Relevant bibliographies by topics / Theileria parva

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Academic literature on the topic 'Theileria parva'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Theileria parva"

1

Young, A. S., B. L. Leitch, R. M. Newson, and M. P. Cunningham. "Maintenance of Theileria parva parva infection in an endemic area of Kenya." Parasitology 93, no. 1 (August 1986): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000049787.

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SUMMARYThe maintenance of Theileria parva parva infection in an endemic area of Kenya on the shore of Lake Victoria was studied in the field and laboratory. High prevalences of antibodies against T. parva and T. mutans and intra-erythrocytic piroplasms were detected in local zebu (Bos indicus) cattle. The mean infection rate of Theileria parasites in the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, in field collections was 1·1 %. Most of the infection was attributed to T. parva parva by application of field ticks to susceptible cattle. Five cattle, all about 1·5 years old, were purchased from local owners and transported to the laboratory. All five had oscillating antibody titres against T. parva and T. mutans and had patent theilerial infections during the subsequent 13 months. Uninfected R. appendiculatus nymphs were applied to cattle at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 13 months after transport to Muguga, and 18 out of 23 batches transmitted T. parva parva infection to cattle when 100 resultant R. appendiculatus adults were applied. Infection rates in the tick batches were usually low, with 1 salivary gland acinus infected/tick. Hence, a frequent carrier state of naturally infected cattle has been demonstrated for T. parva parva for the first time, and it is likely that this carrier state is of great importance in maintenance of T. parva parva infection in the field.
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Conrad, P. A., O. K. Ole-Moiyoi, C. L. Baldwin, T. T. Dolan, C. J. O'Callaghan, R. E. G. Njamunggehr, J. G. Grootenhuis, D. A. Stagg, B. L. Leitch, and A. S. Young. "Characterization of buffalo-derived theilerial parasites with monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes." Parasitology 98, no. 2 (April 1989): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000062089.

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SUMMARYThe characteristics of intra-lymphocytic Theileria isolated from African buffalo and from cattle that were infected with buffalo-derived parasites were evaluated using anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and DNA probes. Antigenic differences were revealed by the reactivities of 27 mAbs with the buffalo-derived parasites isolated from different animals. Antigenic diversity was also seen with Theileria-infected lymphoblastoid cell isolates taken from the lymph nodes and blood of the same animals. Two DNA probes, selected from a genomic library of T. parva piroplasm DNA cloned in λgt11, showed specific hybridization to parasite DNA in Southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested, lymphoblastoid cells infected with buffalo-derived theilerial parasites. Genotypic differences between the buffalo-derived parasites were revealed by the restriction fragment length polymorphisms seen with hybridization of those probes to DNA from cloned and uncloned Theileria-infected cell lines. The evaluation of theilerial parasites derived from buffalo and from cattle which underwent typical T. p. lawrencei reactions, after being infected with buffalo-derived theilerial parasites, did not show any specific phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of these parasites that would distinguish them from T. p. parva and T. p. bovis parasites. The validity of these subspecies distinctions is discussed.
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Musisi, F. L., J. C. Quiroga, G. K. Kanhai, S. P. Kamweno, F. J. Mzoma, and L. M. Njuguna. "Theileria parva (Kasoba) isolée et testée sur du bétail guéri après infection par d’autres stocks de Theileria parva." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 49, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9544.

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Un stock pathogène de Theileria a été isolé à partir de bovins témoins, lors d'un test d'immunisation sur le terrain contre la theilériose bovine à Kasoba, près de la ville de Karonga au Nord du Malawi. Un stabilat issu de ce stock a causé des fièvres graves et une parasitose prolongée chez du bétail n'ayant jamais été infecté par Theileria parva, provoquant la mort de 5 animaux sur 12 en dépit du traitement. D'un autre côté, ce stock de parasites a seulement causé des réactions légères à modérées chez 17 bovins préalablement immunisés avec un stabilat trivalent de T. parva, excepté chez trois animaux qui ont développé des réactions sévères et l'un d'eux en est mort. Une autre fois, le bétail immunisé avec Theileria parva (Serengeti transformé) provenant de buffle a résisté à une inoculation potentiellement fatale en ne montrant que des réactions légères et modérées. Ce stock de parasites s'est avéré morphologiquement et sérologiquement semblable à Theileria parva (Muguga); il était virulent et pouvait provoquer la mort, en particulier chez du bétail n'ayant jamais été infecté par T. parva. Ce stock de parasites a été ainsi appelé Theileria parva (Kasoba).
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MORZARIA, SUBHASH, VISH NENE, RICHARD BISHOP, and ANTHONY MUSOKE. "Vaccines against Theileria parva." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05326.x.

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Maritim, A. C., A. S. Young, A. C. Lesan, S. G. Ndungu, J. J. Mutugi, and D. A. Stagg. "Theilerial parasites isolated from carrier cattle after immunization with Theileria parva by the infection and treatment method." Parasitology 99, no. 1 (August 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000061126.

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SUMMARYGroups of cattle were immunized with 10−2 dilutions of sporozoite stabilates of Theileria parva lawrencei derived from African buffaloes either alone or in combination with Theileria parva parva derived from cattle and concomitant treatment with either long or short-acting formulations of oxytetracyline. At 90 or 120 days after infection, uninfected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks were applied to individual immunized cattle and the resultant adults ticks were applied to individual susceptible cattle. Theilerial infection developed from ticks fed on 6 out of 11 animals investigated for evidence of a carrier state. Two additional animals were shown by cell-culture isolation to have persistent theilerial infections. Nine cattle infected with the parasites from carrier animals were treated with parvaquone and 7 recovered. These recovered cattle were then challenged with the original immunizing stabilates at 10° dilution together with the original immunized and carrier cattle. Six out of 7 cattle which had recovered from carrier-derived infection succumbed to this challenge and died but none of the original immunized cattle showed theilerial reactions. When a carrier-derived sporozoite stabilate was used to challenge cattle immune to the original immunizing parasite, they proved to be immune. Cattle immune to the carrier-derived parasites were all immune to challenge with the original parasite. A monoclonal antibody profile aginst T. parva schizonts isolated by cell culture from samples of the experimental animals did not appear to be sensitive enough to determine the antigenic differences between the carrier-derived parasite and the original immunizing parasite. Indications are that the carrier state is not likely to produce new antigenic strains which would be dangerous to immunized cattle.
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Maritim, A. C., A. S. Young, A. C. Lesan, S. G. Ndungu, J. J. Mutugi, and D. A. Stagg. "Theilerial parasites isolated from carrier cattle afterimmunization with Theileria parva by the infection and treatment method." Parasitology 99, S1 (August 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200007219x.

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Groups of cattle were immunized with 10−2 dilutions of sporozoite stabilates of Theileria parva lawrencei derived from African buffaloes either alone or in combination with Theileria parva parva derived from cattle and concomitant treatment with either long or short-acting formulations of oxytetracyline. At 90 or 120 days after infection, uninfected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks were applied to individual immunized cattle and the resultant adults ticks were applied to individual susceptible cattle. Theilerial infection developed from ticks fed on 6 out of 11 animals investigated for evidence of a carrier state. Two additional animals were shown by cell-culture isolation to have persistent theilerial infections. Nine cattle infected with the parasites from carrier animals were treated with parvaquone and 7 recovered. These recovered cattle were then challenged with the original immunizing stabilates at 10° dilution together with the original immunized and carrier cattle. Six out of 7 cattle which had recovered from carrier-derived infection succumbed to this challenge and died but none of the original immunized cattle showed theilerial reactions. When a carrier-derived sporozoite stabilate was used to challenge cattle immune to the original immunizing parasite, they proved to be immune. Cattle immune to the carrier-derived parasites were all immune to challenge with the original parasite. A monoclonal antibody profile aginst T. parva schizonts isolated by cell culture from samples of the experimental animals did not appear to be sensitive enough to determine the antigenic differences between the carrier-derived parasite and the original immunizing parasite. Indications are that the carrier state is not likely to produce new antigenic strains which would be dangerous to immunized cattle.
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Allsopp, B. A., H. A. Baylis, M. T. E. P. Allsoppi, T. Cavalier-Smith, R. P. Bishop, D. M. Carrington, B. Sohanpal, and P. Spooner. "Discrimination between six species of Theileria using oligonucleotide probes which detect small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences." Parasitology 107, no. 2 (August 1993): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000067263.

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SUMMARYThe complete small subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene of Theileria parva was cloned and sequenced. Two primers were designed which permitted the specific amplification of part of the Theileria srRNA gene from Theileria-infected cell line samples which were predominantly (> 95%) bovine DNA. The sequence of the central (variable) region of the srRNA genes of T. annulata, T. taurotragi, T. mutans and two unidentified parasites referred to as Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (Marula) were obtained. An alignment of the sequences was generated from which 6 oligonucleotide probes, corresponding to species-specific regions, were designed. These probes were demonstrated to provide unequivocal identification of each of the 6 species either by direct detection of parasite srRNA or by hybridization to amplified parasite srRNA genes. The probes were not able to distinguish buffalo-derived T. parva, the causal agent of Corridor disease, from cattle-derived T. parva, the causal agent of East Coast fever.
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Morzaria, S. P., and J. R. Young. "Genome analysis of Theileria parva." Parasitology Today 9, no. 10 (October 1993): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(93)90090-3.

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Stagg, D. A., R. P. Bishop, S. P. Morzaria, M. K. Shaw, D. Wesonga, G. O. Orinda, J. G. Grootenhuis, D. H. Molyneux, and A. S. Young. "Characterization of Theileria parva which infects waterbuck (Kobus defassa)." Parasitology 108, no. 5 (June 1994): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000077416.

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SummaryTheileria-free waterbuck (Kobus defassa) born in captivity were successfully infected with Theileria parva sporozoites derived from ticks infected by feeding on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). All waterbuck underwent mild infections with the development of sporadic schizont and piroplasm parasitosis when inoculated with sporozoite doses lethal to cattle. A carrier state of T. parva was demonstrated by feeding clean R. appendiculatus nymphs on two of these infected waterbuck. Tick batches from these waterbuck on 2 of 5 occasions transmitted lethal Theileria infections to cattle. In a separate experiment, waterbuck cells were infected and transformed in vitro by T. parva sporozoites derived from buffalo but not by cattle-derived T. parva (Muguga) sporozoites. Waterbuck cells infected in vitro with T. parva isolated from buffalo were inoculated into autologous waterbuck but no infections developed. Theileria parva isolates generated in this study from various sources were characterized using anti-T. parva schizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and it was found that buffalo-derived and waterbuck-passaged isolates had different profiles. Species-specific synthetic oligonucleotide probes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with cloned T. parva DNA probes, and DNA sequence analysis of the p67 sporozoite antigen gene confirmed that the waterbuck-passaged parasite was T. parva. The Tpr repetitive probe hybridization patterns from the waterbuck-passaged parasites were different from the other samples tested. The ribosomal genotype of the waterbuck-passaged T. parva was similar to that of cattle-derived T. parva Muguga. Analyses with both probes and MAbs suggested that a minor parasite population present within the T. parva 7014 buffalo- derived stock had been selected during waterbuck passage. A variable region of the p67 sporozoite antigen gene of the waterbuck-passaged T. parva was similar to that of cattle-derived T. parva stocks and different from that of buffalo- derived parasites. Based on these results, methods were suggested to confirm and quantitate the involvement of waterbuck in the epidemiology of cattle theileriosis.
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Bishop, R. P., P. R. Spooner, G. K. Kanhai, J. Kiarie, A. A. Latif, T. Hove, S. Masaka, and T. T. Dolan. "Molecular characterization of Theileria parasites: application to the epidemiology of theileriosis in Zimbabwe." Parasitology 109, no. 5 (December 1994): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076459.

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Forty Theileria schizont-infected lymphocyte culture isolates from Zimbabwe were characterized using a panel of antischizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 4 Theileria parva DNA probes containing cloned extrachromosomal element, Tpr repetitive, ribosomal and telomeric sequences. The Theileria isolates were assigned as T. parva or T. taurotragi on the basis of reactivities with MAbs and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected using the extra chromosomal element probe. Cattle-derived T. parva isolates were relatively homogeneous on the basis of reactivities with MAbs and RFLPs detected using Tpr repetitive and ribosomal DNA probes. In contrast to previous results from Kenya, most of the cattle-derived isolates from Zimbabwe exhibited very similar Tpr restriction fragment patterns, although the Tpr genotypes of buffalo-derived isolates were heterogeneous. This suggests that selection for a particular Tpr genotype may be occurring in cattle. Many isolates with similar Tpr genotypes were differentiated by RFLPs detected using the telomeric DNA probe. The T. parva Boleni immunizing stock was distinguished from all other isolates by telomeric RFLPs. The T. parva Boleni Tpr repetitive DNA probe cross-hybridized with T. taurotragi DNA and detected RFLPs between different T. taurotragi isolates.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Theileria parva"

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Heussler, Volker Theo. ""Theileria parva" and "Theileria annulata" : parasite survival strategies and host cell transformation /." Bern : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Watt, Darren Milton. "Studies on Theileria parva in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30040.

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Aspects of the association between the haemoprotozoan parasite Theileria parva and it's tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were investigated. Examination of dissected and stained tick salivary glands by light microscopy is the traditional technique for assessing tick infections. Field collected ticks are often alcohol preserved, or die before they are returned to the laboratory which precludes dissection. A PCR was developed which detected the parasite within alcohol preserved ticks. Parasite detection by this method was highly correlated with that of microscopy. The technique was then used on cattle and tick samples collected from three field sites in Kenya to assess T. parva prevalence. One field site (Limuru) had been vaccinated with a live 'infection and treatment' vaccine, while the other two areas (Kakamega and Kitale) were unvaccinated at that time. Limuru showed lower T. parva prevalence than may have been expected if a carrier state had been created as a result of vaccination. All the cattle sampled in Kakamega and Kitale were infected with an unidentified Theileria species and tick infections ranged from 1.5% to 20% respectively. The results from the three areas were discussed in relation to the effect of the vaccine in Limuru and the implications of vaccine introduction into Kitale and Kakamega. T. parva infection levels in tick salivary glands can the characteristically represented by a negative binomial distribution. The dynamics of infection needs to be better understood for a number of reasons. Ticks are used as the raw material for the 'infection and treatment vaccine' and the production process could be greatly improved by reliably obtaining a greater abundance of less aggregated tick infections. Another reason is that mathematical models for disease prediction and control would greatly benefit by increased knowledge of parasite dynamics through the tick T. appendiculatus infected with T. parva and control, uninfected ticks (for comparison) were dissected at regular times throughout their moult, fixed and embedded in plastic.
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Hemmink, Johanneke Dinie. "Antigenic diversity in Theileria parva in vaccine stabilate and African buffalo." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9622.

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Theileria parva is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite which infects cattle and African buffalo in Eastern and Southern Africa. Cattle may be immunised against T. parva by the infection and treatment method (ITM), which involves inoculation with live sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with oxytetracycline. One such ITM vaccine is the Muguga Cocktail, which is composed of a mixture of three parasite stocks: Muguga, Serengeti-transformed and Kiambu 5. Although the vaccine has been used with success in the field in several areas in Eastern Africa, there is evidence that vaccination using cattle-derived parasites does not always provide adequate protection against buffalo-derived T. parva. A number of T. parva antigens recognised by CD8+ T cells from cattle immunised by ITM have been identified in previous studies. A proportion of these antigens show a high degree of sequence polymorphism and allelic diversity is believed to be much greater in buffalo-derived T. parva than in cattle-derived parasites. The present study focussed on the development and application of a deep sequencing technique for characterising genotypically heterogeneous T. parva DNA samples. A panel of genes encoding CD8+ T cell antigens was used as the basis of a multi-locus sequence typing system (MLST) built upon Roche 454 amplicon sequencing technology. This system was validated using parasite stocks of known composition and then utilised to investigate genetic and antigenic diversity in vaccine stabilates and samples derived from African buffalo. The MLST profile obtained for the Muguga Cocktail stocks was compared to those of African buffalo in two geographically separated sites and was also compared with micro/mini-satellite DNA profiles of Muguga Cocktail stocks. The three components of the T. parva Muguga Cocktail vaccine were found to have limited genotypic and antigenic diversity using both methods. The composition of vaccine batches produced in a single production run (ILRI0801-ILRI0804) was shown to be relatively consistent. In contrast, the composition of the component stocks was shown to alter following passage through cattle and ticks. The deep multi-locus sequence profile and satellite DNA profile established in this study may be used as a reference for comparison with future vaccine batches. It is suggested that formulation of a new cocktail vaccine containing three parasite clones selected on the basis of genotypic and antigenic divergence may well provide protection comparable to that obtained with the Muguga Cocktail. The components of such a vaccine could readily be distinguished and the composition of vaccine batches monitored, thus allowing improved quality control and greater consistency of the vaccine. Genetic and antigenic diversity was found to be very high in parasite populations from African buffalo from the Kruger National Park, South Africa and the Ol Pejeta conservancy, Kenya. The estimated average genetic ‘distance’ between any two alleles in the Kruger National Park and within the Ol Pejeta conservancy was very similar for all six genes investigated. Many of the identified alleles were ‘private’ to either the buffalo from Ol Pejeta or the Kruger National Park and many of these alleles were present in several individuals in one location. Principal co-ordinate analysis and phylogenetic investigation of several antigen-encoding loci indicated that extant buffalo parasite populations are geographically sub-structured although some of the underlying diversity may reflect ‘ancient’ polymorphism in an ancestral population. A subset of the CD8+ T cell antigens examined exhibited extensive antigenic polymorphism while others were highly conserved at the amino acid level. These conserved genes may represent good candidates for the development of next generation vaccines, as strain specificity may be overcome if protective CD8+ T cell responses could be generated against these conserved antigens. This would enable the use of sub-unit vaccines in areas where cattle co-graze with buffalo. Theileria sp (buffalo) was identified in cell lines isolated from cattle, indicating that this parasite can transform bovine lymphocytes and may therefore be implicated in pathology in cattle. Phylogenetic analysis of T. parva and T. sp (buffalo) clones using the 5S subunit ribosomal RNA gene, Tp6, Tp7 and Tp8 showed a clear distinction between the two parasite species. These genes could thus be considered as candidates for an improved diagnostic test for T. parva in South Africa.
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Mining, Simeon Kipkoech. "Theileria parva : the investigation of maternally derived immunity in calves." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317186.

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Malu, Muia Ndavi. "Production and role of #gamma#-interferon during Theileria parva infections." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259628.

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Ochanda, Horace. "Factors affecting the population dynamics of Theileria parva in rhipicephalid ticks." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3979/.

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A series of experiments were carried out to investigate some of the poorly understood aspects of the life cycle of Theilefid parva in its rhipicephalid tick vectors. The first series of experiments established that nymphae infected as larvae develop lower levels of infection compared to adults infected as nymphae, while female ticks develop higher infections than males. It was shown that the period of development of sporoblasts into mature sporozoites took on average four days in the nyrnphal ticks compared to five days in the adult ticks. Infection levels developing in different tick instars or sexes appeared to be related to the number and position of type III salivary gland acini. The second series of experiments established that there were considerable differences in the vector competence of different stocks of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis for the transmission of Muguga and Boleni stocks of Yheileria parva. Finally the study established that survival of infected R. appendiculatus and the T parva they harboured was longer under quasi-natural climatic conditions compared to all the laboratory conditions examined. Basically, infection levels in the ticks did not affect the duration of survival of the ticks, however, survival of the parasite appeared to be influenced by the intensity of infection in the tick as the parasites diminished more rapidly in ticks having high infections than in those having low infections. Nymphae and the parasites they harboured survived for shorter periods compared to the adult ticks and their infections. Data generated from these series of experiments will be used to develop quantitative models of T parva dynamics in the tick vectors. The relative importance of the factors influencing the levels of infection developing in the tick vector were analysed statistically by the logistic and Poisson regression. Factors found to play a significant role included tick instar or gender, tick stock, parasite stock, the ambient climatic conditions in which infected ticks survived and the day of tick repletion after infection of the bovine host. Individually, the bovine host or its piroplasm parasitaernia were found to be poor predictors of infection levels developing in the salivary glands of the tick vector. However, when piroplasm parasitaernia was included in a model lacking the days post-repletion variable, the bovine host factor became significant.
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Li, Xiaoying. "T cell receptor repertoires of immunodominant CD8 T cell responses to Theileria parva." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19552.

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Previous research has provided evidence that CD8 T cells mediate immunity against infection with Theileria parva. However, the immunity induced by one parasite strain doesn‟t give complete protection against other strains and this is associated with parasite strain specificity of the CD8 T cell responses. There is evidence that such strain specificity is a consequence of the CD8 T cell responses of individual animals being focused on a limited number of immunodominant polymorphic peptide-MHC determinants. Dominant responses to the Tp2 antigen have been demonstrated in animals homozygous for the A10 MHC haplotype. Three Tp2 epitopes recognised by A10+ animals (Tp249-59, Tp250-59 and Tp298-106) have been defined. This project set out to investigate the dominance of these epitopes and to examine the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of the responding T cells. The specific objectives were to: (i) Determine the dominance hierarchies of the three defined Tp2 epitopes in both A10-homozygous and -heterozygous cattle. (ii) Examine the clonal repertoires of epitope-specific responses by analysis of TCR gene expression. (iii) Isolate full-length cDNAs encoding TCR α and β chain pairs from T cell clones of defined epitope specificity and use them to generate cells expressing the functional TCRs. Using MHC class I tetramers the relative dominance of CD8 T cell responses were found to differ between A10-homozygous and heterozygous cattle. All A10-homozygous cattle examined had detectable responses to all 3 Tp2 epitopes, the Tp249-59 epitope consistently being the most dominant. By contrast, only some A10-heterozygous cattle had detectable responses to Tp2 and when present the response was specific only for the Tp298-106 epitope. Analyses of the sequences of expressed TCR β chains showed that the responses in individual animals were clonotypically diverse, but often contained a few large expanded clonotypes. The TCRs of Tp298-106–specific T cells showed preferential usage of the Vβ13.5 gene and the frequent presence of a “LGG” motif within the CDR3 of the B chain. A conserved (public) TCRβ clonotype shared by the Tp250-59-specific CD8 T cells from all A10-homozygous cattle was identified. The TCRα chains co-expressed with this public TCRβ clonotype were identified for a number of T cell clones. Lentivirus transduction of Jurkat cells with three full-length TCR α and β chain pairs resulted in successful expression of one of the α/β chain pairs as a functional TCR, thus providing the basis for future work to generate bovine T cells expressing defined TCRs in vitro.
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Chaisi, Mamohale E. "Diversity of Theileria parasites in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the challenge of differential diagnosis." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31238.

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In South Africa, the diagnosis of Theileria parva in cattle and buffalo has been complicated by the presence of mildly pathogenic and non-pathogenic Theileria spp. This can lead to inaccurate diagnostic results and confuse the epidemiology of theileriosis. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize the 18S rRNA genes of novel Theileria spp. of the African buffalo, as well as to test new gene targets that will allow for the development of more accurate diagnostic tests for the identification of T. parvainfections in cattle and buffalo. Buffalo blood samples originating from different geographical regions in South Africa and from Mozambique were screened for the presence of Theileria spp. by the reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay. A total of six Theileria spp., namely T. parva, Theileria sp. (buffalo), Theileria mutans, Theileria velifera and Theileria buffeli, were identified from the buffalo samples. These occurred mainly as mixed infections. Some of the samples hybridized only with the Theileria/Babesia genus specific probe that is used in the RLB assay, and not with any of the species-specific probes used, suggesting the presence of novel genotypes or species. The full-length 18S rRNA genes of parasites from selected samples were characterized by cloning and sequencing. In addition to the identification of 18S rRNA gene sequences that were similar to published Theileria spp. of cattle and buffalo, we identified Theileria sp. (bougasvlei), and novel 18S rRNA gene variants of T. mutans, T. velifera, T. bufJeli. This variation explained why the RLB hybridization assay failed to detect these species in some of the analysed samples. As extensive variation was observed within the T. mutan group, specific RLB oligonucleotide probes were designed from the V 4 hypervariable region of the T. mutans-like 1 and 2/3 18S rRNA gene sequences. Unfortunately these cross-hybridized with T. mutans target DNA and could not be used to screen buffalo samples to determine the occurrence of these genotypes in buffalo in South Africa. This problem could be solved by designing probes from a more variable area of the 18S rRNA gene of the T. mutans groups. Alternatively, a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay could be used for differentiation of these genotypes as it is more sensitive than the RLB assay. Despite the variation observed in the full-length T parva 18S rRNA gene sequences, the area in the V 4 hypervariable region where the T parva RLB and real-time PCR hybridization probes were developed was relatively conserved between sequences obtained in this study. The existing T parva-specific qPCR assay was able to successfully detect all T parva variants identified in this study and, although amplicons were obtained from Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (bougasvlei) DNA, these species were not detected by the T parva-specific hybridization probes. The sequences of the other Theileria spp. and the novel genotypes identified in this study under the probes were also different from that of T parva and therefore these species do not compromise the specificity of the T parva 18S qPCR assay. In order to determine the sequence variation and phylogenetic positions of T buffeli spp. of the African buffalo, we cloned and sequenced their 18S rRNA gene and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS). We identified novel T buffeli-like and T sinensis-like 18S rRNA and ITS genotypes from buffalo originating from two different geographical regions in South Africa. There was extensive sequence variation between these novel South African genotypes and known T buffeli-like and T sinensis-like genotypes. The presence of organisms with T buffeli-like and T. sinensis-like genotypes in the African buffalo is of significant importance, particularly to the cattle industry in South Africa as these animals might act as sources of infections to naIve cattle. Recently, a qPCR assay based on the cox III gene was developed for the diagnosis of Theileria spp. in cattle. This test detects and differentiates six Theileria spp. in cattle. We evaluated the use of this assay for the detection of Theileria spp. in buffalo. The results of the cox III qPCR were compared to those of the RLB and 18S qPCR for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Theileria spp. of the African buffalo, and for the specific detection of T parva, respectively. The cox III genes from selected samples with non-specific melting peaks were characterized by cloning and sequencing. Extensive sequence variation in the cox III gene was observed between and within species. The T mutans group was the most variable. The qPCR assay could be further improved by designing new primers and probes using all known cox III gene sequences of Theileria spp. Of buffalo and cattle. This study highlights the complexity of the diagnosis of T parva in cattle and buffalo in South Africa. It provides invaluable information towards the development of an improved molecular diagnostic assay for T parva and co-infecting species in cattle and buffalo in South Africa which will assist the veterinary regulatory authorities in the control of Corridor disease in South Africa.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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Tosas, Auguet Olga. "Interactions amongst the community of endemic pathogens of African cattle : a longitudinal study in south east Uganda." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1517.

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The work presented in this thesis is focused upon the community of endemic pathogens of African cattle in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has long constrained livestock production in these areas. The first aim of this work is to investigate whether the pathogen community as a whole shapes the ensuant epidemiology and morbidity which are currently attributed to any of its individual pathogens. The second aim is to determine if a greater understanding of the interactions present amongst genetically distinct parasites of the same species can be used to better explain epidemiological features that are at present poorly understood. Emphasis is placed on examining spatial variation in the epidemiology of Theileria parva, a tick-transmitted protozoan that causes East Coast Fever. To achieve these aims, this work examines field data collected from a large and comprehensive study conducted in south east Uganda. Through application of apposite statistical techniques and mathematical modelling, aspects of the complex relations amongst the pathogen community and their environment are explored. Evidence is presented that demonstrates the paramount role of the pathogen community as a whole in shaping the infection dynamics and pathogenicity of any of its individual components. By focusing on a single member of this pathogen community (Theileria parva), some of the influences of host, vector, geographical location, temporal dynamics and intra-species pathogen interactions are elucidated. Application of a polymorphic molecular marker to Theileria parva infected blood samples and the use of Cox proportional hazard analysis, show variability in the survival of infections in cattle in high and low tick challenge areas. Moreover infection survival, which plays a pivotal role in parasite transmission, is shown to be a function of the interactions established amongst genetically distinct co-infective parasites. In consequence, vector intensity alone is insufficient to develop reliable transmission models which can accurately predict the epidemiology of the parasite inside and outside enzootic belts. Finally, a theoretical model is developed which, based upon the field evidence obtained throughout this work, provides a possible explanation for the mechanics of T. parva survival in cattle. In summary, this thesis makes a case that consideration of both inter- and intra-species pathogen interactions, can greatly augment understanding of the epidemiology of these pathogen communities. An integrated approach to pathogen dynamics can better equip an integrated approach to control of important diseases of African cattle.
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Guergnon, Julien. "Etude des voies de signalisation participant à la survie des lymphocytes B et T transformées par les parasites Theileria parva et Theileria annulata." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077026.

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Books on the topic "Theileria parva"

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Chen, Philip Peihai. DNA probes detect Theileria parva in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. [s.l: s.n.], 1991.

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Ochanda, Horace. Factors affecting the population dynamics of Theileria parva in rhipicephalid ticks. [s.l.]: typescript, 1994.

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Taracha, Evans Lumbasi Nabwera. Investigation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytr responses of cattle to theileria parva by limiting dilution analysis. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1986.

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Kariuki, Dadson P. Studies on the carrier state of east coast fever (Theileria parva parva in relation to the epidemiology and control of the disease. Salford: University of Salford, 1991.

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Leitch, Brian. The effect of acquired resistance to Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus neumann 1901 on the transmission of Theileria Parva in cattle. Salford: University of Salford, 1989.

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Spooner, Paul Richard. Oxytetracycline and Theileria parva: The effects of the drug and its mechanisms of action with respect to the "infection and treatment" method of immunizing cattle against East Coast Fever. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1987.

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Kaufman, S. T-cell Paradigms In Parasitic And Bacterial Infections (Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology). Edited by S. Kaufman. Springer, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Theileria parva"

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Nene, Vishvanath, Richard Bishop, John Quackenbush, Mihaela Pertea, Steven L. Salzberg, Evans Taracha, Subhash Morzaria, Claire M. Fraser, and Malcolm Gardner. "Genomics of Theileria Parva." In Theileria, 85–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0903-5_6.

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McKeever, Declan J., and W. I. Morrison. "Epidemiological Significance of Strain-Specific Immunity to Theileria Parva." In Theileria, 41–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0903-5_3.

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Bishop, Richard, Dirk Geysen, Robert Skilton, David Odongo, Vishvanath Nene, Basil Allsopp, Sam Mbogo, Paul Spooner, and Subhash Morzaria. "Genomic Polymorphism, Sexual Recombination and Molecular Epidemiology of Theileria Parva." In Theileria, 23–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0903-5_2.

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Morrison, W. I., and B. M. Goddeeris. "Cytotoxic T Cells in Immunity to Theileria parva in Cattle." In T-Cell Paradigms in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections, 79–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74983-4_6.

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Morrison, W. I., and D. J. McKeever. "Immunobiology of Infections with Theileria parva in Cattle." In Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 163–85. Basel: KARGER, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000058705.

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Black, Samuel J., and Cynthia L. Baldwin. "Impact assessment of immunology and immunoparasitology research at ILRAD and ILRI." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 164–207. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0164.

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Abstract This book chapter assesses the research on bovine immunology and immunoparasitology conducted over 42 years, from 1973 to 2015, first at ILRAD (1973-1994) and subsequently at ILRI, which was formed by merging ILRAD and the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) in 1995. This assessment covers the approaches taken, the performance of research teams, the scientific truths uncovered, the cost-effectiveness of the research undertaken and the practical outcomes achieved, notably, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other tools to better define the bovine immune system. The chapter makes extensive use of citation data along with the personal reflections of scientists who participated in the research and surveys of opinion leaders in the field. The specific scientific goals and achievements of ILRI and its predecessors were as follows: making a substantive contribution to bovine immunology was realistic and has been substantially achieved, measuring the diversity of strains of Theileria parva, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense was realistic and has been substantially achieved, identifying mechanisms of immunity that kill parasites or limit the growth of the above parasites was realistic and has been substantially achieved, and developing an effective subunit vaccine against any of the parasites was an ambitious goal and so far has not been achieved.
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Kumar Tripathi, Arvind, and Manu Jaiswal. "Bovine Tropical Theileriosis: An Update." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107538.

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Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) cause major economic losses and affect many domestic animals, mainly cattle and sheep, in tropical and subtropical regions. Tropical theileriosis is a TBD caused by a protozoon called Theileria annulata transmitted by several tick species of the genus Hyalomma. Clinical manifestations of theileriosis are expressed mainly as anorexia, febrile generalized lymphadenitis and anemia followed by lethargy, lacrimation, nasal discharge and exopthalmia. Anemia is a feature point in tropical bovine theileriosis and severity was positively related to parasitaemia rates. Fatality due to infection is greatly dependent on the overproduction of cytokines, such as TNF-α produced by the schizont-infected monocytes/macrophages and uninfected macrophages. Buparvaquone gave 86.66% clinical efficacy against Theileria annulata, but 97.1% and 95.2% efficacy against Theileria parva. In Theileriosis, hemolysis occurs due to isoantibody to RBC. To prevent this isoantibody lysis, immunosuppressive dose of steroid such as Dexamethasone@2.2 mg/kg.b.wt could be used.
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WILLIAMS, R. O., and D. A. E. DOBBELAERE. "Autocrine-Stimulated Immortalization of Lymphocytes by the Parasite Theileria parva." In Immune Recognition and Evasion: Molecular Aspects of Host�parasite Interaction, 133–48. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-711710-2.50015-7.

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Ndungu, Sammy Gichuhi, Sebastian K. Waruri, and James M. Wanjohi. "East Coast Fever." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 195–220. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch009.

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East coast fever, a disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (the brown ear tick), is a major constraint to cattle production in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. In Kenya it is the most important tick-borne disease and a major constraint in cattle productivity. This is due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes in susceptible herds, the cost of control of the vector ticks, and the cost of treatment of clinical cases. Animals that recover from the disease also suffer from reduced productivity which can be long term. The limited distribution of the tick and the disease to only East, Central and Southern Africa also means that the market for therapeutic drugs and acaricides is small. Therefore, drug companies are not keen on funding research and development of new drug and acaricide molecules when resistance occurs.
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Conference papers on the topic "Theileria parva"

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Pienaar, Ronel, Abdalla A. Latif, Ben J. Mans, and Oriel M. M. Thekisoe. "Protein gene candidates for the qualitative molecular detection of Theileria parva in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) using the real-time SYBR Green polymerase chain reaction." In Annual International Conference on Advances in Veterinary Science Research. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-5685_vetsci13.20.

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