Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Yom Kippur War'

The amounts of theories that deal with naval warfare are many. Several of those are developed under the previous century when tactics and technology were in the eve of development. Many of modern thinkers within science of war often refer to older but recognized theories. The purpose of this essay is to examine if the old but recognized theories are of current interest in modern naval warfare. The questions that are used in this essay are, what is the characteristics of the war of Yom Kippur with Mahan’s offensive and Corbett’s defensive as a starting-point and are there any of the theories that are prominent. The examination is then carried out through analysing Mahan’s offensive and Corbett’s defensive. With their theories as a starting-point the characteristics of Mahan’s offensive and Corbett’s defensive are to be found within the war of Yom Kippur. The conclusions show that there are characteristics of Mahan’s offensive and Corbett’s defensive within the war of Yom Kippur. The defensive is striking on the political strategic level. The offensive is conspicuous on the military strategic and tactical level.

Yom Kippurkriget 1973 kan sägas vara det första sjökriget då sjömålsrobotar nyttjades av krigets respektive parter. Hur påverkade denna teknikutveckling av sjömålsroboten Israels sjötaktiska agerande? Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur teknikutvecklingen av sjömålsroboten har påverkat Israels sjökrigföring, samt undersöka huruvida det är tekniken som styr taktiken, eller tvärtom. Detta sker med en komparation av israelernas sjökrigföring under två krig, sexdagarskriget 1967 samt Yom Kippurkriget 1973. Analysverktyg för denna jämförelse utgörs av Wayne P. Hughes och Christopher Werners teorier angående samspelet mellan teknik och taktik. Denna teori och empiri redogörs deskriptivt med kvalitativ textanalys. Jämförelsen leder fram till att israelernas sjötaktiska agerande förändrades. I bägge krigen rådde god teknisk analys vilket påverkade deras taktik. Tekniken under Yom Kippurkriget möjliggjorde dock en offensivare taktik än agerandet under sexdagarskriget. Teknikutvecklingen av sjömålsroboten ledde således fram till en effektiv taktikanpassning. Undersökningen leder även fram till att teknik och taktik ständigt påverkar varandra.      

The Yom Kippur War in 1973 is known to be the first naval war when surface-to-surface missiles were used by both sides. How did this development of technology affect the tactical actions of Israel?

This paper examines how the development of technology, in form of the surface-to-surface missile, has affected the naval warfare of Israel and if technology affects tactics or vice versa. To find answers, the Israelis tactical actions are compared, in two wars, Six-Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur war in 1973. Theories regarding the interplay between technology and tactics, by Kevin P. Hughes and Christopher Werner, are used as tool for the analysis.

The result of the study shows that the tactical actions of Israel did change by the development of technology. Common in both wars is the fact that analyses of technology were carried out and affected their tactical actions. Technology during the Yom Kippur War though made more offensive tactics possible, than during the Six-Day War.

Thus development of the surface-to-surface missile did lead to an effective adaptation of tactics. The result of the study also shows that tactics and technology constantly affects each other.     

The principles of war have been questioned for a long time. Many scientists and military officers believe that they are too wide-ranging, contradictory or even invalid. Nonetheless, the principles of war have been institutionalised in several military doctrines and are used in military education. The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the principles of war can explain the outcome of modern maritime warfare. Since the principles of war cannot be regarded as one theory, Liddell Hart’s theory of the principles of war is chosen for this analysis. Using a case study method, the Battle of Baltim in the Yom Kippur War and the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano in the battle of the Falklands Islands are analysed against the theory. Although Liddell Hart’s theory was developed by analysing land warfare, the principles of war are regarded as universal and generally applicable and therefore may be used for analysing maritime warfare. The result of the analysis shows that Liddell Hart’s principles of war can explain the outcome of modern maritime warfare. The principlessecurity, mobility, concentration and surprise are observed in both cases to varying degrees and they are significant in explaining the outcome of the event. Even though Liddell Hart’s theory can explain the outcome, it is shown that the principle of mobility rarely will be fully achieved in submarine operations because of the lack of self-defence systems against enemy weapons.

The topic of this essay is the strategic importance of the Golan Heights during the period 1967-1973, specifically targeting the following questions;

-          Why were the heights strategically important?

-          What are the gains of either of the states in controlling the Golan Heights?

A theoretical framework based on Jerker Widén´s and Jan Ångström´s Militärteorins grunder (The fundamentals in Military Theory) and its chapter regarding the strategic context will be used as an analytical framework.

The framework has been applied on the specific conditions of the Golan Heights during a given and limited period of time; stretching from 1967 to 1973, however, the study will not deal with the war of attrition in 1970 as the impact on the Golan Heights and the surrounding geographical strategically important area was limited if at all. The two wars waged during this particular time are used in an attempt to give a somewhat objective picture of the strategic importance of the area.

The conclusions are that the importance of the Golan heights during the selected period was significant as the Golan Heights provided a “strategic lock” both ways and provides a favourable area to deploy artillery, intelligence and surveillance sensors.

Denna uppsats behandlar främst de grundläggande teorierna kring strategi applicerade på referensobjektet Golanhöjderna under åren 1967-1973.

Syftet är att svara på frågorna:

Varför var höjderna viktiga ur ett strategiskt perspektiv?

Vilka fördelar vinner endera staten på att besitta dem?

Tidsrymden har valts med tanke på att det är under denna tid som de häftigaste striderna ägde rum på detta specifika terrängavsnitt. Utnötningskriget 1970 berörs ej då det inte berörde terrängavsnittet. De parter som behandlas är Israel och Syrien då dessa gränsar till varandra runt Golanhöjderna.

De bägge parternas planer och mål under stridigheterna kommer att analyseras enligt en deskriptivt-analyserande metod och även till viss del jämföras vad avser deras avsikter och önskade slutläge.

Den teoretiska referensramen, vilken skall fungera som ett analysverktyg, består huvudsakligen av sex belysande aspekter som tillsammans kan beskriva den strategiska bilden, hämtade ur Jerker Widéns och Jan Ångströms bok Militärteorins grunder. Utöver dessa sex aspekter kommer även manöverkrig, linjaritet samt rysk krigskonst att beskrivas. Dessa operationaliseras sedan på referensobjektet och leder fram till en diskussion som sedan mynnar ut i ett antal slutsatser.

De slutsatser som har dragits är att Golanhöjderna har en strategisk vikt i området 1967-1973 då de fungerade som ett ”strategiskt lås” för bägge sidor samt att höjderna var värdefulla ur underrättelse-/spaningshänseende.

Överraskning är en av krigföringens grundprinciper. Svårigheterna i att förutse överraskning ligger i dess natur och har studerats genom historiken utan större resultat. Finns inte förmågan att återhämta efter överraskning är risken överhängande för förlust och forskningen brister i hur denna förmåga skapas. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara hur det kom sig att Israel lyckades återhämta efter överraskningen 1973 och vinna på slagfältet. En teorikonsumerande, utfallsförklarande processpårning används för att förklara det unika utfallet. Det teoretiska ramverket innefattar teorier om flexibilitet och taktik. Resultatet av analysen påvisar att Israel lyckades återhämta efter överraskningen trots bristande flexibilitet. Den avgörande mekanismen fanns i den moraliska faktorn i krigföringsförmågan, nämligen skicklighet. Den enskildes skicklighet överbryggade bristerna samt genomsyrade hela den israeliska organisationen och dess krigföringsförmåga. Tillsammans ger syftet och resultatet en ökad förståelse för vad som kan krävas av en underlägsen aktör som enskilt vill undvika att förlora på slagfältet.

This dissertation draws on recent historical-critical research into ancient Jewish temple theology, the priestly book of Leviticus, and especially the Yom Kippur liturgy of Leviticus 16, to develop a more paradoxical interpretation of Christ?s saving work for modern Christian systematic theology. Prompted by the pioneering research of Jacob Milgrom, there has been a surge in sympathetic interpretations of the priestly theological tradition, which has inspired fresh interpretations of the Levitical Day of Atonement. I argue that an adequate Christian theory of atonement must be attentive to both the overall ?landscape? of Jewish biblical thought, and to the specific rhythm of the Yom Kippur liturgy, which clearly distinguishes the ?work? of two goats?one elected to be a spotless sacrifice, the other called to bear the sins of Israel into the wilderness. Christian theology should observe this distinction within the united saving work of Jesus Christ. Yet modern interpretations of the cross often implicitly emphasize one ?goat? or the other. For example, we find a ?goat for the Lord? soteriology in the Anselmian satisfaction tradition, which has been beautifully rearticulated by David Bentley Hart; here Christ?s spotless sacrificial obedience recapitulates creation done well. In the controversial ?descent to hell? theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar, on the other hand, there is a ?goat for Azazel? soteriology; here Christ as the sin-bearing goat removes impurity to the furthest possible distance from the Father through his saving descent. By seeing Christ as fulfilling the work of both goats in his single act of cruciform love, the Catholic tradition can better draw on the ancient Jewish insight that atonement requires a unifying movement toward the center, to the holy of holies, as well as a removal of sin to the far periphery, the godforsaken exilic wilderness. This work is rooted in the conviction that, first, Christian theology should always honor, and remain in deep conversation with, its Jewish roots, and second, that advances in historical-critical research should be utilized to cultivate a modern theological interpretation of scripture, all in the service of a richer, more ecumenical understanding of the basic paradoxes of Catholic soteriology.

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This thesis examines the evolution of NATO as an institution in the International System by reference to Articles 4, 5 and 6 of the Washington Treaty of 1949. Initially, the thesis considers NATO from an international relations perspective. It then proceeds to examine the institutional evolutionary process of the Alliance since its inception and implementation in 1949. Furthermore, it explores the significance and the meaning of the aforementioned Articles. This thesis utilizes the case study method and refers to four distinct events that have shaped allied policies and strategies: the Suez Crisis of 1956, the establishment of the politico-military consultation process, the Yom Kippur War (1973), and the end of the Cold War (1989-1991). It also examines the allied policies after the events of September 11, 2001. Moreover, it identifies a general pattern of events pertinent to crisis creation inside NATO when the organization is facing a defense issue outside the Euro-Atlantic area. Finally, the thesis concludes that NATO is more than an ordinary military Alliance, as advocated by its longevity, agility and adaptability, which allows the Alliance to maintain a central position in the International System as a robust politico-military organization.
Lieutenant Commander, Hellenic Navy

O presente trabalho de investigação tem como objectivos principais o estudo, a investigação e a obtenção de um conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre o que foi o emprego dos sistemas de Defesa Aérea durante a Guerra do Yom Kippur, também chamado por conflito israelo-árabe de 1973. Os principais pontos focados ao longo do corpo do trabalho prendem-se essencialmente com a influência que os sistemas de Defesa Aérea egípcios tiveram no decorrer da Batalha Aérea que se desenvolveu, bem como averiguar se estes foram os únicos a interferir na mesma. A metodologia utilizada para a execução da investigação, e numa tentativa de dar resposta à problemática colocada ao longo do trabalho, assentou sobretudo na pesquisa documental de publicações de Artilharia Antiaérea, nomeadamente a Revista de Artilharia, Air Defense Artillery Magazine e ainda no estudo dealguma bibliografia especializada sobre Defesa Aérea e a Guerra do Yom Kippur. No que concerne aos resultados obtidos com a realização deste trabalho de investigação, é de referir que foram apurados dados relevantes sobre o emprego dos sistemas de Defesa Aérea relativamente à tecnologia envolvida, tácticas, técnicas e doutrinas. Por fim, e em termos das conclusões a que se chegoucom o desenvolvimento da problemática constante ao longo do trabalho, é importante referenciar que os procedimentos operacionais aplicados na Batalha Aérea, no que dizrespeito às tácticas dos sistemas de Defesa Aérea não são aplicáveis no moderno campo de batalha.
Abstract The main goal for the present paper work is the study, the investigation and the attainment of a deepened knowledge on what was the employment of the Air Defense systems during the Yom Kippur War, also called as 1973 Israeli-Arab conflict. The main points focused throughout the work are concerned essentially with the influence that the Egyptian Air Defense systems hadduring the Air Battle that took place, as well consider if these systems were the only ones that had interfered in the Battle. The methodology used for the execution of this investigation and the attempt to give reply to the problematic presented, was based in the documentary research of Air Defense Artillery bibliography, like the Artillery Magazine, Air Defense Artillery Magazine and also in the study of some specialized bibliography about Air Defense and the Yom Kippur War. With respect to the results gotten with the accomplishment of this investigation work, it is important to relate that it was obtained some sufficiently important data about the employment of the Air Defense systems in relation to the technology involved, tactics, techniques and doctrines. Finally, and in terms of conclusions achieved with the development of the work problematic, it’s important to mention that the operational procedures employed in the Air Battle in relation to the Air Defense systems are not applied in the modern battlefield.

Manöverkrigföring är idag ett centralt begrepp inom den konceptuella delen av krigföringsförmåganför många västländer. Luftmaktens betydelse i väpnade konflikter är också aktuell i dagensmilitärteoretiska debatt. Men vad innebär då manöverkrig för luftmakt? Ett land som ibland lyftsfram som skickliga på manöverkrigföring, och som dessutom traditionellt sett använt luftmaktflitigt, är Israel. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka i vilken omfattning Israel använt sig avmanöverkrigföring vid nyttjandet av luftmakt. Inledningsvis besvaras frågan: Vad innebär manöverkrigföringför luftmakt? Därefter studerar jag Yom-Kippur kriget. Syftet är att avgöra i vilkenutsträckning Israel använt sig av manöverkrigföring med luftmakt. Slutligen identifierar jag israeliskaframgångsfaktorer för nyttjandet av luftmakt samt försöker generalisera dessa till modernluftmakt. Uppsatsen visar att med ett luftmaktsperspektiv på manöverkrigföring framträder detoperativa målet Systemchock som viktigt, samt koordinering av striden i gemensamma operationersom central. Under Yom-Kippur kriget visade Israels agerande inledningsvis få tecken på manöverkrig.Efter hand ökade emellertid inslagen bl a genom ett effektivt utövande av operationskonstoch samordning av luft- och markstridskrafter. De israeliska framgångsfaktorerna från krigetpåminner i flera avseenden om de brittiska erfarenheterna från Irakkriget 2003. Min slutsats ärändå att dessa framgångsfaktorer inte kan generaliseras till modern luftmakt. Jag formulerar iställetföljande hypotes: Kontroll av luftrummet, samordning, tempo samt luftmaktens autonoma rollär centrala faktorer för luftmaktens nyttjande vid konventionell krigföring.
Among western countries Maneuver Warfare is currently an important conceptconcerning the conceptual aspects of warfighting. However, a great deal of theliterature in the field is written from a land-warfare perspective. The importanceof Air Power in modern warfighting is also a subject in current thoughtsof military theory, as is the idea of joint operations.Then what is the implication of Maneuver Warfare for Air Power? A countrysometimes associated with Maneuver Warfare is Israel. Analysing Israeli AirPower can achieve an increased understanding of the relations between AirPower, joint operations and Maneuver Warfare. The purpose of this thesis istherefore to explore to which extent Israel has used Maneuver Warfare whenemploying its Air Power. Initially I answer the question: What is the implicationof Maneuver Warfare for Air Power? This is done by analysing militarytheory relevant to the subject. Next I study the Yom-Kippur War in order toestablish to what extent Israel used Maneuver Warfare in an Air Power sense.Finally, I identify Israeli success-factors concerning the application of AirPower and try to generalize these to modern Air Power. In this case modernAir Power application is limited to British experiences of the Iraq-War in 2003.The overall conclusion of the thesis is that with an Air Power perspective onManeuver Warfare the operational objective of System Paralysis is of vitalimportance and that coordination of the Joint-Battle is essential. During theYom-Kippur War the action of the Israel Air Force initially showed few indicationsof Maneuver Warfare. As the war proceeded the application of ManeuverWarfare increased. This is evident from the successful application of OperationalArt and from increased coordination between Air- and Ground Forces. Itbrought about an Israeli control of the air followed by a dominance of all flanksof the battlespace, which could be utilized with an ever increasing tempo. Inseveral aspects the Israeli success-factors resemble the British experiences ofthe Iraq-War. However, my conclusion is that due to the nature of warfarethese success-factors cannot be generalized to the application of modern AirPower. Still, I conclude that certain factors are important to consider regardingAir Power in conventional warfare. My final conclusion, therefore, ends withthe following hypothesis:Control of the air, coordination, tempo and the autonomous role of AirPower are vital to consider regarding the application of Air Power in conventionalwarfare.Finally, I suggest that further research concerning the above stated hypothesisis done.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-uppsHylla: Upps. ChP 02-04

In the current research, the factors of success and foundational principles of war are vaguely described; this is in spite of their prominent occurrence in military doctrines. There seems to be a lack of empirical evidence underpinning the theories of Wayne P. Hughes (2000) and Geoffrey Till (2014) and also few or none precursor studies that apply these frameworks to the analysis of modern sea battles, which reduces their theoretical validity. This paper aims to address the gap in empirical research in the field by applying the theories of Hughes and Till to a case-study examination of the Yom-Kippur war 1973 and to determine their utility and relevance for analysing modern naval warfare. The findings of the case-study indicate that Hughes’ theory in particular can contribute to the theoretical analysis of modern naval warfare since all factors of success were fulfilled. Nine of the eleven factors of Till's theory were identified in the analysis, and these nine are regarded as having high explanatory power. The remaining two factors partly identified in the analysis are regarded as having less relevance as factors of success for modern naval warfare. More empirical studies have to be researched to allow generalization of this papers results.

O objectivo da presente investigação é abordar, sob duas perspectivas diferentes, a Guerra do Yom Kippur, um conflito que envolveu o Estado de Israel, o Egipto e a Síria, em Outubro de 1973. A primeira prende-se com a análise do conflito de uma forma que nos permite obter um melhor conhecimento da Guerra do Yom Kippur. A segunda abordagem deste estudo baseia-se em informação científica que engloba assuntos relacionados com a Diplomacia, do âmbito das Relações Internacionais mantidas pelos diferentes países envolvidos no conflito. Sabendo à partida que Israel poderia ter sido surpreendido e correu um sério risco de ser derrotado e porventura destruído enquanto Estado, pretendemos saber como foi possível Egipto e Síria terem surpreendido Israel de forma tão eloquente. Também quisemos saber que factores permitiram a Israel contrariar a lógica, impedir a sua derrota quando parecia caminhar para a mesma. Noutro âmbito, analisámos as relações diplomáticas mantidas durante os anos que antecederam a Guerra do Yom Kippur e vimos como elas influenciaram os acontecimentos, tanto no período temporal que antecedeu o conflito como na resolução do mesmo. Relativamente a Portugal, tentámos e conseguimos perceber que postura que o nosso país adoptou perante o conflito. Assim, este estudo foi organizado em três partes. Na primeira, caracterizámos o ambiente que se vivia, que tipos de relações externas se mantinham na época no Médio Oriente, principalmente após a Guerra dos Seis Dias até à Guerra do Yom Kippur, que serve de enquadramento. Na segunda parte, analisámos o conflito e os aspectos inerentes à compreensão do mesmo, que nos permitiram perceber claramente o desenvolvimento dos acontecimentos. Por último, dedicámos um capítulo ao estudo da posição portuguesa perante o desenrolar deste conflito.
Abstract The aim of the present study is to approach, in two different ways, the Yom Kippur War, a conflict that involved the State of Israel, Egypt and Syria, on October 1973. The first one is the analysis of the conflict itself as it was requested by our subject which will provide a better understanding of the Yom Kippur War. The second approach of this study relies on scientific information to do with the Foreign Affairs and International Relationships between the several countries involved in the conflict. Knowing that facing such an attack Israeli forces were initially swiftly overwhelmed, running a serious risk of being defeated, and therefore terminated as a State, we intended to understand how Egypt and Syria came to plan such an attack. We also wanted to know which factors made it possible for Israel to go against logic, avoiding its defeat at a point where the military signs were ominous for Israel. In the other part, we analyzed the diplomatic relations during the years prior to the Yom Kippur War, so we could understand how they influenced, both the period just before and the way they impacted on the solution of the conflict. At the same time, we tried to know, and we were welll succeed, which political position Portugal adopted during the conflict. This study is divided in three different parts. In the first one, we characterized the society, the different types of current foreign affairs policies in the Middle East, mainly in the time between the Six Days War and the Yom Kippur War. In the second part, we analyzed the Yom Kippur War and its main events, in order to understand the conflict more extensively. And lastly, we dedicated our attention to a chapter regarding Portugal’s political position during the conflict.

The Air Power theories of today are often written from a superior air force perspective where the overall focus is on the offensive nature of Air Power. Very little is spoken about Air Power and its defensive role as well as the inferior states opportunities against superior opponents. A state that successfully has used Air Power through history is Israel. During both the Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur in 1973, Israel faced superior opponents consisting of a coalition of Arab states, including Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq. Despite Israel being the initially inferior state during both wars, they managed to gain initiative against the superior Arab states. This study will set the Air Power theories of Philip S Meilinger to a test through a validation process against two cases, the Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur in 1973. The aim is to analyse the Israeli air force during these two wars. The main goal is to try to explain how inferior states can succeed against superior opponents through Air Power. The result of the study demonstrates that an inferior state has the opportunity to achieve success through Air Power against superior opponents. The analyses of Meilingers theories indicates that high readiness, early employment of forces, use of Air Powers psychological effect and timing constitutes successful factors in gaining initiative. An additional important factor for achieving success through these variables is highly relevant intelligence.

Uppsatsen syfte är att undersöka det kausala sambandet mellan lokal överlägsenhet och seger på taktisk nivå inom markarenan. Detta sker genom att begreppen lokal överlägsenhet och seger på taktisk nivå analyseras och diskuteras. Uppsatsen har som ambition att även göra dessa begrepp mätbara för att testa det kausala sambandet i en fallstudie bestående av två fall; slaget vid Suomussalmi och slaget vid Golanhöjderna.  Uppsatsen visar att det i de valda fallen föreligger ett samband mellan lokal överlägsenhet och seger på taktisk nivå inom ramen för de definitioner som är gjorda i uppsatsen. Vidare redovisas den problematik som normativ forskning inom krigsvetenskapen är behäftad med. Uppsatsen resultat kan m.h.t. detta ej anses påvisa ett generellt kausalt samband.

There are different ways to understand warfare. Some see it as an artform, some as a science. For hundreds of years writers and theorists have tried to explain war in terms of principles such as initiative, surprise, and simplicity. These principles are sometimes distilled into maxims that try to define the most meaningful, crucial rules of war. This essay examines naval writer Wayne P. Huhges’s maxim “attack effectively first”. The somewhat self-evident concept of attacking effectively first leading to naval victory is tested and discussed. Hughes has developed three factors that he sees as essential in achieving the maxim, firepower, scouting and command and control (C2). The factors are analyzed and applied to the Yom Kippur war to investigate their meaning and value. The results of the analysis show that the factors are necessary to attack effectively first. However more research is required to evaluate how other factors can contribute and if the maxim is relevant in other maritime warfare cases.

This thesis examines how the use of combined arms according to Robert Leonhards theory can explain the military success on the tactical level of war in two historical cases. Previous studies focus mainly on how combined arms shall be understood and how it shall be used and not how combined arms has contributed to military success. This thesis uses a theory testing case study to examine how combined arms contributed to the military success of the Israeli forces in the Yom Kippur-war and to that of American forces in  Operation Desert Storm.   The analysis is based on Robert Leonhards three principles of combined arms. The result of the analysis shows that both the Israeli forces and the American forces used the different principles of combined arms. The analysis also showed that the use of combined arms created military success at the tactical level of the different wars, but combined arms cannot by itself explain the military success as the technical advantages, moral and educational level also had a significant impact on the outcome.

Recent aggressions and geopolitical insecurities in the Baltic region have made it necessary for the Swedish armed forces to change their focus from an international defense policy to a territorial defense strategy. This change focuses mainly on strengthening the defensive capabilities of the Swedish armed Forces by reshaping the brigade structures with a focus on combined arms warfare in conjunction to maneuver warfare. Current doctrine and manuals show a lack in combined arms concerning its contribution to tactical success as well as its origin. As such a question whether tactical success can be explained with combined arms has been raised. This thesis aims to examine if Robert R Leonhard’s theory on combined arms can explain success at a tactical level during Operation Desert Storm and the Yom Kippur war and the analysis focuses on Robert Leonhards three principles of combined arms. The result of the study shows that the theory can partly explain success at a tactical level in both cases. But further studies must be conducted on the subject in order to increase the theories explanatory power.

A trend in modern warfare is to conduct war both conventionally and unconventionally. This modern era sets high demands on conventional forces to face the contemporary threat. Most of the modern conventional forces conduct war through maneuver warfare and uses the practice of combined arms to organize and fight, but is the method of combined arms still a valid method? This study examines Robert Leonhard’s theory of combined arms in the Yom Kippur war 1973 and during the American Thunder Runs in Baghdad 2003. The research question that this study is trying to answer is how the combined arms theory can explain the tactical success in the two cases. Previous studies about the theory explains how it could be understood, not how it is used. The theory encompasses three principles which is applied to the two cases to allow a structured analysis. The results show that both the Israelis and the Americans use the combined arms theory to achieve tactical success. What the analysis also shows is that the theory is not the only element that achieved success, but also technical advantage, moral and experience made an impact on the outcome of the cases.

The principles of war are appreciated as guidelines in doctrines and theorist Robert R. Leonhard states that surprise is more vital than ever in combat, but criticism is equally distributed. The principles might not even be valid since they lack examination systematically and empirically.  The purpose of this study is to examine the principle of surprise through a case study based upon naval operations during the Yom Kippur and Falklands War.  This tentative study is based on the thoughts of classical theorists. These thoughts are operationalized and subsequently investigated in literature in order to evaluate the validity.  The results show that the principle of surprise is valid to some extent in modern combat, but the factors validity may vary. The principle of surprise also becomes more nuanced in this study, as indicators and examples became connected to the principle.  It can be concluded that the study identifies a need for further empirical research as well as investigation on whether new factors can be discovered in modern combat.

Denna uppsats granskar Shaun Clarkes teori om strategic persuation oriented targeting. Teorin beskriver hur strategisk påverkan av beslutsfattare ska ske genom utnyttjandet av luftmakt. En nation med begränsade resurser bör nyttomaximera användningen av stridsflyg. Israeliska offensiva flygoperationer analyseras i en jämförande studie av Sexdagarskriget, 1967 och Yom Kippurkriget 1973. Resultatet medger att framgången för Israel i luftkrigen delvis kan förklaras med Clarkes teori. Mätning av strategisk effekt och psykologisk påverkan är svår och kan ibland endast medges genom subjektiv bedömning. Detta påverkar förklaringskraften i teorin. Jämförelsen visar att specifika variabler i Clarkes teori kan verka till fördel för resultatet i enskilda fall. Enligt teorin är det den sammanlagda effekten som ska beaktas för nationer med begränsade resurser. Teoribildningen stärks genom studien och nationer med begränsade resurser kan med fördel analysera denna vid översyn av egen doktrin. Det viktiga är att göra det ur eget hot- och förmågeperspektiv. Fallstudien påvisar att undvikande av symmetriska konfrontationer och resurssplittring är en förutsättning som medger ökad möjlighet till framgång. Väl övervägda, planerade och effektiva offensiva företag tillsammans med riktad strategisk kommunikation kan innebära ökad psykologisk påverkan. Detta kan ge förutsättningar för en strategisk förändring. En instrumentell implementering av offensiva operationer kan dock ge motsatt effekt.

Theory of the use of air power in defensive operations is not as developed as in offensive operations. The purpose of this study is to examine if Papes strategies of air power and coercion can be used to analyze the use of air power and its effects in a defensive operation. The result shows that Papes strategies can explain the use of air power in the cases of the study but have difficulties in explaining the outcome of the conflict in a distinct and clear way. Papes Denial-strategy has the best explanatory power of the four (Punishment, Risk, Denial and Decapitation) for the outcome of the conflict. The result shows that the use of air power could not be used isolated to reach decisive effect. Only during joint operations was the decisive effects reached. The conclusions, however, are to be seen in the light of the interests of USA and the Soviet Union and their roles before, during and their influence in ending the conflict.

I den övergripande luftmaktsteoretiska debatten framkommer kritik mot att små nationers specifika förutsättningar i krig tenderar att exkluderas. Konsekvensen blir att små nationer i allt för stor utsträckning kopierar stora nationers doktrinära tänk istället för att generera egna idéer. Shaun Clarke försöker genom sin luftmaktsteoretiska ansats vända denna trend och har närmare undersökt små nationers möjlighet att genom strategisk attack nå framgång mot större motståndare.   Genom sin originalitet anses Clarkes luftmaktsteori vara ett viktigt tillskott i den övergripande luftmaktsteoretiska debatten, men kritiseras samtidigt för att inte vara tillräckligt empiriskt underbyggd. Syftet med denna undersökning är att möta denna kritik och genom en teoriprövande ansats empiriskt undersöka förklaringskraften hos Clarkes teori. Därigenom även bidra till ett trovärdigare vetenskapsteoretiskt underlag, med fokus på den lilla nationen och dess ambition att utveckla förmågan strategisk attack. Forskningsstrategin representeras av en tvåfallstudie av Yom Kippur kriget 1973, samt Falklandskriget 1982, där Israel respektive Argentina utgör de huvudsakliga analysperspektiven. Resultatet påvisar att såväl Israel som Argentina tillämpat luftmakt utifrån Clarkes teoretiska beskrivning. Undersökningen stärker därmed Clarkes luftmaktsteori rent empiriskt. För små nationer, med ambition att utveckla sin förmåga till ett mer strategiskt nyttjande av luftmakt, så är den viktigaste slutsatsen från denna undersökning att strategisk attack inte primärt handlar om kinetisk energi som appliceras på strategiska mål. Utan det är istället de mänskliga reaktionerna och besluten bakom tillämpningen av strategisk attack som står i centrum.

The New Testament book known as the epistle to the Hebrews contains little obvious reference to Jesus' resurrection. Modern interpreters generally account for this relative silence by noting that the author's soteriological and christological concerns have led him to emphasize Jesus' death and exaltation while ignoring, spiritualizing, or even denying his resurrection. In particular, the writer's metaphorical appeal to the Yom Kippur sacrifice, with its dual emphasis on the slaughter of the victim and the presentation of the victim's blood by the high priest, allows him to explain the salvific significance of Jesus' death and exaltation. The crucifixion can be likened to the slaughter of the victim, while Jesus' exaltation in heaven can be likened to the high priest entering the holy of holies. In this way the cross can be understood as an atoning sacrifice. Such a model leaves little room for positive or distinct reflection on the soteriological or christological significance of the resurrection.

This study argues that the soteriology and high-priestly Christology the author develops depend upon Jesus' bodily resurrection and ascension into heaven. The work begins with a survey of positions on Jesus' resurrection in Hebrews. I then present a case for the presence and role of Jesus' bodily resurrection in the text. First, I demonstrate that the writer's argument in Heb 1-2 for the elevation of Jesus above the angelic spirits assumes that Jesus has his humanity--his blood and flesh--with him in heaven. Second, I show that in Heb 5-7 the writer identifies Jesus' resurrection to an indestructible life as the point when Jesus became a high priest. Third, I explain how this thesis makes coherent the author's consistent claims in Heb 8-10 that Jesus presented his offering to God in heaven. I conclude that Jesus' crucifixion is neither the place nor the moment of atonement for the author of Hebrews. Rather, in keeping with the equation in the Levitical sacrificial system of the presentation of blood to God with the presentation of life, Jesus obtained atonement where and when the writer says--when he presented himself in his ever-living, resurrected humanity before God in heaven. Jesus' bodily resurrection is, therefore, the hinge around which the high-priestly Christology and soteriology of Hebrews turns.

Dissertation

Henry Kissinger is considered to be one of the most influential diplomats of U.S. history. During the decade he spent directing the U.S. foreign affairs from one of the top level positions, he achieved many important successes. His power extended far beyond the normal competence of the secretary of state. His personal skills, which were an important asset in obtaining such an influential position, combined with the complicated internal political situation in the United States. At the time Kissinger entered the Middle East conflict as an important actor, the Nixon Administration fought against charges connected with the Watergate affair and the president consequently had little time and energz to devote to the foreign policy. Henry Kissinger could thus became the creator of American diplomacy and its main representative. The documents about the Yom Kippur War and the U.S. engagement in the region, which were declassified much later and which this thesis make use of, show that the real power of Henry Kissinger was much broader than widely believed.

security of nation. What is intelligence's role in the case of Israel? How has it evolved during s that Israel has learned from its mistakes in the past "has actually picked up that up call", and has made its intelligence the most powerful and reliable weapon in their V posledních několika desetiletích byla inteligence srdcem boje proti terorismu a bezpečnosti národa. Jaká je úloha zpravodajských služeb v případě Izraele? Jak se vyvíjel během své existence? Jaké byly zaměřující se události, selhání, která způsobila tento vývoj ve inteli Jaká je úloha inteligence v boji proti terorismu? Většina studií ignoruje zásadní roli, kterou inteligence přináší do arény, nebo se zaměřuje pouze na její nejkontroverznější aspekty. Tento článek tvrdí, že se Izrael poučil ze svých chyb v minulosti "skutečně vzal toto budící volání" a učinil ze své inteligence nejsilnější a nejspolehlivější zbraň ve svém arzenálu v národní bezpečnosti. Prozkoumá a důležité role, které musí každé odvětví zpravodajství přinést ke stolu blémy mají jednotlivé pobočky a jak mohou zabránit problémům? Tato práce bude zdůrazňovat klady a efektivitu izraelského modelu boje proti terorismu jako dosud nejúčinnějšího a nejúspěšnějšího s ohledem na liberální demokracii. o dvojsečný meč, který nemůže být nahrazen žádnou jinou formou sběru inteligence.

The life, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus are not often read against the backdrop of the sacrificial system of Leviticus, despite the fact that the Letter to the Hebrews and other New Testament texts do exactly this. Until recently, Hebrew Bible scholars had little insight into the function of many of the sacrifices of Leviticus. However, over the last thirty years, Jacob Milgrom has articulated the purgative function of the purification offering of Leviticus, the principal sacrifice offered for wrongdoing. The blood of the purification offering, which contains the animal's ,nefesh, best understood as the animating force of the animal, acts as a ritual cleanser. Milgrom has insisted that the purification offering only cleanses the sanctuary, never the offerer. This conclusion likely has kept many New Testament scholars from seeing the impact this sacrifice had on various New Testament authors. Thus although Milgrom's work has had a profound impact on Hebrew Bible scholarship, it has had little effect on New Testament scholarship on the sacrifice of Jesus.

Using source criticism and a close reading of the relevant Hebrew Bible texts and New Testament texts, this study argues that the purification offering of Leviticus can purge the offerer, as well as the sanctuary. Moreover, the logic of the purification offering of Leviticus informs many New Testament texts on the sacrificial offering of Jesus. Leviticus demonstrates that there is a relationship between the Israelites and the sanctuary. The wrongdoings and impurites of the Israelites can stain the sanctuary and sacrificial procedures done in and to the sanctuary can purge the Israelites. The purgation of the offerer takes place in two stages. In the first stage, described in Lev 4:1-5:13, the offerer moves from being guilt-laden to being forgiven. In the second stage, outlined in Lev 16, the sanctuary is purged of the wrongdoings and impurities of the Israelites. The Israelites shift from being forgiven to being declared pure. The Israelites cannot be pure until the sanctuary is purged and reconsecrated.

The Letter to the Hebrews, along with other New Testament texts, articulates the same process and results for the sacrificial offering of Jesus. The emphasis in Hebrews and elsewhere in the New Testament is on the power (typically the cleansing power) of Jesus' blood. Jesus' death is necessary but insufficient. Hebrews clearly asserts that it was through the offering of Jesus' blood in the heavenly sanctuary that the heavenly things were cleansed, and more importantly, that believers were cleansed. Hebrews also articulates a two-stage process for the transformation of believers. In the first stage, believers are cleansed by Jesus' sacrificial offering in heaven. However, believers anticipate a final rest after Jesus' return when their flesh will be transformed as Jesus' flesh was after his resurrection. This transformation allows believers to dwell in harmony with and in proximity to God. The logic of the purification offering of Leviticus, then, informs the Letter to the Hebrews and other New Testament texts.

Dissertation

The thesis deals with important and festive days in the Jewish calendar. It studies their origin both in historical context and in the context of celebrations and customs observed during the festivals. It deals with the festivals both from the religious point of view, i.e. religious commands and orders, and from the societal point of view where it aims at mapping the customs and traditions which are followed but which are not based on religious texts or rabbi tradition. The scope of the text dedicated in the thesis to specific festivals does not strictly copy the religious importance or the popularity of a particular festival with Jewish population; rather, it is guided by the scope of historical background and customs followed in connection with the festival. As a result, some less popular festivals in the society are more prominent than it would have been expected judging by their importance. The thesis presents individual festivals in the chronological order of the religious year, with the exception of Shabbat which is observed every week and Rosh Chodesh celebrated monthly. These festivals were included before other festivals and make up a separate chapter. The broad scope of the thesis encompassing all festive days, including modern festivals, mostly established by the State of Israel, enables...