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1
Anderson, Amalia, and Alexander Kostinski. "Evolution and Distribution of Record-Breaking High and Low Monthly Mean Temperatures." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 9 (2011): 1859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-10-05025.1.
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AbstractThe ratio of record highs to record lows is examined with respect to extent of time series for monthly mean temperatures within the continental United States for 1900–2006. In counting the number of records that occur in a single year, the authors find a ratio greater than unity in 2006, increasing nearly monotonically as the time series increases in length via a variable first year over 1900–76. For example, in 2006, the ratio of record highs to record lows ≈ 13:1 with 1950 as the first year and ≈ 25:1 with 1900 as the first year; both ratios are an order of magnitude greater than 3σ for stationary simulations. This indicates a warming trend. It is also found that records are more sensitive to trends in time series of monthly averages than in time series of corresponding daily values. When the last year (1920–2006, starting in 1900) is varied, it is found that the ratio of record highs to record lows is strongly correlated with the ensemble mean temperature. Correlation coefficients are 0.76 and 0.82 for 1900–2006 and 1950–2006, respectively; 3σ = 0.3 for pairs of uncorrelated stationary time series. Similar values are found for globally distributed time series: 0.87 and 0.92 for 1900–2006 and 1950–2006, respectively. The ratios evolve differently, however: global ratios increase throughout (1920–2006) whereas continental U.S. ratios decrease from about 1940 to 1970. Last, the geographical and seasonal distributions of trends are considered by summing records over time rather than ensemble. In the continental United States, the greatest excess of record highs occurs in February (≈2:1) and the greatest excess of record lows occurs in October (≈2:3). In addition, ratios are pronounced in certain regions: in February in the Midwest the ratio ≈ 5:2, and in October in the Southeast the ratio ≈ 1:2.
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Kolb, Felix. "My Year with Fuller Albright (1950–1951)." Endocrinologist 9, no. 2 (1999): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199903000-00010.
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Sharpe, Charles McRae. "Comments on “Cancer Mortality near OAK Ridge, Tennessee”." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 2 (1995): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hdwp-vpun-94t2-vn30.
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A recent article by Joseph Mangano concluded that changes in cancer mortality near Oak Ridge (Anderson County) in Tennessee over a 40-year period (1950–1989) suggest an increase in cancer deaths linked to radiation contamination. These conclusions are not supported by available, representative data. In his analysis, Mangano selected for comparison two three-year periods (1950–1952 and 1987–1989) that are not representative of the entire 40 years. An analysis by decade of the 42-year period from 1950 to 1991, using U.S. mortality rates from the National Center for Health Statistics and Tennessee mortality rates from the NCHS and the Tennessee Health Department, shows that the relation between expected and actual cancer deaths for the white population of Anderson County does not differ from that for the State of Tennessee. In addition, changes in methods of reporting death statistics during the 40-year period invalidate any attempt to compare current cause-specific mortality data (such as cancer deaths) with data from the 1950s. Relevant comparisons that can be made for the period 1970–1991 again show that cancer deaths for whites in Anderson County have been statistically equivalent to the expected rates.
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Junker, C., and C. Liousse. "A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period 1860–1997." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 5 (2008): 1195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1195-2008.
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Abstract. Country by country emission inventories for carbonaceous aerosol for the period 1860 to 1997 have been constructed on the basis of historic fuel production, use and trade data sets published by the United Nation's Statistical Division UNSTAT (1997), Etemad et al. (1991) and Mitchell (1992, 1993, 1995). The inventories use emission factors variable over time, which have been determined according to changes in technological development. The results indicate that the industrialisation period since 1860 was accompanied by a steady increase in black carbon (BC) and primary organic carbon (POC) emissions up to 1910. The calculations show a moderate decrease of carbonaceous aerosol emissions between 1920 and 1930, followed by an increase up to 1990, the year when emissions began to decrease again. Changes in BC and POC emissions prior to the year 1950 are essentially driven by the USA, Germany and the UK. The USSR, China and India become substantial contributors to carbonaceous aerosol emissions after 1950. Emission maps have been generated with a 1°×1° resolution based on the relative population density in each country. They will provide a helpful tool for assessing the effect of carbonaceous aerosol emissions on observed climate changes of the past.
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Junker, C., and C. Liousse. "A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period 1860–1997." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 3 (2006): 4897–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-4897-2006.
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Abstract. Country by country emission inventories for carbonaceous aerosol for the period 1860 to 1997 have been constructed on the basis of historic fuel production, use and trade data sets published by the United Nation's Statistical Division UNSTAT (1997), Etemad et al. (1991) and Mitchell (1992, 1993, 1995). The inventories use emission factors variable over time, which have been determined according to changes in technological development. The results indicate that the industrialisation period since 1860 was accompanied by a steady increase in black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) emissions up to 1910. The calculations show a moderate decrease of carbonaceous aerosol emissions between 1920 and 1930, followed by an increase up to 1990, the year when emissions began to decrease again. Changes in BC and OC emissions prior to the year 1950 are essentially driven by the USA, Germany and the UK. The USSR, China and India become substantial contributors to carbonaceous aerosol emissions after 1950. Emission maps have been generated with a 1°×1° resolution based on the relative population density in each country. They will provide a helpful tool for assessing the effect of carbonaceous aerosol emissions on observed climate changes of the past.
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ANGERVALL, G., K. SIGROTH, and G. WELIN. "Lethal Hepatitis in Gothenburg during the 25-year-Period 1920-1950." Acta Medica Scandinavica 147, no. 5-6 (2009): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1954.tb11399.x.
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Sundby, Svein, and Odd Nakken. "Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 6 (2008): 953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn085.
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Abstract Sundby, S., and Nakken, O. 2008. Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 953–962. Arcto-Norwegian cod tend to produce strong year classes in warm years and poor year classes in cold years. This work shows that spawning intensity at various spawning sites along 1500 km of Norwegian coast is also influenced by climate variations. However, while the recruitment response to temperature is immediate and on an interannual time-scale, the response to changes in spawning site is slower, on a multidecadal time-scale. There have been two cold and two warm periods during the 20th century, cold from 1900 to 1920, warm from 1930 to 1950, cold from 1960 to 1970, and warm since the mid-1980s. A time-series for 1900–1976 on cod roe indices along the coast shows that the southernmost spawning areas are more important during cold periods, and the northernmost ones in warm periods, and coincide with high population fecundity. After 1976, qualitative observations show that there have been poor spawning fisheries in the southernmost spawning areas during the present warm period. From 2003, spawning has been observed along the coast of East Finnmark where it did not transpire during the previous 40 years.
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Blahušiaková, Andrea, and Milada Matoušková. "Analysis of floods in the upper course of the Hron River in 1930–2010." Geografie 117, no. 4 (2012): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2012117040415.
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The main focus of this research is concentrated on the flood analyses in the upper course of the Hron River in the period 1930–2010. The study includes an evaluation of the flood seasonality, frequency and extremity in two periods 1930–1991 and 1992–2009. The year 2010 has been added because of a very high amount of precipitation between May–September 2010 which caused extreme flooding. The most extreme flood in the 20th century occurred in October 1974. At the gauging station Banská Bystrica, discharge values reached 560 m3.s−1 which corresponds to the 100-year flood. In the last decade, extreme floods occurred in years 2002 and 2010. The main reason for the flooding was an intense rainfall and local storms with high amount of precipitation. The frequency analysis (in equally long periods 1950–1979 and 1980–2009) proved that there is a higher frequency of floods since 1980 (17 in the period 1950–1979 and 27 between 1980–2009). Higher water levels during floods were reached in the period 1950–1979. The summer floods dominate in both observed periods, but winter floods also occurred very often (7 floods in the period 1950–1979 and 12 in 1980–2009). This is due to the hollow relief of the upper course of the Hron River.
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Rodu, Brad, and Philip Cole. "The Fifty-Year Decline of Cancer in America." Journal of Clinical Oncology 19, no. 1 (2001): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.1.239.
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PURPOSE: From 1950 to 1990, the overall cancer mortality rate increased steadily in the United States, a trend which ran counter to declining mortality from other major diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of lung cancer on all-cancer mortality over the past 50 years. METHODS: Data from the National Centers for Health Statistics were used to develop mortality rates for all forms of cancer combined, lung cancer, and other-cancer (all-cancer minus lung cancer) from 1950 to 1998. RESULTS: When lung cancer is excluded, mortality from all other forms of cancer combined declined continuously from 1950 to 1998, dropping 25% during this period. The decline in other-cancer mortality was approximately 0.4% annually from 1950 to 1990 but accelerated to 0.9% per year from 1990 to 1996 and to 2.2% per year from 1996 to 1998. CONCLUSION: The long-term decline is likely due primarily to improvements in medical care, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Moreira, Silves J. C., Pedro Cosme Vieira, and Aurora A. C. Teixeira. "Measuring the stock of human capital in Cape Verde, 1950‐2012." Portuguese Journal of Social Science 18, no. 2 (2019): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00007_1.
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Abstract The present study focuses on the estimation of the human capital stock for the Cape Verdean economy in the period 1950‐2012. Adapting the methodology proposed by Barro and Lee, based on past schooling values, we found that between 1950 and 2012 the Cape Verdean working-age population showed a gradual improvement in the levels of schooling, rising from 0.7 years of schooling in the 1950s to 5.4 in late 2012. Thus, in each year, the average years of schooling increased only 0.08 years, meaning that, in net terms and on average, only 7.6 per cent of the working-age population was attending some level of formal education. The availability of a time series of number of average schooling years in Cape Verde opens up possibilities for assessing the impact of human capital on the country's economic development.
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Benjamin, Bernard. "Years of life lost and other mortality indices." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 115, no. 4 (1988): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002026810004292x.
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In 1953 together with a colleague (Benjamin and Logan) the author called attention to a paper by Haenzel (1950) describing a new index of mortality years of life lost.The argument was that many people were living for more than the three score and ten years and that every earlier death represented a loss of potential further years of life; that adding up the total years of life lost might be a significant measure of the toll of largely preventable disease; that changes in this total year by year would maximize the improvement gained by curative and especially preventative medicine.
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Ishizaki, Noriko N., Koji Dairaku, and Genta Ueno. "Introducing Quantile Mapping to a Regression Model Using a Multi-Model Ensemble to Improve Probabilistic Projections of Monthly Precipitation." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 5 (2018): 873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0873.
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A new method was proposed for the probabilistic projection of future climate that introduced quantile mapping to a regression method using a multi-model ensemble (QM_RMME). Results of this method were then compared with those of the traditional regression method (RMME). Six stations in Japan where 100 year observation records were available were used to evaluate the performance of the methods. An initial 50-year period (1901–1950) was used to develop the regression models and the final period (1951–2000) was used for evaluation. Results showed that the estimation errors at the 50th and 90th percentile were smaller for QM_RMME as compared to RMME at most sites. Conversely, when the model development and evaluation periods were limited to 20 years (1901–1920 and 1951–1970, respectively), the 90th percentile error was larger for QM_RMME. This was attributed to quantile mapping resulting in over-fitting of the data during the model development period. Furthermore, the QM_RMME error increased when the difference of observations between the model development and verification periods was large. Therefore, results indicated that the RMME method was more stable for relatively short data verification periods.
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Krasheninnikova, S. B., and M. A. Krasheninnikova. "Causes and features of long-term variability of the ice extent in the Barents Sea." Ice and Snow 59, no. 1 (2019): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-1-112-122.
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Based on the spectral analysis of a number of estimates of the ice extent of the Barents Sea, obtained from instrumental observational data for 1900–2014, and for the selected CMIP5 project models (MPI-ESM-LR, MPI-ESMMR and GFDL-CM3) for 1900–2005, a typical period of ~60‑year inter-annual variability associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in conditions of a general significant decrease in the ice extent of the Barents Sea, which, according to observations and model calculations, was 20 and 15%, respectively, which confirms global warming. The maximum contribution to the total dispersion of temperature, ice cover of the Barents Sea, AMO, introduces variability with periods of more than 20 years and trends that are 47, 20, 51% and 33, 57, 30%, respectively. On the basis of the cross correlation analysis, significant links have been established between the ice extent of the Barents Sea, AMO, and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) for the period 1900–2014. A significant negative connection (R = −0.8) of ice cover and Atlantic multi-decadal oscillations was revealed at periods of more than 20 years with a shift of 1–2 years; NAO and ice cover (R = −0.6) with a shift of 1–2 years for periods of 10–20 years; AMO and NAO (R = −0.4 ÷ −0.5) with a 3‑year shift with AMO leading at 3–4, 6–8 and more than 20 years. The periods of the ice cover growth are specified: 1950–1980 and the reduction of the ice cover: the 1920–1950 and the 1980–2010 in the Barents Sea. Intensification of the transfer of warm waters from the North Atlantic to the Arctic basin, under the atmospheric influence caused by the NAO, accompanied by the growth of AMO leads to an increase in temperature, salinity and a decrease of ice cover in the Barents Sea. During periods of ice cover growth, opposite tendencies appear. The decrease in the ice cover area of the entire Northern Hemisphere by 1.5 × 106 km2 since the mid-1980s. to the beginning of the 2010, identified in the present work on NOAA satellite data, confirms the results obtained on the change in ice extent in the Barents Sea.
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HILL, W. C. OSMAN. "Report of the Society's Prosector for the year 1950." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 121, no. 3 (2009): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1951.tb00760.x.
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Cardoso, Eliana, and Albert Fishlow. "Latin American Economic Development: 1950–1980." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, S1 (1992): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00023841.
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In the thirty years between 1950 and 1980, Latin America experienced rapid growth. During this period, output expanded at an annual rate of 5.5% with per capita increases averaging 2.7% a year. Table 1 provides country details. The star is clearly Brazil, whose share in regional product increased from less than a quarter to more than a third. At the other extreme are two groups: the Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay), whose mid-century leading position in the region was eroded by below average performance; and a group of smaller countries, including several in Central America. On average, Latin America's record, viewed from an immediate post-World War II perspective, is impressive. It far exceeded the target of the Alliance for Progress implemented in 1961, which called for an annual rate of 2% per capita. It also compared very favourably with European per capita income growth in the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution, which was 1.3% from 1850 to 1900 and 1.4% between 1900 and 1950. Long-term US economic growth has been at 1.8%.Yet two factors combine to make the 1950–80 Latin American growth performance seem less positive. One is its dramatic reversal in the 1980s, a period in which GDP per capita fell by 8.3%. By 1989, with the exception of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, per capita GDP had fallen below its 1980 level. At the extreme, Venezuela, Nicaragua and El Salvador show levels below those attained in 1960. The 1980s have truly been a lost decade and thus one tends to underestimate the earlier achievement.
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Prynne, CJ, AA Paul, GM Price, KC Day, WS Hilder, and MEJ Wadsworth. "Food and nutrient intake of a national sample of 4-year-old children in 1950: comparison with the 1990s." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 4 (1999): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000725.
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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the food and nutrient intake of members of a birth cohort study when young children in 1950 and investigate differences from present-day children's diets.Design:One-day recall diet records from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1946 Birth Cohort) at age 4 years were analysed for energy and selected nutrients and compared to the published results for 4-year-olds in the 1992/93 National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS).Setting:England, Scotland and Wales in 1950 and 1992/93.Subjects:4599 children in 1950 and 493 children in 1992/93.Results:Mean (SD) daily intakes in 1950 were energy 1445 (343) kcal, or 6.1 (1.4) MJ, protein 46 (11)g, fat 64 (20)g, starch 117 (33)g, sugar 62 (24)g, unavailable carbohydrate 13 (4)g, calcium 736 (230)mg, iron 7.7 (2.1)mg, retinol 738 (1273) μg, carotene 1049 (1130) μg and vitamin C 40 (26) mg. Compared to 1992/93, the 1950 diet contained substantially more bread and vegetables and less sugar and soft drinks, giving it a higher starch and fibre content and making it more in line with current recommendations on healthy eating. However, fat provided 40% of energy in 1950, compared to 35% in 1992/93. In 1950, red meat was an important source of iron, but by 1992 most iron came from fortified breakfast cereals. Vitamin C came mainly from vegetables in 1950, but from soft drinks in 1992.Conclusions:The relative austerity of post-war food supplies resulted in food and nutrient intakes in 1950 which in many respects may well have been beneficial to the health of young children, despite fat intake being higher than present-day recommendations.
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Dobloug, Andreas, and Jostein Grytten. "A Ten-Year Longitudinal Study of Caries among Patients Aged 14-72 Years in Norway." Caries Research 49, no. 4 (2015): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381427.
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There are few longitudinal studies in which the development of caries over a long period of time has been studied for different age groups. Such studies are important because they can provide information to assess future needs for dental care and the implications if the development of caries is different for patients in different age groups. We describe changes in caries during the period 2003-2012 for several birth cohorts in Norway, using longitudinal data collected annually for each individual during a period of 10 years. The data set included patients born during the period 1940-1989 who received regular dental care in the public dental services in the county of Hedmark - altogether 7,519 patients. Information about caries was obtained from the electronic patient records. Nearly 90% of the patients had no caries for at least 5 years during the 10-year study period, and nearly 50% had no caries for at least 8 years. This pattern was similar for all birth cohorts. The mean number of carious teeth per patient decreased from 2003 to 2012. This decrease was particularly large at the end of the period and among the oldest birth cohorts, i.e. those born in the periods 1940-1949 and 1950-1959. Our findings indicate that the need for restorative treatment is reducing, particularly in the older age groups. Fewer dentists and more dental hygienists may be needed in the future to provide routine follow-up and care.
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Siebert, S., M. Kummu, M. Porkka, P. Döll, N. Ramankutty, and B. R. Scanlon. "A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 3 (2015): 1521–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1521-2015.
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Abstract. Irrigation intensifies land use by increasing crop yield but also impacts water resources. It affects water and energy balances and consequently the microclimate in irrigated regions. Therefore, knowledge of the extent of irrigated land is important for hydrological and crop modelling, global change research, and assessments of resource use and management. Information on the historical evolution of irrigated lands is limited. The new global historical irrigation data set (HID) provides estimates of the temporal development of the area equipped for irrigation (AEI) between 1900 and 2005 at 5 arcmin resolution. We collected sub-national irrigation statistics from various sources and found that the global extent of AEI increased from 63 million ha (Mha) in 1900 to 111 Mha in 1950 and 306 Mha in 2005. We developed eight gridded versions of time series of AEI by combining sub-national irrigation statistics with different data sets on the historical extent of cropland and pasture. Different rules were applied to maximize consistency of the gridded products to sub-national irrigation statistics or to historical cropland and pasture data sets. The HID reflects very well the spatial patterns of irrigated land as shown on historical maps for the western United States (around year 1900) and on a global map (around year 1960). Mean aridity on irrigated land increased and mean natural river discharge on irrigated land decreased from 1900 to 1950 whereas aridity decreased and river discharge remained approximately constant from 1950 to 2005. The data set and its documentation are made available in an open-data repository at https://mygeohub.org/publications/8 (doi:10.13019/M20599).
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Žilka, Tibor. "Násilná smrť v postkoloniálnej próze." Slavica Wratislaviensia 168 (April 18, 2019): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.168.28.
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Violent death in postcolonial proseIn the years 1953–1960 Rudolf Dobiáš was imprisoned for his anti-state activities for 7 years, most of which he spent in uranium mines in Jáchymov. Both his non-fiction and prosaic work are based on his personal experience and they also concern the executions of young people. He described in detail the sentencing of three graduates of a grammar school in Trenčín, who were given the death penalty and were executed in February 1951. At the Higher Military Court in Trenčín he discovered the writings of a lieutenant of the Czechoslovak People’s Army, Tomáš Chovan. He was sentenced by the State Court in Bratislava to the death penalty for treason and spying. He was executed in November 1951 at the age of 25. His farewell to his family is presented in the story Younger Brother Mladší brat, which is one of the best works of Dobiáš. Ľuboš Jurík also wrote a biographical novel entitled The Death of a Minister Smrť ministra. It is about the Slovak communist politician Vladimír Clementis 1902–1952, who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the years 1948–1950. Clementis was imprisoned in 1951 to face a fabricated accusation. He was given the death penalty too. Jurík’s novel is composed of an interview with a fictive figure — the advocate. Just before the execution, he talks to him about the whole life of the politician Clementis. In the spirit of Stalinism, it was his ex-party colleagues and friends who were behind the execution. Jurík wrote a book about Alexander Dubček as well, entitled A Year Longer Than a Century Rok dlhší ako storočie, in which he asks whether the end of the symbol of Prague Spring was violent or not. There is evidence that it could have been so. Gwałtowna śmierć w postkolonialnej prozieRudolf Dobiáš, skazany za działalność antypaństwową, lata 1953–1960 spędził w więzieniu, z czego większą część w kopalniach uranu w Jáchymowie. Swoje doświadczenia opisuje we wspomnieniach, a także w tekstach prozatorskich, w których pojawia się motyw egzekucji młodych ludzi. Dobiáš szczegółowo opisał skazanie na śmierć trzech absolwentów gimnazjum w Trenczynie i ich egzekucję w lutym 1951 roku. W Wyższym Sądzie Wojskowym w Trenczynie pojawiły się również akta porucznika Czechosłowackiej Armii Ludowej Tomáša Chovana, którego sąd w Bratysławie skazał na karę śmierci za zdradę państwa i szpiegostwo. W listopadzie 1951 roku w wieku 25 lat Chovan został stracony. Dobiáš opisał pożegnanie porucznika z rodziną przed śmiercią w opowiadaniu Młodszy brat Mladší brat, które można zaliczyć do jego najlepszych utworów. Z kolei Ľuboš Jurík jest autorem biograficznej powieści pod tytułem Śmierć ministra Smrť ministra o słowackim komunistycznym polityku Vladimirze Clementisie 1902–1952, który w latach 1948–1950 pełnił funkcję ministra spraw zagranicznych Czechosłowacji. Clementis w 1951 roku został uwięziony i podczas procesu pokazowego skazany na karę śmierci. Autor skonstruował powieść w sposób następujący: adwokat jako postać fikcyjna rozmawia z Clementisem tuż przed egzekucją i podczas tej rozmowy czytelnik poznaje całe życie słowackiego polityka. Co typowe dla czasów stalinizmu, duży udział w skazaniu polityka na śmierć mieli jego partyjni towarzysze i przyjaciele. Jurík opublikował również książkę o Aleksandrze Dubčeku Rok dłuższy niż wiek Rok dlhší ako storočie, w której pojawia się pytanie, czy śmierć Dubčeka — symbolu praskiej wiosny — też mogła być spowodowana przez osoby trzecie, ponieważ istnieją na to pewne dowody.
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Prynne, CJ, CW Thane, A. Prentice, and MEJ Wadsworth. "Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children: comparison between 1950 and the 1990s." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 2 (2005): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004674.
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AbstractObjectiveTo compare dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children between 1950 and the 1990s, and report their variation by sociodemographic factors.DesignNationally representative samples of 4-year-olds from the longitudinal Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1950) and the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS, 1992/93 and 1997).SettingGreat Britain.SubjectsSubjects were 4599 children born on 3–9 March 1946 (NSHD) and 307 children in the 1990s (NDNS).ResultsGeometric mean dietary phylloquinone intake was significantly higher in 1950 (39 μg day−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 37, 40) compared with the 1990s (24 μg day−1, 95% CI 22, 25) (P< 0.001). This difference remained when intake was expressed per MJ energy intake and per kilogram body weight, and after accounting for sex, region and occupational social class of the family. In 1950, phylloquinone intake in Scotland was significantly lower than in the rest of Britain. By the 1990s these regional differences had disappeared. Food sources of phylloquinone intake changed significantly between 1950 and the 1990s, with fats and oils contributing more and vegetables less, although vegetables contributed most (60% and 48%, respectively) to phylloquinone intake in both surveys.ConclusionsPhylloquinone intakes of children have decreased significantly since 1950. With the suggested need for adequate phylloquinone intake for optimal development and maintenance of bone and the cardiovascular system, the substantially lower phylloquinone intakes reported in children of the 1990s, compared with 1950, may have implications for the health of these two systems in later adulthood.
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Wettstein, Markus, Benjamin Tauber, Hans-Werner Wahl, and Claudia Frankenberg. "12-Year Associations of Health with Personality in the Second Half of Life." GeroPsych 30, no. 1 (2017): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000162.
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Abstract. We examined longitudinal associations between personality, objective (physician-rated) and self-rated health over 12 years in two German cohorts (midlife cohort, born 1950/52, nT0 = 502; late-life cohort, born 1930/32, nT0 = 500) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development (ILSE). Based on cross-lagged panel design analyses controlling for sex, education, depression, and cognitive abilities, we found that after 12 years better baseline objective health predicted lower Neuroticism and higher Agreeableness, whereas baseline Extraversion and Conscientiousness were positive predictors of later self-rated health. Our findings thus illustrate that the direction of longitudinal personality-health associations is dependent on whether objective or self-rated health is considered, whereas relations do not seem to be considerably different in midlife vs. in old age.
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Preunkert, Susanne, Michel Legrand, Stanislav Kutuzov, Patrick Ginot, Vladimir Mikhalenko, and Ronny Friedrich. "The Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record – Part 1: reconstruction of past anthropogenic sulfur emissions in south-eastern Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 22 (2019): 14119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14119-2019.
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Abstract. This study reports on the glaciochemistry of a deep ice core (182 m long) drilled in 2009 at Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus, Russia. Radiocarbon dating of the particulate organic carbon fraction in the ice suggests that the basal ice dates to 280±400 CE (Common Era). Based on chemical stratigraphy, the upper 168.6 m of the core was dated by counting annual layers. The seasonally resolved chemical records cover the years 1774–2009 CE, thus being useful to reconstruct many aspects of atmospheric pollution in south-eastern Europe from pre-industrial times to the present day. After having examined the extent to which the arrival of large dust plumes originating from the Sahara and Middle East modifies the chemical composition of the Elbrus (ELB) snow and ice layers, we focus on the dust-free sulfur pollution. The ELB dust-free sulfate levels indicate a 6- and 7-fold increase from 1774–1900 to 1980–1995 in winter and summer, respectively. Remaining close to 55±10 ppb during the 19th century, the annual dust-free sulfate levels started to rise at a mean rate of ∼3 ppb per year from 1920 to 1950. The annual increase accelerated between 1950 and 1975 (8 ppb per year), with levels reaching a maximum between 1980 and 1990 (376±10 ppb) and subsequently decreasing to 270±18 ppb at the beginning of the 21st century. Long-term dust-free sulfate trends observed in the ELB ice cores are compared with those previously obtained in Alpine and Altai (Siberia) ice, with the most important differences consisting in a much earlier onset and a more pronounced decrease in the sulfur pollution over the last 3 decades in western Europe than south-eastern Europe and Siberia.
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Szczepański, Andrzej. "Oświata żydowska w powojennej Legnicy (1945–1968)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 29 (February 4, 2019): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2013.29.7.
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Education in post-war Legnica (1945–1968)When the war activities came to a close, first Jews started to come into town, mainly the former prisoners from Gross-Rosen concentration camp, and then the displaced rescued in the territory of the Soviet Union. The newcomers soon opened their own educational facilities and in the school year 1946/1947 in Legnica there were: a kindergarten, a foster house, a heder, a primary school with Hebrew as the language of lecture, a kibbutz and a Hebrew primary school. The educational pluralism did not last long because from the school year 1950/1951 there remained just one state-controlled Jewish school (the other facilities had been closed). The kindergarten was the only exception and although it received the status of a public institution it preserved Jewish character until mid-50s. The subsequent years brought significant fluctuation of teachers and students as many of them left Poland in the first half of the 1950s, whereas from 1956 more newcomers arrived from the USSR. On September 1, 1959 a high-school class was launched in the local primary school. In the 1960s the emigration of Jews from Legnica increased significantly, which resulted in smaller number of students. A breakthrough year was 1968, when, because of too small number of children (38 in total), on August 31 the Jewish high-school and primary school ceased to exist
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Fujitsuna, Masami. "The 1950 Model Year Car ‘EA type Electric Vehicle DENSO-GOU’." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 139, no. 6 (2019): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.139.574.
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Jones, Christopher A., Amanda Wassel, William Mierse, and E. Scott Sills. "The 500-year Cultural & Economic Trajectory of Tobacco: A Circle Complete." Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 5, no. 2 (2017): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36469/9809.
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Who smokes, and why do they do it? What factors discourage and otherwise reward or incentivize smoking? Tobacco use has been accompanied by controversy from the moment of its entry into European culture, and conflicting opinions regarding its potentially adverse influence on health have coexisted for hundreds of years. Its use in all forms represents the world’s single greatest cause of preventable disease and death. Tobacco was introduced to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who in October 1492 discovered the crop in Cuba. While the next four centuries would see tobacco as the most highly traded economic commodity, by 1900, the now familiar cigarette remained obscure and accounted for only 2% of total tobacco sales. Global tobacco consumption rose sharply after 1914 and became especially prevalent following World War II, particularly among men. Indeed, overall tobacco sales increased by more than 60% by the mid-20th century, and cigarettes were a critical driver of this growth. Cigarettes dominated the tobacco market by 1950, by then accounting for more than 80% of all tobacco purchases. In the absence of clinical and scientific evidence against tobacco, moral and religious arguments dominated opposition voices against tobacco consumption in the 1800s. However, by the mid-20th century, advancements in medical research supported enhanced government and voluntary actions against tobacco advertising and also raised awareness of the dangers associated with passive tobacco smoke exposure. Solid epidemiological work connecting tobacco use with “the shortening of life span” began to appear in the medical literature in the 1950s, linking smoking with lung cancer and related conditions. In subsequent years, these developments led to significant curtailment of tobacco use. This monograph explores aspects of the intersection of tobacco with themes of behavioral incentives, religion, culture, literature, economics, and government over the past five centuries.
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Tomkiewicz, Ryszard. "The Speech of President Czesław Browiński of 5 June, 1950 Summarising the Activities of the City Council in Olsztyn." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 304, no. 2 (2019): 412–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134857.
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Czesław Browiński was the last “self-governing” president of Olsztyn. He performed this function from March 1949 to June 1950. Presenting the achievements of the outgoing City Council, he described the city at the beginning of the 1950s, at the same time outlining a highly optimistic vision of its development. The speech given in that political context contained a number of announcements that were difficult (or impossible) to be implemented within the economic realities of the six–year plan.
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Peterson, R. Neal. "Pawpaw Variety Development: A History and Future Prospects." HortTechnology 13, no. 3 (2003): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.3.0449.
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The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a new crop in the early stages of domestication. Recently commercialization has become feasible with the availability of high quality varieties. The history of pawpaw varieties is divided into three periods: 1900-50, 1950-85, and 1985 to the present. The history before 1985 was concerned primarily with the discovery of superior selections from the wild but experienced a serious break in continuity around 1950. The third period has been characterized by greater developmental activity. Larger breeding programs have been pursued, regional variety trials initiated, a germplasm repository established, and a formal research program at Kentucky State University (KSU) instituted. Future breeding will likely rely on dedicated amateurs with the education and means to conduct a 20-year project involving the evaluation of hundreds of trees. For the foreseeable future, governments and universities will not engage in long-term pawpaw breeding.
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Albores, Jeffrey, Michael C. Fishbein, and Tisha Wang. "A 57-Year-Old Woman With Persistent Cough and Pulmonary Nodules." Chest 145, no. 5 (2014): 1162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-1950.
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Wilkie, A. D. "Some experiments with salary scales." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 112, no. 1 (1985): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100041986.
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1. Salary scales have been widely used in actuarial literature about pension schemes, but they do not seem to have been developed beyond the idea first introduced by Manly (1901) and used in a series of papers following this, including McGowan (1901), Manly (1902, 1903 and 1911), and M'Lauchlan (1908). King (1905), Bacon (1907) and M'Lauchlan (1914) discuss the construction of a salary scale from records of individual employees. King made some valuable observations on how a salary scale may change with time if the observed population is not a stationary one, for example, because the firm is growing or declining, which Bacon also commented on, and M'Lauchlan went into considerable detail about the separation of different grades. Thomas (1913) gave an example of an organization with six ranks, within each of which there was a salary scale, and showed explicit probabilities of promotion in each year of age. His development comes closest to what I shall discuss below. Text books on Life Contingencies, such as Jordan (1952), Hooker & Longley-Cook (1957) and most recently Neill (1977), have followed essentially the definition introduced by Manly, as also have papers and text books on pension funds, such as Porteous (1936), Marples (1948), Heywood & Marples (1950), Crabbe & Poyser (1953) and Lee (1973). Curiously Spurgeon (1922) does not mention salary scales, although his book was written after they had come into use.
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Björnsson, S. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Iceland during a 30-Year Period, 1950-1979." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 24, sup170 (1989): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528909091351.
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Moses, Vijayakumar, Sara Reed DePersio, Dick Lorenz, Mark W. Oberle, Roger Rochat, and Aurora Fermo. "A thirty-year review of maternal mortality in Oklahoma, 1950 through 1979." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 157, no. 5 (1987): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80292-2.
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Moses, V., S. R. DePersio, D. Lorenz, M. W. Oberle, R. Rochat, and A. Fermo. "A Thirty-Year Review of Maternal Mortality in Oklahoma, 1950 Through 1979." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 8, no. 2 (1988): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132582-198807000-00011.
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Engeset, Rune Verpe, Hallgeir Elvehøy, Liss Marie Andreassen, et al. "Modelling of historic variations and future scenarios of the mass balance of Svartisen ice cap, northern Norway." Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781819833.
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AbstractIn glacier-dominated catchments, glaciers have an important effect on the water balance. It is important to understand the glacier control on inflow in order to assess historic trends and future scenarios. The mass balance of a 100 km2 glacier sub-basin of Svartisen ice cap, northern Norway, was reconstructed for 1917 to 1995. The reconstruction was carried out using three different methods, the hydrological method, the correlation between mass balance and meteorological observations and a precipitation-degree-day model. Calibration data were derived from field observations, map comparisons and correlation of observations at different glaciers. The reconstructed series showed a total loss of ∼3 × 109 m3 of water, most of which occurred between 1920 and 1950. After 1950, the net balance increased gradually and is currently near equilibrium with the present climate. Suggested climate scenarios for this region gave a loss between zero and 5 ×109 m3 of water until the year 2050.
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Fettweis, Xavier, Jason E. Box, Cécile Agosta, et al. "Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model." Cryosphere 11, no. 2 (2017): 1015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017.
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Abstract. With the aim of studying the recent Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) decrease relative to the last century, we have forced the regional climate MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional; version 3.5.2) model with the ERA-Interim (ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis; 1979–2015), ERA-40 (1958–2001), NCEP–NCARv1 (National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis version 1; 1948–2015), NCEP–NCARv2 (1979–2015), JRA-55 (Japanese 55-year Reanalysis; 1958–2014), 20CRv2(c) (Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 2; 1900–2014) and ERA-20C (1900–2010) reanalyses. While all these forcing products are reanalyses that are assumed to represent the same climate, they produce significant differences in the MAR-simulated SMB over their common period. A temperature adjustment of +1 °C (respectively −1 °C) was, for example, needed at the MAR boundaries with ERA-20C (20CRv2) reanalysis, given that ERA-20C (20CRv2) is ∼ 1 °C colder (warmer) than ERA-Interim over Greenland during the period 1980–2010. Comparisons with daily PROMICE (Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet) near-surface observations support these adjustments. Comparisons with SMB measurements, ice cores and satellite-derived melt extent reveal the most accurate forcing datasets for the simulation of the GrIS SMB to be ERA-Interim and NCEP–NCARv1. However, some biases remain in MAR, suggesting that some improvements are still needed in its cloudiness and radiative schemes as well as in the representation of the bare ice albedo. Results from all MAR simulations indicate that (i) the period 1961–1990, commonly chosen as a stable reference period for Greenland SMB and ice dynamics, is actually a period of anomalously positive SMB (∼ +40 Gt yr−1) compared to 1900–2010; (ii) SMB has decreased significantly after this reference period due to increasing and unprecedented melt reaching the highest rates in the 120-year common period; (iii) before 1960, both ERA-20C and 20CRv2-forced MAR simulations suggest a significant precipitation increase over 1900–1950, but this increase could be the result of an artefact in the reanalyses that are not well-enough constrained by observations during this period and (iv) since the 1980s, snowfall is quite stable after having reached a maximum in the 1970s. These MAR-based SMB and accumulation reconstructions are, however, quite similar to those from Box (2013) after 1930 and confirm that SMB was quite stable from the 1940s to the 1990s. Finally, only the ERA-20C-forced simulation suggests that SMB during the 1920–1930 warm period over Greenland was comparable to the SMB of the 2000s, due to both higher melt and lower precipitation than normal.
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Teesson, Maree, and Neil Buhrich. "Prevalence of schizophrenia in a refuge for homeless men: a five year follow-up." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 10 (1990): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.10.597.
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Until the mid 1950s, the management of persons suffering from chronic mental illness in Australia was the responsibility of the large mental hospital. With the advent of psychotropic drugs and concern about the ‘negative’ influence of the institutional environment on patients there was a shift to shorter but more frequent periods of hospital admission. As the pattern of shorter admissions increased, community services for the mentally ill were expanded in the early 1970s. Between 1950 and 1985 in the state of New South Wales, the numbers of patients in large mental hospitals decreased from 256 to 55 per 100 000 population. However, no special arrangements for accommodation, as distinct from treatment, were made for these ex-mental hospital patients. The decline in hospital numbers can be attributed to a general reduction in the length of hospital stays. Initially, there seemed to be no pressing need for extra accommodation in the community as the provision of social security benefits was adequate to allow patients without homes to afford basic accommodation, a situation different to that in the United States (Lamb, 1984).
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Sztuden, Alex. "God of Abraham, God of Aristotle: Soloveitchik’s Reading of The Guide of the Perplexed." Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 26, no. 2 (2018): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1477285x-12341232.
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Abstract R. Joseph Soloveitchik’s profound engagement with The Guide of the Perplexed is amply attested by Lawrence Kaplan’s recent publication of Soloveitchik’s lectures on this classic work of Jewish philosophy, delivered in 1950–1951 during a year-long course on the Guide. Soloveitchik’s reading is situated outside the boundaries of the Guide’s usual interpretations, and his lectures offer an entirely new view of the essence of the Guide. For Maimonides, hesed, or loving-kindness, is the foundation of the world. Soloveitchik’s lectures offer an elaborate working out of this fundamental insight.
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Adhikari, Govinda Prasad. "Evolution of Population Policy in Nepal." Journal of Population and Development 1, no. 1 (2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v1i1.33105.
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The evolution of population policy in Nepal has a history of about half century. This paper tries to discuss on the evolution of population policy discourse from the first five year plan to fifteenth five years plan. This study was based on descriptive as well as analytical in nature. Sources of information in this study are secondary in nature like published and unpublished research papers, national level report and journal’s articles. Data are presented into tabular form and they are analyzed into descriptive form. Nepal has been following anti-natalist population policy to regulate fertility, mortality and migration from its first five year plan. The population policy of Nepal mainly shifted into three phases during the year 1950-2019. First, fertility regulating policy was focused during the year 1950-1980. Second, it was shifted into mortality regulating policy during the year 1980-2007 and finally, it is shifted into migration regulating policy since 2007 to still now. Nepal’s population policy has made three major shifted during seventy year periods. There was major role of national and international conference of UN on population and major political changes of the country to give new direction of national population policy in Nepal.
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Hagen, Jon Ove, and Olav Liestøl. "Long-Term Glacier Mass-Balance Investigations in Svalbard, 1950–88." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008351.
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Mass-balance investigations on glaciers in Svalbard at high latitudes (78°N) show that the ice masses have been steadily decreasing during the period 1950–88. Detailed annual observations have been carried out on Brøggerbreen since 1966 and Lovénbreen since 1967. The mean specific net balances are −0.46 and −0.37 m year−1 water equivalent respectively. Only one year had positive net balance in this period. The cumulative mass lost in the period is then more than 10% of the volume in 1967. Zero net balance would be obtained if the summer temperature was lowered about 1°C or if the winter precipitation increased about 50%. There is a strong correlation between the net mass balance and the height of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA). Because of the high amount of superimposed ice (10–30% of winter balance) stake readings are necessary to find the ELA. There is no sign of climatic warming through increased melting. The trend analysis of the data from the last 20 years shows stable conditions with a slight increase of the winter balance. The net balance is then slightly increasing and thus less negative than 20 years ago.
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Hagen, Jon Ove, and Olav Liestøl. "Long-Term Glacier Mass-Balance Investigations in Svalbard, 1950–88." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008351.
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Mass-balance investigations on glaciers in Svalbard at high latitudes (78°N) show that the ice masses have been steadily decreasing during the period 1950–88. Detailed annual observations have been carried out on Brøggerbreen since 1966 and Lovénbreen since 1967. The mean specific net balances are −0.46 and −0.37 m year−1 water equivalent respectively. Only one year had positive net balance in this period. The cumulative mass lost in the period is then more than 10% of the volume in 1967. Zero net balance would be obtained if the summer temperature was lowered about 1°C or if the winter precipitation increased about 50%. There is a strong correlation between the net mass balance and the height of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA). Because of the high amount of superimposed ice (10–30% of winter balance) stake readings are necessary to find the ELA. There is no sign of climatic warming through increased melting. The trend analysis of the data from the last 20 years shows stable conditions with a slight increase of the winter balance. The net balance is then slightly increasing and thus less negative than 20 years ago.
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Lempesis, Vasileios, Daniel Jerrhag, Björn E. Rosengren, Lennart Landin, Carl Johan Tiderius, and Magnus K. Karlsson. "Pediatric Distal Forearm Fracture Epidemiology in Malmö, Sweden—Time Trends During Six Decades." Journal of Wrist Surgery 08, no. 06 (2019): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692471.
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Abstract Background The distal forearm fracture is the most common fracture in children. To allocate health care resources and evaluate if prevention strategies have been successful, it is essential to monitor changes in the epidemiology of common fractures. Methods Our hospital serves a city in which year 2006 included 276,244 inhabitants (49,664 <17 years of age). Through the hospital archives, we identified fractures sustained by individuals younger than 16 years during 2005 and 2006 and compared these with previous collected and published data from the same area and hospital for the period 1950 to 1994. We used official population data to estimate period-specific fracture rates and age and gender standardized time trends. We report rates as number of fractures per 100,000 person-years and changes between periods as rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We identified 521 distal forearm fractures, corresponding to a crude fracture incidence of 564/100,000 person-years (boys 719; girls 401). Age-adjusted fracture incidence was 70% higher in boys than in girls (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3–2.3). The age- and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was 40% higher in 2005–2006 than in 1950/1955 (RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8) but no higher than 1993–1994 (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9–1.3). Fracture etiology of 2005 to 2006 included sports injuries in 41% and traffic accidents in 11% of the cases, while sports injuries explained 37% and traffic accidents 18% in 1950 to 1955. Conclusion In 2005 to 2006, we found higher rates in boys and higher overall rates compared with the 1950s but no significant differences compared with the rates in 1993 to 1994. Future studies should include patient-specific data to unravel causal factors. Level of evidence This is a Level III b study.
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Reynolds, Robert J., Scott J. Kush, Steven M. Day, and Pierre Vachon. "Comparative Mortality and Risk Factors for Death among US Supreme Court Justices (1789-2013)." Journal of Insurance Medicine 45, no. 1 (2015): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17849/0743-6661-45.1.9.
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Objectives To compare the mortality experience of 112 justices of the US Supreme Court with that expected in the general population. To identify variables associated with mortality within this cohort. Background Supreme Court justices are a select occupational cohort. High socio-economic status, advanced education, lifetime appointment, and the healthy worker effect suggest lower mortality. Sedentary work, stress, and a tendency to work beyond typical retirement age may attenuate this. Methods Standardized mortality ratios compare the observed mortality rates of justices with those expected in age- and sex-matched contemporary general populations. Poisson regression analyzes variables associated with mortality within the cohort. Results From 1789 to 2013, 112 justices (108 male) contributed 2,355 person-years of exposure. Mean age (standard deviation) at appointment was 53.1 years (6.7); at retirement 69.7 years (9.9); at death (n = 100) 74.4 years (10.3); and at end of the study for those alive (n = 12) 72.1 years (11.8). Standardized mortality ratios (95% ci) were: overall 0.87 (0.70-1.05); prior to 1950 0.92 (0.61-1.33); and from 1950 to 2013 0.66 (0.42-0.99). Variables in the final Poisson model and their associated mortality rate ratios (95% ci) were: age 1.06 (1.03-1.09); calendar year 0.99 (0.99-1.00); active status 0.41 (0.25-0.68); career length 1.04 (1.01-1.07); and chief justice 1.08 (0.59-1.84). Conclusions Supreme Court mortality was lower than that of the general population in the period from 1950 to the present, but was on par prior to 1950. Increasing age and career length were associated with greater mortality, while active status and later calendar year with lower. These results may add to a body of knowledge that may help to develop or refine models of mortality risk in increasingly aged working populations.
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Bichet, A., M. Wild, D. Folini, and C. Schär. "Global precipitation response to changing external forcings since 1870." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 3 (2011): 9375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-9375-2011.
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Abstract. Predicting and adapting to changes in the hydrological cycle is one of the major challenges for the twenty-first century. To better estimate how it will respond to future changes in climate forcings, it is crucial to understand how it has evolved in the past and why. In our study, we use an atmospheric global climate model with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to investigate how changing external climate forcings have affected global land temperature and precipitation in the period 1870–2005. We show that prescribed SSTs (encapsulating other forcings) are the dominant forcing driving the decadal variability of land temperature and precipitation since 1870. On top of this SSTs forcing, we also find that the atmosphere-only response to increasing aerosol emissions is a reduction in global land temperature and precipitation by up to 0.4 °C and 30 mm year−1, respectively, between about 1930 and 2000. Similarly, the atmosphere-only response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is an increase in global land temperature and precipitation by up to 0.25 °C and 10 mm year−1, respectively, between about 1950 and 2000. Finally, our results also suggest that between about 1950 and 1970, increasing aerosol emissions had a larger impact on the hydrological cycle than increasing greenhouse gases concentrations.
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Polèse, Mario, and Jonathan Denis-Jacob. "Changes at the Top: A Cross-country Examination over the 20th Century of the Rise (and Fall) in Rank of the Top Cities in National Urban Hierarchies." Urban Studies 47, no. 9 (2010): 1843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010372686.
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The paper documents the evolution of rank orders for cities at the top of national urban hierarchies (top 10 cities, where possible). Ranks for the year 2000 are compared with 1950 for 74 nations and with 1900 for 52 nations, covering 375 and 288 cities respectively. Rank correlations with the year 2000 are calculated for both years. The rank order of cities in Europe shows significantly less variation over time than those for the New World and developing nations, consistent with the view that urban hierarchies harden as they mature. Changes in rank at the very top (rank 1) are rare. Where they occur, such changes can often be traced to political events that alter the direction of trade or the city’s role as central place. The results provide evidence both for and against locational fundamentals and cumulative causation arguments. The entrenched advantages of the first big cities to emerge are undeniable; but ‘fundamentals’ can be undermined by political events and by technological change.
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Sharp, Martin, and Libo Wang. "A Five-Year Record of Summer Melt on Eurasian Arctic Ice Caps." Journal of Climate 22, no. 1 (2009): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2425.1.
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Abstract Climatologies and annual anomaly patterns (2000–04) of melt season duration and dates of melt onset/freeze-up on Eurasian Arctic ice masses were derived from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) backscatter data. Severnaya Zemlya, Russia, has later melt onset, earlier freeze-up, and shorter melt seasons than Svalbard, Norway/Novaya Zemlya, Russia. In all three archipelagos 2001 was the longest melt season and 2000 was the shortest. Anomalously long (short) melt seasons on Svalbard were associated with negative (positive) sea ice concentration anomalies along the north coast in June and August. Annual mean melt duration was strongly correlated with the mean (June + August) NCEP–NCAR reanalysis 850-hPa air temperature, allowing reconstruction of melt durations for the period of 1948–2005. The 2000–04 pentad had the second or third longest mean melt duration of all pentads in the 1950–2004 epoch, while the 1950–54 pentad probably had the longest. Integration of these results with previous results from Greenland and the Canadian Arctic identifies 2002 as the longest melt season in the 2000–04 period across the Arctic as a whole, and 2001 as the shortest. Correlation of melt duration anomalies for 19 discrete regions identifies seven spatially coherent areas of the Arctic with common patterns of variability in annual melt duration.
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Domagała, Zygmunt, Paweł Dąbrowski, Michał Porwolik, Krystian Porwolik, and Bohdan Gworys. "Is the secular trend reflected in early stages of human ontogenesis?" Anthropological Review 77, no. 1 (2014): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2014-0007.
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Abstract There are a limited number of studies on secular changes in the neonatal period, and the majority of them concern research related to childhood and puberty The objective of our study was to carry out a comparative analysis of body weight and length at birth in neonates born in Wrocław in subsequent decades since 1950 to find out if these parameters are subject to secular trend, and what values they attained during the studied period of 50 years. The study was carried out in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in 2000 to analyse changes in body length, body weight and Rohrer index over time. The sample studied consisted of 7510 neonates, 3882 males and 3628 females, born in Wroclaw. Secular changes were tested using one-way variance analysis. The values of F statistics were compared to the critical values of the F Snedecor distribution. Changes in the features of neonates in subsequent study years were analysed using the modified z-score. Data were normalised for standard deviation in decade increments. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. The acceleration in the body length of neonates caused a gradual decrease in the mean values of the Rohrer index. No secular trend in body weight was found in Wrocław neonates over the 50-year period between 1950 and 2000 With regard to body length at birth, four waves of deceleration and acceleration were found: period 1 (1950s): deceleration in the increase of the analysed body parameters of neonates; period 2 (1960s): acceleration in neonates’ growth; period 3 (1970s and 1980s): economic crisis and political transformations in Poland; this is reflected by the stable mean values of body dimensions in neonates. The secular trend clearly decelerated, and period 4 (1990s and 2000) - very intense acceleration in both body weight and length and the Rohrer index.
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Silcock, J. L., G. B. Witt, and R. J. Fensham. "A 150-year fire history of mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.) dominated vegetation in semiarid Queensland, Australia." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 4 (2016): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15109.
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Changes to fire regimes associated with European colonisation are implicated in declines in biodiversity and productivity in rangelands globally. However, for many areas there is incomplete knowledge of historical fire regimes and purported changes can become accepted wisdom with little empirical evidence. In the Mulga Lands of south-western Queensland, the dominant narrative implicates reduced fire frequency as a cause of woody vegetation thickening. We present a fire history of the Mulga Lands since pastoral exploration in the 1840s based on a review of explorer and early pastoralist journals, newspaper articles, interviews with long-term landholders and collation of satellite imagery. Fires in mulga communities are infrequent and only occur after at least two years of above-average summer rainfall. The assumption of regular pre-pastoral fires is not supported by available evidence. Since pastoral settlement in the 1860s, fire events affecting >1000 km2 have occurred seven times (1891–1892, 1904, 1918, 1950–1951, 1956–1957, 1976–1979 and 2011–2013), with only the 1950s fires affecting a >10% of the total area of mulga-dominated vegetation. We argue that fire is limited by fuel loads, which are in turn limited by rainfall events occurring only a few times a century. Even in the absence of grazing and active fire suppression fire intervals would be extremely long, perhaps 30–50 years in relatively fire-prone communities and much longer throughout most of the region. Combined with quantitative studies of fire and tree and shrub population dynamics, detailed fire histories will allow for more informed and nuanced debates about the role of fire in rangelands subject to abrupt management upheavals.
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Lund, Ingeborg, and Karl Erik Lund. "Lifetime smoking habits among Norwegian men and women born between 1890 and 1994: a cohort analysis using cross-sectional data." BMJ Open 4, no. 10 (2014): e005539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005539.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesProviding lifetime smoking prevalence data and gender-specific cigarette consumption data for use in epidemiological studies of tobacco-induced cancer in Norway. Characterising smoking patterns in birth cohorts is essential for evaluating the impact of tobacco control interventions and predicting smoking-related mortality.SettingNorway.ParticipantsPreviously analysed annual surveys of smoking habits from 1954 to 1992, and individual lifetime smoking histories collected in 1965 from a sample of people born in 1893–1927, were supplemented with new annual surveys of smoking habits from 1993 to 2013. Age range 15–74 years.Primary outcome measureCurrent smoking proportions in 5-year gender-and-birth cohorts of people born between 1890 and 1994.ResultsThe proportion of smokers increased in male cohorts until the 1950s, when the highest proportion of male smokers (76–78%) was observed among those born in 1915–1934. Among women, the peak (52%) occurred 20 years later, in women born in 1940–1949. After 1970 smoking has declined in all cohorts of men and women. In the 1890–1894 cohorts, male smoking prevalence was several times higher than female, but the gap declined until no gender difference was present among those born after 1950. Gender-specific per capita consumption was even more skewed, and men have consumed over 70% of all cigarettes since 1930. The incidence of lung cancer for men peaked at around 2000, with the highest incidence rate estimated at ca. 38%. The incidence of lung cancer for women is still increasing, and estimated incidence rate for 2011 was 25.2%.ConclusionsIn an epidemiological perspective, men have had a longer and more intense exposure to cigarettes than women. The gender-specific incidence of lung cancer reflects the gender difference in consumption over time.
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D'Arrigo, Rosanne, Michael Barbett, Manas Watanasak, et al. "Progress in Dendroclimatic Studies of Mountain Pine in Northern Thailand." IAWA Journal 18, no. 4 (1997): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001508.
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New data added to the existing tree-ring width chronologies of mountain pine (Pinus kesiya and Pinus merkusii) result in a total of seven chronologies for these species for Thailand. The oldest (1647-1993) is from a P. merkusii site at Phu Kradung, north central Thailand. An analysis of the three longest P. kesiya chronologies, from north central Thailand, with Phetchabun rainfall (1951-1992) reveals correspondence between years oflow growth and below average rainfall (drought) during the wet season (July-November). The lowest growth year averaged over these three sites during the period of rainfall data (1951-1992) occurred in 1979, coinciding with the lowest wet season rainfall on record. For the common period of tree-ring record prior to 1951 (1830-1950), the level of drought severity in 1979 appears to have been exceeded only twice previously, in 1832 and 1894. A P. merkusii record from Thung Salaeng Luang is most significantly correlated with temperatures during May-June, considered a critical period for the subsequent evolution of the Asian monsoon.
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SALOMAA, ARTO, KAI T. SALOMAA, and ANDREW L. SZILARD. "GOODBY TO THE KINDHEARTED DRAGON PROF. SHENG YU, 1950–2012." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 24, no. 07 (2013): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054113400248.
Full textAbstract:
Professor Sheng Yu passed away on January 23, 2012, the first day of the Lunar New Year, the Year of the Dragon. He was only sixty-one years old. His death was a tremendous loss to his family, friends, colleagues, co-workers, co-authors, co-editors, members of conference program committees, students, the theoretical Computer Science Community and especially to his beloved wife, Lizhen. Through his teachings, international committee work, seminars and some 150 refereed publications, he left us a huge legacy of many interesting and important research contributions in the areas of the theory and implementation of automata and formal languages, fuzzy logic, object-oriented modeling methodologies, parallel processing for parallel programming languages, important software projects for automata theory research, the creation of the international Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata (CIAA) and a gallery of vivid memories of the wonderful times shared. He is remembered for his enormous energy, competence, diligence, anticipatory thoughtfulness, over-the-top generosity, measured politeness, noble sportsmanship and committed friendship. This paper, an extension of a talk with a similar title at DLT 2012, is an account how we are commemorating Sheng.
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VYSE, A. J., L. M. HESKETH, and R. G. PEBODY. "The burden of infection with cytomegalovirus in England and Wales: how many women are infected in pregnancy?" Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 4 (2008): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001258.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYA serological survey was used to investigate the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in England and Wales. A total of 5237 sera representing the complete age range were used reflecting the general population. The sera were collected in 1991 and 2002, and screened for CMV-specific IgG by ELISA. Antibody prevalence increased with age from ~15% in those aged 1–4 years to ~80% in those aged ⩾65 years with no association with gender or region. Analysing by common birth cohort demonstrated that between 1991 and 2002 incidence was highest in children born 1985–1989 (1·62% per year, 95% CI 0·86–2·35), lower in older children and younger adults born 1950–1984 (0·75% per year, 95% CI 0·29–1·19) with little evidence of infection in older adults born pre-1950 (0% per year, 95% CI 0–0·64). Application to population and live-birth estimates for England and Wales suggested that between 1991 and 2002, 159 996 (95% CI 67922–278277) CMV infections occurred annually with an annual average of 2133 (95% CI 816–3435) infections affecting pregnant females.