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1
Trauma victim: Theoretical issues and practical suggestions. Accelerated Development Inc., 1994.
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2
EMDR and psychotherapy integration: Theoretical and clinical suggestions with focus on traumatic stress. CRC Press, 2000.
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3
Is the sui generis right a failed experiment: A legal and theoretical exploration of how to regulate unoriginal database contents and possible suggestions for reform. DJØF Pub., 2008.
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4
Bacchereti, Elisabetta, Federico Fastelli, and Diego Salvadori, eds. Il graphic novel. Un crossover per la modernità. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-221-8.
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The graphic novel is one of the most suggestive and successful semiotic phenomena. This collection of essays focuses on the interrelations of image and text, and how they are substantiated and thematized by graphic novels. The volume gathers together twelve essays and follows a twofold structure: a historical and theoretical one, providing different and complementary approaches to the topic, from neurocognitive narratology to Digital Humanities; in the second part of the volume several case studies are discussed, based on key examples as shown by the following authors and their work: from Vanna Vinci and Lorenza Natarella, to Gipi, Zerocalcare and Manuel Fior; from Dino Buzzati to Hugo Pratt and Pazienza; from Pablo Echaurren to the Homeric epics’ comics remediation.
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Gramolati, Alessio, and Giovanni Mari, eds. Bruno Trentin. Lavoro, libertà, conoscenza. Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-519-1.
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Bruno Trentin. Lavoro, libertà, conoscenza takes into consideration the figure of Bruno Trentin (1926-2007) and his work as a union leader and politician, his numerous writings in the framework of the history of Republican Italy and the transformations induced by the processes of globalisation. From this reflection, conducted from different disciplinary angles and with different political and cultural sensitivity, what emerges clearly is the extremely idiosyncratic significance of Bruno Trentin in both the practice and the theoretical analysis of the labour struggle and the exploration of its problems. A historic contribution featuring a wealth of suggestions, intuitions and reflections, capable of interpreting events and their potential union and political repercussions, within a project for the enhancement of liberty and the social and cultural role of work conducted in an extraordinarily innovative and far-sighted manner.
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Rossi, Monica, and Federica Ottone, eds. Teorie e sperimentalismo progettuale per la ricerca in tecnologia dell’architettura / Theories and experimental design for research in architectural technology. Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-406-6.
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Il volume, che raccoglie riflessioni intorno al tema della città, intesa come campo di sperimentazione, traccia un panorama aggiornato della ricerca dottorale e post-dottorale in Tecnologia dell’Architettura, da cui traspare la volontà di offrire spunti teorici di ampio respiro e, contemporaneamente, testimoniare una vasta gamma di applicazioni specialistiche. Nell’approccio ambientale, che accoglie i suggerimenti dei territori valorizzandone la "cultura materiale", appare il tratto comune sul quale sono impostate molte delle tematiche di ricerca qui esposte. The book, that gathers reflections on the theme of the city, intended as field of experimentation, gives an updated panorama of the doctoral (PhD) and postdoctoral research in Architectural Technology, and offers ample theoretical insights as well as a large collection of specialized applications. The environmental approach, that welcomes suggestions from the surrounding areas, highlighting the "material culture", shows the common traits that are present in many of the research themes here exposed.
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Bier, Ada. La motivazione nell’insegnamento in CLIL. Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-213-0.
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There are several studies in the literature that emphasize the link between CLIL and student motivation for learning. The same does not apply for teachers – who teach a non-language subject through a foreign language – whose motivation for teaching in CLIL should not be taken for granted. Our research is an inquiry in the Italian upper secondary school with a dual focus: a main focus on CLIL teachers and a secondary one on CLIL students. The main aim of this cross-sectional study is to offer a snapshot of the existing situation from the point of view of teachers’ and students’ perceptions one year after the introduction of the legal requirement for compulsory CLIL, with a view to reflecting on the present in order to hypothesize possible future developments. The obtained results – which confirm the association between the motivational dimension of the CLIL teacher with the cognitive, affective and relational ones, and with the motivational dimension of CLIL students – are interpreted and discussed in the light of the most recent theoretical developments and suggestions for future practice and research are offered.
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Hyer, Lee. Trauma Victim: Theoretical Issues and Practical Suggestions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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9
Teaching Philosophy: Theoretical Reflections and Practical Suggestions. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004.
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Teaching Philosophy: Theoretical Reflections and Practical Suggestions. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004.
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11
Macleod, Colin M. Are Children’s Rights Important? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786429.003.0010.
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This paper explores the nature and justificatory basis of children’s rights with a view to determining whether children’s rights are important. Although children’s rights are frequently invoked in legal and political discourse, they often generate controversy: their practical and theoretical significance is sometimes challenged. Many states acknowledge children’s rights and yet fail to secure many of the most basic interests of children putatively protected by their rights. Moreover, the suggestion that children are the bearers of genuine moral rights is sometimes met with philosophical scepticism. This chapter distinguishes different forms of scepticism about children’s rights and explores whether doubts about the theoretical and practical importance of children’s rights can be vindicated. I argue that reticence about children’s rights is not justified. Given a proper construal of children’s rights it is appropriate both to treat children as genuine bearers of rights and to view their rights as morally and politically important.
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Otgaar, Henry, and Mark L. Howe, eds. Finding the Truth in the Courtroom. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612016.001.0001.
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The focus of this book is on how legal professionals, legal/forensic psychologists, and memory researchers can decide when statements or identifications are based on truthful or fabricated experiences and whether if fabricated, can we distinguish between lies, deception, and false memories. The ultimate focus is to assemble recent experimental work and case studies in which deception or false memory plays a dominant role. That is, in many criminal trials, forensic technical evidence is lacking and triers of fact must rely on the reliability of eyewitness statements, identifications, and testimony. However, such reports can be riddled with deceptive statements or erroneous recollections. Based on such considerations, the question arises as to how one should weigh such eyewitness accounts given the theoretical and empirical knowledge in this field. Topics discussed are, for example, related to the susceptibility to suggestive pressure (e.g., “Under which circumstances are children or adults the most vulnerable to suggestion?”), the fabrication of symptoms (e.g., “How to detect whether PTSD symptoms are malingered?”), or the detection of deceit (e.g., “Which paradigms are promising in deception detection?”). By using this approach, this book unites diverse streams of research (i.e., deception, malingering, false memory) that are involved in the reliability of eyewitness statements.
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Williams, Tami. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038471.003.0007.
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This concluding chapter explains how Dulac's cinema, in its aesthetic and sociopolitical complexity, is only beginning to be recognized and understood. Dulac studies until recent years had been limited to a few films, and predominantly to a feminist theoretical approach that launched a recovery of this great filmmaker in the Anglophone context. In contrast, in the French context, Dulac's work has long been subject to a depoliticized formalism, where identity politics and gender considerations have only slowly been making their way into film studies. Drawing on various archival materials (manuscript, printed, filmic) and secondary sources, and considering the environment's dynamic sociopolitical context, the chapter further reveals Dulac's films and her filmic ontology of a “pure cinema,” a cinema of suggestion and potentiality.
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Lipke, Howard. EMDR and Psychotherapy Integration: Theoretical and Clinical Suggestions with Focus on Traumatic Stress. Taylor & Francis Group, 1999.
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15
Erne, Roland. 14. Interest groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0016.
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This chapter examines the role that interest groups play in political systems across time and space. Many scholars define interest groups as voluntary organizations that appeal to government but do not participate in elections. In a comparative context, however, this formal definition is problematic as the form of interest representation varies across countries. An alternative suggestion is to distinguish ‘public’ and ‘private interest groups’, but the term ‘public interest’ is problematic because of its contentious nature. The chapter begins with a review of different definitions of interest groups and the problems associated with each. It then considers the legacies of competing theoretical traditions in the field, namely republicanism, pluralism, and neocorporatism. It also discusses the role of interest associations in practice, distinguishing different types of action that are available to different groups, including direct lobbying, political exchange, contentious politics, and private interest government.
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Pardue, Derek. Suggestive Conclusions. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039676.003.0007.
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This book has shown how migration, citizenship, and identity—entangled in the tensions between agency and structure—converge in the rap music of Cape Verdeans in Portugal. It has explored how Kriolu rappers and Cape Verdeans have struggled with Manichean ways of viewing the world and categorizing its people, as seen in the repeated tension between Kriolu and tuga, between diasporic migrants and cultural nationalists. The book ends with a set of theoretical conclusions and policy deliverables that bring together anthropological concepts and life experiences of Kriolu. It argues that the distinction of migrancy must be taken into consideration in the current debates on citizenship. It describes Kriolu as a Creole citizenship inside Portugal, as opposed to “Portuguese” or Portuguese iterations of interculturality. It also challenges the current ideas of “Portuguese citizenship” and instead calls for “citizenship in Portugal,” as articulated by Kriolu rappers and advocates of Kriolu identity politics. This would make Portugal a vibrant place of Creole citizenship, where trajectories of language, labor, and exchange intersect.
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Ellis, Fiona, ed. New Models of Religious Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796732.001.0001.
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What does it mean to understand the world religiously? How is such understanding to be distinguished from scientific understanding? And what does it have to do with religious practice, transfiguring love, and spiritual well-being? These are just some of the fascinating questions to be explored in this volume by a selection of the most distinguished and accessible writers in the field. The radical suggestion is that we require a new model of religious understanding—one that poses a challenge to the narrowly theoretical approach which has predominated in recent debate by giving due weight to its moral, spiritual, and practical dimensions. New Models of Religious Understanding sets a new and exciting agenda for philosophy of religion. It cuts across the supposed divide between analytic and continental approaches to the subject, and will engage the interest of a broad range of philosophical and theological readers.
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Lipke, Howard. EMDR and Psychotherapy Integration: Theoretical and Clinical Suggestions with Focus on Traumatic Stress (Innovations in Psychology). CRC, 1999.
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19
Gray Hardcastle, Valerie, and C. Matthew Stewart. fMRI: A Modern Cerebrascope? The Case of Pain. Edited by John Bickle. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304787.003.0009.
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This article examines the application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in neuroscience, particularly in the imaging of pain. It provides a brief primer on functional magnetic imaging techniques and describes pain processing and pain inhibiting systems. It discusses experiments where fMRI has illustrated what has gone wrong in the pain network's response to stimuli and suggests that imaging studies of pain have a crucial role to play in diagnosing pain disorders as well as advancing a theoretical framework for explaining them. It also offers suggestions for how to improve fMRI experiments and their theoretical implications.
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MacGeorge, Erina L., and Lyn M. Van Swol. Advice: Communication with Consequence. Edited by Erina L. MacGeorge and Lyn M. Van Swol. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.013.21.
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This chapter highlights cross-cutting themes from the research reviewed in this Handbook. Areas for theoretical integration across contexts and levels of analysis are also suggested. In addition, it summarizes the variety of methods used to study advice and makes suggestions for methodological synthesis and advancement. Finally, some of the best practices for giving advice offered by the other chapters in this volume are synthesized. The chapter concludes with reflections on the relationship between theory and application.
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Feng, Bo, Xun Zhu, and Yining Zhou Malloch. Advice Communication in Cyberspace. Edited by Erina L. MacGeorge and Lyn M. Van Swol. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.013.17.
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This chapter focuses on advice communication in cyberspace. It discusses the relatively unique characteristics of advice seeking, provision, and reception via the Internet, using advice communication in traditional one-on-one, face-to-face, and personal relationship settings as a reference. Major theoretical frameworks that have informed the existing research on online advice, key research questions, and findings are reviewed. This chapter offers practical suggestions on effective advice communication online. It also discusses opportunities for future research in this area.
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Arnau, Randolph C. Hope and Anxiety. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.23.
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This chapter compares and contrasts two current theories of hope, as operationalized by the Snyder Hope Scale and the Herth Hope Scale. The primary focus is on theoretical and empirical relationships between hope and anxiety. The differences between panic-related and anxious apprehension (general anxiety) as per Barlow’s model are described, and it is argued that hope has stronger theoretical links to general anxiety than to panic-related anxiety. Specifically, linkages between the goal pursuit feedback loops described by hope theory and Barlow’s anxious apprehension model are highlighted, illustrating how hope may be negatively related to anxious apprehension and how anxious apprehension may interfere with hope during pursuit of a goal. The current empirical literature relating hope to anxiety is critically reviewed, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Wright, Emily M. Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Abuse. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.137.
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This essay reviews the evidence regarding the impact of childhood abuse (e.g., physical, sexual, psychological, maltreatment, and neglect) on long-term outcomes, such as violence, criminality, abuse, mental health problems, and physical health problems, in adolescence and adulthood. Overall, childhood abuse is highly detrimental to these outcomes, with evidence suggesting that “more is worse” when it comes to its lasting effects. This essay also briefly reviews the theoretical bases upon which the research regarding childhood abuse and later outcomes is founded and discusses the evidence regarding moderating variables, such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and methodological limitations in the research and suggests avenues for future endeavors to consider.
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Gendron, Maria, and Lisa Feldman Barrett. Facing the Past. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0002.
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In this chapter, we outline the progression of research on facial actions associated with emotion within the discipline of psychology. We outline two dominant perspectives, one emphasizing emotions as natural kinds, and the other emphasizing emotions as constructed events. We provide an overview of the critical assumptions of each theoretical approach and demonstrate the recurring themes and tensions in the repeated emergence of these two perspectives over time. We close by suggesting that the science of emotion is, yet again, at a critical precipice with the emergence of computationally powerful computer-vision approaches and that careful consideration of the lineage of these two theoretical perspectives will allow for progress to be made with these approaches.
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van Bommel, Koen, and André Spicer. Critical Management Studies and Paradox. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.6.
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This chapter examines the role of Critical Management Studies (CMS) in the exploration of paradoxes in organizations. CMS focuses on the study of paradoxes in organizational life and aims to address these paradoxes in order to reveal and question structures of oppression and contribute to a progressive force for emancipatory change. The paradoxical aspects of CMS are discussed and various paradoxes addressed by its scholars are explained. These paradoxes are examined from diverse theoretical traditions such as feminism, queer theory, colonialism, and the work of Marx, Weber, and Foucault. Notwithstanding this theoretical pluralism, CMS’ aim is to uncover the often unseen dynamics that shape almost all core organizational processes. The value of considering paradoxes from a CMS perspective is also discussed. Finally, suggestions about how to locate and examine hidden paradoxes are offered and a research agenda around CMS and paradox is presented.
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van der Meer, Tom W. G. Economic Performance and Political Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.16.
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The relationships among objective macroeconomic outcomes, subjective evaluations, and political trust are widely studied. Yet, these relationships are not as straightforward as they might seem. This chapter first provides an overview of the main theoretical propositions in the literature as well as their critiques. Next, the chapter analyzes empirical analyses of the relationship between economic performance and political trust. While subjective evaluations of the economy are consistently related to political trust across the globe, the effect of objective macroeconomic performance depends on theoretical and methodological specifications. Objective performance indicators determine political trust in longitudinal rather than in cross-sectional analyses, suggesting that citizens’ historical rather than cross-national comparison of the state of their economy lies at the basis of this effect.
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Ramaioli, Massimo. Interviewing Salafis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882969.003.0010.
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In chapter 10, Massimo Ramaioli provides advice on interviewing Salafis based on his experiences in Jordan. He shares 10 considerations with the readers: orientalism, ethics, risks, context, meetings, approach, language, ivory tower, muqābala (encounter/interview), and surprises. Salafis, insofar as it is possible to generalize, tend to share a rigid approach to Islam that may present a number of unusual and specific challenges to the researcher. This chapter seeks to offer practical and theoretical suggestions as to how to approach Salafis of various inclinations and attitudes for carrying out interviews, balancing amongst issues of access and communication, personal safety, and ethics.
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Tanyu, Manolya. Practicing Community Psychology in a Large Nonprofit Research and Evaluation Organization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0010.
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This chapter introduces the reader to work life in a large nonprofit research organization with respect to project-based work, teaming, organizational resources and challenges, as well as technical and soft skills that are valued in this type of environment. The chapter discusses how the concepts of diversity and theoretical perspectives of community psychology apply within such a setting and gives the reader an overview of how the content and tools acquired during training in community psychology are used within this setting. The chapter closes with suggestions for learning areas that can be strengthened while still in school or early on a career path in a large organization.
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Glasgow, Garrett, and R. Michael Alvarez. Discrete Choice Methods. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0022.
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This article describes the statistical models commonly used to study discrete choices. It concentrates on the ‘basic’ discrete choice models, and the theoretical choice situations that lead to these models. Specifically the choice situation addressed include: the ordered choice situation and the unordered choice situation. In addition, the article discusses two extensions of the basic discrete choice models commonly seen in political science research — models allowing for heteroskedasticity in the choices made across political agents (such as the heteroskedastic probit), and models that estimate substitution patterns across choice alternatives (such as the multinomial probit and mixed logit). Suggestions for further reading are also given.
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Joshi, Aparna, and Hyuntak Roh. Understanding How Context Shapes Team Diversity Outcomes. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0012.
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The study of diversity context offers many opportunities and also represents many challenges. In this chapter we present a research agenda that exploits some opportunities and attempts to overcome the challenges in conducting contextualized diversity research. We offer a tripartite definition of diversity context comprising its structural, relational, and normative components, and discuss a theoretical framework for identifying the effect of context on categorization and elaboration-based processes within work teams. We conclude by suggesting directions for future research that we hope will be a road map for future research in this area.
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Decoeur, Henri. A Normative Justification for Establishing State Organized Crime as an International Crime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823933.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 makes a theoretical argument for establishing state organized crime as an international crime. It opens with general reflections on the social function of criminalization, discusses the dynamics of international criminalization, and identifies grounds underlying the genesis of existing international crimes, suggesting that international criminalization serves the purpose of protecting specific interests. In light of this theoretical framework, it argues that state organized crime ought to be criminalized because it threatens interests that states deem worthy of protection by way of international criminalization, constituting as it does an abuse of state authority, a threat to international peace and security, a violation of internationally guaranteed human rights, and a subversion of the rule of law and of the proper functioning of interstate cooperation. This chapter also suggests that the positing of state organized crime as an international crime would fulfil an important expressive function.
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Hartmann, Douglas. Sport and Social Theory. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.11.
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This chapter provides an overview of how major social theories, both classical and contemporary, can help organize and enrich the historical study of sport. Classical frameworks discussed include the functionalism associated with Émile Durkheim, Max Weber’s rationalization, and the economic and capitalist critiques that originated with Karl Marx. More contemporary bodies of work include symbolic interactionism, dramaturgical and semiotic approaches, feminist and critical race theories, and the grand syntheses of Pierre Bourdieu. Throughout, it is argued that these theoretical resources reveal the socially constructed and historically contingent nature of modern sporting forms, establish the importance of situating sport in its broader social contexts, and highlight the role and significance of sport in contemporary life. The chapter concludes by suggesting that closer theoretical engagement not only improves the quality of sport history but can help bring the study of sport more to the center of all social research and cultural critique.
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Zagzebski, Linda. Faith and Reason. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.27.
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This article examines the potential conflict between faith and reason, with emphasis on the relation between beliefs arising from revelation and beliefs arising from reason. It analyses the reasonableness or unreasonableness of faith, focusing on the conditions that make believing what one is told reasonable, or unreasonable, and the sense of reasonable intended when applied to faith. In order to have a method for determining the reasonableness of a belief, it considers two kinds of epistemic reasons: theoretical and deliberative. The chapter argues that trust in ourselves when we are epistemically conscientious is more basic than either theoretical or deliberative reasons, and more basic than any norms of reasoning. It concludes by considering the place of faith in the epistemically conscientious person and suggesting that faith has a component of belief on the word of God which does not conflict with reason directly, but which can be reasonable or unreasonable.
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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 5. Finding Answers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0005.
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This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.
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Champollion, Lucas. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755128.003.0011.
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This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its main insights and results. A detailed chapter-by-chapter summary provides a bird’s-eye view of strata theory and stratified reference. The summary highlights the conceptual and theoretical moves as well as their empirical payoff. It contrasts the property-based perspective on stratified reference introduced in Chapter 4 and developed in Chapters 5 through 7 with the operator-based perspective that is central to Chapters 8 and 9, and it sketches how both perspectives come in to play in Chapter 10. The book concludes with a list of open problems and suggestions for further research, including a brief discussion of connections to other frameworks such as cognitive and conceptual semantics.
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Westerland, Chad L. The Strategic Analysis of Judicial Behavior and the Separation of Powers. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.4.
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This chapter uses the separation of powers (SOP) literature to explore the application of strategic models to judicial behavior. Strategic conceptions of judicial decision-making are often presented as a theoretical alternative to the attitudinal model. A review of the basic SOP model highlights the key institutional assumptions that motivate the different major variants of the SOP model and the differences with the attitudinal model. While the empirical literature reveals a tremendous amount of progress in the past twenty-five years, empirical support for the classic statutory SOP model remains elusive. However, the same cannot be said for newer institutional legitimacy models. The chapter concludes with suggestions for directions of future research.
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Klein, David. Law in Judicial Decision-Making. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.5.
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Years of effort by many talented and creative scholars to gauge the influence of law on judicial decision-making have produced payoffs, but the payoffs do not seem commensurate with the work that has gone into producing them. After reviewing some of the most important approaches and findings, this chapter identifies key obstacles to progress and suggests a new strategy for making more headway against them. The strategy begins by recognizing that ultimately the questions driving empirical and theoretical inquiry into law’s influence are often less about law itself than about the propriety of judicial decision-making. The chapter concludes with suggestions for empirical questions to complement more familiar ones about the role of law in judges’ decisions.
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Godley, Andrew. Migration of Entrepreneurs. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0022.
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In the classical and neoclassical economists' development of the theory of entrepreneurship, little role was allocated to one of the more obvious empirical observations of entrepreneurial behaviour: entrepreneurs have always been highly mobile individuals. This omission may of course have been because the focus of so much attention among nineteenth-century economists was on the dramatic events then unfolding in the industrializing regions of Britain and the United States, before then spreading further afield. This article reviews the literature on immigrant entrepreneurship, focusing especially on recently published investigations of historic cases, before making some theoretical observations and suggesting areas for further research.
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Carvalho, Henrique. Retrieving Subjectivity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198737858.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the limits of the emancipatory aspirations found within liberal criminal law, through a discussion of the challenges posed to the liberal model of criminal law by terrorism. It engages primarily with Antony Duff’s communicative theory of punishment and with his discussion of the criminalization of terrorism, relating the notion of communication with the Hegelian conception of recognition. The chapter then pursues a critical theory of recognition grounded on Hegelian dialectics, suggesting that this theoretical perspective can expose the limits of the emancipatory potential of the criminal law, as well as a possible pathway to move beyond these limits.
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Ryckeghem, Dimiti van, and Geert Crombez. Pain and Attention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0006.
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Attention plays a pivotal role in the experience of pain and its impact upon daily activities. Accordingly, research on the interplay between attention and pain has a long scientific history. This chapter discusses the theoretical frameworks that aim to explain the relationship between attention and pain. It argues for a motivational perspective on pain that highlights the critical role of cognitive, affective, and contextual factors in explaining the interplay between attention and pain. To substantiate this argument, the chapter provides an overview of available research addressing the bottom-up capture of attention by pain and the top-down modulation (both inhibition and facilitation) of attention for pain. It concludes with guidelines and suggestions for future research and discusses clinical implications of adopting a motivational perspective on pain.
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Heyhoe, Jane, and Rebecca Lawton. Affect and Clinical Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0018.
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In the chapter “Affect and Clinical Decision-Making,” theoretical and empirical literature from within and outside healthcare are drawn on to understand the role of affect in clinical decision-making at the individual and team level. Theories of individual decision-making are summarized and psychological models of decision-making and current knowledge of thought processes are presented to explain the role of affect in judgment and behavior in healthcare settings. Three types of affect: anticipatory affect, incidental affect, and anticipated affect are discussed in detail and used to illustrate how affective states may play a role in different clinical contexts and settings. Gaps in the existing evidence base are identified, and suggestions are made for interventions that might support health professionals to make better decisions.
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Markwica, Robin. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794349.003.0006.
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The concluding chapter starts out by assessing the explanatory power of the logic of affect. It suggests that the model was able to illuminate decisions that were difficult to comprehend from the standpoint of existing theoretical approaches. The logic of affect also improved on accounts where the traditional logics of consequences or appropriateness already enjoyed some success. This has resulted in more comprehensive explanations for why coercive diplomacy worked in the missile crisis but not in the Gulf conflict. After comparing the findings of the case studies, the chapter sketches their policy implications for the practice of coercive diplomacy. Finally, it provides some suggestions for future research that build on this effort to establish an affect-based paradigm in International Relations.
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Koriat, Asher, and Shiri Adiv. The Self-Consistency Theory of Subjective Confidence. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.18.
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Innumerable studies have yielded a positive correlation between subjective confidence and accuracy, suggesting that people are skillful in discriminating between correct and wrong answers. The chapter reviews evidence from different domains indicating that people’s subjective confidence in an answer is diagnostic of the consensuality of the answer rather than of its accuracy. A self-consistency model (SCM) was proposed to explain why the confidence-accuracy correlation is positive when the correct answer is the consensually chosen answer but is negative when the wrong answer is the consensual answer. Several results that were obtained across a variety of tasks provided support for the generality of the theoretical framework underlying SCM.
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Fasbender, Ulrike, Mo Wang, and Yujie Zhan. Prosocial Behavior in Retirement. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.15.
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With the increase of the proportion of the population reaching retirement age in relation to that of working age, extensive research has been conducted to understand the retirement process and to promote older adults’ well-being in retirement. In this chapter, we aim to link the theoretical concepts of retirement to the research literature on prosocial behavior. First, we provide an overview of the current conceptualizations of prosocial behavior and retirement. Second, we introduce three main areas of prosocial behavior engagement in retirement (i.e., prosocial behavior in postretirement employment, in the family context, and in the community). Third, we present a comprehensive model of the antecedents and outcomes of prosocial behavior in retirement, covering factors at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Finally, we offer suggestions to advance future research investigating prosocial behavior in retirement.
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Galárraga, Omar, and Sandra G. Sosa-Rubí. Male Sex Workers. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.19.
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Although commercial sex transactions related to men who have sex with men have particular importance for HIV/AIDS prevention, the economic literature analyzing male sex workers is limited. A handful of studies have been published, first with descriptive analyses of specific markets and more recently taking advantage of Internet resources and larger surveys. The theoretical economic models have not yet been fully customized to fit all the nuance and specificity of this particular trade. This chapter gives a general overview of economic models relevant for the analysis of male-sex-worker transactions; it then presents a summary of relevant themes in the economics literature, with additional insights from other social sciences, and concludes with suggestions for future research, particularly combining psychosocial issues in the framework of behavioral and health economics.
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Sadorsky, Perry. Shifts in Energy Consumption Driven by Urbanization. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.17.
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The year 2007 marked an important milestone as, for the first time in history, the world’s urban population passed 50%. An increase in urbanization brings new opportunities and new challenges with respect to business, society, and the economy as increases in urbanization are associated with greater economic activity. One particular area of interest is how urbanization affects energy consumption. This chapter surveys recent theoretical and empirical contributions on the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption. The chapter first sets out the conceptual framework and some empirical observations on the relationship between energy consumption and urbanization. This is followed by sections that provide a more detailed review of the empirical evidence linking energy consumption with urbanization. The chapter concludes with some limitations from existing empirical studies, suggestions for future research, and policy implications.
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Long, Jeffery D. Hinduism in America. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474252652.
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Read the story of two worlds that converge: one of Hindu immigrants to America who want to preserve their traditions and pass them on to their children in a new and foreign land, and one of American spiritual seekers who find that the traditions of India fulfil their most deeply held aspirations. Learn about the theoretical approaches to Hinduism in America, the question of orientalism and ‘the invention of Hinduism’. Read about: how concepts like karma, rebirth, meditation and yoga have infiltrated and influenced the American consciousness Hindu temples in the United States and Canada how Hinduism has influenced vegetarianism the emergence of an increasingly assertive socially and politically active American Hinduism. The book contains 30 images, chapter summaries, a glossary, study questions and suggestions for further reading.
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Okasha, Samir. Risk, Rational Choice, and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0009.
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Decision-theoretic ideas arise in two areas of biology: risk-sensitive foraging, and the theory of evolution in variable environments. The former concerns the actual behavioural choices that organisms make, the latter the ‘choices’ made by natural selection. A natural suggestion is that both sorts of choices can be modelled in terms of expected utility maximization, the standard theory of rational decision in the face of risk. However, this is only true under particular model assumptions; it does not hold in situations involving a combination of aggregate and idiosyncratic risk. Mixed strategies further complicate the relation between rational and biologically optimal risk preferences. This implies a limit on the validity of the organism-as-rational-agent heuristic as a tool for understanding evolved behaviour.
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Massimini, Marcello, and Giulio Tononi. Assessing Consciousness in Other Humans: From Theory to Practice. Translated by Frances Anderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728443.003.0007.
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This chapter translates the theoretical principles illustrated in Chapter 5 into an empirical measure that can be applied to real human brains. It explains how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) can be employed to derive a surrogate measure of information integration, the perturbational complexity index (PCI). By describing the results of a series of experiments, it demonstrates that PCI can discriminate with very high accuracy between consciousness and unconsciousness, across many different conditions, ranging from wakefulness to sleep, dreaming esthesia and coma patients. The chapter ends by suggesting that principled measures of brain complexity can also help understanding the mechanisms of loss and recovery of consciousness in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Dawson, Peter. The Thule-Inuit Succession in the Central Arctic. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.45.
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The development of Inuit culture out of an ancestral Thule culture base has been a central research question in Arctic archaeology for over a century. Archaeologists were intrigued by the fact that the Inuit lifeways of the ethnographic present, while highly variable, had seemingly developed from a relatively uniform Thule cultural base. However, the past few decades have seen relatively little research directed toward this important issue. This chapter explores the history of research into the origins of Central Arctic Inuit cultures, as well as some of the explanations that have been advanced. It ends by suggesting that Resilience Theory may be a useful theoretical approach for framing the Thule-Inuit transformation in this region.