Comparing seven criteria of sustainable forestry with information at different scales suggests that the world could practice sustainable forestry, but there are currently imbalances in economic development, forest area change, harvesting and wood-use rates and purposes, and other factors that are impeding it. Different countries could adopt different policies and practices to help correct these imbalances. Until a globally agreed-upon set of policies and practices is established, each country will probably define its best efforts toward sustaining its "fair share" of the criteria. Managing large areas of forests for many values with some areas reserved in each forest type will probably be more ecologically, socially, and financially effective than having small areas of plantations supply the world's wood – and the rest of the world's forests set aside as reserves. Disseminating accurate information, addressing sustainability at different scales, addressing rural/urban lifestyles, increasing uses for the very abundant, environmentally sound wood, incorporating the other values into the economic system, and avoiding central planning are primary issues and challenges to sustainability. Technology, policies, and various organizations can be marshalled, and each organization can play a constructive, rewarding role. Key words: sustainable forestry, Montreal Process criteria, world forests, landscape management, rural populations, carbon sequestration, wood uses

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Myers, Norman. "The world's forests: problems and potentials." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 2 (June 1996): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038546.

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SummaryThe accelerating decline of many of the world's forests represents one of the greatest problems and opportunities facing the global community. However little it may be recognized in its full scope, the forests crisis constitutes a profound and often irreversible degradation of both the biosphere and humanity's prospects. If this crisis is not contained and countered, extensive sectors of the world may well lose much, if not most, of their forest cover within the foreseeable future. I have drawn on my 30 years of field research in all three major forest biomes, together with my work with dozens of governments and agencies (FAO, the World Bank, etc.), backed by an in-depth review of the literature, to appraise the forests situation from both natural-science and social-science standpoints. My main finding is that deforestation is due partly to our scientific ignorance of forests' contributions to our welfare, both actually and potentially; partly to our meagre economic understanding of what is at stake; and partly to our lack of institutional capacity to manage forests for everybody's benefit, now and forever. I argue that forests are vital to the sustainable well-being of local communities, national economies and the biosphere. Yet they attract too little attention by governments dealing with the future of forests, also dealing with the future of a world that may eventually find itself with only a fraction as many forests as today.I urge that we broaden our understanding of what it will take to save remaining forests. Primarily we should recognize that in the main this is no longer a forestry problem alone. While much can still be achieved through traditional forestry practices, also through more protected areas within forests and other ‘defensive’ measures, these activities often do no more than tackle symptoms of deeper problems. In tropical forests, for instance, we must address the source problem of shiftcd-cultivator encroachment. Anything less is akin to building a fence around tropical forests (which would take an awful lot of timber), a fence that would be speedily over-run by multitudes of land-hungry farmers.There is growing recognition that forests make multiple contributions to the welfare of people throughout forest zones, of people throughout nations concerned, and of people throughout the world. Similarly the forests' survival depends on factors arising throughout the forests themselves, throughout nations concerned, and throughout the world. Fortunately this new recognition has been matched by growing awareness of the rapid decline of the Earth's forests.Much of the policy programme proposed will be difficult. But it will not be so difficult as living in a world bereft of its forests.

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Минина, Елена, and Elena Minina. "The concept of vegetable world in the right." Advances in Law Studies 2, no. 5 (November 1, 2014): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10377.

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The article analyzes the concept of "vegetation" and its use in the current legislation, marks discussion points classification of individual objects to the vegetable world, identifies the main areas of regulation of protection and use of vegetation (except forests) at the moment, and highlighted the issue of the development of a special federal law on the protection of flora and its relationship with the Forest Code of the Russian Federation.

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Benson, C. A. "A Need for Extensive Forest Management." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64421-5.

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Canada with its large amount of forest land of low productivity should manage the majority of the forest extensively rather than intensively. Extensive management can keep our stumpage rates or subsidies low, and help us remain competitive with the expanding areas of more productive forest in the world. Factors that influence and indicate that extensive management is more feasible than intensive management include: the low average productivity of Canadian forests, stumpage rates or subsidies allocation of present funds, present net value calculations, interest rates, risk factors, non-timber values, technological developments, present natural regeneration, lack of management information, current timber supplies, and protection of the forest. The challenges to the forester are to obtain and practice the extensive management skills necessary to produce a profitable resource for world markets. To meet these challenges will require that foresters treat the growing of trees as a profit source rather than as a cost to the people of Canada. Key words: Extensive management, intensive management, forest management.

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Sutton, Timothy. "Avatar, Tar Sands, and Dad." International Review of Qualitative Research 11, no. 2 (May 2018): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2018.11.2.178.

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This is an (auto)ethnographic performance inspired by a conversation with my father while leaving the theater after watching Avatar back in 2009. It is intended to be performed as readers’ theater. In it, I examine the role anthropology plays in the performance of imperialist nostalgia across the stories of James Cameron's film Avatar, Ursula K. Le Guin's novella The Word for World Is Forest, and Theodora Kroeber's Ishi in Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America. I see a performance of alternative possibilities in Le Guin's utopian speculative fiction and in recent Indigenous-led activism opposing megaresource extraction projects such as Alberta's tar sands and the pipelines that snake out from it.

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Woods, Alex J., Don Heppner, Harry H. Kope, Jennifer Burleigh, and Lorraine Maclauchlan. "Forest health and climate change: A British Columbia perspective." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86412-4.

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BC’s forests have already faced two simultaneous, globally significant, epidemics linked to climate change; the Dothistroma needle blight epidemic in NW BC and the massive mountain pine beetle epidemic throughout the BC Interior. Building on these experiences, we have compiled our best estimates of how we believe other forest health agents may behave as climate change continues to influence our forests. We have drawn on literature from around the world but have focused on the situation in BC. We have made management recommendations based on what we have seen so far and what we expect to come.Key words: climate change, forest health, forest insects, forest pathogens, forest management, British Columbia

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Mohta, Dinesh, and D. N. Roy. "Forests, fiber, and the environment – In view of the fiber supply to the pulp and paper industry." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75247-2.

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Forests play a vital role in the social, economic, and environmental development of any country. Paper, composed principally of wood fiber, is an essential commodity in promoting literacy, communication, documentation, and packaging. However, there is much concern about the world's forests being over-utilized. This has led to serious repercussions, not only to humanity, but also to the earth's biodiversity as a whole. It is now time that forests be used in a more responsible and ethical manner. Because of reduced forest area, increasing pulpwood costs, and an increasing demand for pulp and paper products, it might be expected that the focus would shift to high yield pulping processes or to the use of cellulosic non-wood raw materials. Non-woods are available in good supply all over the world, but are currently under-utilized. It is estimated that replacing 5–10% of wood pulp with non-wood pulp would have an important impact on the conservation of forests and the environment. This replacement of wood pulp by non-wood pulp could be environmentally and economically acceptable even in developed countries. By doing so, pulp and paper mills would have a lead role in reducing their dependency on forests for fiber. This determination and commitment would enhance the long-term sustainability of forests and the pulp and paper industry. Above all, it would be a sustainable step towards "our common future." Key words: forest, sustainable development, fiber supply, pulp and paper, non-woods

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Sommer, Jamie M., John M. Shandra, and Michael Restivo. "The World Bank, contradictory lending, and forests: A cross-national analysis of organized hypocrisy." International Sociology 32, no. 6 (August 11, 2017): 707–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917722893.

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This article draws on the theory of organized hypocrisy to test the hypothesis that World Bank lending in different sectors has contradictory impacts on forests. The authors use ordinary least squares regression to analyze newly available satellite imagery data on forest loss from 2001 to 2014 for a sample of 89 low and middle income nations. The analysis finds support for the theory of organized hypocrisy. The results indicate that World Bank structural adjustment lending and investment lending in the agriculture and forestry sectors are related to more forest loss but World Bank investment lending in the environmental sector is related to less forest loss. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical, methodological, and policy implications.

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Wurtz, Tricia L., and Anthony F. Gasbarro. "A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72047-1.

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The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act

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Locatelli, Gloria, and Francine Pellaud. "Comprendre la durabilité et la multifonctionalité à l'exemple de la forêt (essai)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0232.

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Understanding sustainability and multifunctionality through the forest (essai) “Learn from yesterday, act today, think of tomorrow.”. For a long time now forest management in Switzerland has been based on the concept of sustainability. Nevertheless, not all forest visitors see things in the same way as foresters. Often the foresters' work is criticized because the meaning and goals of forest interventions are not well understood and consequently not accepted by the population. Real-world examples show that direct contact between foresters and forest visitors improves the population's awareness of forest management. They also show that forests are an ideal place for education on sustainable development (ESD). ESD projects offer the participants the opportunity for hands-on involvement, fieldwork experience and cooperation with professionals. These issues breed understanding and tolerance among the different stakeholders. The SILVIVA project “World of the forester” and the project weeks of the organization “Bildungswerkstatt Bergwald” are practical examples of this concept.

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Tkach, V. P., S. A. Los, N. Yu Vysotska, L. I. Tereshchenko, and L. O. Torosova. "State of forest genetic resources in the world and in Ukraine." Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources), no. 25 (2019): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36814/pgr.2019.25.02.

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The aim of the article is to generalize the information presented in the FAO report ‘The State of World Forest Genetic Resources (FGR) and in the reports on the state of forest genetic resources in Ukraine and other countries. Results and Discussion. To draw up the World Report, the information was provided by 86 countries which occupy 76% of the earth's surface and involve 85% of the total forest area. The countries’ reports cover 8,000 species of trees, palm trees and bamboo, among which about 2,400 are economically important; at that, information at the genetic level is only available for 500 to 600 species. The vast majority of important for environmental protection species (84%) are indigenous, in contrast to those economically important, 85% of which are introduced species. About 50 indigenous and non-native species of forest trees are used in the forestry of Ukraine. 26 of them are given as high-priority ones. They are used to produce wood, pulp, fuel, non-timber products, as well as to create protective plantations. The total number of species and subspecies in the world that are preserved in situ is almost 1,000, with about 500 of them – in Asia and almost 200 in both Europe and Africa. In Ukraine, there are about 30 of such species. In cases where in situ conservation is problematic, alternative methods are used, namely ex situ. The total number of species that are conserved ex situ is 1,800; at that, 1,025 of them grow in Africa, 401 – in Europe, 389 – in Asia, 372 – in Latin America and the Caribbean, 265 – in North America, 102 – in the Middle East and 57 species – in Oceania. In Ukraine, they make a stock of the seeds of more than 130 tree and shrub species, including decorative ones. Man-made forests are created with more than 20 species of trees annually. Non-native species of woody plants in the forestry of Ukraine make 39%. Methodological approaches to the study of genetic variability involve analysis of biometric, morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as DNA markers. They analyze genetic variation as in field studies in provenance trail and progeny tests, so in laboratory studies. Conclusions. The basic tasks for the forest genetic resources conservation is to develop and implement national in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for sustainable use of FGR, to strengthen the role which forests and protective stands play in the in situ FGR conservation, and to identify first-priority measures at the species level. FGR conservation strategies should contribute to both ecosystem restoration using appropriate genetic material and adaptation to climate change along with mitigating its impacts.

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