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Journal articles on the topic 'Theileria parva'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Young, A. S., B. L. Leitch, R. M. Newson, and M. P. Cunningham. "Maintenance of Theileria parva parva infection in an endemic area of Kenya." Parasitology 93, no. 1 (August 1986): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000049787.

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SUMMARYThe maintenance of Theileria parva parva infection in an endemic area of Kenya on the shore of Lake Victoria was studied in the field and laboratory. High prevalences of antibodies against T. parva and T. mutans and intra-erythrocytic piroplasms were detected in local zebu (Bos indicus) cattle. The mean infection rate of Theileria parasites in the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, in field collections was 1·1 %. Most of the infection was attributed to T. parva parva by application of field ticks to susceptible cattle. Five cattle, all about 1·5 years old, were purchased from local owners and transported to the laboratory. All five had oscillating antibody titres against T. parva and T. mutans and had patent theilerial infections during the subsequent 13 months. Uninfected R. appendiculatus nymphs were applied to cattle at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 13 months after transport to Muguga, and 18 out of 23 batches transmitted T. parva parva infection to cattle when 100 resultant R. appendiculatus adults were applied. Infection rates in the tick batches were usually low, with 1 salivary gland acinus infected/tick. Hence, a frequent carrier state of naturally infected cattle has been demonstrated for T. parva parva for the first time, and it is likely that this carrier state is of great importance in maintenance of T. parva parva infection in the field.

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2

Conrad, P. A., O. K. Ole-Moiyoi, C. L. Baldwin, T. T. Dolan, C. J. O'Callaghan, R. E. G. Njamunggehr, J. G. Grootenhuis, D. A. Stagg, B. L. Leitch, and A. S. Young. "Characterization of buffalo-derived theilerial parasites with monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes." Parasitology 98, no. 2 (April 1989): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000062089.

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SUMMARYThe characteristics of intra-lymphocytic Theileria isolated from African buffalo and from cattle that were infected with buffalo-derived parasites were evaluated using anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and DNA probes. Antigenic differences were revealed by the reactivities of 27 mAbs with the buffalo-derived parasites isolated from different animals. Antigenic diversity was also seen with Theileria-infected lymphoblastoid cell isolates taken from the lymph nodes and blood of the same animals. Two DNA probes, selected from a genomic library of T. parva piroplasm DNA cloned in λgt11, showed specific hybridization to parasite DNA in Southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested, lymphoblastoid cells infected with buffalo-derived theilerial parasites. Genotypic differences between the buffalo-derived parasites were revealed by the restriction fragment length polymorphisms seen with hybridization of those probes to DNA from cloned and uncloned Theileria-infected cell lines. The evaluation of theilerial parasites derived from buffalo and from cattle which underwent typical T. p. lawrencei reactions, after being infected with buffalo-derived theilerial parasites, did not show any specific phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of these parasites that would distinguish them from T. p. parva and T. p. bovis parasites. The validity of these subspecies distinctions is discussed.

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3

Musisi, F. L., J. C. Quiroga, G. K. Kanhai, S. P. Kamweno, F. J. Mzoma, and L. M. Njuguna. "Theileria parva (Kasoba) isolée et testée sur du bétail guéri après infection par d’autres stocks de Theileria parva." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 49, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9544.

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Un stock pathogène de Theileria a été isolé à partir de bovins témoins, lors d'un test d'immunisation sur le terrain contre la theilériose bovine à Kasoba, près de la ville de Karonga au Nord du Malawi. Un stabilat issu de ce stock a causé des fièvres graves et une parasitose prolongée chez du bétail n'ayant jamais été infecté par Theileria parva, provoquant la mort de 5 animaux sur 12 en dépit du traitement. D'un autre côté, ce stock de parasites a seulement causé des réactions légères à modérées chez 17 bovins préalablement immunisés avec un stabilat trivalent de T. parva, excepté chez trois animaux qui ont développé des réactions sévères et l'un d'eux en est mort. Une autre fois, le bétail immunisé avec Theileria parva (Serengeti transformé) provenant de buffle a résisté à une inoculation potentiellement fatale en ne montrant que des réactions légères et modérées. Ce stock de parasites s'est avéré morphologiquement et sérologiquement semblable à Theileria parva (Muguga); il était virulent et pouvait provoquer la mort, en particulier chez du bétail n'ayant jamais été infecté par T. parva. Ce stock de parasites a été ainsi appelé Theileria parva (Kasoba).

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4

MORZARIA, SUBHASH, VISH NENE, RICHARD BISHOP, and ANTHONY MUSOKE. "Vaccines against Theileria parva." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05326.x.

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5

Maritim, A. C., A. S. Young, A. C. Lesan, S. G. Ndungu, J. J. Mutugi, and D. A. Stagg. "Theilerial parasites isolated from carrier cattle after immunization with Theileria parva by the infection and treatment method." Parasitology 99, no. 1 (August 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000061126.

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SUMMARYGroups of cattle were immunized with 10−2 dilutions of sporozoite stabilates of Theileria parva lawrencei derived from African buffaloes either alone or in combination with Theileria parva parva derived from cattle and concomitant treatment with either long or short-acting formulations of oxytetracyline. At 90 or 120 days after infection, uninfected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks were applied to individual immunized cattle and the resultant adults ticks were applied to individual susceptible cattle. Theilerial infection developed from ticks fed on 6 out of 11 animals investigated for evidence of a carrier state. Two additional animals were shown by cell-culture isolation to have persistent theilerial infections. Nine cattle infected with the parasites from carrier animals were treated with parvaquone and 7 recovered. These recovered cattle were then challenged with the original immunizing stabilates at 10° dilution together with the original immunized and carrier cattle. Six out of 7 cattle which had recovered from carrier-derived infection succumbed to this challenge and died but none of the original immunized cattle showed theilerial reactions. When a carrier-derived sporozoite stabilate was used to challenge cattle immune to the original immunizing parasite, they proved to be immune. Cattle immune to the carrier-derived parasites were all immune to challenge with the original parasite. A monoclonal antibody profile aginst T. parva schizonts isolated by cell culture from samples of the experimental animals did not appear to be sensitive enough to determine the antigenic differences between the carrier-derived parasite and the original immunizing parasite. Indications are that the carrier state is not likely to produce new antigenic strains which would be dangerous to immunized cattle.

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6

Maritim, A. C., A. S. Young, A. C. Lesan, S. G. Ndungu, J. J. Mutugi, and D. A. Stagg. "Theilerial parasites isolated from carrier cattle afterimmunization with Theileria parva by the infection and treatment method." Parasitology 99, S1 (August 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200007219x.

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Groups of cattle were immunized with 10−2 dilutions of sporozoite stabilates of Theileria parva lawrencei derived from African buffaloes either alone or in combination with Theileria parva parva derived from cattle and concomitant treatment with either long or short-acting formulations of oxytetracyline. At 90 or 120 days after infection, uninfected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks were applied to individual immunized cattle and the resultant adults ticks were applied to individual susceptible cattle. Theilerial infection developed from ticks fed on 6 out of 11 animals investigated for evidence of a carrier state. Two additional animals were shown by cell-culture isolation to have persistent theilerial infections. Nine cattle infected with the parasites from carrier animals were treated with parvaquone and 7 recovered. These recovered cattle were then challenged with the original immunizing stabilates at 10° dilution together with the original immunized and carrier cattle. Six out of 7 cattle which had recovered from carrier-derived infection succumbed to this challenge and died but none of the original immunized cattle showed theilerial reactions. When a carrier-derived sporozoite stabilate was used to challenge cattle immune to the original immunizing parasite, they proved to be immune. Cattle immune to the carrier-derived parasites were all immune to challenge with the original parasite. A monoclonal antibody profile aginst T. parva schizonts isolated by cell culture from samples of the experimental animals did not appear to be sensitive enough to determine the antigenic differences between the carrier-derived parasite and the original immunizing parasite. Indications are that the carrier state is not likely to produce new antigenic strains which would be dangerous to immunized cattle.

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7

Allsopp, B. A., H. A. Baylis, M. T. E. P. Allsoppi, T. Cavalier-Smith, R. P. Bishop, D. M. Carrington, B. Sohanpal, and P. Spooner. "Discrimination between six species of Theileria using oligonucleotide probes which detect small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences." Parasitology 107, no. 2 (August 1993): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000067263.

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SUMMARYThe complete small subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene of Theileria parva was cloned and sequenced. Two primers were designed which permitted the specific amplification of part of the Theileria srRNA gene from Theileria-infected cell line samples which were predominantly (> 95%) bovine DNA. The sequence of the central (variable) region of the srRNA genes of T. annulata, T. taurotragi, T. mutans and two unidentified parasites referred to as Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (Marula) were obtained. An alignment of the sequences was generated from which 6 oligonucleotide probes, corresponding to species-specific regions, were designed. These probes were demonstrated to provide unequivocal identification of each of the 6 species either by direct detection of parasite srRNA or by hybridization to amplified parasite srRNA genes. The probes were not able to distinguish buffalo-derived T. parva, the causal agent of Corridor disease, from cattle-derived T. parva, the causal agent of East Coast fever.

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8

Morzaria, S. P., and J. R. Young. "Genome analysis of Theileria parva." Parasitology Today 9, no. 10 (October 1993): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(93)90090-3.

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9

Stagg, D. A., R. P. Bishop, S. P. Morzaria, M. K. Shaw, D. Wesonga, G. O. Orinda, J. G. Grootenhuis, D. H. Molyneux, and A. S. Young. "Characterization of Theileria parva which infects waterbuck (Kobus defassa)." Parasitology 108, no. 5 (June 1994): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000077416.

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SummaryTheileria-free waterbuck (Kobus defassa) born in captivity were successfully infected with Theileria parva sporozoites derived from ticks infected by feeding on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). All waterbuck underwent mild infections with the development of sporadic schizont and piroplasm parasitosis when inoculated with sporozoite doses lethal to cattle. A carrier state of T. parva was demonstrated by feeding clean R. appendiculatus nymphs on two of these infected waterbuck. Tick batches from these waterbuck on 2 of 5 occasions transmitted lethal Theileria infections to cattle. In a separate experiment, waterbuck cells were infected and transformed in vitro by T. parva sporozoites derived from buffalo but not by cattle-derived T. parva (Muguga) sporozoites. Waterbuck cells infected in vitro with T. parva isolated from buffalo were inoculated into autologous waterbuck but no infections developed. Theileria parva isolates generated in this study from various sources were characterized using anti-T. parva schizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and it was found that buffalo-derived and waterbuck-passaged isolates had different profiles. Species-specific synthetic oligonucleotide probes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with cloned T. parva DNA probes, and DNA sequence analysis of the p67 sporozoite antigen gene confirmed that the waterbuck-passaged parasite was T. parva. The Tpr repetitive probe hybridization patterns from the waterbuck-passaged parasites were different from the other samples tested. The ribosomal genotype of the waterbuck-passaged T. parva was similar to that of cattle-derived T. parva Muguga. Analyses with both probes and MAbs suggested that a minor parasite population present within the T. parva 7014 buffalo- derived stock had been selected during waterbuck passage. A variable region of the p67 sporozoite antigen gene of the waterbuck-passaged T. parva was similar to that of cattle-derived T. parva stocks and different from that of buffalo- derived parasites. Based on these results, methods were suggested to confirm and quantitate the involvement of waterbuck in the epidemiology of cattle theileriosis.

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10

Bishop, R. P., P. R. Spooner, G. K. Kanhai, J. Kiarie, A. A. Latif, T. Hove, S. Masaka, and T. T. Dolan. "Molecular characterization of Theileria parasites: application to the epidemiology of theileriosis in Zimbabwe." Parasitology 109, no. 5 (December 1994): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076459.

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Forty Theileria schizont-infected lymphocyte culture isolates from Zimbabwe were characterized using a panel of antischizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 4 Theileria parva DNA probes containing cloned extrachromosomal element, Tpr repetitive, ribosomal and telomeric sequences. The Theileria isolates were assigned as T. parva or T. taurotragi on the basis of reactivities with MAbs and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected using the extra chromosomal element probe. Cattle-derived T. parva isolates were relatively homogeneous on the basis of reactivities with MAbs and RFLPs detected using Tpr repetitive and ribosomal DNA probes. In contrast to previous results from Kenya, most of the cattle-derived isolates from Zimbabwe exhibited very similar Tpr restriction fragment patterns, although the Tpr genotypes of buffalo-derived isolates were heterogeneous. This suggests that selection for a particular Tpr genotype may be occurring in cattle. Many isolates with similar Tpr genotypes were differentiated by RFLPs detected using the telomeric DNA probe. The T. parva Boleni immunizing stock was distinguished from all other isolates by telomeric RFLPs. The T. parva Boleni Tpr repetitive DNA probe cross-hybridized with T. taurotragi DNA and detected RFLPs between different T. taurotragi isolates.

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11

Nene, V., and W. I. Morrison. "Approaches to vaccination against Theileria parva and Theileria annulata." Parasite Immunology 38, no. 12 (December 2016): 724–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pim.12388.

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12

Agina, Onyinyechukwu Ada, Mohd Rosly Shaari, Nur Mahiza Md Isa, Mokrish Ajat, Mohd Zamri-Saad, and Hazilawati Hamzah. "Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090697.

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Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.

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13

Musisi, F. L., P. Jacobsen, J. C. Quiroga, and L. M. Njuguna. "Isolement de Theileria parva (SAO Hill) et Theileria parva (West Kilimanjaro) et leur immunité croisée avec Theileria parva (Kasoba)." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 47, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9092.

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Deux souches de Theileria parva ont été isolées sur du bétail-témoin pendant des essais d'immunisation sur le terrain contre la theilériose à SAO Hill et West Kilimanjaro, dans les parties Sud et Nord de la Tanzanie respectivement. Ces deux souches de parasites ont engendré une affection grave au point de vue clinique qui a nécessité un traitement antitheilérien pour 3 des 5 bovins infectés expérimentalement. Les animaux guéris de cette infection avec les deux souches de T. parva en cause n'ont pas présenté de signes fébriles, et un seul animal sur quatre a présenté une parasitose avec de rares schizontes pendant un jour, au cours d'un test d'infection avec Theileria parva (Kasoba) originaire du sud du Malawi. A l'inverse, les deux témoins ont montré des signes de fièvre avec la présence de schizontes, et l'un d'entre eux a dû subir un traitement antitheilérien pour être sauvé.

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14

Kubasu, S. S. "The ability of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae) stocks in Kenya to become infected with Theileria parva." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 3 (September 1992): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041134.

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AbstractEight steers of European breed, Bos taurus type which were shown to be negative for antibodies against Theileria parva, were divided into two groups of four animals each. Animals in one group were inoculated with 0.5 ml undiluted tick-derived T. p. parva Muguga strain and animals in the other group were inoculated with 1 ml undiluted tick-derived T. p. parva Kilae strain to infect them. The two infected groups of cattle were simultaneously infested with uninfected nymphal Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann in separate cloth patches. Ticks were from five populations, i.e., four from different geographical zones in Kenya and one laboratory population, in separate cloth patches. After moulting, the adult ticks were fed on rabbits for three days and their salivary glands were examined by microscopy for infective stages of the parasite. This revealed significant differences in the five populations as regards to their susceptibility to Theileria parva parasites.

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15

Musoke, A., V. Nene, and S. P. Morzaria. "A Sporozoite-based vaccine for Theileria parva." Parasitology Today 9, no. 10 (October 1993): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(93)90089-x.

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16

Nyagwange, James, Edwin Tijhaar, Nicola Ternette, Fredrick Mobegi, Kyle Tretina, Joana C. Silva, Roger Pelle, and Vishvanath Nene. "Characterization of the Theileria parva sporozoite proteome." International Journal for Parasitology 48, no. 3-4 (March 2018): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.007.

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17

Bishop, R., B. Sohanpal, D. P. Kariuki, A. S. Young, V. Nene, H. Baylis, B. A. Allsopp, P. R. Spooner, T. T. Dolan, and S. P. Morzaria. "Detection of a carrier state in Theileria parva-infected cattle by the polymerase chain reaction." Parasitology 104, no. 2 (April 1992): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000061655.

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SUMMARYTwo sets of oligonucleotide primers, one derived from a repetitive sequence and the other from the gene encoding a 67 kDa sporozoite antigen of Theileria parva, were used to amplify parasite DNA from the blood of T. parva-infected carrier cattle using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplification products were obtained from 15 carrier cattle infected with one of 4 different T. parva stocks. Successful amplifications were performed using DNA from 2 cattle infected with T. p. parva Pemba Mnarani, 10 cattle infected with T. p. parva Marikebuni, 2 cattle infected with T. p. bovis Boleni and 1 animal infected with T. p. lawrencei 7014. No amplification products were obtained from any of 7 cattle which had been infected with the T. p. parva Muguga stock. A synthetic oligonucleotide, which hybridized specifically to T. p. parva Marikebuni DNA among 6 T. parva stocks tested, was designed using sequence data from within the region of the T. parva genome amplified by the repetitive sequence primers. The oligonucleotide was used to probe PCR products and to increase the sensitivity and specificity of carrier animal detection. Southern blot analysis using a T. parva repetitive sequence probe demonstrated the existence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms between parasites isolated from T. p. parva Marikebuni-infected carrier cattle. The use of the PCR and other methods of carrier animal detection are discussed.

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18

Wilkie, G. M., C. G. D. Brown, E. Kirvar, M. Thomas, S. M. Williamson, L. J. Bell-Sakyi, and O. Sparagano. "Chemoprophylaxis of Theileria annulata and Theileria parva infections of calves with buparvaquone." Veterinary Parasitology 78, no. 1 (July 1998): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(98)00126-5.

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19

Glass, E. J., E. A. Innes, R. L. Spooner, and C. G. D. Brown. "Infection of bovine monocyte/macrophage populations with Theileria annulata and Theileria parva." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 22, no. 4 (November 1989): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(89)90171-2.

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20

Waladde, S. M., A. S. Young, S. A. Ochieng', S. N. Mwaura, and F. N. Mwakima. "Transmission of Theileria parva to cattle by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphae in vitro on infected blood through an artificial membrane." Parasitology 107, no. 3 (September 1993): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000079221.

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SummaryA technique is described for the efficient feeding of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae on cattle blood through an artificial membrane bearing tactile and olfactory stimuli. The effect of four anticoagulation methods on the feeding of nymphae was compared and heparinized blood was found to be the most efficacious, followed by defibrinated blood. Blood treated with acid citrate dextrose (ACD) or ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) inhibited nymphal feeding. Nymphae fed on heparinized and defibrinated blood obtained engorgement weights within the range of ticks fed on mammalian hosts and they subsequently moulted and fed normally as adults and produced viable eggs. Nymphae fed on membranes using either defibrinated or heparinized blood infected with Theileria parva piroplasms developed salivary gland infections as adult ticks and transmitted East Coast fever (ECF) to susceptible cattle. There were indications that T. parva-infected defibrinated blood was not as infective to the feeding nymphae as the infected heparinized blood. When T. parva-infected heparinized blood was used to feed nymphae through membranes in two experiments, it was found that the infections in the resultant adult ticks could be comparable to those of nymphae fed on donor cattle, but were usually lower. The membrane feeding technique will enable the study of factors affecting the tick and T. parva transmission without the complication of host/T. parva interactions and could be useful for both tick maintenance and Theileria parasite isolation and maintenance.

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21

Brown, W. C., J. D. Lonsdale-Eccles, J. C. DeMartini, and D. J. Grab. "Recognition of soluble Theileria parva antigen by bovine helper T cell clones: characterization and partial purification of the antigen." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.1.271.

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Abstract Theileria parva-specific bovine BoT4+ Th cell clones were used to characterize Ag associated with T. parva schizont-infected lymphoblastoid cells. All of the clones tested responded to cells infected with the immunizing (Muguga) as well as heterologous stocks of T. parva, indicating that the T cells are specific for an Ag shared by several geographically diverse parasites. The response was apparently MHC-restricted, and induced by Ag expressed on the infected cell surface. In the presence of autologous APC, the clones were also stimulated by a soluble high speed supernatant (HSS), but not by a schizont membrane-enriched, subcellular fraction prepared from homogenates of infected cells. The clones produced IFN-gamma and T cell growth factor in response to HSS. The soluble Ag was absent in cells from which schizonts had been eliminated by treatment with the anti-theilerial drug, parvaquone. Fractionation of HSS by hydroxylapatite chromatography revealed two antigenic peaks that separated from the majority of the protein. Fractionation of HSS by gel filtration with the use of HPLC revealed several peaks of activity ranging in Mr from 270 kDa to less than 5 kDa. Further fractionation of HSS by both hydroxylapatite chromatography and gel filtration yielded three major peaks of activity (Mr 43, 12, 4.2 kDa). We conclude that a T cell-dependent schizont-associated soluble Ag is also expressed on the surface of T. parva-infected cells.

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22

Icen-Taskin, Irmak, Omer Munzuroglu, and Hikmet Geckil. "Genetic engineering of Theileria parva lactate dehydrogenase gene: a new anti-theilerial target." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 5 (May 2018): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5116.

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23

SKILTON, R. A., A. J. MUSOKE, C. W. WELLS, Y. YAGI, V. NENE, P. R. SPOONER, J. GACHANJA, J. OSASO, R. P. BISHOP, and S. P. MORZARIA. "A 32 kDa surface antigen of Theileria parva: characterization and immunization studies." Parasitology 120, no. 6 (June 2000): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005934.

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Previous studies using monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4C9 specific for a 32 kDa antigen (p32) of Theileria parva demonstrated expression of the antigen on the surface of the sporozoite, making it a potential antigen for sporozoite neutralization. A full-length cDNA encoding the major merozoite/piroplasm surface antigen (mMPSA) of T. parva was cloned and expressed in bacteria. The expressed product reacted strongly with mAb 4C9, demonstrating identity between the p32 and mMPSA of T. parva. Using immunoblot analysis and immunoelectron microscopy with mAb 4C9 it was shown that the mMPSA is a major antigen of the merozoite and piroplasm at the cell surface, while lower levels of antigen are expressed in the sporozoite and schizont stages. Upregulation of the mMPSA occurs at merogony and can be induced by culturing schizont-infected lymphocytes at 42 °C. Recombinant mMPSA of T. parva induced high titres of specific antibodies in cattle but failed to confer protection against a T. parva sporozoite stabilate challenge. The pre-challenge sera also failed to neutralize infectivity of sporozoites in an in vitro assay. Possible reasons for the lack of parasite neutralization in vivo and in vitro are discussed.

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24

OCHANDA, H., A. S. YOUNG, G. F. MEDLEY, and B. D. PERRY. "Vector competence of 7 rhipicephalid tick stocks in transmitting 2 Theileria parva parasite stocks from Kenya and Zimbabwe." Parasitology 116, no. 6 (June 1998): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098002613.

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The competence of 7 different stocks of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis to transmit 2 different stocks of Theileria parva was compared by feeding nymphae of each tick stock simultaneously on infected cattle and assessing the infections in the salivary glands of the resultant adult ticks. There were significant differences in the patterns of infection of the 2 stocks (T. parva Muguga and T. parva Boleni) in the different stocks of ticks, and these differences were shown to be reproducible. The Muguga tick stock from Kenya and the Zambia tick stock from Eastern Province had the highest infections of T. parva Muguga and T. parva Boleni respectively. The Zambia Southern Province tick stock and the Zimbabwe Mashonaland West tick stock had the lowest infections of T. parva Muguga and T. parva Boleni respectively. The difference in mean abundance of infection between the most and least efficient vector for T. parva Muguga was 63·3 while that for T. parva Boleni was 54·4 infected acini. The implications of these results for laboratory transmission of T. parva and for the epidemiology of theileriosis are discussed.

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KIARA, H., A. JENNINGS, B. M. DE C. BRONSVOORT, I. G. HANDEL, S. T. MWANGI, M. MBOLE-KARIUKI, I. CONRADIE VAN WYK, et al. "A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya." Parasitology 141, no. 10 (May 16, 2014): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201400050x.

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SUMMARYTick-borne diseases are a major impediment to improved productivity of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Improved control of these diseases would be assisted by detailed epidemiological data. Here we used longitudinal, serological data to determine the patterns of exposure toTheileria parva, Theileria mutans, Babesia bigeminaandAnaplasma marginalefrom 548 indigenous calves in western Kenya. The percentage of calves seropositive for the first three parasites declined from initial high levels due to maternal antibody until week 16, after which the percentage increased until the end of the study. In contrast, the percentage of calves seropositive forT. mutansincreased from week 6 and reached a maximal level at week 16. Overall 423 (77%) calves seroconverted toT. parva, 451 (82%) toT. mutans, 195 (36%) toB. bigeminaand 275 (50%) toA. marginale. Theileria parvaantibody levels were sustained following infection, in contrast to those of the other three haemoparasites. Three times as many calves seroconverted toT. mutansbefore seroconverting toT. parva. NoT. parvaantibody response was detected in 25 calves that died ofT. parvainfection, suggesting that most deaths due toT. parvaare the result of acute disease from primary exposure.

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Bishop, R., A. Musoke, S. Morzaria, B. Sohanpal, and E. Gobright. "Concerted evolution at a multicopy locus in the protozoan parasite Theileria parva: extreme divergence of potential protein-coding sequences." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 3 (March 1997): 1666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.3.1666.

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Concerted evolution of multicopy gene families in vertebrates is recognized as an important force in the generation of biological novelty but has not been documented for the multicopy genes of protozoa. A multicopy locus, Tpr, which consists of tandemly arrayed open reading frames (ORFs) containing several repeated elements has been described for Theileria parva. Herein we show that probes derived from the 5'/N-terminal ends of ORFs in the genomic DNAs of T. parva Uganda (1,108 codons) and Boleni (699 codons) hybridized with multicopy sequences in homologous DNA but did not detect similar sequences in the DNA of 14 heterologous T. parva stocks and clones. The probe sequences were, however, protein coding according to predictive algorithms and codon usage. The 3'/C-terminal ends of the Uganda and Boleni ORFs exhibited 75% similarity and identity, respectively, to the previously identified Tpr1 and Tpr2 repetitive elements of T. parva Muguga. Tpr1-homologous sequences were detected in two additional species of Theileria. Eight different Tpr1-homologous transcripts were present in piroplasm mRNA from a single T. parva Muguga-infected animal. The Tpr1 and Tpr2 amino acid sequences contained six predicted membrane-associated segments. The ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions indicates that Tpr1 evolves like protein-encoding DNA. The previously determined nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the p67 antigen is completely identical in T. parva Muguga, Boleni, and Uganda, including the third base in codons. The data suggest that concerted evolution can lead to the radical divergence of coding sequences and that this can be a mechanism for the generation of novel genes.

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Heussler, V. T., M. Eichhorn, R. Reeves, N. S. Magnuson, R. O. Williams, and D. A. Dobbelaere. "Constitutive IL-2 mRNA expression in lymphocytes, infected with the intracellular parasite Theileria parva." Journal of Immunology 149, no. 2 (July 15, 1992): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.149.2.562.

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Abstract Theileria parva-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines of T or B cell origin were examined for IL-2 mRNA expression. T. parva-infected T cell lines could be of the CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, or CD4+CD8+ phenotype and express alpha beta or gamma delta TCR. By Northern blot analysis and amplification by the polymerase chain reaction, IL-2 mRNA could be detected in all T. parva-infected cell lines tested. IL-2 mRNA expression was also shown to be dependent on the continuous presence of the parasite in the host cell cytoplasm, because elimination of the parasite by treatment of T. parva-infected cell cultures with the theilericidal drug BW720c resulted in the disappearance of detectable IL-2 mRNA. The effect of anti-IL-2 antibodies on the proliferation of T. parva-infected cells was also tested. Inhibition experiments suggest that although IL-2 mRNA can be detected in all cell lines tested, not all T. parva-infected cell lines are dependent on IL-2 for their proliferation. Our data provide the first example for the constitutive expression of IL-2 mRNA in T and B cells caused by infection with an intracellular parasite.

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Dolan, T. T., D. A. Stagg, and L. M. Njuguna. "The antitheilerial effects of Theileria parva parva reaction and recovery sera In vitro." International Journal for Parasitology 15, no. 1 (February 1985): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(85)90099-2.

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29

Mwamuye, Micky M., Isaiah Obara, Khawla Elati, David Odongo, Mohammed A. Bakheit, Frans Jongejan, and Ard M. Nijhof. "Unique Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Demonstrate Resolution Potential to Discriminate Theileria parva Vaccine and Buffalo-Derived Strains." Life 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10120334.

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Distinct pathogenic and epidemiological features underlie different Theileria parva strains resulting in different clinical manifestations of East Coast Fever and Corridor Disease in susceptible cattle. Unclear delineation of these strains limits the control of these diseases in endemic areas. Hence, an accurate characterization of strains can improve the treatment and prevention approaches as well as investigate their origin. Here, we describe a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on 13 near-complete mitogenomes of T. parva strains originating from East and Southern Africa, including the live vaccine stock strains. We identified 11 SNPs that are non-preferentially distributed within the coding and non-coding regions, all of which are synonymous except for two within the cytochrome b gene of buffalo-derived strains. Our analysis ascertains haplotype-specific mutations that segregate the different vaccine and the buffalo-derived strains except T. parva-Muguga and Serengeti-transformed strains suggesting a shared lineage between the latter two vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analyses including the mitogenomes of other Theileria species: T. annulata, T. taurotragi, and T. lestoquardi, with the latter two sequenced in this study for the first time, were congruent with nuclear-encoded genes. Importantly, we describe seven T. parva haplotypes characterized by synonymous SNPs and parsimony-informative characters with the other three transforming species mitogenomes. We anticipate that tracking T. parva mitochondrial haplotypes from this study will provide insight into the parasite’s epidemiological dynamics and underpin current control efforts.

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30

Gurav, Nitisha, Olivia J. S. Macleod, Paula MacGregor, and R. Ellen R. Nisbet. "In silico identification of Theileria parva surface proteins." Cell Surface 8 (December 2022): 100078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100078.

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31

Geysen, D., R. Bishop, R. Skilton, T. T. Dolan, and S. Morzaria. "Molecular epidemiology of Theileria parva in the field." Tropical Medicine and International Health 4, no. 9 (September 1999): A21—A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00447.x.

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32

Geysen, Dirk. "Live immunisation against Theileria parva: spreading the disease?" Trends in Parasitology 24, no. 6 (June 2008): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2008.03.003.

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33

Madder, Maxime, Niko Speybroeck, Dirk Berkvens, Valerie Baudoux, Tanguy Marcotty, Ibrahima Pita Bah, Dirk Geysen, and Jef Brandt. "Merogony in in vitro cultures of Theileria parva." Veterinary Parasitology 114, no. 3 (June 2003): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00142-0.

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34

Cayla, Xavier, Alphonse Garcia, Martin Baumgartner, René Ozon, and Gordon Langsley. "A Theileria parva type 1 protein phosphatase activity." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 110, no. 1 (September 2000): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00266-8.

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35

Nene, Vishvanath, Richard Bishop, Subhash Morzaria, Malcolm J. Gardner, Chihiro Sugimoto, Onesmo K. ole-MoiYoi, Claire M. Fraser, and Anthony Irvin. "Theileria parva genomics reveals an atypical apicomplexan genome." International Journal for Parasitology 30, no. 4 (April 2000): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00016-3.

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36

Koch, H. T., R. A. I. Norval, J. G. R. Ocama, and F. C. Munatswa. "A study on Theileria parva bovis carrier state." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 3-4 (March 1992): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(92)90049-l.

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37

Bishop, R. P., B. K. Sohanpal, B. A. Allsopp, P. R. Spooner, T. T. Dolan, and S. P. Morzaria. "Detection of polymorphisms among Theileria parva stocks using repetitive, telomeric and ribosomal DNA probes and anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies." Parasitology 107, no. 1 (July 1993): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000079361.

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SummaryA total of 21 Theileria parva stocks from 6 countries were characterized using T. parva repetitive and ribosomal DNA probes, a Plasmodium berghei telomeric oligonucleotide and a panel of anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Hybridization of the repetitive DNA probe to Southern blots of EcoRI-digested T. parva DNA revealed 20 different restriction fragment patterns among DNA samples isolated from infections initiated using 16 parasite stocks. The panel of anti-schizont MAbs defined 8 different profiles among schizont-infected lymphoblastoid cell-cultures infected with the same 16 T. parva stocks. Many stocks, which were differentiated by the repetitive DNA probe, could not be distinguished using the anti-schizont MAbs. A cloned T. parva small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene probe separated 17 T. parva stocks into 2 groups, exhibiting either 1 or 2 restriction fragments, when hybridized to EcoRI-digested T. parva DNA. When hybridized to PvuII-digested DNA from 8 T. parva stocks, the ribosomal probe identified 4 groups with similar restriction fragment patterns. A synthetic oligonucleotide derived from a P. berghei telomeric sequence hybridized to 7 or 8 size-polymorphic restriction fragments in the EcoRI-digested DNA of most T. parva stocks. The telomeric and ribosomal probes defined the same 4 groups among 8 T. parva stocks as assessed by similarities in restriction fragment patterns. Based on the comparison of repetitive DNA sequences from the T. parva Uganda and Muguga stocks, a synthetic oligonucleotide was developed which distinguished the DNA of the T. parva Uganda stock from that of 4 other T. parva stocks on a positive/negative basis.

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38

PIENAAR, RONEL, ABDALLA A. LATIF, ORIEL M. M. THEKISOE, and BEN J. MANS. "Geographic distribution of Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (bougasvlei) in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in southern Africa: implications for speciation." Parasitology 141, no. 3 (November 7, 2013): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001728.

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SUMMARYStrict control measures apply to movement of buffalo in South Africa including testing for Theileria parva, the causative agent of Corridor disease in cattle. The official test is a real-time hybridization PCR assay that amplifies the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region of T. parva, T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Mixed infections with the latter organisms affect diagnostic sensitivity due to PCR suppression. While the incidence of mixed infections in the Corridor disease endemic region of South Africa is significant, little information is available on the specific distribution and prevalence of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Specific real-time PCR assays were developed and a total of 1211 samples known to harbour these parasites were screened. Both parasites are widely distributed in southern Africa and the incidence of mixed infections with T. parva within the endemic region is similar (∼25–50%). However, a significant discrepancy exists in regard to mixed infections of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) (∼10%). Evidence for speciation between T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) is supported by phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene, and their designation as different species. This suggests mutual exclusion of parasites and the possibility of hybrid sterility in cases of mixed infections.

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39

Grootenhuis, J. G., B. L. Leitch, D. A. Stagg, T. T. Dolan, and A. S. Young. "Experimental induction of Theileria parva lawrencei carrier state in an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)." Parasitology 94, no. 3 (June 1987): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000055773.

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An African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), born in captivity and demonstrated to be Theileria-free, and 2 susceptible cattle were inoculated with a Theileria parva lawrencei sporozoite stabilate. The buffalo had a very mild disease reaction, while the 2 cattle died of acute theileriosis. It was possible to isolate T. p. lawrencei from the buffalo up to 888 days after infection by the application of non-infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphs and up to 657 days after infection by the establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with T. p. lawrencei schizonts from peripheral mononuclear blood cells. The infection rate and levels of Theileria in the resultant adult ticks varied from 11 to 70% with 0·3–11 acini infected/tick. Stabilates prepared from these tick batches caused fatal T. p. lawrencei infections in cattle.

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40

Young, A. S., T. T. Dolan, F. N. Mwakima, H. Ochanda, S. N. Mwaura, G. M. Njihia, M. W. Muthoni, and R. B. Dolan. "Estimation of heritability of susceptibility to infection with Theileria parva in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus." Parasitology 111, no. 1 (July 1995): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200006457x.

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SUMMARYHeritability of susceptibility to infection with Theileria parva was estimated from full sib families of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Male and female ticks of 2 stocks were mated singly. Nineteen full sib families of the Muguga stock and 17 full sib families of the Kiambu stock were obtained. Nymphae of these families were fed on cattle infected with T. parva so that the ticks became replete on days 16 and 17 after infection when the blood was parasitaemic with intraerythrocytic piroplasms. The T. parva infections were assessed in the resultant adult ticks of each full sib group and the abundance of infection, the number of salivary gland acini infected/tick, was found to be the most useful parameter for analysis. Estimates of heritability of the susceptibility to infection with T. parva for the Kiambu and the Muguga tick stocks were 0·24 and 0·26 respectively. Using only the data from ticks which fed on day 16, the heritability estimates were 0·39 for the Kiambu stock and 0·59 for the Muguga stock. These results indicate that tick lines of high or low susceptibility for T. parva infection could be produced through selection.

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41

Medley, G. F., B. D. Perry, and A. S. Young. "Preliminary analysis of the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva in eastern Africa." Parasitology 106, no. 3 (April 1993): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075077.

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SUMMARYTwo mathematical models are developed that investigate the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva by the ixodid tickRhipicephalus appendiculatus to cattle in endemically stable areas. A method of estimating the rate of infection to cattle ofT. parva at the endemically stable state is given. Empirical estimates of ail the parameters in the model are available. The degree to which animals that have recovered from theileriosis (the ‘carrier’ state) are able to transmit the infection to tick nymphs or larvae is a crucial determinant of the dynamics of infection in a herd. Two control methods influencing the transmission of infection are considered – infection and treatment immunization and the reduction in tick feeding by acaricide application. The impact of each method on the transmission of infection is evaluated. Future developments and the data required to predict the dynamics of T. parva infections in cattle and ticks are discussed.

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42

SHAYAN, P., REINHILD BIERMANN, E. SCHEIN, J. GERDES, and J. S. AHMED. "Detection and Differentiation of Theileria annulata and Theileria parva Using Macroschizont-derived DNA Probes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 849, no. 1 (June 1998): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11038.x.

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43

Fell, A. H., and P. M. Preston. "Proliferation of theileria annulata and Theileria parva macroschizont-infected bovine cells in scid mice." International Journal for Parasitology 23, no. 1 (February 1993): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(93)90100-d.

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44

Zweygarth, Erich, Ard M. Nijhof, Sarah Knorr, Jabbar S. Ahmed, Amira T. A. Al‐Hosary, Isaiah Obara, Richard P. Bishop, Antoinette I. Josemans, and Peter‐Henning Clausen. "Serum‐free in vitro cultivation of Theileria annulata and Theileria parva schizont‐infected lymphocytes." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67, S1 (March 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13348.

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45

Uilenberg, Gerrit. "Immunization against diseases caused by Theileria parva: a review." Tropical Medicine and International Health 4, no. 9 (September 1999): A12—A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00446.x.

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46

Visendi, P., W. Ng'ang'a, W. Bulimo, R. Bishop, J. Ochanda, and E. P. de Villiers. "TparvaDB: a database to support Theileria parva vaccine development." Database 2011 (May 4, 2011): bar015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/bar015.

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47

MARCOTTY, T., N. SPEYBROECK, D. BERKVENS, G. CHAKA, R. BESA, M. MADDER, T. DOLAN, B. LOSSON, and J. BRANDT. "In vitro titration of Theileria parva tick derived stabilates." Parasitology 128, no. 2 (February 2004): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004323.

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48

Billiouw, M., J. Vercruysse, T. Marcotty, N. Speybroeck, G. Chaka, and D. Berkvens. "Theileria parva epidemics: a case study in eastern Zambia." Veterinary Parasitology 107, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00089-4.

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49

Matete, G. O., P. W. N. Kanyari, T. A. Ngatia, D. P. Karuiki, and S. G. Ndung’u. "Characterisation of Theileria parva isolates from Kiambu district, Kenya." Veterinary Parasitology 121, no. 3-4 (May 2004): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.017.

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50

Dobbelaere, Dirk A. E., Paul Webster, Brian L. Leitch, Wolf P. Voigt, and Anthony D. Irvin. "Theileria parva: Expression of a sporozoite surface coat antigen." Experimental Parasitology 60, no. 1 (August 1985): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-4894(85)80026-6.

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