Journal articles: 'Theileria parva – South Africa'

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PIENAAR, RONEL, ABDALLA A. LATIF, ORIEL M. M. THEKISOE, and BEN J. MANS. "Geographic distribution of Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (bougasvlei) in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in southern Africa: implications for speciation." Parasitology 141, no. 3 (November 7, 2013): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001728.

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SUMMARYStrict control measures apply to movement of buffalo in South Africa including testing for Theileria parva, the causative agent of Corridor disease in cattle. The official test is a real-time hybridization PCR assay that amplifies the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region of T. parva, T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Mixed infections with the latter organisms affect diagnostic sensitivity due to PCR suppression. While the incidence of mixed infections in the Corridor disease endemic region of South Africa is significant, little information is available on the specific distribution and prevalence of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Specific real-time PCR assays were developed and a total of 1211 samples known to harbour these parasites were screened. Both parasites are widely distributed in southern Africa and the incidence of mixed infections with T. parva within the endemic region is similar (∼25–50%). However, a significant discrepancy exists in regard to mixed infections of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) (∼10%). Evidence for speciation between T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) is supported by phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene, and their designation as different species. This suggests mutual exclusion of parasites and the possibility of hybrid sterility in cases of mixed infections.

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Norval, R. A. I., J. A. Lawrence, A. S. Young, B. D. Perry, T. T. Dolan, and J. Scott. "Theileria parva: influence of vector, parasite and host relationships on the epidemiology of theileriosis in southern Africa." Parasitology 102, no. 3 (June 1991): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000064295.

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The protozoan parasite Theileria parva, transmitted by the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, is the cause of East Coast fever (ECF) and the related syndromes of Corridor disease and January disease in cattle of eastern, central and southern Africa. It is likely that buffalo (Syncerus caffer) are the natural host of T. parva. In eastern and southern Africa, there exist both buffalo-adapted and cattle-adapted T. parva. Disease caused by buffalo-adapted parasites is called Corridor disease, and that caused by cattle-adapted parasites is termed East Coast fever. In eastern Africa, it has been shown experimentally that buffalo-adapted T. parva can, after serial passage in cattle, become adapted to cattle, in which it can then be maintained and cause ECF. This adaptation has been termed transformation. The transformation of buffalo-adapted T. parva to a cattle-adapted parasite has not been reported in southern Africa, and ECF, eradicated from South Africa, Swaziland and southern Mozambique by 1960, has not reappeared in the subcontinent. This paper discusses the possible reasons for this, and hypothesizes that vector population dynamics and the susceptibility of the vector population to infection with T. parva are among the most important factors which influence the expression of ECF as a disease entity, and the likelihood of transformation occurring. It also considers the possibility that disappearance of ECF from southern Africa resulted from the extinction, as a result of vigorous control measures and unfavourable climatic conditions, of non-diapausing populations of R. appendiculatus that may have been introduced from eastern Africa with cattle imported in 1901.

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Sibeko, Kgomotso P., Dirk Geysen, Marinda C. Oosthuizen, Conrad A. Matthee, Milana Troskie, Frederick T. Potgieter, Jacobus A. W. Coetzer, and Nicola E. Collins. "Four p67 alleles identified in South African Theileria parva field samples." Veterinary Parasitology 167, no. 2-4 (February 2010): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.026.

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Mbizeni, Sikhumbuzo, Fred T. Potgieter, Christo Troskie, Ben J. Mans, Barend L. Penzhorn, and Abdalla A. Latif. "Field and laboratory studies on Corridor disease (Theileria parva infection) in cattle population at the livestock/game interface of uPhongolo-Mkuze area, South Africa." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 4, no. 3 (April 2013): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.11.005.

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Sibeko, Kgomotso P., Nicola E. Collins, Marinda C. Oosthuizen, Milana Troskie, Frederick T. Potgieter, Jacobus A. W. Coetzer, and Dirk Geysen. "Analyses of genes encoding Theileria parva p104 and polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) reveal evidence of the presence of cattle-type alleles in the South African T. parva population." Veterinary Parasitology 181, no. 2-4 (September 2011): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.035.

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Medley, G. F., B. D. Perry, and A. S. Young. "Preliminary analysis of the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva in eastern Africa." Parasitology 106, no. 3 (April 1993): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075077.

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SUMMARYTwo mathematical models are developed that investigate the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva by the ixodid tickRhipicephalus appendiculatus to cattle in endemically stable areas. A method of estimating the rate of infection to cattle ofT. parva at the endemically stable state is given. Empirical estimates of ail the parameters in the model are available. The degree to which animals that have recovered from theileriosis (the ‘carrier’ state) are able to transmit the infection to tick nymphs or larvae is a crucial determinant of the dynamics of infection in a herd. Two control methods influencing the transmission of infection are considered – infection and treatment immunization and the reduction in tick feeding by acaricide application. The impact of each method on the transmission of infection is evaluated. Future developments and the data required to predict the dynamics of T. parva infections in cattle and ticks are discussed.

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Salih, Diaeldin A., Joram M. Mwacharo, Roger Pelle, Moses N. Njahira, David O. Odongo, Mary N. Mbole-Kariuki, Wani L. Marcellino, et al. "Genetic diversity and population structure of Theileria parva in South Sudan." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 9, no. 4 (May 2018): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.002.

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KIARA, H., A. JENNINGS, B. M. DE C. BRONSVOORT, I. G. HANDEL, S. T. MWANGI, M. MBOLE-KARIUKI, I. CONRADIE VAN WYK, et al. "A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya." Parasitology 141, no. 10 (May 16, 2014): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201400050x.

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SUMMARYTick-borne diseases are a major impediment to improved productivity of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Improved control of these diseases would be assisted by detailed epidemiological data. Here we used longitudinal, serological data to determine the patterns of exposure toTheileria parva, Theileria mutans, Babesia bigeminaandAnaplasma marginalefrom 548 indigenous calves in western Kenya. The percentage of calves seropositive for the first three parasites declined from initial high levels due to maternal antibody until week 16, after which the percentage increased until the end of the study. In contrast, the percentage of calves seropositive forT. mutansincreased from week 6 and reached a maximal level at week 16. Overall 423 (77%) calves seroconverted toT. parva, 451 (82%) toT. mutans, 195 (36%) toB. bigeminaand 275 (50%) toA. marginale. Theileria parvaantibody levels were sustained following infection, in contrast to those of the other three haemoparasites. Three times as many calves seroconverted toT. mutansbefore seroconverting toT. parva. NoT. parvaantibody response was detected in 25 calves that died ofT. parvainfection, suggesting that most deaths due toT. parvaare the result of acute disease from primary exposure.

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Mwamuye, Micky M., Isaiah Obara, Khawla Elati, David Odongo, Mohammed A. Bakheit, Frans Jongejan, and Ard M. Nijhof. "Unique Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Demonstrate Resolution Potential to Discriminate Theileria parva Vaccine and Buffalo-Derived Strains." Life 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10120334.

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Distinct pathogenic and epidemiological features underlie different Theileria parva strains resulting in different clinical manifestations of East Coast Fever and Corridor Disease in susceptible cattle. Unclear delineation of these strains limits the control of these diseases in endemic areas. Hence, an accurate characterization of strains can improve the treatment and prevention approaches as well as investigate their origin. Here, we describe a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on 13 near-complete mitogenomes of T. parva strains originating from East and Southern Africa, including the live vaccine stock strains. We identified 11 SNPs that are non-preferentially distributed within the coding and non-coding regions, all of which are synonymous except for two within the cytochrome b gene of buffalo-derived strains. Our analysis ascertains haplotype-specific mutations that segregate the different vaccine and the buffalo-derived strains except T. parva-Muguga and Serengeti-transformed strains suggesting a shared lineage between the latter two vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analyses including the mitogenomes of other Theileria species: T. annulata, T. taurotragi, and T. lestoquardi, with the latter two sequenced in this study for the first time, were congruent with nuclear-encoded genes. Importantly, we describe seven T. parva haplotypes characterized by synonymous SNPs and parsimony-informative characters with the other three transforming species mitogenomes. We anticipate that tracking T. parva mitochondrial haplotypes from this study will provide insight into the parasite’s epidemiological dynamics and underpin current control efforts.

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Chaisi, Mamohale E., Kgomotso P. Sibeko, Nicola E. Collins, Fred T. Potgieter, and Marinda C. Oosthuizen. "Identification of Theileria parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) 18S rRNA gene sequence variants in the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in southern Africa." Veterinary Parasitology 182, no. 2-4 (December 2011): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.041.

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THUMBI, S. M., B. M. de. C. BRONSVOORT, E. J. POOLE, H. KIARA, P. TOYE, M. NDILA, I. CONRADIE, et al. "Parasite co-infections show synergistic and antagonistic interactions on growth performance of East African zebu cattle under one year." Parasitology 140, no. 14 (September 4, 2013): 1789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001261.

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SUMMARYThe co-occurrence of different pathogen species and their simultaneous infection of hosts are common, and may affect host health outcomes. Co-infecting pathogens may interact synergistically (harming the host more) or antagonistically (harming the host less) compared with single infections. Here we have tested associations of infections and their co-infections with variation in growth rate using a subset of 455 animals of the Infectious Diseases of East Africa Livestock (IDEAL) cohort study surviving to one year. Data on live body weight, infections with helminth parasites and haemoparasites were collected every 5 weeks during the first year of life. Growth of zebu cattle during the first year of life was best described by a linear growth function. A large variation in daily weight gain with a range of 0·03–0·34 kg, and a mean of 0·135 kg (0·124, 0·146; 95% CI) was observed. After controlling for other significant covariates in mixed effects statistical models, the results revealed synergistic interactions (lower growth rates) with Theileria parva and Anaplasma marginale co-infections, and antagonistic interactions (relatively higher growth rates) with T. parva and Theileria mutans co-infections, compared with infections with T. parva only. Additionally, helminth infections can have a strong negative effect on the growth rates but this is burden-dependent, accounting for up to 30% decrease in growth rate in heavily infected animals. These findings present evidence of pathogen–pathogen interactions affecting host growth, and we discuss possible mechanisms that may explain observed directions of interactions as well as possible modifications to disease control strategies when co-infections are present.

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OURA, C. A. L., R. BISHOP, B. B. ASIIMWE, P. SPOONER, G. W. LUBEGA, and A. TAIT. "Theileria parva live vaccination: parasite transmission, persistence and heterologous challenge in the field." Parasitology 134, no. 9 (March 13, 2007): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002557.

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SUMMARYThe ‘Muguga cocktail’ live vaccine, delivered by an infection and treatment protocol, has been widely deployed in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa to protect cattle against East Coast fever, caused by Theileria parva. The vaccine contains 3 component stocks (Muguga, Serengeti-transformed and Kiambu 5). In a previous study, parasites from vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were genotyped with a panel of micro- and minisatellite markers (Oura et al.2004a) and it was shown that only the Kiambu 5 stock establishes a long-term carrier state but there was no evidence for the transmission of this stock. Also parasite genotypes different from the 3 component vaccine stocks were identified in vaccinated animals. We now report a follow-up study on the same farm, some 4 years after the initial vaccination, aimed at establishing the source of the novel parasite genotypes identified in vaccinated cattle, determining the longevity of the carrier state established by the Kiambu 5 vaccine stock and re-examining whether vaccine transmission can occur over a longer time-scale. To do this, samples were taken from vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle and the parasites were genotyped with a series of micro- and minisatellite markers. The data indicate that the vaccine stabilates contain at least 6 parasite genotypes, the Kiambu 5 stock can be detected in many but not all vaccinated cattle for up to 4 years and can be transmitted to unvaccinated cattle which share grazing and that some of the vaccinated animals become infected with local genotypes without causing overt disease.

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Matjila, P. T., A. L. Leisewitz, M. C. Oosthuizen, F. Jongejan, and B. L. Penzhorn. "Detection of a Theileria species in dogs in South Africa." Veterinary Parasitology 157, no. 1-2 (October 2008): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.025.

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Lubembe, Donald M., David O. Odongo, Diaeldin A. Salih, and Kgomotso P. Sibeko-Matjila. "Microsatellite and minisatellite genotyping of Theileria parva population from southern Africa reveals possible discriminatory allele profiles with parasites from eastern Africa." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 11, no. 6 (November 2020): 101539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101539.

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Marcellino, W. L., D. A. Salih, M. N. Njahira, N. Ndiwa, A. Araba, A. M. El Hussein, U. Seitzer, J. S. Ahmed, R. P. Bishop, and R. A. Skilton. "The Emergence of Theileria parva in Jonglei State, South Sudan: Confirmation Using Molecular and Serological Diagnostic Tools." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 1229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12495.

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Obara, Isaiah, Jabbar Ahmed, Richard Bishop, and Peter‐Henning Clausen. "Towards wider and more efficient deployment of live vaccines for control of Theileria parva and Theileria annulata infections in cattle in eastern, central and northern Africa." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67, S1 (March 2020): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13359.

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Lubembe, Donald M., David O. Odongo, Fourie Joubert, and Kgomotso P. Sibeko-Matjila. "Limited diversity in the CD8+ antigen-coding loci in Theileria parva parasites from cattle from southern and eastern Africa." Veterinary Parasitology 291 (March 2021): 109371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109371.

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Paschoal, Adilson D. "A revision of the Pedrocortesellidae, fam. n. (Acari: Oribatei)." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 3, no. 6 (1986): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751986000200003.

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The family Pedrocortesellidae, fam. n., includes the following genera and specie : Pedrocortesella Hammer, with the species: puchra Hammer (Peru) and gymnonota Hammer (New Zealand), which are redescribed; Pedrocortesella africana Pletzen (South Africa), P. parva Pletzen (South Africa) and P. hardyi Balogh (New Guinea) are considered incertae sedis: and Hexachaetoniella, gen. n., with the species sexpilosa (Hammer), n. comb., the type-species, and japonica (Aoki & Suzuki), n. comb. (Japan).

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PIENAAR, RONEL, FRED T. POTGIETER, ABDALLA A. LATIF, ORIEL M. M. THEKISOE, and BEN J. MANS. "MixedTheileriainfections in free-ranging buffalo herds: implications for diagnosingTheileria parvainfections in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer)." Parasitology 138, no. 7 (April 27, 2011): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000503.

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SUMMARYBuffalo-adaptedTheileria parvacauses Corridor disease in cattle. Strict control measures therefore apply to the movement of buffalo in South Africa and include mandatory testing of buffalo for the presence ofT. parva. The official test is a real-time hybridization PCR assay that amplifies the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene ofT. parva, T.sp. (buffalo) andT.sp. (bougasvlei). The effect that mixedT. parvaandT.sp. (buffalo)-like infections have on accurateT. parvadiagnosis was investigated in this study.In vitromixed infection simulations indicated PCR signal suppression at 100 to 1000-foldT.sp. (buffalo) excess at lowT. parvaparasitaemia. Suppression of PCR signal was found in field buffalo with mixed infections. TheT. parva-positive status of these cases was confirmed by selective suppression ofT.sp. (buffalo) amplification using a locked nucleic acid clamp and independent assays based on the p67, p104 andTprgenes. The incidence of mixed infections in the Corridor disease endemic region of South Africa is significant, while the prevalence in buffalo outside the endemic area is currently low. A predicted increase ofT.sp. (buffalo)-like infections can affect future diagnoses where mixed infections occur, prompting the need for improvements in current diagnostics.

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Adelabu, Olusesan Adeyemi, Benson Chuks Iweriebor, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, and Larry Chikwelu Obi. "Genomic Profiling for Piroplasms in Feeding Ixodid Ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121061.

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Importation of tick-infected animals and the uncontrollable migration of birds and wild animals across borders can lead to geographical expansion and redistribution of ticks and pathogen vectors, thus leading to the emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals. Comparatively, little is known about the occurrence of piroplasms in ixodid ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, thus necessitating this study, which is aimed at detecting piroplasms (Theileria and Babesia) from feeding tick samples collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in selected sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 1200 feeding ixodid ticks collected from farm animals at selected homesteads were first subjected to molecular identification using mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and were further tested for the presence of piroplasms through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene via nested-PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results indicated that 853 (71.1%) corresponded to the genus Rhipicephalus, 335 (27.9%) corresponded to genus Amblyomma, and 12 (1%) corresponded to genus Haemaphysalis. Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most common identified ticks from this study. The 18S rRNA nested-PCR revealed that 44 (3.7%) samples were confirmed positive for Theileria. A homology search for the generated sequences revealed a high percentage identity of 98–98.9% similarity to T. buffeli, T. orientalis, and T. sergenti in the GenBank. Based on the results obtained herein, we conclude that there is a big diversity of Theileria species; therefore, we suggest that this research should cover more geographical areas in order to reveal the true prevalence of this pathogen in the studied area because this will be a great step in the possible prevention of an outbreak that could have devastating effects on livestock production and human health in both the studied areas and South Africa at large.

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Mukolwe, Lubembe D., David O. Odongo, Charles Byaruhanga, Louwtjie P. Snyman, and Kgomotso P. Sibeko-Matjila. "Analysis of p67 allelic sequences reveals a subtype of allele type 1 unique to buffalo-derived Theileria parva parasites from southern Africa." PLOS ONE 15, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): e0231434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231434.

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Zimmermann, David E., Barend L. Penzhorn, Ilse Vorster, Milana Troskie, and Marinda C. Oosthuizen. "Babesia bicornis, Theileria bicornis and Theileria equi in metapopulations of two black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) subspecies in South Africa and their potential impact on conservation." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 12, no. 2 (March 2021): 101635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101635.

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TAIOE, MOETI O., MAKHOSAZANA Y. MOTLOANG, BONIFACE NAMANGALA, AMOS CHOTA, NTHATISI I. MOLEFE, SIMON P. MUSINGUZI, KEISUKE SUGANUMA, et al. "Characterization of tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in South Africa and Zambia and detection of protozoan parasites they are harbouring." Parasitology 144, no. 9 (May 15, 2017): 1162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000440.

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SUMMARYTabanids are haematophagous flies feeding on livestock and wildlife. In the absence of information on the relationship of tabanid flies and protozoan parasites in South Africa and Zambia, the current study was aimed at characterizing tabanid flies collected in these two countries as well as detecting protozoan parasites they are harbouring. A total of 527 tabanid flies were collected whereby 70·2% were from South Africa and 29·8% were from Zambia. Morphological analysis revealed a total of five different genera collected from the sampled areas namely:Ancala, Atylotus, Haematopota, PhilolicheandTabanus. DNA extracted from South AfricanTabanus parandTabanus taeniolatested positive for the presence ofTrypanosoma congolense(Savannah) andTrypanosoma theileriwhilst one member fromT. parwas positive forTrypanosoma bruceispecies. DNA extracted from Zambian tabanid flies tested positive for the presence ofBesnoitiaspecies at 1·27% (2/157),Babesia bigemina5·73% (9/157),Theileria parva30·11% (30/157) and 9·82% (14/157) forTrypanosoma evansi. This study is the first to report on relationship ofBabesiaandTheileriaparasites with tabanid flies. Further investigations are required to determine the role of tabanids in transmission of the detected protozoan parasites in livestock and wildlife in South Africa and Zambia.

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Bhoora, Raksha, Linda Franssen, Marinda C. Oosthuizen, Alan J. Guthrie, Erich Zweygarth, Barend L. Penzhorn, Frans Jongejan, and Nicola E. Collins. "Sequence heterogeneity in the 18S rRNA gene within Theileria equi and Babesia caballi from horses in South Africa." Veterinary Parasitology 159, no. 2 (February 2009): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.004.

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Jones, E. E., D. S. Brown, C. M. Bleach, B. Pathrose, C. Barclay, M. V. Jaspers, and H. J. Ridgway. "First Report of Cylindrocladiella parva as a Grapevine Pathogen in New Zealand." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (January 2012): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0347.

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Isolates morphologically identified as Cylindrocladiella parva were isolated from characteristic black foot symptoms on a grapevine (Vitis vinifera) rooted on 101-14 rootstock from Central Otago in 2005 and 101-14 rootstocks from a nursery in the Auckland Region in 2007 and 2008. On potato dextrose agar, the isolates initially produced cottony, white mycelia that turned grayish cream or golden cream within 10 days, the initially tawny colony undersides becoming dark brown with age. Conidia (0 to 1 septate; 16.4 to 17.0 [16.7] × 2.3 to 2.6 [2.5] μm) and abundant chlamydospores were produced. To confirm identity of the isolates, genomic DNA was extracted and the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and β-tubulin gene were amplified and sequenced (3,4). Sequences of the PCR products were compared with sequences in GenBank. The rDNA (535 bp) and β-tubulin (297 bp) sequences of the four isolates were 100 and 99% identical, respectively, to reported sequences of C. parva in GenBank (AY793454, grapevine isolate (4)/AY793455 for rDNA; AY793486/AY793488, grapevine isolate (4)/AY793489/HM034822 for β-tubulin). Although C. parva was previously isolated from grapevines in New Zealand (2) and rootstocks of mature grapevines, cuttings, and graft unions of grafted young grapevines in South Africa (4), its role as a pathogen of Vitis spp. has not been confirmed (2,4). However, it has been reported as a pathogen of Eucalyptus spp. (1) and was also isolated from Telopea speciosissima and Macadamia integrifolia in New Zealand (2,4). The C. parva isolates were tested as a mixed inoculum (four isolates) for pathogenicity on roots of 10 grapevine rootstock plants each of cvs. 101-14 and Schwarzmann (Sch). The rootstocks were grown in potting mix for 4 months, after which the root systems of all vines were wounded with an asparagus knife with a sharp, square tip, driven vertically down into the soil at four equidistant locations approximately 8 cm from the trunk. Each plant was inoculated with 50 ml of the mixed-isolate conidial suspension (106/ml), or 50 ml water (controls), followed by 50 ml of water. After 7 months of growth, the plants were harvested. For C. parva-inoculated plants, internal blackening of the stem base tissue was observed. Isolations from surface-sterilized trunk bases recovered C. parva from four and nine plants of 101-14 and Sch, respectively, with C. parva infections in 25 and 48%, respectively, of the four wood pieces taken per plant. Plants inoculated with water had no blackening and no C. parva was isolated from their stem bases. Mean shoot dry weights of inoculated plants (17.9 and 15.0 g for 101-14 and Sch, respectively) were significantly lower (P = 0.035) than noninoculated controls (26.5 and 20.0 g for 101-14 and Sch, respectively). Mean root dry weights were reduced by C. parva inoculation, although not significantly (32.7 and 27.0 g for C. parva inoculated 101-14 and Sch, respectively, and 36.2 and 27.4 g for control 101-14 and Sch, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parva as a pathogen of grapevines (2,4) and suggests that along with Cylindrocarpon spp., C. parva is part of the pathogen complex responsible for black foot of grapevines. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Plant Pathol. 42:302, 1993. (2) P. D. Gadgil et al. Fungi on Trees and Shrubs in New Zealand. Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong, 2005. (3) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (4) G. J. van Coller et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34:489, 2005.

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Bollmohr, S., R. Schulz, and T. Hahn. "Interactive effect of salinity decrease, salinity adaptation, and chlorpyrifos exposure on an estuarine harpacticoid copepod, Mesochra parva, in South Africa." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, no. 3 (March 2009): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.08.003.

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PIENAAR, RONEL, FRED T. POTGIETER, ABDALLA A. LATIF, ORIEL M. M. THEKISOE, and BEN J. MANS. "The Hybrid II assay: a sensitive and specific real-time hybridization assay for the diagnosis ofTheileria parvainfection in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle." Parasitology 138, no. 14 (September 9, 2011): 1935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001454.

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SUMMARYCorridor disease is an acute, fatal disease of cattle caused by buffalo-adaptedTheileria parva. This is a nationally controlled disease in South Africa and strict control measures apply for the movement of buffalo, which includes mandatory testing for the presence ofT. parvaand other controlled diseases. Accurate diagnosis of theT. parvacarrier state in buffalo using the official real-time hybridization PCR assay (Sibekoet al.2008), has been shown to be affected by concurrent infection withT.sp. (buffalo)-like parasites. We describe the Hybrid II assay, a real-time hybridization PCR method, which compares well with the official hybridization assay in terms of specificity and sensitivity. It is, however, not influenced by mixed infections ofT.sp. (buffalo)-like parasites and is as such a significant improvement on the current hybridization assay.

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OGUZ, B., N. ÖZDAL, M. S. DEGER, and K. BICEK. "Molecular Investigation and Genotyping of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Horses in Mus Province, Turkey." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25932.

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Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi of the phylum Apicomplexa. In this study, 102 blood samples were randomly collected from the horses in Mus province of Turkey. PCR analysis, gene sequences, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out for detecting the presence and genotypic characteristics of species that cause piroplasmosis. Four (3.9%) of the 102 horses that were examined were found to be positive for T. equi, while B. caballi was not detected. Theileria equi isolates that were detected in the sequence analyses were found to be 100% identical to the isolates that were isolated from the horses in Turkey, the United States, and South Africa as well. In the phylogenetic analysis, all of the isolates were found to cluster with T. equi sequences in the genotype A. This study, in which we revealed intraspecies sequence heterogeneity of the parasite using the 18S rRNA gene region, provides important epidemiological data for equine piroplasmosis. However, we think that determining the characterization of genotypes that are common in different parts of our country is extremely important in terms of developing new diagnostic tools and vaccines.

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Zannou, Olivier M., Achille S. Ouedraogo, Abel S. Biguezoton, Emmanuel Abatih, Marco Coral-Almeida, Souaïbou Farougou, Kouassi Patrick Yao, Laetitia Lempereur, and Claude Saegerman. "Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070893.

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBD) are constraints to the development of livestock and induce potential human health problems. The worldwide distribution of ticks is not homogenous. Some places are ecologically suitable for ticks but they are not introduced in these areas yet. The absence or low density of hosts is a factor affecting the dissemination of the parasite. To understand the process of introduction and spread of TTBD in different areas, and forecast their presence, scientists developed different models (e.g., predictive models and explicative models). This study aimed to identify models developed by researchers to analyze the TTBD distribution and to assess the performance of these various models with a meta-analysis. A literature search was implemented with PRISMA protocol in two online databases (Scopus and PubMed). The selected articles were classified according to country, type of models and the objective of the modeling. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy available data of these models were used to evaluate their performance using a meta-analysis. One hundred studies were identified in which seven tick genera were modeled, with Ixodes the most frequently modeled. Additionally, 13 genera of tick-borne pathogens were also modeled, with Borrelia the most frequently modeled. Twenty-three different models were identified and the most frequently used are the generalized linear model representing 26.67% and the maximum entropy model representing 24.17%. A focus on TTBD modeling in Africa showed that, respectively, genus Rhipicephalus and Theileria parva were the most modeled. A meta-analysis on the quality of 20 models revealed that maximum entropy, linear discriminant analysis, and the ecological niche factor analysis models had, respectively, the highest sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve effect size among all the selected models. Modeling TTBD is highly relevant for predicting their distribution and preventing their adverse effect on animal and human health and the economy. Related results of such analyses are useful to build prevention and/or control programs by veterinary and public health authorities.

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Julius, R. S., E. V. Schwan, and C. T. Chimimba. "Helminth composition and prevalence of indigenous and invasive synanthropic murid rodents in urban areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Helminthology 92, no. 4 (September 4, 2017): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000761.

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AbstractAlthough synanthropic rodents such as the indigenous species, Mastomys coucha, and the invasive species, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and R. tanezumi, are well-known to be hosts to various micro- and macroparasites, their helminth parasite fauna is poorly studied in South Africa. In an attempt to remedy the situation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the helminth fauna of these sympatric rodent species, which were obtained from the informal settlements of Alexandra, Tembisa, Diepsloot and residential suburbs of Pretoria and Hammanskraal, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Helminths were recovered from the urinary bladder, liver and gastrointestinal tract and were identified morphologically and molecularly. The recovered nematodes were all rodent-specific and included Aspiculuris tetraptera, Eucoleus sp., Heterakis spumosa, Mastophorus muris, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Protospirura sp., Strongyloides ratti, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris, Trichuris sp. and Trichosomoides crassicauda. Syphacia obvelata, a commensal nematode of laboratory rodents, was recovered from indigenous M. coucha. Strobilar stages of cestodes recovered included Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis. Recovered metacestodes were strobilocerci of Hydatigera taeniaeformis from all three invasive Rattus species and coenurostrobilocerci of Hydatigera parva from M. coucha. An acanthocephalan, Moniliformis moniliformis, was recovered from R. rattus only. All rodent species examined showed high helminth infection prevalence (≥70%) with equal or higher nematode than cestode prevalence. Mastomys coucha, however, showed significantly lower cestode prevalence than Rattus species where they co-occur. Interspecific transmission of helminths likely occurs between invasive and indigenous rodents, and these rodents harbour several helminths that have zoonotic implications.

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Brielmaier-Liebetanz, U., S. Wagner, and S. Werres. "First Report of Dieback on Euonymus fortunei Caused by Cylindrocladiella parva in Germany." Plant Disease 97, no. 8 (August 2013): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-13-0162-pdn.

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In August 2011, a severe shoot dieback was observed on several hundred plants of 1-year-old Euonymus fortunei cv. Emerald 'n Gold in a nursery in Lower Saxony and on a cemetery in Berlin. Single shoots or the whole plant were affected. Chocolate brown lesions around the shoots spread primarily acropetally to be followed by wilting of the shoot tip, reddish discoloration, dropping of leaves, and finally plant death. Two fungal isolates, JKI 2187 and JKI 1288, forming white mycelium on 2% malt extract agar (MEA) were obtained from symptomatic shoots. Both were identified by their morphology as Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesewinkel (syn. Cylindrocladium parvum). After incubation for one week at 25°C in the dark, the reverse side of the colony became buff to ochreous and this was associated with development of long chains of chlamydospores. Microsclerotia and fruiting bodies were not observed. Morphological characteristics were determined on synthetic nutrient agar (SNA) after 7 days at 25°C under near-ultraviolet light. The conidiophores were penicillately branched. The stipe extensions were thick-walled with clavate to naviculate vesicles. Conidia measured 12.7 to 17.1 (14.9) × 2.2 to 3.3 (2.7) μm. The molecular studies confirmed the morphological identification. Genomic DNA was isolated from the mycelia. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with the primers ITS1 and ITS4 and a part of the β-tubulin gene with the primers Bt2a and Bt2b (2). The sequences generated in this study were compared with sequences obtained from GenBank. A BLAST analysis showed that the ITS sequence had a 99% similarity with that of C. parva GenBank Accession No. AY793454 and the β-tubulin gene had a 100% similarity with AY793489. So far, pathogenicity of C. parva has been demonstrated for only a few plant species. Its pathogenicity was confirmed on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in New Zealand (3), on common oak (Quercus robur) in Italy (4), and on eucalyptus in South Africa (1). To fulfill Koch's postulates for the pathogen on E. fortunei, the isolate JKI 2188 of C. parva was inoculated on 40 two-year-old plants of cv. Emerald 'n Gold. The leaves around one node were removed on five shoots per plant. After wounding the nodes with a needle, colonized agar plugs were placed on them. The plugs were covered with moist cellulose swabs and sealed with Parafilm. To act as negative controls, 20 plants were treated with sterile agar plugs. All the plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 21/16°C (day/night), with a day length of 12 h and a relative humidity of 90 to 100%. Seven weeks after inoculation, all inoculated plants showed symptoms identical to those of the diseased plants from which C. parva was originally isolated. The negative controls remained healthy. The strains reisolated were identical to the original isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parva as a pathogen of Euonymus. Since 2011, there were no further reports of this disease. At present, the disease is not of economic importance. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Plant Pathol. 42:302, 1993. (2) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) E. E. Jones et al. Plant Dis 96: 144, 2012. (4) L. Scattolin and L. Monteccio. Plant Dis. 91:771, 2007.

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Bhoora, Raksha, Melvyn Quan, Linda Franssen, Catherine M. Butler, Johannes H. Van der Kolk, Alan J. Guthrie, Erich Zweygarth, Frans Jongejan, and Nicola E. Collins. "Development and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the quantitative detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses from South Africa." Veterinary Parasitology 168, no. 3-4 (March 2010): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.011.

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Viljoen, S., M. J. O'Riain, B. L. Penzhorn, M. Drouilly, I. Vorster, and J. M. Bishop. "Black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) from semi-arid rangelands in South Africa harbour Hepatozoon canis and a Theileria species but apparently not Babesia rossi." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 24 (April 2021): 100559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100559.

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Nanteza, Anne, Isaiah Obara, Paul Kasaija, Elisa Mwega, Fredrick Kabi, Diaeldin A. Salih, Moses Njahira, et al. "Antigen gene and variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR ) diversity in Theileria parva parasites from Ankole cattle in south‐western Uganda: Evidence for conservation in antigen gene sequences combined with extensive polymorphism at VNTR loci." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67, S1 (March 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13311.

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SAVATENALINTON, SUKONTHIP, and KOEN MARTENS. "Redescription of the type species of Strandesia Stuhlmann, 1888 and Cypricercus Sars, 1895 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cypricercinae), with a description of a new species of Cypricercus from South Africa." Zootaxa 2007, no. 1 (February 11, 2009): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2007.1.1.

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We redescribe Cypricercus cuneatus Sars, 1895 and Strandesia mercatorum (Vavra, 1895), type species of their genera, in order to reassess the taxonomic position of species in Cypricercus s.l. and Strandesia s.l., as well as to clarify the distinction between Cypricercus s.s. and Strandesia s.s. The morphology, taxonomy and zoogeography of these two genera are discussed. Strandesia amati (Martens, 1984) is synonymised with Strandesia lineata Victor & Fernando, 1981. Strandesia trispinosa galantis Broodbakker, 1983 becomes a synonym of the nominotypical form. Cypricercus inermis (Brady, 1904) is herewith redescribed and reinstated as a valid species, not synonymous to the type species of the genus as was previously thought. One Cypricercus (C. salinus De Deckker, 1981) and eleven Strandesia (S. crassa Klie, 1939, S. dani George & Martens, 1993, S. decorata (Sars, 1903), S. lineata Victor & Fernando, 1981, S. parva Hartmann, 1964, S. tolimensis Roessler, 1990, S. trichurensis Victor et al., 1980, S. trispinosa (Pinto & Purper, 1965), S. tuberculata Hartmann, 1964, S. umbonata Victor & Fernando, 1981, S. weberi (Moniez, 1892)) are allocated to Bradleystrandesia. Cypricercus mongolicus Daday, 1909 is transferred to Eucypris. Cypricercus xhosa sp. nov. is here described from South Africa. We also propose a conservative list of species belonging to Cypricercus s.s. and Strandesia s.s.

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Tujuba, Tesfu Fekensa, Axel Hausmann, and Andrea Sciarretta. "Revision of the Orbamia Herbulot, 1966 group of genera with description of two new genera, ten new species, and two new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae, Cassymini)." ZooKeys 929 (April 22, 2020): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.50391.

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The genus Orbamia Herbulot, 1966 is revised. Two new genera are described: Rabomia Hausmann & Tujuba, gen. nov. (type species: Ectropis ? subaurata Warren, 1899), and Morabia Hausmann & Tujuba, gen. nov. (type species: Morabia politzari Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov.). Ten new species and two new subspecies are described: Rabomia obscurior Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from western Africa, Morabia politzari Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Kenya, Morabia brunnea Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Zambia, Orbamia marginata Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Tanzania, Orbamia clarissima Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Kenya, Orbamia clarior Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Kenya, Orbamia obliqua Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Zambia, Orbamia obliqua parva Hausmann & Tujuba, subsp. nov., from South Africa, Orbamia abiyi Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Zambia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Orbamia emanai Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov., from Ethiopia, Orbamia emanai lenzi Hausmann & Tujuba, subsp. nov., from Zambia and Malawi, and Orbamia balensis Hausmann & Tujuba, sp. nov. from Ethiopia. The taxon Lepiodes ocellata Warren, 1897 is raised from synonymy of O. octomaculata (Wallengren, 1872) to species rank (Zambia, Tanzania, Rwanda). The taxonomical analysis is based on both morphological and genetic cytochrome oxidase I (COI) data. Adults and male and female genitalia of all species are illustrated.

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Salih, Diaeldin A., Roger Pelle, Joram M. Mwacharo, Moses N. Njahira, Wani L. Marcellino, Henry Kiara, Agol K. Malak, Abdel Rahim M. EL Hussein, Richard Bishop, and Robert A. Skilton. "Genes encoding two Theileria parva antigens recognized by CD8+ T-cells exhibit sequence diversity in South Sudanese cattle populations but the majority of alleles are similar to the Muguga component of the live vaccine cocktail." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): e0171426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171426.

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Agustí-Brisach, C., S. Alaniz, D. Gramaje, A. Pérez-Sierra, J. Armengol, E. Landeras, and P. M. Izquierdo. "First Report of Cylindrocladiella parva and C. peruviana Associated with Black-foot Disease of Grapevine in Spain." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (September 2012): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0410-pdn.

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From 2007 to 2009, Cylindrocladiella-like isolates were recovered from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) roots with symptoms of black-foot disease in Spain, where the causal agents of this disease have been previously reported as Campylocarpon and Cylindrocarpon species (1,2). Three representative isolates were selected to confirm their identity: CPa1 and CPa2 from Asturias (northern Spain), and CPe523 from Cuenca (central Spain). Isolates were incubated on malt extract agar (MEA) and Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) with carnation leaves (4) at 25°C for 10 days in darkness. On MEA, colonies developed light brown, cottony mycelium. On SNA, all three isolates produced chlamydospores in chains, and conidia were zero-to one-septate, but CPa1 and CPa2 produced longer conidia (10.4 to 18.9 [15.3] × 1.7 to 3.1 [2.4] μm) than CPe523 (6.4 to 12.3 [9.7] × 1.6 to 3.3 [2.4] μm). A fragment of the beta-tubulin gene from all isolates was sequenced with primers T1 and Bt2b (1) and deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ693133, JQ693134, and JQ693135). CPa1 and CPa2 showed high similarity (99%) to Cylindrocladiella parva (AY793486) and CPe523 showed high similarity (99%) to C. peruviana (AY793500), which is in agreement with the corresponding morphological features of these species (4). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with inoculum produced on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed soaked for 12 h in 300 ml of distilled water and autoclaved three times. Inoculum was prepared by inoculating two fungal disks (8 mm in diameter) of a 2-week-old culture of each isolate grown on potato dextrose agar to wheat seed and incubation at 25°C for 4 weeks. One-month-old grapevine seedlings were planted individually in 220-cc pots filled with a potting medium of sterilized peat moss and 10 g of inoculum, and grown in the greenhouse at 25°C in a completely randomized design. Controls were inoculated with sterile, noninoculated wheat seed. There were six replicate plants per isolate, with an equal number of controls, and the experiment was repeated once. Symptoms developed in all plants by 20 days post-inoculation and consisted of reduced vigor, necrotic root lesions, and occasionally mortality, all of which resembled the symptoms from grapevines in the field from which the isolates were originally recovered. Mean shoot dry weights of inoculated plants (0.25, 0.16, and 0.28 g for CPa1, Cpa2, and CPa523, respectively) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the controls (0.74 g). Mean root dry weights of inoculated plants (0.28, 0.16, and 0.29 g for CPa1, Cpa2, and CPa523, respectively) were also significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the controls (0.68 g). Isolates recovered from the roots of inoculated plants were identical morphologically and molecularly to C. parva and C. peruviana, thereby satisfying Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. These Cylindrocladiella spp. have been reported from nurseries or vineyards in South Africa and New Zealand (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parva and C. peruviana associated with black-foot disease of grapevine in Spain, and in Europe. References: (1) S. Alaniz et al. Plant Dis. 91:1187, 2007. (2) S. Alaniz et al. Plant Dis. 95:1028, 2011. (3) E. E. Jones et al. Plant Dis. 96:144, 2012. (4) L. Lombard et al. Mycol. Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0799-1, 2012.

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Mah, Christopher. "Systematics, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Pentagonaster clade (Asteroidea:Valvatida:Goniasteridae)." Invertebrate Systematics 21, no. 4 (2007): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is06049.

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Morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses developed for living and fossil goniasterid asteroids have provided several unique opportunities to study bathymetric and biogeographic shifts for an ecologically important group of prominent, megafaunal invertebrates. A cladistic analysis of 18 ingroup taxa employing 65 morphological characters resulted in a single most parsimonious tree. The tree supports assignment of the Atlantic Tosia parva (Perrier, 1881) and the Pacific Tosia queenslandensis Livingstone, 1932 to new, separate genera. The phylogenetic tree supports offshore to onshore bathymetric shifts between basal and derived taxa. The phylogeny is also consistent with historical events surrounding the separation of Antarctica from Australia and South Africa. Buterminaster Blake & Zinsmeister, 1988 from the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Antarctic Peninsula, was included in the phylogenetic analysis and is now supported as the only fossil species in the genus Pentagonaster Gray, 1840. Pentagonaster stibarus H. L. Clark, 1914 is separated from synonymy with P. dubeni Gray, 1847 and resurrected as a valid species. The new genus, Akelbaster, gen. nov., shows unusual new structures that resemble cribiform organs, although their function has not been determined. One specific ingroup lineage, including Tosia and Pentagonaster, attains a much larger adult size than those of its sister-taxa, suggesting that Cope’s rule may apply to asteroids within this clade. Pentagonaster and related genera are revised. Descriptions of four new genera and three new species are presented, including: Akelbaster novaecaledoniae, gen. nov., sp. nov., Ryukuaster onnae, gen. nov., sp. nov., Eknomiaster beccae, sp. nov., Pawsonaster parvus, gen. nov., comb. nov. and Anchitosia queenslandensis, gen. nov., comb. nov.

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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "Revisions of the genera Parhydraena Orchymont, Protozantaena Perkins, Decarthrocerus Orchymont, and Parhydraenopsis nomen novum, aquatic and humicolous beetles from Africa and Madagascar, and comparative morphology of the tribe Parhydraenini (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 2038, no. 1 (March 16, 2009): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2038.1.1.

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The hydraenid genera Parhydraena Orchymont, 1937, Decarthrocerus Orchymont, 1948, Protozantaena Perkins, 1997, and Parhydraenopsis nomen novum are comprehensively revised, based on the study and databasing of 13,323 specimens. Decarthrocerus Orchymont is considered a valid genus, not a subgenus of Parhydraena. A new generic name, Parhydraenopsis nomen novum, is provided to replace Pseudhydraena Orchymont, 1947 (a junior homonym of Pseudhydraena Acloque, 1896). The genera are redescribed, and new species are described in Parhydraena (14), Protozantaena (4), Parhydraenopsis (2), and Decarthrocerus (3). Redescriptions are provided for Parhydraena brevipalpis (Régimbart), P. lancicula Perkins & Balfour-Browne, P. seriata Balfour-Browne, Protozantaena labrata Perkins, Parhydraenopsis cooperi (Orchymont), and Decarthrocerus jeanneli Orchymont. Selected morphological features of Pneuminion Perkins, and members of the tribe Hydraenidini, Hydraenida Germain and Parhydraenida Balfour-Browne, are illustrated and compared with those of members of Parhydraenini. Keys to the genera of Parhydraenini and keys to the species of the genera revised herein are given. Male genitalia, representative spermathecae, antennae, and elytra are illustrated. Scanning electron micrographs of external morphological characters are presented. High resolution digital images of the primary types of all species (except the holotypes of three species, which could not be found) are presented (online version in color), and geographical distributions are mapped. The tribe Parhydraenini has both fully aquatic and humicolous adapted species, and shows notable diversity in the lengths of the maxillary palpi and legs, reflecting the microhabitat type. Humicolous species have relatively short maxillary palpi and tarsi, and often have a specialized body form, as in the very differently shaped members of Discozantaena and Decarthrocerus. Parhydraena has both aquatic and humicolous species, the latter being broad-shouldered species with very short maxillary palpi and tarsi. Protozantaena has one aquatic species, the four other species in the genus being collected by sifting litter in humicolous microhabitats. Species of Decarthrocerus have only been collected by sifting litter; many of the specimens are from bamboo forests. As far as is known, members of Parhydraenopsis are fully aquatic, or found in wet streamside mosses. The following new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Parhydraena ancylis (Western Cape Province, Heuningnes River), P. asperita (Western Cape Province, Knysna, Diepwalle), P. brahma (Mpumalanga Province, Uitsoek), P. brunovacca (Eastern Cape Province, Umtata, Nquadu Mt.), P. divisa (Sudan, Gilo), P. sebastiani (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Cathedral Peak), P. maculicollis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Polela River, Himeville), P. maureenae (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), P. mpumalanga (Mpumalanga Province, Fanie Botha Trail, Maritzbos Hut area, SW Sabie), P. namaqua (Western Cape Province, Van Rhyns Pass), P. ora (Western Cape Province, Cape Town), P. parva (Western Cape Province, George, Saasveld, Kaaimans River), P. semicostata (Mpumalanga Province, Soutpansberg, Entabeni), P. toro (Western Cape Province, Kirstenbosch, Table Mountain), Protozantaena ankaratra (Madagascar, Antananarivo, Ankaratra, Reserve Manjakatompo, M. Arirana, SE drainage River Ambodimangavo), P. grebennikovi (Tanzania, W. Usambara Mts., Lushoto district, Grant’s Lodge, Mkuzu river, 3–4 km upstream of Kifungilo), P. malagasica (Madagascar, Antsiranana, Parc National Montagne d’Ambre), P. palpalis (Madagascar, Antananarivo, Anjozorobe, Ravoandrina, left affluent of River Ampanakamonty), Parhydraenopsis alta (Ethiopia, Wolamo Province, Mt. Damota), P. simiensis (Ethiopia, Simien Mountains National Park, Jinbar Wenz), Decarthrocerus bambusicus (Democratic Republic of Congo, P. N. Virunga, Volcan Sabinyo, Chanya W., W. Sabinyo), D. mahalicus (Tanzania, Mahali Peninsula, Kungure), D. mbizi (Tanzania, Mt. Mbizi, 12 mi. NE Sumbawanga).

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Yusufmia, S. B. A. S., N. E. Collins, R. Nkuna, M. Troskie, P. Van Den Bossche, and B. L. Penzhorn. "Occurrence of Theileria parva and other haemoprotozoa in cattle at the edge of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 81, no. 1 (May 4, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v81i1.95.

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Theileria parva, the most important bovine theilerial species in sub-Saharan Africa, causes widespread mortality and morbidity in endemic areas. A survey was conducted using buffy-coat specimens from 60 apparently healthy adult communally herded Nguni-type cattle at the northeastern edge of the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park to determine, by means of PCR and Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridisation, the occurrence of Theileria and Babesia species. The presence of Trypanosoma species was determined using PCR-RFLP. Results showed that 6.7 % of the specimens were positive for Theileria parva. This significant finding suggests that cattle in South Africa, and not only African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), may be subclinical carriers of T. parva. Other species identified were T. mutans (83.3 %), T. velifera (70.0 %), Theileria sp. (sable) (46.8 %) and T. taurotragi (1.7 %). Two specimens (3.3 %) were positive for Babesia bovis and single specimens (1.7 %) positive for B. bigemina and B. rossi, respectively. Mixed infections, of up to 4 species, were common (65.0 %). Only 1 specimen was found to be positive for Trypanosoma vivax, and 2 for T. theileri, of which only the first species is pathogenic.

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Maboko, Boitumelo B., Kgomotso P. Sibeko-Matjila, Rian Pierneef, Wai Y. Chan, Antoinette Josemans, Ratselane D. Marumo, Sikhumbuzo Mbizeni, Abdalla A. Latif, and Ben J. Mans. "South African Buffalo-Derived Theileria parva Is Distinct From Other Buffalo and Cattle-Derived T. parva." Frontiers in Genetics 12 (June 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.666096.

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Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite transmitted by the brown-eared ticks, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis. Buffaloes are the parasite’s ancestral host, with cattle being the most recent host. The parasite has two transmission modes namely, cattle–cattle and buffalo–cattle transmission. Cattle–cattle T. parva transmission causes East Coast fever (ECF) and January disease syndromes. Buffalo to cattle transmission causes Corridor disease. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of South African T. parva populations will assist in determining its origin, evolution and identify any cattle–cattle transmitted strains. To achieve this, genomic DNA of blood and in vitro culture material infected with South African isolates (8160, 8301, 8200, 9620, 9656, 9679, Johnston, KNP2, HL3, KNP102, 9574, and 9581) were extracted and paired-end whole genome sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 was performed. East and southern African sample data (Chitongo Z2, Katete B2, Kiambu Z464/C12, Mandali Z22H10, Entebbe, Nyakizu, Katumba, Buffalo LAWR, and Buffalo Z5E5) was also added for comparative purposes. Data was analyzed using BWA and SAMtools variant calling with the T. parva Muguga genome sequence used as a reference. Buffalo-derived strains had higher genetic diversity, with twice the number of variants compared to cattle-derived strains, confirming that buffaloes are ancestral reservoir hosts of T. parva. Host specific SNPs, however, could not be identified among the selected 74 gene sequences. Phylogenetically, strains tended to cluster by host with South African buffalo-derived strains clustering with buffalo-derived strains. Among the buffalo-derived strains, South African strains were genetically divergent from other buffalo-derived strains indicating possible geographic sub-structuring. Geographic sub- structuring was also observed within South Africa strains. The knowledge generated from this study indicates that to date, ECF is not circulating in buffalo from South Africa. It also shows that T. parva has historically been present in buffalo from South Africa before the introduction of ECF and was not introduced into buffalo during the ECF epidemic.

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Thompson, B. E., A. A. Latifa, M. C. Oosthuizen, M. Troskie, and B. L. Penzhorn. "Occurrence of Theileria parva infection in cattle on a farm in the Ladysmith district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa : article." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 79, no. 1 (May 28, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v79i1.237.

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Theileria parva causes widespread morbidity and mortality in cattle in endemic regions. An outbreak of theileriosis occurred on a farm near Ladysmith in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which is not a declared Corridor disease-infected area. A survey of Red Brangus cattle from all age groups and areas of the farm was performed. Transmission of the parasite from infected animals on the farm to susceptible animals by tick transmission and tick-stabilate injection, was attempted. The survey indicated high numbers of animals with antibody titres to T. parva but only 6 infected animals, based on real-time PCR and RLB analysis. The transmission experiments failed to transmit the parasite. The study shows the difficulty in elucidating a source of infection and determining the dynamics of new infections in a herd where multiple possible sources are present and treatment with tetracyclines has taken place.

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Kivaria, Fredrick M., Angolwisye M. Kapaga, Gabriel K. Mbassa, Paul F. Mtui, and Rhombe J. Wani. "Epidemiological perspectives of ticks and tick-borne diseases in South Sudan: Cross-sectional survey results." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79, no. 1 (February 2, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.400.

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A cross-sectional study was conducted between September and October 2010 in five states of South Sudan that were selected on the basis of the perceived risk of tick-borne diseases. The purpose was to investigate epidemiological parameters of tick-borne diseases in South Sudan and their uses in future control strategies. A total of 805 calves were assessed by clinical, microscopic and serological examination and tick counts. The indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies to Theileria parva, Theileria mutans, Anaplasma marginale and Babesian bigemina. Sero-conversion risks for T. parva and T. mutans were 27.3% and 31.3% respectively, whilst the risk was 57.6% and 52.8% for A. marginale and B. bigemina, respectively. Major tick species identified include Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus microplus, Amblyomma variegatum, and Rhipicephalus evertsi. There was great variation (P ≤ 0.001) in the number of all these ticks, both between herds in a state and between calves in an individual herd. The low and intermediate sero-conversion risks observed in the study states suggest that immunisation against East Coast fever (ECF) is justified. Fortunately, three major genotypes that were identified by applying Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCRRFLP) analysis on the p104 to the blood samples and T. parva Muguga, matched very well with T. parva Kiambu 5 and T. parva Muguga; therefore the Muguga cocktail can be used for the immunisation of cattle in South Sudan. However, prospective studies are required to develop optimal control measures for tick-borne diseases under different ecological and husbandry practices in South Sudan.

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Bastos, Reginaldo G., Kelly Sears, Kelcey D. Dinkel, Donald P. Knowles, and Lindsay M. Fry. "Changes in the Molecular and Functional Phenotype of Bovine Monocytes during Theileria parva Infection." Infection and Immunity 87, no. 12 (September 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00703-19.

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ABSTRACT Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease that kills over a million cattle each year in sub-Saharan Africa. Immune protection against T. parva involves a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response to parasite-infected cells. However, there is currently a paucity of knowledge regarding the role played by innate immune cells in ECF pathogenesis and T. parva control. Here, we demonstrate an increase in intermediate monocytes (CD14++ CD16+) with a concomitant decrease in the classical (CD14++ CD16−) and nonclassical (CD14+ CD16+) subsets at 12 days postinfection (dpi) during lethal infection but not during nonlethal T. parva infection. Ex vivo analyses of monocytes demonstrated upregulation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA and increased nitric oxide production during T. parva lethal infection compared to nonlethal infection at 10 dpi. Interestingly, no significant differences in peripheral blood parasite loads were observed between lethally and nonlethally infected animals at 12 dpi. In vitro stimulation with T. parva schizont-infected cells or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in significant upregulation of IL-1β production by monocytes from lethally infected cattle compared to those from nonlethally infected animals. Strikingly, monocytes from lethally infected animals produced significant amounts of IL-10 mRNA after stimulation with T. parva schizont-infected cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that T. parva infection leads to alterations in the molecular and functional phenotypes of bovine monocytes. Importantly, since these changes primarily occur in lethal infection, they can serve as biomarkers for ECF progression and severity, thereby aiding in the standardization of protection assessment for T. parva candidate vaccines.

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Amzati, Gaston S., Appolinaire Djikeng, David O. Odongo, Herman Nimpaye, Kgomotso P. Sibeko, Jean-Berckmans B. Muhigwa, Maxime Madder, Nathalie Kirschvink, and Tanguy Marcotty. "Genetic and antigenic variation of the bovine tick-borne pathogen Theileria parva in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3848-2.

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Abstract Background Theileria parva causes East Coast fever (ECF), one of the most economically important tick-borne diseases of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. A live immunisation approach using the infection and treatment method (ITM) provides a strong long-term strain-restricted immunity. However, it typically induces a tick-transmissible carrier state in cattle and may lead to spread of antigenically distinct parasites. Thus, understanding the genetic composition of T. parva is needed prior to the use of the ITM vaccine in new areas. This study examined the sequence diversity and the evolutionary and biogeographical dynamics of T. parva within the African Great Lakes region to better understand the epidemiology of ECF and to assure vaccine safety. Genetic analyses were performed using sequences of two antigen-coding genes, Tp1 and Tp2, generated among 119 T. parva samples collected from cattle in four agro-ecological zones of DRC and Burundi. Results The results provided evidence of nucleotide and amino acid polymorphisms in both antigens, resulting in 11 and 10 distinct nucleotide alleles, that predicted 6 and 9 protein variants in Tp1 and Tp2, respectively. Theileria parva samples showed high variation within populations and a moderate biogeographical sub-structuring due to the widespread major genotypes. The diversity was greater in samples from lowlands and midlands areas compared to those from highlands and other African countries. The evolutionary dynamics modelling revealed a signal of selective evolution which was not preferentially detected within the epitope-coding regions, suggesting that the observed polymorphism could be more related to gene flow rather than recent host immune-based selection. Most alleles isolated in the Great Lakes region were closely related to the components of the trivalent Muguga vaccine. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the extensive sequence diversity of T. parva and its biogeographical distribution mainly depend on host migration and agro-ecological conditions driving tick population dynamics. Such patterns are likely to contribute to the epidemic and unstable endemic situations of ECF in the region. However, the fact that ubiquitous alleles are genetically similar to the components of the Muguga vaccine together with the limited geographical clustering may justify testing the existing trivalent vaccine for cross-immunity in the region.

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Kivaria, F. M., C. Heuer, F. Jongejan, J. Okello-Onen, T. Rutagwenda, F. Unger, and W. Boehle. "Endemic stability for Theileria parva infections in Ankole calves of the Ankole ranching scheme, Uganda." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 71, no. 3 (November 8, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v71i3.259.

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A population-based study was carried out on the Ankole ranching scheme in south-west Uganda with the aim of determining the endemic status of Theileria parva infections. For this purpose, the age-related sero-prevalence of T. parva and the specific calf mortality associated with the parasite were assessed. Blood samples were collected from 931 Ankole calves of up to 12 months of age from 81 randomly selected herds. The relationship between rainfall pattern and whole-body Rhipicephalus appendiculatus counts was determined. The influence of tick control practices on East Coast fever-related calf mortality, and sero-positivity were also determined. A significant (r2 = 0.76, P = 0.000) association between R. appendiculatus counts and rainfall was observed. There was no significant (P > 0.05) association between theileriosis- related calf mortality, sero-positivity and the different tick control practices. Antibody prevalence based on the PIM ELISA was above 70 % among calves of 6 months of age in 96 % in all the herds. Theileria parva-related calf mortality determined by repeated herd visits and farm records ranged between 0% and 5.4 %. It was concluded that endemic stability for theileriosis, caused by T. parva, existed in the study area, and that the risk of the occurrence of economically important outbreaks of East Coast fever in indigenous cattle was regarded as minimal under the prevailing conditions.

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McKeever, D. "Trends in the control of theileriosis in sub-Saharan Africa : tick-borne diseases." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 76, no. 1 (September 10, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v76i1.64.

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The declining efficacy of acaricide treatment as a means of reducing the prevalence of Theileria parva infections in sub-Saharan Africa has intensified efforts to achieve control through immunization of susceptible cattle. The infection and treatment method of immunization has enjoyed a resurgence with the availability of more effective cold chain facilities, although concerns remain regarding the possibility of vaccine strains spreading in local tick populations. In addition, an in-depth understanding of protective mechanisms deployed by immune cattle and the antigens targeted by them has led to substantial progress in the development of candidate subunit vaccines against both sporozoite and schizont stages of the parasite. The likely success of these vaccines, as well as infection and treatment immunization, will ultimately depend on the extent to which they disturb the endemic status of the parasite. These issues are discussed in the light of recent information on the genotypic diversity of T. parva in the field and the extent to which this is compromised by the immune response.

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Goh, Shan, Jeannine Kolakowski, Angela Holder, Mark Pfuhl, Daniel Ngugi, Keith Ballingall, Kata Tombacz, and Dirk Werling. "Development of a Potential Yeast-Based Vaccine Platform for Theileria parva Infection in Cattle." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (July 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.674484.

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East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa with more than 1 million cattle dying from infection every year. Disease prevention relies on the so-called “Infection and Treatment Method” (ITM), which is costly, complex, laborious, difficult to standardise on a commercial scale and results in a parasite strain-specific, MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell response. We therefore attempted to develop a safe, affordable, stable, orally applicable and potent subunit vaccine for ECF using five different T. parva schizont antigens (Tp1, Tp2, Tp9, Tp10 and N36) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an expression platform. Full-length Tp2 and Tp9 as well as fragments of Tp1 were successfully expressed on the surface of S. cerevisiae. In vitro analyses highlighted that recombinant yeast expressing Tp2 can elicit IFNγ responses using PBMCs from ITM-immunized calves, while Tp2 and Tp9 induced IFNγ responses from enriched bovine CD8+ T cells. A subsequent in vivo study showed that oral administration of heat-inactivated, freeze-dried yeast stably expressing Tp2 increased total murine serum IgG over time, but more importantly, induced Tp2-specific serum IgG antibodies in individual mice compared to the control group. While these results will require subsequent experiments to verify induction of protection in neonatal calves, our data indicates that oral application of yeast expressing Theileria antigens could provide an affordable and easy vaccination platform for sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluation of antigen-specific cellular immune responses, especially cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immunity in cattle will further contribute to the development of a yeast-based vaccine for ECF.

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Nyabongo, Lionel, Esther G. Kanduma, Richard P. Bishop, Eunice Machuka, Alice Njeri, Alain V. Bimenyimana, Canesius Nkundwanayo, David O. Odongo, and Roger Pelle. "Prevalence of tick-transmitted pathogens in cattle reveals that Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale are endemic in Burundi." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04531-2.

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Abstract Background Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a major constraint for livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa, with East Coast fever (ECF) being the most devastating TBD of cattle. However, in Burundi, detailed information is lacking on the current prevalence of TBDs and on the associated economic losses from mortality and morbidity in cattle as well as the costs associated with TBD control and treatment. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the prevalence and spatial distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in cattle across the major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Burundi. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted in ten communes spanning the five main AEZs in Burundi, blood samples were taken from 828 cattle from 305 farms between October and December 2017. Evidence of Theileria parva infection was assessed by antibody level, measured using a polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by a T. parva-specific p104 gene-based nested PCR. Antibodies against Theileria mutans infection were detected using the 32-kDa antigen-based indirect ELISA, while the 200-kDa antigen and the major surface protein 5 (MSP5)-based indirect ELISA were used to detect antibodies against Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Results The prevalence of T. parva across the ten communes sampled ranged from 77.5 to 93.1% and from 67.8 to 90.0% based on the ELISA and PCR analysis, respectively. A statistically significant difference in infection was observed between calves and adult cattle; however, T. parva infection levels were not significantly associated with sex and breed. The seroprevalence indicating exposure to T. mutans, B. bigemina and A. marginale ranged from 30 to 92.1%, 33.7 to 90% and 50 to 96.2%, respectively. Mixed infections of TBPs were detected in 82.91% of cattle sampled, with 11 different combinations of pathogen species detected . Conclusions The findings indicate that T. parva, A. marginale and B. bigemina infections are endemic in Burundi. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of TBPs will facilitate the design of effective targeted strategies to control these diseases. There is a need for further investigations of the distribution of tick vectors and the population structure of TBPs in order to identify the key epidemiological factors contributing to TBD outbreaks in Burundi.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Theileria parva – South Africa'

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