Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Théorie de fluctuation'
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Attuel, Guillaume. "Aspects critiques des fluctuations d'un plasma magnétisé. Proposition de théorie cinétique stochastique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004936.
Full textVisco, Paolo. "Mécanique statistique hors d'équilibre et fluctuations dans les gaz granulaires." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162084.
Full textBérut, Antoine. "Fluctuations and Interactions of Brownian particles in multiple Optical Traps." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1003/document.
Full textWe experimentally study the fluctuations of Brownian micro-particles trapped with optical tweezers arranged in various spatial configurations. We give a general description of the set-up and detail four different experiments we conducted. We first use a single particle in a double-well potential to model a two-state memory system. We verify the Landauer principle on the minimal energetic cost to erase one bit of information, and we use a detailed version of a fluctuation theorem to retrieve the expected energetic bound. We then use two particles in two different traps to study the hydrodynamic interactions between two systems kept at different effective temperatures. Contrary to what was previously observed, we show that the sol-gel transition of gelatine does not provide any anomalous fluctuations for the trapped particle when the sample is quenched below gelification temperature. However, we show that an effective temperature is created when a well chosen random noise is added on one trap position. We demonstrate that the random forcing on one particle induces an instantaneous correlation between the two particles motions, and an energy exchange from the virtually hot particle to the cold one, which is in equilibrium with the thermal bath. We show a good agreement between the experimental data and the predictions from an hydrodynamic coupling model. Finally, we describe the use of micro-fluidic channels to create a shear flow at the micron size, and we discuss the possibility to interpret the force due to the shear-flow in terms of an effective temperature by testing a fluctuation-dissipation relation
Ivanisevic, Julijana. "Metabolisme secondaire des éponges Homoscleromorpha : diversité et fluctuation de son expression en fonction des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22034.
Full textSecondary metabolism plays a major ecological role in the interactions between the organisms and their environment. An integral study of the organisms’ biology and ecology and the variations of their metabolism is essential for understanding the role of secondary metabolites in the ecosystems. This kind of approach is rare in the marine environment. Small sponge clade Homoscleromorpha constitutes a real potential for the discovery of new species and potentially bioactive molecules. In addition, its dominance in some Mediterranean benthic communities makes it a good model in marine chemical ecology research. This work has started with a description of new species of Oscarella genus, O. balibaloi. This new species forms sometimes, with two other commun Oscarella species, O. tuberculata and O. lobularis, special facies within the coralligenous and semi-dark cave communities. All three Oscarella species are caraterized by a seasonal reproductive cycle with differences in the period of gametogenesis and larval emission as well as the variation in sensitivity facing the changes in thermal regime. Two major lysophospholipid compounds were isolated and caracterized for the first time in O. tuberculata and confirmed in O. lobularis. Their potential role as signal molecules in the reproduction process (embryogenesis and development) was proposed and should be confirmed by experimental studies. One new familly of glycosilated seterterpens (named balibalosides) was found in O. balibaloi. A pluriannual study of species metabolism was performed using three complementary approaches and enabled to test the models of resource allocation to secondary metabolite production. Variation patterns in the expression level of target metabolites, in the metabolic fingerprints and the bioactivities of sponge extracts reflected the significant influence of the reproductive cycle to the secondary metabolite production. Holisitic approaches (métabolomics and bioactivity) pointed out the important modification in the secondary metabolism variation pattern followed by the decrease in bioactivity during the costly period of reproduction (asexual reproduction, embryogenesis and larval development). These results highlight the trade-off in resource allocation between the primary (reproduction) and secondary metabolism and therefore support the Optimal Defense Theory. Metabolomic approach applied to the study of interspecific relations turned out as a good indicator of chemical diversity which allowed the classification of Mediterranean Homoscleromorpha sepcies. The obtained classification was congruent with recent molecular phylogeny results proposing the restauration of two ancient clades within Homoscleromorpha, the Plakinidae, a group of species possesing skeleton and the Oscarellidae, a group of species lacking skeleton. Approaches developed during my thesis opened a numerous perspectives in chemosystematics and marine chemical ecology. The use of metabolic fingerprints can be transposed to other questions in systematics, particularly to demonstrate the existance of cryptic species and to support phylogenetic hypothesis within other problematic clades. [...]
Vanicat, Matthieu. "Approche intégrabiliste des modèles de physique statistique hors d'équilibre." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY029/document.
Full textAlthough statistical physics has been very successful to describe physical systems at thermal equilibrium (thanks to the Boltzmann distribution, which reflects the maximization of the entropy, and allows one to construct in a systematic way thermodynamic potentials), it remains elusive to provide an efficient framework to study phenomena that are out-of-equilibrium, i.e displaying non vanishing current of physical quantities (energy, charge, particles...).The goal of the thesis is to describe such systems with very simple models which retain nevertheless their main physical features. The models consist in particles evolving randomly on a one dimensional lattice connected to reservoirs and subject to hard-core repulsion. The challenge lies in computing exactly the stationary state of the model, especially the particle current, its fluctuations and more precisely its large deviation function (which is expected to play the role of an out-of-equilibrium thermodynamic potential).In the first part of the thesis we construct models, called integrable, in which we can perform exact computations of physical quantities. We introduce several new out-of-equilibrium models that are obtained by solving, in specific cases, the Yang-Baxter equation and the reflection equation. We provide new algebraic structures which allow us to construct the solutions through a Baxterisation procedure.In the second part of the thesis we compute exactly the stationary state of these models using a matrix ansatz. We shed light on the connection between this technique and the integrability of the model by pointing out two key relations: the Zamolodchikov-Faddeev relation and the Ghoshal-Zamolodchikov relation. The integrability is also exploited, through the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations, to compute the fluctuations of the particles current, unrevealing connections with the theory of symmetric polynomials (the Koornwinder polynomials in particular).Finally the last part of the thesis deals with the hydrodynamic limit of the models, i.e when the lattice spacing tends to $0$ and the number of particles tends to infinity. The exact results obtained for a finite size system allow us to check the validity of the predictions of the macroscopic fluctuations theory (concerning the fluctuations of the current and the density profile in the stationary state) and to extend the theory to systems with several species of particles
Joubaud, Sylvain. "Fluctuations dans les systèmes hors équilibre." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENSL0463.
Full textThe results reported in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the fluctuations of out of equilibrium systems. They havve been obtained in two experimental systems. The first system is a harmonic oscillator fluctuating because of the thermal noise. This system is driven out of equilibrium by an external forcing. Two case are sudied : the transient state and the steady state. We measure in this model system work fluctuations, heat fluctuations and total entropy fluctuations. These fluctuationsare studied within the context of Fluctuation Theorem. The results are interpreted by comparing the experimental results with a simple theoretical model. The second part is dedicated to the study of the Fréedericks transition in a nematic liquid crystal which is a second order phase transition. Our experimental setup for the measurment of the order parameter has a very good resolution at low frequency; of the order of millihertz. We study the statiticsof the equillibrium fluctuations when the control parameter is close to its critical value. The distribution is copared to a Generalized Gumbel distribution and the parmeter of this modeling is related to the effective number of degrees of freedom. We finally study this system out of equilibrium. We show that after a quench at the critical point the system present aging properties. Preliminary results are presented
Sohier, Julien. "Phénomènes d'accrochage et théorie des fluctuations." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00534716.
Full textDesta, Alemayehu. "Energy Supply and Demand Side Management in Industrial Microgrid Context." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1234/document.
Full textDue to increased energy costs and environmental concerns such as elevated carbon footprints, centralized power generation systems are restructuring themselves to reap benefits of distributed generation in order to meet the ever growing energy demands. Microgrids are considered as a possible solution to deploy distributed generation which includes Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) (e.g., solar, wind, battery, etc). In this thesis, we are interested in addressing energy management challenges in an industrial microgrid where energy loads consist of industrial processes. Our plan of attack is to divide the microgrid energy management into supply and demand sides.In supply side, the challenges include modeling of power generations and smoothing out fluctuations of the DERs. To model power generations, we propose amodel based on service curve concepts of Network Calculus (NC). Using this mathematical tool, we determine a minimum amount of power the DERs can generate and aggregating them will give us total power production in the microgrid. After that, if there is an imbalance between energy supply and demand, we put forward different strategies to minimize energy procurement costs. Based on real power consumption data of an industrial site located in France, significant cost savings can be made by adopting the strategies. In this thesis, we also study how to mitigate the effects of power fluctuations of DERs in conjunction with Energy Storage Systems (ESSs). For this purpose, we propose a Gaussian-based smoothing algorithm and compare it with state-of-the-art smoothing algorithms. We found out that the proposed algorithm uses less battery size for smoothing purposes when compared to other algorithms. To this end, we are also interested in investigating effects of allowable range of fluctuations on battery sizes.In demand side, the aim is to reduce energy costs through Demand Side Management (DSM) approaches such as Demand Response (DR) and Energy Efficiency (EE). As industrial processes are power-hungry consumers, a small power consumption reduction using the DSM approaches could translate into crucial savings. This thesis focuses on DR approach that can leverage time varying electricity prices to move energy demands from peak to off-peak hours. To attain this goal, we rely on a queuing theory-based model to characterize temporal behaviors (arrival and departure of jobs) of a manufacturing system. After defining job arrival and departure processes, an effective utilization function is used to predict workstation’s (or machine’s) behavior in temporal domain that can show its status (working or idle) at any time. Taking the status of every machine in a production line as an input, we also propose a DR scheduling algorithm that adapts power consumption of a production line to available power and production rate constraints. The algorithm is coded using Deterministic Finite State Machine (DFSM) in which state transitions happen by inserting a job (or not inserting) at conveyor input. We provide conditions for existence of feasible schedules and conditions to accept DR requests positively.To verify analytical computations on the queuing part, we have enhanced Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++) discrete event simulator for fitting it to our needs. We modified various libraries in OMNET++ to add machine and conveyor modules. In this thesis, we also setup a testbed to experiment with a smart DR protocol called Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR) that enables energy providers (e.g., utility grid) to ask consumers to reduce their power consumption for a given time. The objective is to explore how to implement our DR scheduling algorithm on top of OpenADR
Vigon, Vincent. "Simplifiez vos Lévy en titillant la factorisation de Wiener-Hopf." INSA de Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAM0002.
Full textMulatier, Clélia de. "A random walk approach to stochastic neutron transport." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS029/document.
Full textOne of the key goals of nuclear reactor physics is to determine the distribution of the neutron population within a reactor core. This population indeed fluctuates due to the stochastic nature of the interactions of the neutrons with the nuclei of the surrounding medium: scattering, emission of neutrons from fission events and capture by nuclear absorption. Due to these physical mechanisms, the stochastic process performed by neutrons is a branching random walk. For most applications, the neutron population considered is very large, and all physical observables related to its behaviour, such as the heat production due to fissions, are well characterised by their average values. Generally, these mean quantities are governed by the classical neutron transport equation, called linear Boltzmann equation. During my PhD, using tools from branching random walks and anomalous diffusion, I have tackled two aspects of neutron transport that cannot be approached by the linear Boltzmann equation. First, thanks to the Feynman-Kac backward formalism, I have characterised the phenomenon of “neutron clustering” that has been highlighted for low-density configuration of neutrons and results from strong fluctuations in space and time of the neutron population. Then, I focused on several properties of anomalous (non-exponential) transport, that can model neutron transport in strongly heterogeneous and disordered media, such as pebble-bed reactors. One of the novel aspects of this work is that problems are treated in the presence of boundaries. Indeed, even though real systems are finite (confined geometries), most of previously existing results were obtained for infinite systems
Mukhina, Tetiana. "Active fluctuations and electrostatic interactions in floating lipid membranes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE033.
Full textThe main project of this work was focused on the investigation of out-of-equilibrium fluctuation of phospholipid membranes induced by light-activated transmembrane protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR). A robust protocol for the BR incorporation into the membrane-mimic systems was developed and the induced structural changes caused by BR incorporation and activation with light were probed by means of neutron and X-ray specular and off-specular reflectometry. The reversible effect of light illumination on the protein activity (on /off) via its effect on the bilayer structure and fluctuation spectrum was demonstrated. These results open the way to investigate the active fluctuation spectrum of a planar membrane-protein system and to access the physical properties of the active membrane. The aim of the second project was to investigate the interaction between highly negatively charged DPPS lipid bilayers. We fully characterized the structure of the system and clearly demonstrated that attractive interactions existed between charged bilayers, in good agreement with Strong-Coupling theory
Petit, Sébastien. "Influence du couple de transfert de spin sur les fluctuations magnétiques thermiquement activées dans les jonctions tunnel magnétiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00293055.
Full textDans ce contexte, nous avons montré que le couple de transfert de spin agit fortement sur les fluctuations de l'aimantation à la résonance ferromagnétique dans les jonctions tunnel magnétiques, même pour des courants bien inférieurs au seuil critique. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis en place un banc de mesure de bruit large bande : DC − 26 GHz dont le seuil de détection est inférieur à 0, 5 nV/pHz. De plus, grâce à un modèle développé à partir du théorème de fluctuation-dissipation, nous avons pu expliquer les modifications du spectre des fluctuations magnétiques induites par le courant. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence l'existence de deux termes de couple de transfert de spin.
MOSSET, Alexis. "Étude expérimentale des fluctuations d'origine quantique en amplification paramétrique d'images." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009322.
Full textEsteban, Michel. "Théorie de circuit des fluctuations lumineuses : application aux diodes laser." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20095.
Full textRaybaut, Alain. "Cycles et instabilité : traditions et renouveau dans la théorie des fluctuations économiques." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE0002.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to investigate the analysis of persitent instability in modern macrodynamic theory. It rests on a preliminary history of economic thought survey of the early twentieth century's business cycles theories to which recent theoritical revival on the topic refers. On this bais a particular examination of the mainly recent compone nts of this revival is done. Two great approaches are thus distinguished. The first one rests on the self-adjustment properties of market economies. It aims, as monetary or real equilibrium theory. The dynamic is then understood as representative agents' intertemporal choices in response to monetary or real exogenous shocks. The second one, which mainly retains our attention in this thesis, promotes an endogenous notion of macro-economic instability. On this point of view, dynamic method consits of a description with non linear processes of non uniform and out of equilibrium evolution of an economy
Mattoussi, Foued. "Intermédiation financière, fluctuations cycliques et régulation de l'économie." Toulouse 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU1A002.
Full textKoskievic, Jean-Max. "Théorie des négociations et coûts des fluctuations économiques : l'apport des modèles non-EU." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010064.
Full textLorenz, Larissa Claudia. "Fluctuations primordiales en cosmologie des cordes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066192.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the study of inflationary scenarios based on string theory. We present first a detailed comparison of the “KKLMMT brane inflation” scenario to data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite. We then turn our attention to the consequences of modified dynamics for the inflaton: outside the string theory context, these scenarios are known as k-inflation, and we establish their observational predictions with particular regard for the differences to the standard case (where the inflaton kinetic term is canonical). We study in detail the case of “Dirac Born Infeld (DBI) inflation”, which is the string-inspired subclass of k-inflationary models. In a second step, we then again compare the obtained predictions to WMAP. Two other publications consider the end of brane inflation: firstly, we calculate the behaviour of entropy perturbations at the onset of brane--anti-brane annihilation in the KKLMMT model and, secondly, we study reheating of the Universe following multiple brane collisions in a novel scenario called “monodromy inflation”. Finally, we turn to the question of stochastic behaviour for an inflaton field with DBI dynamics
Yao, Jianfeng. "Estimation et fluctuations de fonctionnelles de grandes matrices aléatoires." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0080/document.
Full textThe principal objective of this thesis is : the study of the fluctuations of functionals of spectrum for large random matrices, the construction of consistent estimators and the study of their performances, in the situation where the dimension of observations is with the same order as the number of the available observations. There will be two parts in the report : the methodological contribution and the estimation in large-dimensional data. As to the methodological contribution, we will study the fluctuations for spectral linear statistics of the model ’information-plus-noise’ for analytic functionals, and the extension for non-analytic functionals. The extension is based on the interpolation between random variables and Gaussian terms. This method can be applied to empirical covariance matrices. Another part consists in the estimation of the eigenvalues of the real covariance from the empirical covariance for high dimensional data and the study of its performance. We propose a new consistent estimator and the fluctuation of the estimator will be studied . In wireless communications, this procedure permits a secondary network to ensure the presence of the available spectral resources
Hamdi, Haykel. "Théorie des options et fonctions d'utilité : stratégies de couverture en présence des fluctuations non gaussiennes." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020006/document.
Full textThe traditional approach of derivatives involves, under certain clearly defined hypothesis, to construct hedging strategies for strictly zero risk. However, in the general case these perfect hedging strategies do not exist, and the theory must be rather based on the idea of risk minimization. In this case, the optimal hedging strategy depends on the amount of risk to be minimized. Under the options approach, we consider here a new measure of risk via the expected utility approach that takes into account both, the moment of order four, which is more sensitive to fluctuations than large variance, and risk aversion of the investor of an option towards risk. Compared to delta hedging, optimization of the variance and maximizing the moment of order four, the hedging strategy, via the expected utilitiy approach, reduces the sensitivy of the hedging approach reported in the underlying asset price. This is likely to reduce the associated transaction costs
Urbani, Pierfrancesco. "Theory of fluctuations in disordered systems." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112019.
Full textIn this thesis we have studied many aspects of the physics of disordered and glassy systems. The first part of the work is about the theory of dynamical fluctuations in the beta regime. When a system undergoes a dynamical arrest, it can be studied by introducing an appropriate dynamical correlation function that plays the role of the order parameter of the transition. To understand the collective effects underlying the glass transition we have studied the fluctuations of the order parameter on a time scale where the system is relaxed in a typical metastable glassy state. To do this we have seen that coming from the glass phase the system develops critical fluctuations with a diverging correlation length at the mean field level. We have thus derived an effective field theory by focusing only on them. This field theory can be used firstly to derive the mode-coupling exponent parameter that controls the relaxation of the dynamical correlation function when the system relaxes in a metastable glassy state. Moreover we can give a Ginzburg Criterion that can be used to determine the region of validity of the Gaussian approximation. These considerations are valid in the beta regime. To clarify what happens in the alpha regime we have studied a quasi-equilibrium construction, called Boltzmann-Pseudodynamics, recently introduced in order to describe with static techniques the long time regime of glassy dynamics. We have extended this formalism to structural glasses by producing a new set of dynamical equations. We have done this in the simplest approximation scheme that is called Hypernetted Chain. Two results have been obtained : firstly, we have computed the mode-coupling exponent parameter and we have shown that it coincides with the one obtained with the formalism of the first part of the thesis ; secondly we have studied the aging regime and we have derived that the condition that determines the fluctuation-dissipation ratio is a marginal stability one. In the third part of the thesis we have studied the theory of amorphous states of hard spheres in high dimensions. Hard spheres provide simple models of glasses and they are extensively studied for the jamming transition. In our framework jammed states can be thought as infinite pressure limit of metastable glassy states. During the last years it has been derived a mean field theory of hard spheres based on the 1RSB assumption on the structure of the free energy landscape. However it has been realized that this construction is inconsistent for what concerns the property of the packings at jamming. In the present work we have firstly investigated the possibility of an instability of the 1RSB solution and we have actually found that the 1RSB solution is unstable in the jamming part of the phase diagram. At the same time we have been able to compute the mode-coupling exponent parameter for this system. In order to go beyond the 1RSB solution we have first tried a 2RSB ansatz and then a fullRSB solution. We have derived a set of variational equations that are very close to the ones that have been derived in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model. We have solved numerically the equations and we have shown that the fullRSB solution seems to predict that the plateau value of the mean square displacement scale as the pressure to a power close to 3/2 as it seems to be predicted by scaling arguments and in contrast with the 1RSB predictions that show a scaling with the inverse of the pressure. The last chapter of the thesis is on the mode-coupling theory when the glass transition is becoming continuous. We have been able to show that in such a situation a detailed characterization of the solution of the equations can be obtained in the long time regime
Pedurand, Richard. "Instrumentation for Thermal Noise Spectroscopy." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1356.
Full textThe resolution limit of gravitational wave interferometers is set by their mirrors' Brownian motion – or thermal noise - in the central part of their detection band, from 10Hz to 1kHz. This thermal noise frequency distribution is given by the mechanical energy dissipation mechanisms it originates from, in agreement with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. This dissipation mainly derives from the optical coatings deposited on the mirrors to give them their reflectivity. To reduce this thermal noise, a new generation of gravitational wave detectors employing mirrors cooled to cryogenic temperature has been suggested. The development of new optical thin-film materials with low mechanical dissipation, operating at both room and cryogenic temperatures, therefore requires new experimental tools. The main object of this thesis is the construction of a new instrument, the CryoQPDI, which is an association between a high-resolution interferometer and a cryostat based on a pulse tube cooler. It can directly measure the Brownian motion of a microcantilever between 300 K and 7 K. By combining measurements made on a microcantilever before and after the deposition of a thin film, it is possible to characterize the internal mechanical dissipation of this thin film. This instrument will eventually contribute to the optimisation of optical coatings of future gravitational wave detectors, aiming at minimizing the limitations due to thermal noise
Eleuch, Hichem. "Etude théorique des fluctuations quantiques dans la lumière sortant d'une microcavité semiconductrice." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011775.
Full textDumoulin, Benoît. "Étude théorique des fluctuations structurales dans les composés organiques à dimensionnalité réduite." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0014/NQ35769.pdf.
Full textDumoulin, Benoît. "Étude théorique des fluctuations structurales dans les composés organiques à dimensionnalité réduite." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1997. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4966.
Full textSahraoui, Fouad. "Etude des fluctuations magnétiques dans la magnétogaîne terrestre : vers une interprétation dans le cadre de la théorie de la turbulence faible de la MHD-Hall." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003VERS0014.
Full textThe thesis is dedicated to study experimentally and theoretically the magnetic turbulence in the terrestrial magnetosheath. Due to the absence of collisions, this turbulence plays an important role in the transfers between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. The experimental study is done using the Cluster multipoint data and the k-filtering technique. It is shown that the observed turbulent spectrum is supported by linear low frequency modes. These modes are not described by the ideal MHD theory. Therefore, a weak turbulence theory of the Hall-MHD system is justified for interpreting the observations. This model is developed in the framework of the Hamiltonian formalism. The most important step has been accomplished: the canonical description of the Hall-MHD system in terms of the generalized Clebsch variables. This new formalism will allow to solve the problem of diagonalizing the Hall-MHD non linear equations, and deriving the corresponding kinetic equations of waves
Ada-Hanifi, Mohammed. "Rôle des fluctuations de potentiel sur les propriétés électriques du silicium polycristallin." Montpellier 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON20064.
Full textVroylandt, Hadrien. "Thermodynamique et fluctuations des petites machines." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS244/document.
Full textSmall machines -- like molecular motors or active particles -- operate in highly fluctuating environments that affect their efficiency and power. This thesis aims at describing small machines using stochastic thermodynamics and large deviation theory. By relating mean currents to thermodynamic forces, locally first and then at the global level, we introduce the non-equilibrium conductance matrix that generalizes the Onsager matrix for stationary non-equilibrium systems. We use it to bound machine efficiency by a universal function depending only on the degree of coupling between input and output currents and to find new general power-efficiency trade-offs. On the fluctuations side, the non-equilibrium conductance matrix can be used to find a quadratic bound on the large deviation function of currents. This enables to revisit the fluctuation-dissipation theorem as an inequality when dealing with far-from-equilibrium systems, but also to derive bounds on the efficiency large deviation function. Finally, we study the effects of ergodicity breaking on the fluctuations of observables like activity, currents or efficiency. In particular, we derive the efficiency large deviation function for a model of interacting nanomachines, for which tight coupling and ergodicity breaking emerge in the thermodynamic limit
Kravtsiv, Ivan. "Fluctuations and confinement effects in the theory of simple and anisotropic fluids." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066443.
Full textNous étudions les effets du confinement et des fluctuations de densité sur les propriétés d'équilibre de liquide simples et anisotropes. Une théorie des champs est utilisée pour étudier des potentiels de type Yukawa et des fluides nématiques de type Maier-Saupe en volume et au voisinage d'un mur dur. Pour des fluides avec un ou deux potentiels de Yukawa, l'approximation de champ moyen (AdCM) se réduit à un système d'équations différentielles non linéaires. Le théorème de contact (TdC) est utilisé pour vérifier la cohérence des différentes approximations. De fait, en ACM, l'existence d'un invariant pour la pression permet de vérifier la validité du TdC. Au-delà, dans l'approximation gaussienne, nous dérivons des expressions analytiques pour les profils, le coefficient d'adsorption et l'énergie libre. Ici aussi le TdC est satisfait. Les fluctuations conduisent à une dépletion des profils de densité au mur quelque soit le signe de l'interaction. En conséquence, pour certains systèmes, nous observons des oscillations dans le profil de densité et un comportement non-monotone du coefficient d'adsorption en fonction de la température et de la densité. Pour les systèmes de type Maier-Saupe, l'AdCM redonne la théorie de Maier-Saupe pour les cristaux liquides. Nous obtenons des expressions analytiques pour les fonctions de corrélation, l'énergie libre et la constante d'elasticité. A un mur dur en AdCM un systèmes d'équations comprenant des paramètres d'ordres biaxiaux généralisés est obtenu. Le TdC est vérifié quelque soit l'angle entre la surface et la directrice du nématique. Pour un alignement homéotropique, des expressions du profil de densité du paramètre d'ordre sont obtenus. Des expressions analytiques des fonctions de corrélation de paires sont dérivées. On conjecture alors la possibilité d'une perte de l'ordre nématique au voisinage de l'interface
Bogdanoff, Grichka. "Fluctuations quantiques de la signature de la métrique à l'échelle de Planck." Dijon, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001502.
Full textHamamdjian, Gilbert. "Fluctuations de potentiel et conductivité mixte dans GaAs:Cr semi-isolant." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20003.
Full textBellon, Ludovic. "Vieillissement des systèmes vitreux et rapport fluctuation-dissipation." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003649.
Full textCe travail propose une étude expérimentale au niveau fondamental du vieillissement des matériaux vitreux, en vue de valider les approches théoriques récentes sur le sujet. Dans un premier chapitre, nous introduisons ces nouveaux concepts : basés sur l'analogie verre de spin - verre structuraux, ils définissent la température effective Teff de ces systèmes faiblement mais durablement hors d'équilibre. Cette observable se mesure via le rapport fluctuation dissipation d'un tel système.
Le second chapitre est consacré à l'étude de l'effet rajeunissement-mémoire dans un polymère, le poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). En s'inspirant d'expériences sur les verres de spins, nous démontrons une analogie de comportement forte sur des effets fins entre ces systèmes très différents. Une interprétation théorique en terme de paysage d'énergie hiérarchique permet de rendre compte de ces propriétés communes. Cette similitude fait du PMMA un bon candidat pour une étude du rapport fluctuation dissipation, introduite dans un troisième chapitre. Notre approche du problème, basée sur la mesure des propriétés électriques, est soigneusement analysée pour déterminer précisément les barres d'erreurs. Nous démontrons ainsi la nécessité d'améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit de notre expérience avant de tirer des conclusions.
Dans les deux derniers chapitres, nous étudions un verre colloïdal : la Laponite. La mesure de Teff à l'aide des propriétés électriques de ce système, en suivant le protocole du troisième chapitre, met cette fois en évidence une nette violation du théorème fluctuation dissipation, en accord avec les théories récentes sur le vieillissement. Pour tester le caractère intrinsèque de cette température effective, nous en proposons finalement une seconde détermination à l'aide des propriétés rhéologiques du matériau. Un rhéomètre ultra-sensible est ainsi conçu, et les résultats préliminaires de cette expérience sont présentés.
Dubus, Cyril. "Etude théorique de l'élasticité et des fluctuations de la membrane du globule rouge." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077205.
Full textThe red blood cells pass through capillary vessels whose diameters are smaller than theirs. For this, they must be able to be greatly distorted without losing their content. This requires remarkable elastic properties, which are provided by their composite membrane. This one is made of a lipidic bilayer to which a protein skeleton is pinned. This skeleton forms a bidimensional and roughly triangular lattice. One way to study the elasticity of the red blood cell is to observe its membrane height fluctuations. In the first chapter, we determine the most general expression to the quadratic order of the elastic energy of a regular triangular network, taking into account up to second nearest neighbour interactions. In the following chapters, we present a new model for the red blood cell composite membrane and we establish both its static and dynamic equilibrium fluctuation spectrum, which we link to its microscopic features. The static spectrum is analysed in the case of a red blood cell with a perfect cytoskeleton and in the case of a red blood cell with cytoskeletal defects. The dynamic spectrum is analyzed in the limit of a perfect and fewly expanded cytoskeleton
Coquand, Olivier. "Fluctuations dans la phase plate des membranes cristallines." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS096.
Full textThis works deals with the mechanical properties of crystalline membranes, which are two-dimensional materials with an underlying periodic lattice at the microscopic scale which provides them with elastic properties. It is one of the scarce examples of two-dimensional systems possessing a stable ordered phase at large distance in the presence of thermal fluctuations. In that phase, the vectors normal to the surface generated by the membrane are strongly correlated; it is thus called the flat phase. This manuscript presents a study of the properties of the flat phase with help of renormalisation group tools, and in particular the effective average action formalism. First, by studying the perturbation theory beyond lowest order, we confirm the stability of our effective average action ansatz used in the following, and unveil some pathologies of the perturbative development. Then we show how the non-perturbative renormalisation group flow can be used to compute various thermodynamic properties of crystalline membranes and draw their complete phase diagram in the space (volume, applied stress, temperature). Afterwards, we improve our model to account for the effect of quantum fluctuations, which allows to describe the low temperature regime. Finally, we examine the consequences of the presence of various defects in the material. In particular, we describe a new disorder driven phase transition which seems to be in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations
Hernandez, Freddy. "Fluctuations à l'équilibre d'un modèle stochastique non gradient qui conserve l'énergie." Paris 9, 2010. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2010PA090029.
Full textIn this thesis we study the equilibrium energy fluctuation field of a one-dimensional reversible non gradient model. We prove that the limit fluctuation process is governed by a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. By adapting the non gradient method introduced by S. R. S Varadhan, we identify the correct diffusion term, which allows us to derive the Boltzmann-Gibbs principle. This is the key point to show that the energy fluctuation field converges in the sense of finite dimensional distributions to a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Moreover, using again the Boltzmann-Gibbs principle we also prove tightness for the energy fluctuation field in a specified Sobolev space, which together with the finite dimensional convergence implies the convergence in distribution to the generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process mentioned above. The fact that the conserved quantity is not a linear functional of the coordinates of the system, introduces new difficulties of geometric nature in applying Varadhan's non gradient method
Joubaud, Sylvain. "Fluctuations dans les systèmes hors d'équilibre." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00316170.
Full textLe premier système est un oscillateur harmonique fluctuant sous l'effet de l'agitation thermique. Ce système est porté par un forçage externe dans deux types d'états hors d'équilibre : un état transitoire et un état stationnaire. Nous mesurons dans ce système modèle les fluctuations du travail injecté, de la chaleur dissipée et de la production d'entropie totale. L'étude statistique de ces fluctuations est réalisée dans le contexte des Théorèmes de Fluctuation. Par la comparaison des résultats expérimentaux et d'un modèle théorique simple, nous donnons une interprétation physique des différents résultats obtenus.
La seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude de la transition de Fréedericksz dans les cristaux liquides. Cette transition est équivalente à une transition de phase du deuxième ordre. Nous proposons une méthode de mesure du paramètre d'ordre de la transition ayant une excellente résolution jusqu'à des fréquences de l'ordre du millihertz. Nous étudions la statistique des fluctuations d'équilibre lorsque le paramètre de contrôle est proche de la valeur critique. La distribution est comparée avec la distribution Gumbel Généralisée et le paramètre de ce modèle est interprété comme un nombre de degrés de liberté effectifs. Ce système est finalement étudié hors d'équilibre lors d'une trempe au point critique accompagné d'un phénomène de vieillissement.
Gomez-Solano, Juan Ruben. "Fluctuations hors-équilibre d'une particule Brownienne." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648099.
Full textAït, Benhamou Zouhaïr. "Macroeconomic fluctuations in emerging and developing economies." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100106/document.
Full textMacroeconomic fluctuations in small, open emerging economies 5 have only recently been of interest to the literature. This is due to a host of issues, ranging from data reliability and quality, to the relevance of the business cycle concept when applied to those economies. Nonetheless, this dissertation presents general equilibrium model applications to emerging economies. The central theme of this dissertation is that imperfect market and institutional structures can account for the excess volatility in macroeconomic fluctuations, as compared against developed economies. We extend the New Keynesian Synthesis framework to accommodate the distinctive features and stylised facts compiled for emerging economies
Grassia, Francesca. "Fluctuations quantiques et thermiques dans les transducteurs électromécaniques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011777.
Full textKharouf, Malika. "Fluctuations de fonctionnelles spectrales de grandes matrices aléatoires et applications aux communications numériques." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006336.
Full textBrossault, Marc-Antoine. "Suivi temporel de la dynamique des structures : apports du théorème fluctuation-dissipation et de la dynamique lente pour l'évaluation de l'intégrité des structures de génie civil." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU031/document.
Full textDuring strong seismic loadings, a structure may be damaged. This results in the appearing of cracks and then a reduction of the elastic properties of the structure. The degradation remains only transitory in the case of smaller seismic events. It consists in a sharp disruption of both the frequency and damping followed by their slow recovery to their initial values. This non linear phenomenon is called Slow Dynamics. It is explained by the gradual closing of the cracks which were initially present in the material and which were opened during the loading. We observed in the laboratory that the analysis of the Slow Dynamics in a beam before and after it is damaged allows to detect the increase of the crack density. The different sensitivties of the modes regarding a local damaging indicates a track to develop a method to locate the damages. The study of the Slow Dynamics in civil engineering structures demonstrated the possibility to detect the damaging also in this kind of system. The continuous monitoring of the damping highlighted a linear relationship between damping and the intensity of the ambiante vibration in the case of both the beams and real case structures. We explain this relation by applying the Fluctuation-Dissipation to these systems. Laboratory results and the proximity of the expression of the linear relationship wit hthe equations used in the theory of the Slow Dynamics suggest a dependency of this phenonmenon on the density of heterogeneities in the structure. Further research is however required in order to fully explain our observations and thus, to use them to monitor the state of health of structures
Falcon, Claudio. "Quelques effets des fluctuations sur les systèmes collectifs." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066435.
Full textNemausat, Ruidy. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des fluctuations thermiques quantiques des noyaux par spectroscopies d'absorption X et RMN." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066158/document.
Full textIn this thesis the impact of quantum thermal fluctuations on XANES and solid-state NMR spectra is described using an experimental and theoretical joint study. This project has two components. First, high-quality experimental data are acquired in order to observe and understand the influence of quantum vibrations in light-elements oxides. Second, a theoretical model is set up to reproduce the effects observed experimentally and describe their origin from a fundamental point of view. The developed theoretical approach is based on the density-functional theory. Within the Born-Oppenheimer and quasiharmonic approximations, the quantum thermal fluctuations of nuclei are modeled by generating atomic configurations obeying quantum statistics at finite temperature. The XANES spectra and NMR parameters are subsequently calculated in these configurations and the average results are compared with spectroscopic data at finite temperature. This approach has been validated by a joint theoretical-experimental study conducted in a series of light-element oxides, where the results were found to be in excellent agreement with the original experimental data. In addition, it is shown that the impact of the quantum fluctuations of the nuclei is influenced by the local symmetry of the probed atomic site
Sfar, Imen. "Etude des fluctuations supraconductrices de films minces de Bi2Sr2CuO6+delta en fonction du dopage." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112274.
Full textThis work is a complete study of linear and non linear fluctuation conductivity versus doping in thin epitaxial films of Bi2Sr2CuO6+ compound. Compared to other cuprates, this compound exhibits a structural distortion, a low critical temperature (Tcmax ~ 20 K only) and is one of the few systems that can be completely investigated from strongly underdoped to strongly overdoped states. The measurements were carried out on a single film, in which doping was varied by low temperature annealing treatments under controlled oxygen pressure. The analysis of linear and non linear fluctuations (observed by injecting high current densities) as a function of doping allowed us to highlight a universal behaviour of fluctuation amplitude which only depends on the ratio T/Tc. Moreover the study of non linear fluctuations leads to the determination of a characteristic electric field Ec which varies like Tc as a function of doping. Importantly, the amplitude of Ec is found to be two orders of magnitude smaller than the theoretically predicted one (Gaussian and critical fluctuation theories). The reasons for this abnormally low value of Ec are discussed in this thesis: namely the existence of vortex-like exotic fluctuations in the normal state, an heterogeneity of Tc, the structural distortion (the most relevant assumption), or the existence of a certain form of granularity. The modelisation of granularity was undertaken by adapting to granular case an existing theoretical model, which calculates the contribution of critical fluctuations to the reduction of excess conductivity in a lamellar superconductor
Caravenna, Francesco. "Random walk models and probabilistic techniques for inhomogeneous polymer chains." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077092.
Full textYao, Jianfeng. "Estiamation et fluctuations de fonctionnelles de grandes matrices aléatoires." Phd thesis, Telecom ParisTech, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00909521.
Full textEssifi, Rim. "Fluctuations des marches aléatoires en dimension 1 Théorèmes limites locaux pour des marches réfléchies sur N." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01003859.
Full textQuan, Haiqin. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des micro-lits fluidisés : hydrodynamique et modélisation numérique." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0027/document.
Full textMicro-fluidized bed (MFB) exhibits great advantages such as a large specific contact surface, a fast dissipation of heat (ideal for exothermic reactions) and better mass and heat transfers, but suffers from difficulties in precise control and shows strong frictional wall effect. Present study was conducted experimentally and numerically to understand fundamental hydrodynamics in MFBs. Experimental work was carried out in four MFBs of 20-4 mm compared to two relatively large beds of 100-50 mm using three types of particles (B347: 347 μm, 2475 kg/m3; B105: 105 μm, 8102 kg/m3; A63: 63.8μm, 2437 kg/m3). The ratio of static bed height (Hs) to bed diameter (Dt) was set between 1-4. Mechanical vibration was applied to the 4 mm bed. A new method for flow regimes diagnosis was developed based on pressure fluctuation analyses, which mainly include calculating the standard deviation, autocorrelation function, probability density function, power spectral density function and time-frequency analysis. Numerical simulations were performed under Eulerian-Eulerian framework in 2D. Six flow regimes were identified: fixed bed, bubbling, bubbling/slugging, slugging, slugging/turbulent and bubbling/turbulent. Partial fluidization is encountered at Hs/Dt=1-2 while slugging prevails quickly after minimum fluidization at Hs/Dt=3-4. In the 4 mm bed, fluidization of B347 particles show better fluidization quality, while an increase in Umf is observed for B105 and A63 particles. Mechanical vibration reduces partial fluidization, thus resulting in larger ΔP and smaller Umf. A larger Umb and a delayed Uc were obtained as well. Results by simulations agree reasonably well with experimental data
Caussarieu, Aude. "Propriétés dynamiques de la transition de Fréedericksz et vieillissement au point critique." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790177.
Full textGomez-Solano, Juan Rubén. "Nonequilibrium fluctuations of a Brownian particle." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680302.
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