Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Théorie des trafics'
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Beylot, André-Luc. "Modèles de trafics et de commutateurs pour l'évaluation de la perte et du délai dans les réseaux ATM." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066311.
Full textDabo, Issa-Mbenard. "Applications de la théorie des matrices aléatoires en grandes dimensions et des probabilités libres en apprentissage statistique par réseaux de neurones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025BORD0021.
Full textThe functioning of machine learning algorithms relies heavily on the structure of the data they are given to study. Most research work in machine learning focuses on the study of homogeneous data, often modeled by independent and identically distributed random variables. However, data encountered in practice are often heterogeneous. In this thesis, we propose to consider heterogeneous data by endowing them with a variance profile. This notion, derived from random matrix theory, allows us in particular to study data arising from mixture models. We are particularly interested in the problem of ridge regression through two models: the linear ridge model and the random feature ridge model. In this thesis, we study the performance of these two models in the high-dimensional regime, i.e., when the size of the training sample and the dimension of the data tend to infinity at comparable rates. To this end, we propose asymptotic equivalents for the training error and the test error associated with the models of interest. The derivation of these equivalents relies heavily on spectral analysis from random matrix theory, free probability theory, and traffic theory. Indeed, the performance measurement of many learning models depends on the distribution of the eigenvalues of random matrices. Moreover, these results enabled us to observe phenomena specific to the high-dimensional regime, such as the double descent phenomenon. Our theoretical study is accompanied by numerical experiments illustrating the accuracy of the asymptotic equivalents we provide
Izagirre, Ane. "Interpolation approximations for steady-state performance measures." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0019/document.
Full textThe analysis of the steady-state performance in many queuing systems is complex and closed-form results are available only in particular cases. We therefore set out to develop approximations for important performance measures in steady-state such as the queue length vector, waiting time and sojourn time. We first analyse the performance in a light-traffic and heavy-traffic regime. We then show how to develop an interpolation-based approximation that is valid for any load in the system. An advantage of the approach taken is that it is not model dependent and hence could potentially be applied to other complex queuing models. We apply this technique to three widely used models in the performance evaluation of stochastic networks: The supermarket model, the Discriminatory-Processor-Sharing (DPS) queue and the Relative Priority (RP) queue. The supermarket model is a multi-server queue where upon arrival of a customer two servers are selected at random from the available pool of servers. The Join-the-Shortest-Queue policy is then used in isolation with these two servers. DPS and RP are both single-server multi-class queues that implement relative priorities among customers of the various classes. The DPS discipline serves all customers simultaneously while RP serves one customer at a time in a non-preemptive way. We show that in some instances the interpolation approximation is exact. We then use the approximation to draw structural insights onto the performance of the system, and we carry out numerical experiments that illustrate that the interpolation approximation is accurate over a wide range of parameters
Schanzenbächer, Florian. "Max-plus modeling of traffic on passenger railway lines with a junction : fundamental diagram and dynamic control." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2098.
Full textThe aim of the doctoral thesis is to contribute on the developpement of real-time traffic control algorithms for mass transit railway systems with junctions, located in urban areas. The scientific ambition of the doctoral thesis is to develop a traffic model with a finer modelisation of the train-passengers interaction. The model will allow a more precise evaluation of the level of service offered to the passengers and of the decisions taken by the operator of the line. Basing on this modeling, we will develop a control algorithm (strategic/ tactical and operational) in order to enhance the service quality on the line. The objective of the Paris metro system operator, financing this thesis, is to have a ready-to-implement control system for a railway line with a junction
Cuniasse, Pierre-Antoine. "Étude théorique et expérimentale des phénomènes de congestion sur un réseau ferroviaire urbain." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENTP0007/document.
Full textOver the last twenty years, public transport issues in the Paris region have become a major concern. The French national railway company, which operates most of the rail network in this region, plays a central role in the organisation of transport. However, in contrast to expectations in this sector, rail traffic is experiencing a number of malfunctions. As part of an overall approach to questioning the principles of rail operation in dense areas, this thesis provides a new look at the origin of delays affecting trains. Drawing on road traffic tools and in particular the basic network diagram, the basic railway line diagram is defined for railways, which makes it possible to represent the flow as a function of concentration on a portion of a railway line. This tool is then used to compare the results from our model with a set of data measured on two railway lines in the Paris region, which shows that our model can qualitatively reproduce the traffic congestion phenomena observed on real cases.(Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator)
Ayadi, Abdelhamid. "Solutions globales de l'équation du transport routier." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112124.
Full textThe aim of this work is the study global existence, the unicity and the regularity of the solution of the vehicular traffic equation modelized by Prigogine-Herman. Our purpose is – to study the vehicular traffic equation with relaxation and without any interaction (i. E. The probability of free passage is equal to one), - to study the vehicular traffic equation without relaxation and with interactions, - to study the vehicular traffic equation (i. E. With relaxation and interactions)
Zitoune, Lynda. "Approche automatique de l'ingénierie de trafic Internet." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112138.
Full textThe integration of multimedia applications within telecommunications services has stressed the need for both Quality of Service architectures and effective traffic control mechanisms. To ensure performance guarantees in terms of loss, delay and jitter are a critical problem ofthe next generation networks. It involves a reactive control policy which adapts the source rate to the network state variations. In this thesis, we introduce two new reactive mechanisms for controlling multimedia flows over a QoS architecture. They act as a closed loop to control the sources bit-rates according to the dynamic variations of the network. The regulation consists in limiting the traffic sources andrespecting the time and loss constraints. The objective of the present work is twofold. We first propose solutions for resource allocation and service guarantees in future networks. Secondly we show the contribution of the reactive control and the dynamic regulation using purely control theoretic approaches which stabilize the network and avoid undesirable oscillations for the transmission of critical flows, contrary to the currently used end-to-end control to avoid the congestion
Herrera, Vega Eliana. "Le trafic de drogues dans la perspective de la philosophie sociale." Paris 8, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA082356.
Full textDrug traffic is an informational paradox caused by the encounter of organized modern complexity with non modern societies, depriving men from their capacity of judgment and direct action upon society. The starting point is the complexity of society, followed by an analysis of the sources and of the theory of systemic development (Luhmann, 1970) and continued with an explanation of the relationships between systems based on the concept of interference (Teubner, 1983). The core of the thesis is divided in two. First, we evaluate a particular experience: Colombia's history, and second, there is a theoretical analysis that spells out the patterns of global capitalism within the world scope of drug trafficking
Barrière, Nicolas. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de la propagation du bruit de trafic en forêt." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECDLA001.
Full textThis work presents a new calculation method for the attenuation of road traffic noise by forests. It allows the calculation of the different effects that influence sound along its propagation in forests : ground effect due to humus, trunk scattering effect and effect induced by the statibilisation of meteorological conditions within the forest. A new analytical scattering model based on a modal decomposition of the trunk scattered energy has been also developed. It has enabled to test the validity of the simplified statistical models. The calculation model of the forest effect is based on a fast implementation of the Parabolic Equation in 2D. Being applied to the calculation of sound pressure level next to a road, it has shown that for a 100 m wide forest belt and night meteorological conditions, one can obtain an attenuation of severel dB(A) referred to a plain field. Moreover, a 3D version of the Parabolic Equation has been applied to forests and has permitted to estimate interactions between ground effect, scattering effect and meteorological effect. Finally, in-situ measurements has been carried out in the French Landes forest in order to validate the complete model
Prot, Damien. "Un nouveau système de trafic aérien à taux de conflits potentiels et consommation énergétique réduits." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0097.
Full textLn this Ph D, we propose the study of a new air traffic system, characterized by a high level of organization. Aircraft are compelled to follow immaterial moving points during their flight. These moving points are organized and sequenced in order to avoid conflicts between aircraft. We consider an underlying problem of this paradigm. It can be seen as a maximum independent set problem on an infinite graph under constraints. We first give theoretical results on this problem and make links with the colouration problem; then we propose resolution heuristics, leading to a global air traffic system. Finally, we develop these heuristics and expose numerical results
Magne, Laurent. "Commande optimale décentralisée du trafic urbain." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ESAE0001.
Full textServet, Isabelle. "Supervision du trafic dans les réseaux téléphoniques : modélisation qualitative et calcul évolutif." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT048H.
Full textRousseau, Julien. "Contribution à la modélisation du trafic routier dans l'algèbre min-plus." Angers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ANGE0060.
Full textPicoux, Benoit. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de la propagation dans le sol des vibrations émises par un trafic ferroviaire." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2071.
Full textPécot, Thierry. "Modélisation et estimation du trafic intracellulaire par tomographie de réseaux et microscope de fluorescence." Rennes 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541304.
Full textThis thesis presents a new method for analyzing and simulating vesicular trafficking in fluorescence video-microscopy. Instead of tracking each individual vesicle, we have developed a global approach (network tomography) that is inspired from previous works on road traffic analysis and network telecommunication traffic analysis. This approach makes use of local countings of vesicles and a routing procedure to recover the global trajectories of vesicles on a whole image sequence. Contrary to the previous applications of network tomography, the local countings and the routing are also unknown in our case. In order to measure local countings of vesicles, we have developed a method for object and background estimation in fluorescence video-microscopy. This method exploits a non local detection term based on the similarity between image patches and considers the estimated background component as a reference to improve the detection. The routing procedure depends on vesicle countings for the traffic analysis, and is controlled by the user for the simulations. The generated synthetic image sequences enabled to evaluate quantitatively the vesicular trafficking estimation method. This method was also tested on real image sequences in the context of a study on the membranar transport and vesicular trafficking regulated by Rab6 isoforms
Farhi, Nadir. "Modélisation Minplus et Commande du Trafic de Villes Régulières." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349753.
Full textLa première partie de la thèse est sur le trafic 1D. Il s'agit de généraliser un modèle déterministe de trafic basé sur l'algèbre minplus, qui donne le diagramme fondamental du trafic sur une route. La généralisation permet de réaliser une large classe de diagrammes fondamentaux.
Dans la deuxième partie, j'étudie les systèmes dynamiques additivement homogènes de degré 1. En effet, tous les systèmes dynamiques donnés dans ce travail sont additivement homogènes de degré 1. Je m'intéresse dans cette partie à l'existence et à l'unicité de taux de croissance et de valeurs propres additives associées à ces systèmes. Je parts du cas général où zéro, un ou plus de taux de croissance et de valeurs propres peuvent exister, et où des comportement chaotiques peuvent apparaître. Je rappelle les résultats existants dans le cas où on suppose que le systèmes dynamique est, en plus, monotone, et dans le cas ou il est aussi convexe. A la fin de cette partie, je caractérise une classe de systèmes dynamiques additivement homogène de degré 1, non nécessairement monotone, mais dont le comportement asymptotique peut être décrit.
La troisième partie consiste à généraliser un modèle de trafic 1D basé sur les réseaux de Petri et l'algèbre minplus, dans le but de modéliser des intersections, et puis dériver le diagramme fondamental du trafic 2D. Une intersection peut être gérée de plusieurs façons, et peut être considérée avec ou sans possibilité de tourner (pour les véhicules). Plusieurs modèles tenant en compte ses hypothèses sont donnés dans cette partie.
Le modèle le plus exploré ici est celui de deux routes circulaires avec une intersection gérée par la priorité à droite, et avec possibilité de tourner. Dans ce cas, et sous certaines conditions, le problème de valeur propre additive associé au système dynamique peut être résolu. Le taux de croissance du système dynamique, qui correspond au flot moyen des véhicules est obtenu numériquement. En comparant la valeur propre obtenue théoriquement et le flot moyen donné numériquement, j'ai conclus que les deux quantités, qui sont données en fonction de la densité des véhicules, sont très proches, et sont égales en plusieurs valeurs de la densité. Ainsi, la valeur propre représente une bonne approximation du diagramme fondamental du trafic 2D.
D'autres approches de gestion d'intersections consiste à les commander moyennant des feux de signalisation. Une évaluation de la commande de l'intersection peut se baser sur le diagramme fondamental obtenue pour chacune des approches considérées. Une comparaison des différentes approches est donnée.
Dans la quatrième partie j'ai développé un code en Scilab qui facilite la construction informatique de grands réseaux de trafic routier. Il s'agit de définir des systèmes élémentaires et des opérateurs sur l'ensemble de ces systèmes, et puis de combiner des systèmes basique pour construire de grands systèmes.
La dernière partie est sur la commande du trafic à deux modes: trafic des véhicules particulier, et trafic des véhicules de transport en commun. L'idée est de déterminer un plan de feux de signalisation qui favorise le trafic des véhicules de transport en commun.
Gaciarz, Matthis. "Régulation de trafic urbain multimodal : une modélisation multi-agents." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1281/document.
Full textSince several decades, urban congestion is more and more widespread and deteriorate the quality of life of citizens who live in cities. Several methods are used to reduce urban congestion, notably traffic regulation and promotion of public transportation. Since the 1990's, the usage of tools from artificial intelligence, particularly distributed systems and multi-agent systems, allowed to design new methods for traffic regulation. Indeed, these methods ease to take into account the complexity of traffic-related problems with distribution. Moreover, the improvement of the communication abilities of the vehicles and the coming of autonomous vehicles allow to consider new approaches for regulation.The research work presented in this work is twofold. First we propose a method for traffic regulation at an intersection based on automatic negotiation. Our method is based on an argumentation system describing the state of the traffic and the preferences of each vehicle, relying on reasonning methods for vehicles and infrastructures. In the second part of this thesis, we propose a coordination method for buses for the rest of the traffic. This method allows a bus to coordinate in an anticipatory way with the next intersections on its trajectory, in order to define a common regulation policy allowing the bus to reach its next stop without suffering from potential congestions
Mroué, Mohamad. "Intégration et performances d'architectures de transmetteur radio ULB." Rennes, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAR0004.
Full textThis Ph. D. Thesis concerns with the study of the performance and the implementation of a UWB (3. 1-10. 6 GHz) transceiver based on Impulse Radio (IR) in a multiband configuration. This thesis is decomposed into three parts. In the first part, functional tests in real environment were realized in order to establish a real link-budget of the system. The second part presents the study of the performance of the energy-based receiver with a UWB channel model. The effects of the channel on the statistical distribution of the energy of the received signal are evaluated and the channel capacity is calculated. The third part concerns with the study of a suitable on-chip implementation in CMOS technology of a pulse energy detector operating in the 3. 1- 10. 6 GHz UWB band for a multi-band OOK UWB receiver. The pulse energy detector must conform with the requirements of UWB high data rates applications in terms of low cost, low power consumption and reduced size chips
Benferhat, Sabri. "Simulation des conditions de trafic intracellulaire d'un réseau sans fil en milieu industriel par un modèle de propagation composite." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21923.
Full textOberoi, Kamaldeep Singh. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle du trafic routier en milieu urbain." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR075/document.
Full textFor past several decades, researchers have been interested in understanding traffic evolution, hence, have proposed various traffic models to identify bottleneck locations where traffic congestion occurs, to detect traffic patterns, to predict traffic states etc. Most of the existing models consider traffic as many-particle system, describe it using different scales of representation and explain its evolution quantitatively by deducing relations between traffic variables like flow, density and speed. Such models are mainly focused on computing precise information about traffic using acquired traffic data. However, computation of such precise information requires more processing resources. A way to remedy this problem is to consider traffic evolution in qualitative terms which reduces the required number of processing resources. Since traffic is spatio-temporal in nature, the models which deal with spatio-temporal phenomenon can be applied in case of traffic. Such models represent spatio-temporal phenomenon from qualitative as well as quantitative standpoints. Depending on the intended application, some models are able to differentiate between various entities taking part in the phenomenon, which proves useful in case of traffic since different objects like vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, bicycles etc., directly affecting traffic evolution, can be included in traffic models. Qualitative spatio-temporal models consider the effects of different entities on each other in terms of spatial relations between them and spatio-temporal evolution of the modeled phenomenon is described in terms of variation in such relations over time. Considering different traffic constituents and spatial relations between them leads to the formation of a structure which can be abstracted using graph, whose nodes represent individual constituents and edges represent the corresponding spatial relations. As a result, the evolution of traffic, represented using graph, is described in terms of evolution of the graph itself, i. e. change in graph structure and attributes of nodes and edges, with time. In this thesis, we propose such a graph model to represent traffic. As mentioned above, one of the applications of existing traffic models is in detecting traffic patterns. However, since such models consider traffic quantitatively, in terms of acquired traffic data, the patterns detected using such models are statistical (a term employed by Pattern Recognition researchers) in the sense that they are represented using numerical description. Since graph-based traffic model proposed in this thesis represents the structure of traffic, it can be employed to redefine the meaning of traffic patterns from statistical to structural (also a term from Pattern Recognition community). Structural traffic patterns include different traffic constituents and their inter-links and are represented using time-varying graphs. An algorithm to detect a given structural traffic pattern in the spatio-temporal graph representing traffic is proposed in this thesis. It formalizes this problem as subgraph isomorphism for time-varying graphs. In the end, the performance of the algorithm is tested using various graph parameters
Bagnerini, Patrizia. "Etude théorique et numérique de problèmes hyperboliques non-linéaires : applications à la génération de maillages et au trafic routier." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE5764.
Full textThis thesis, formed by three parts, presents a theoretical and numerical study of a few non-linear hyperbolic systems. The purpose of the first part is the applications of the Hamilton-Jacobi equations to mesh generation and to ray approximation. The aim is the generation of anisotropic meshes which are au\-to\-ma\-ti\-cally refined in regions where a previously computed approximation of the numerical solution of some PDE has large derivatives. The idea is to generate an adapted mesh by solving the Eikonal equation on the graph of z, equipped with a suitable Riemannian metric. We also propose a Delaunay mesh generation algorithm where the nodes of the adapted mesh are located at constant Riemannian distance on the level curves of the viscosity solution of the Riemannian Eikonal equation. Moreover, we introduce a scheme to compute the solution of the Eikonal equation on a triangular mesh and to approximate the corresponding characteristic curves in Eulerian way. In the second part we introduce a new homogenized hyperbolic multi-class traffic flow model which allows to take into account the behaviors of different type of vehicles and drivers. We discretize the Lagrangian system introduced with a Godunov scheme, and we let the mesh size h go to 0: the typical length of a vehicle and time vanish. Therefore, the variables (w,a) which describe the heterogeneity of the reactions of the different car-driver pairs in the traffic, develop large oscillations. We show that the velocity is the unique solution of a scalar conservation law, with variable coefficients, discontinuous in x. Finally, we prove that the same macroscopic homogenized model is also the hydrodynamic limit of the corresponding multi-class Follow-the-Leader model. In the third part we study a compressible two-phase flow model in order to define a class of relaxation schemes. Even if the system presents a region of ellipticity, we show that it is still possible to associate to the system, written under non conservative form, an entropy-flux couple
Lakshminarayana, Subhash. "Cross Layer Design in MIMO Multi-cell Systems." Thesis, Supélec, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012SUPL0020/document.
Full textFuture wireless communication systems are expected to see an explosion in the wireless traffic which is mainly fueled by mobile video traffic. Due to the time varying and bursty nature of video traffic, wireless systems will see a widerrange of fluctuations in their traffic patterns. Therefore, traditional physical layer based algorithms which perform resource allocation under the assumption that the transmitters are always saturated with information bits, might no longer be efficient. It is, thus, important to design dynamic resource allocation algorithms which can incorporate higher layer processes and account for the stochastic nature of the wireless traffic.The central idea of this thesis is to develop cross-layer design algorithmsbetween the physical and the network layer in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) multi-cell setup. Specifically, we consider base stations (BSs) equipped with multiple antennas serving multiple single antenna user terminals (UTs) in their respective cells. In contrast to the previous works, we consider the randomness in the arrival of information bits and hence account for the queuing at the BSs. With this setup, we develop various cross-layer based resource allocation algorithms. We incorporate two important design considerations namely decentralized design and energy efficiency. In particular, we focus on developing decentralized beamforming and traffic flow controller design, energy efficient design under time average QoS constraints and decentralized scheduling strategy in a multi-cell scenario. To this end, we use tools from Lyapunov optimization, random matrix theory and stochastic control theory
Ould, Sidi Mohamed Mahmoud. "Contribution à l'amélioration des systèmes d'aide à la décision pour la régulation du trafic dans les réseaux de transport collectif." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Ould_Sidi.pdf.
Full textThis doctoral thesis contributes to the implementation of a decision support system for the traffic control in the disrupted transport networks, aiming to help the developers of these networks to dissipate the disturbances which can appear and degrade the quality of services offered to the travellers. This report is consisted of four chapters. It begins with a bibliographical study on the management of collective transport networks. So, we approach the various problems related to transport systems, to processes planning and regulation. The second chapter presents various models attributed to the multimodal transport systems such as those based on the theory of graphs, on multi-agents systems, and on Petri nets. We also propose a new mathematical formulation of the problem of regulation and a help module to the generation and to the evaluation of the regulation strategies. This module is constituted with four sub-modules; each one realizes a very precise task: the evaluation of impact of disturbances and the actions of regulation on the state of the traffic, the determination of the spatiotemporal horizon of regulation, the generation of practicable decisions and their construction. Four evolutionary-fuzzy approaches proposed for the resolution of this problem are presented in the chapter 3. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the results of the implemented of approaches and methods proposed through the tests of simulation, to evaluate their performances on some real scenarios of different natural disturbances and stemming from the transport network of our industrial partner of the SART project : the SEMURVAL
Ben, Cheikh Henda. "Evaluation et optimisation de la performance des flots dans les réseaux stochastiques à partage de bande passante." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0013/document.
Full textWe study queueing-theoretic models for the performance evaluation and optimization of bandwidth-sharing networks. We first propose simple and explicit approximations for the main performance metrics of elastic flows in bandwidth-sharing networks operating under balanced fairness. Assuming that an admission control mechanism is used to limit the number of simultaneous streaming flows, we then study the competition for bandwidth between elastic and streaming flows and propose performance approximations based on a quasi-stationary assumption. Simulation results show the good accuracy of the proposed approximations. We then investigate the energy-delay tradeoff in bandwidth-sharing networks in which nodes can regulate their speed according to the load of the system. Assuming that the network is initially congested, we investigate the rate allocation to the classes that drains out the network with minimum total energy and delay cost. We formulate this optimal resource allocation problem as a Markov decision process which proves tobe both analytically and computationally challenging. We thus propose to solve this stochastic problem using a deterministic fluid approximation. For a single link sharedby an arbitrary number of classes, we show that the optimal-fluid solution follows thewell-known cμ rule and give an explicit expression for the optimal speed. Finally, we consider cloud computing platforms under the SaaS model. Assuming a fair share of the capacity of physical resources between virtual machines executed concurrently, we propose simple queueing models for predicting response times of applications.The proposed models explicitly take into account the different behaviors of the different classes of applications (interactive, CPU-intensive or permanent applications). Experiments on a real virtualized platform show that the mathematical models allow to predict response times accurately
Chen, Yu-Sen. "Utilisation conjointe d'un modèle de génération-distribution et des comptages de circulation pour la reconstitution d'une matrice de trafic routier origine-destination." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529502.
Full textBoulanger, Jérôme. "Estimation non-paramétrique et contributions à l'analyse de séquences d'images : modélisation, simulation et estimation du trafic intra-cellulaire dans les séquences de vidéo-microscopie." Rennes 1, 2007. ftp://ftp.irisa.fr/techreports/theses/2007/boulanger.pdf.
Full textIn this document, the problem of the restauration of videomicroscopy image sequences is first analyzed using an adaptive non-parametric estimation approach. A sequence of growing neighborhoods is thus design to control the bias-variance tradeoff of our estimator based on a weighted average of the data in a adapted neighborhood at the considered location. This procedure allows us to minimize the local quadratic risk in order to select the optimal extent of the neighborhood. The estimator selects points in this neighborhood using a similarity measure based on a distance computed between patches provides a way to better preserve the structures of the image. The analysis and the modelisation of the intracellular membrane trafficking is latter discussed distinguishing the slowy moving component and fast moving component of the sequence. A model based on the analogy between intracellular traffic and communication networks is used to capture the dynamic of the transport intermediates
Sainct, Rémi. "Étude des instabilités dans les modèles de trafic." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1067/document.
Full textHighway traffic is known to be unstable when the vehicle density becomes too high, and to create stop-and-go waves, with an alternance of free flow and congested traffic. First-order traffic models can't reproduce these oscillations, but higher-order models can, both microscopic (car-following models) and macroscopic (systems of conservation laws).This thesis analyses the representation of unstable traffic states and oscillations in various traffic models. At the microscopic level, because of the flux concavity, the average flow of these oscillations is lower than the equilibrium flow for the same density. An algorithm is given to stabilize the flow with multi-anticipation, using an intelligent autonomous vehicle.At the macroscopic level, this work introduces averaged models, using the fact that the spatio-temporal scale of the oscillations is too small to be correctly predicted by simulations. The averaged LWR model, which consists of two conservation laws, enables a macroscopic representation of the density variance in a heterogeneous traffic, and gives the correct average flow of these states. A comparison with the ARZ model, also of order 2, shows that the averaged model can reproduce a capacity drop in a more realistic way.Finally, this thesis presents the SimulaClaire project of real-time traffic prediction on the ring road of Toulouse, and its parallelized parameter optimization algorithm
Tran, Minh Anh. "Insensibilité dans les réseaux de files d'attente et applications au partage de ressources informatiques." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196718.
Full textKoubàa, Mohamed. "Routage, protection et ingénierie de trafic dans les réseaux WDM tout-optiques." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001947.
Full textJaziri, Aymen. "Tracking traffic peaks in mobile networks and the impact of its imperfection on system performances." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELE0020.
Full textThe continuous increasing traffic in cellular networks has forced the mobile operators to look for efficient and viable options to manage their networks so as to ensure more efficiency over the network life cycle while also evolving with the implementation of new technologies. Traffic hotspot localization can help operators to identify the areas where deploying small cells can reduce the congestion. We firstly propose and assess a new traffic hotspot localization method based on the projection of O&M KPIs on the coverage map. Compared to probing methods, the computational costs and the equipment expenditures are reduced. Moreover, the localization accuracy is improved. Next, in order to evaluate the impact of the limited accuracy of traffic localization tools on small cell deployment, we study the performances of three different scenarios. The first one considers a network of macrocells only and represents a benchmark to decide about the usefulness of small cells. The second one is based on a network of macrocells with a perfectly deployed small cell allowing to identify the limitations of small cell deployment and the last one is with an imperfectly deployed small cell. Realizing that a significant amount of cellular demand is generated on the go and suffers deteriorating quality, we investigate the potential performance gains of using moving small cells. The major outcome is to understand if moving cells leverage the relative operators' investments. Finally, we propose a new mobile data offloading mechanism which capitalizes on drone small cells to alleviate the data traffic load. We realize a performance evaluation and comparison with classic small cell deployment
Allou, Fatima. "Un modèle élastoplastique pour la modélisation de l’orniérage des chaussées à faible trafic." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/93d6406d-717a-455f-a660-0ad854f7bc9c/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0067.pdf.
Full textRutting, due to permanent deformations of unbound materials, is one of the principal damage modes for low traffic pavements. The flexible pavement design methods remain empirical. These mechanistic methods do not characterize the inelastic behaviour of these materials (only linear elasticity is used as mechanical model) and do not predict the rutting under large loading cycles number. A simplified method, based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings, to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials (UGM) subjected to traffic loading has been developed and presented in the framework of this study. The mechanical initial states of granular layers are taken into account with an anisotropic hyperelastic model and the calculation of the rut depth evolution with time is carried out. Based on repeated loading triaxial tests, a general procedure has been developed for the determination of the material parameters of the constitutive model. The results of a finite elements modelling of the long-term behaviour of a flexible pavement with the simplified method are presented and compared with the results of the LCPC full scale pavement experiment
Jaziri, Aymen. "Tracking traffic peaks in mobile networks and the impact of its imperfection on system performances." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELE0020/document.
Full textThe continuous increasing traffic in cellular networks has forced the mobile operators to look for efficient and viable options to manage their networks so as to ensure more efficiency over the network life cycle while also evolving with the implementation of new technologies. Traffic hotspot localization can help operators to identify the areas where deploying small cells can reduce the congestion. We firstly propose and assess a new traffic hotspot localization method based on the projection of O&M KPIs on the coverage map. Compared to probing methods, the computational costs and the equipment expenditures are reduced. Moreover, the localization accuracy is improved. Next, in order to evaluate the impact of the limited accuracy of traffic localization tools on small cell deployment, we study the performances of three different scenarios. The first one considers a network of macrocells only and represents a benchmark to decide about the usefulness of small cells. The second one is based on a network of macrocells with a perfectly deployed small cell allowing to identify the limitations of small cell deployment and the last one is with an imperfectly deployed small cell. Realizing that a significant amount of cellular demand is generated on the go and suffers deteriorating quality, we investigate the potential performance gains of using moving small cells. The major outcome is to understand if moving cells leverage the relative operators' investments. Finally, we propose a new mobile data offloading mechanism which capitalizes on drone small cells to alleviate the data traffic load. We realize a performance evaluation and comparison with classic small cell deployment
Causse, Anne. "La valeur du temps de transport : de l'usage des théories micro-économiques de l'affectation du temps dans les modèles désagrégés aléatoires de transport : prévision de trafic, évaluation de projet." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON10039.
Full textBenferhat, Sabri. "Simulation des conditions de trafic intracellulaire d'un réseau sans fil en milieu industriel par un modèle de propagation composite." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725659.
Full textJacquet, Denis. "Modélisation Macroscopique du Trafic et Contrôle des Lois de Conservation Non Linéaires Associées." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00150434.
Full textWeymann, Jacques. "Commande du trafic par guidage des véhicules avec prise en compte du comportement humain et de la saturation." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ESAE0010.
Full textHatchi, Roméo. "Analyse mathématique de modèles de trafic routier congestionné." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090048/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the mathematical analysis of some models of congested road traffic. The essential notion is the Wardrop equilibrium. It continues Carlier and Santambrogio's works with coauthors. With Baillon they studied the case of two-dimensional cartesian networks that become very dense in the framework of $\Gamma$-convergence theory. Finding Wardrop equilibria is equivalent to solve convex minimisation problems.In Chapter 2 we look at what happens in the case of general networks, increasingly dense. New difficulties appear with respect to the original case of cartesian networks. To deal with these difficulties we introduce the concept of generalized curves. Structural assumptions on these sequences of discrete networks are necessary to obtain convergence. Sorts of Finsler distance are used and keep track of anisotropy of the network. We then have similar results to those in the cartesian case.In Chapter 3 we study the continuous model and in particular the limit problems. Then we find optimality conditions through a duale formulation that can be interpreted in terms of continuous Wardrop equilibria. However we work with generalized curves and we cannot directly apply Prokhorov's theorem, as in \cite{baillon2012discrete, carlier2008optimal}. To use it we consider a relaxed version of the limit problem with Young's measures. In Chapter 4 we focus on the long-term case, that is, we fix only the distributions of supply and demand. As shown in \cite{brasco2013congested} the problem of Wardrop equilibria can be reformulated in a problem à la Beckmann and reduced to solve an elliptic anisotropic and degenerated PDE. We use the augmented Lagrangian scheme presented in \cite{benamou2013augmented} to show a few numerical simulation examples. Finally Chapter 5 is devoted to studying Monge problems with as cost a Finsler distance. It leads to minimal flow problems. Discretization of these problems is equivalent to a saddle-point problem. We then solve it numerically again by an augmented Lagrangian algorithm
GAUCHARD, David. "Simulation hybride des réseaux IP-DiffServ-MPLS multi-services sur environnement d'exécution distribuée." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011034.
Full textBarré, Chloé. "Physique statistique des phénomènes de blocage dans les flux particulaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066227/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents a study of blocking phenomenon in particulate streams flowing through anarrow channel. In particular, it examines situations in which blocking is controlled by the limitedcarrying capacity of the channel. It builds on a simple stochastic model, introduced by Gabrielli etal. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 170601, 2013), in which particles arrive randomly according to a Poissondistribution at the entrance of a one-dimensional channel with an intensity λ and, unless interrupted,exit after a transit time, τ. Blocking occurs instantaneously when N=2 particles are simultaneouslypresent in the channel. The quantities of interest include the probability that the channel is still openat time t (survival probability) and the flux and total number of exiting particles. The thesisexamines a number of generalizations including when more than two particles must be present toinduce blockage, N>2, a time dependent intensity, a finite blocking time, and multi-channelsystems. We obtain exact and approximate analytical results using tools such as the masterequations describing the evolution of the n-particle partial probabilities, large deviation theory andqueuing theory. The theoretical results are validated by comparison with the results of numericalsimulations. The final chapter of the thesis uses a different approach, namely a brownian dynamics simulation of a two dimensional system of soft particles subjected to an external driving and dragforces. The presence of an obstacle in the middle of the channel can cause irreversible orintermittent clogging depending on the system geometry, temperature and particle stiffness
Hénocq, Xavier. "Contrôle d'erreur pour transmission de flux vidéo temps réel sur réseaux de paquets hétérogènes et variant dans le temps." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10020.
Full textBriceno-Arias, Luis M. "Problèmes d'inclusions couplées : Éclatement, algorithmes et applications." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600967.
Full textBoussier, Jean-Marie. "Modélisation de comportements dans les systèmes dynamiques : Application à l'organisation et à la régulation de stationnement et de déplacement dans les Systèmes de Trafic Urbain." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00411272.
Full textLakshminarayana, Subhash. "Conception de Mecanismes Inter-couches dans les Systemes MIMO Multi-cellulaires." Phd thesis, Supélec, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778162.
Full textWilmet, Audrey. "Détection d'anomalies dans les flots de liens : combiner les caractéristiques structurelles et temporelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS402.
Full textA link stream is a set of links {(t, u, v)} in which a triplet (t, u, v) models the interaction between two entities u and v at time t. In many situations, data result from the measurement of interactions between several million of entities over time and can thus be studied through the link stream's formalism. This is the case, for instance, of phone calls, email exchanges, money transfers, contacts between individuals, IP traffic, online shopping, and many more. The goal of this thesis is the detection of sets of abnormal links in a link stream. In a first part, we design a method that constructs different contexts, a context being a set of characteristics describing the circumstances of an anomaly. These contexts allow us to find unexpected behaviors that are relevant, according to several dimensions and perspectives. In a second part, we design a method to detect anomalies in heterogeneous distributions whose behavior is constant over time, by comparing a sequence of similar heterogeneous distributions. We apply our methodological tools to temporal interactions coming from retweets of Twitter and IP traffic of MAWI group
Laurent-Brouty, Nicolas. "Modélisation du trafic sur des réseaux routiers urbains à l’aide des lois de conservation hyperboliques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4056.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the modeling of traffic flow using hyperbolic conservation laws, with a specific focus on urban applications. Urban areas are today facing severe episodes of air pollution and increasing congestion due to traffic. The objective is to overcome some of the current limitations of macroscopic traffic flow models in urban situations. We first study the seminal Aw-Rascle-Zhang model with relaxation. We prove well-posedness of the model using wave-front tracking approximations and splitting technique in a Lagrangian setting. Besides, we provide an estimate on the decay of positive waves. We then show that the solutions of the Aw-Rascle-Zhang system with relaxation converge to a weak solution of the LWR model when the relaxation parameter goes to zero. Finally, we propose a discussion on the entropy aspect of this weak solution of the LWR model. We then propose a new macroscopic traffic flow model accounting for the boundedness of traffic acceleration, which is required for physical realism. Our model is built on the coupling between the scalar conservation law accounting for the conservation of vehicles and a number of ordinary differential equations describing the trajectories of accelerating vehicles, which we treat as moving constraints. We detail a wave-front tracking algorithm to construct approximate solutions of the model, with general flux functions and show existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for a piecewise constant initial datum. Finally, we provide numerical simulations of the model in different urban situations, from a single Riemann problem to sequences of traffic lights, and confront the results to numerical simulations of the LWR model. Finally, we introduce a new macroscopic traffic flow model with buffers on road networks. This model features buffers of finite size, enabling backward propagation of congestion on the network, and time-dependent routing functions at the junctions. The dynamics are first defined on the level of conservation laws, and then transformed in an Hamilton-Jacobi formulation. We prove existence, uniqueness and stability of the solutions with respect to the routing ratios and initial datum using a fixed-point problem in a proper Banach space. Thanks to stability, the model provides a controllable framework, using routing ratios as control parameters. This represents an advance towards solving the Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) problem. In the end we detail how this framework applies to a classical road network with several intersections and finite-length links
Sau, Valls Ignasi. "Optimization in graphs under degree constraints : application to telecommunication networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78908.
Full textCoudert, David. "Algorithmique et optimisation dans les réseaux de télécommunications." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466400.
Full textL'ensemble des résultats présentés dans ce document est le fruit de travaux collaboratifs avec les membres de l'équipe-projet MASCOTTE, des collègues d'autres universités, française ou étrangères, et des collègues de France Télécom, Alcatel-Lucent et 3Roam. L'introduction de ce manuscrit résume nos travaux sur le routage, le groupage de trafic, la tolérance aux pannes et la reconfiguration, ainsi que des travaux plus récents sur la minimisation du nombre d'étiquettes dans les réseaux MPLS, le dimensionnement de réseaux de collecte IP sans fil, et sur le routage disjoints d'ensembles particuliers de requêtes. Ensuite, je détaille nos travaux sur le groupage de trafic au travers d'un état de l'art dans le chapitre 3, nos contributions sur la notion de groupes de ressources partageant un risque dans le chapitre 4, et sur la reconfiguration de routages dans le chapitre 5. Le chapitre 6 conclut ce manuscrit en présentant avec quelques directions de recherches.
Michau, Gabriel. "Link Dependent Origin-Destination Matrix Estimation : Nonsmooth Convex Optimisation with Bluetooth-Inferred Trajectories." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN017/document.
Full textOrigin Destination matrix estimation is a critical problem of the Transportation field since the fifties. OD matrix is a two-entry table taking census of the zone-to-zone traffic of a geographic area. This traffic description tools is therefore paramount for traffic engineering applications. Traditionally, the OD matrix estimation has solely been based on traffic counts collected by networks of magnetic loops. This thesis takes place in a context with over 600 Bluetooth detectors installed in the City of Brisbane. These detectors permit in-car Bluetooth device detection and thus vehicle identification.This manuscript explores first, the potentialities of Bluetooth detectors for Transport Engineering applications by characterising the data, their noises and biases. This leads to propose a new methodology for Bluetooth equipped vehicle trajectory reconstruction. In a second step, based on the idea that probe trajectories will become more and more available by means of new technologies, this thesis proposes to extend the concept of OD matrix to the one of link dependent origin destination matrix that describes simultaneously both the traffic demand and the usage of the network. The problem of LOD matrix estimation is formulated as a minimisation problem based on probe trajectories and traffic counts and is then solved thanks to the latest advances in nonsmooth convex optimisation.This thesis demonstrates that, with few hypothesis, it is possible to retrieve the LOD matrix for the whole set of users in a road network. It is thus different from traditional OD matrix estimation approaches that relied on successive steps of modelling and of statistical inferences
Zargouni, Yadh. "Évaluation de l'efficacité des mesures de sécurité routière." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066194.
Full textSleiman, Mohamad. "Commande sous contraintes et incertitudes des réseaux de transport." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCA037/document.
Full textTransport has always been one of the key components of urban life and its economic development. From the second half of the last century, the improvement in the average standard of living and the household equipment rate allowed the greatest number of people to access the journey by private vehicle. We therefore witnessed a race between the growth of road traffic and the quantitative and qualitative progress of roads. This quantity of actions generates problems with the fluidity of the traffic, hence the appearance of congestion.The congestion occurs today almost daily in road networks. It is source of waste of time, increase of the energy consumption, the nuisance and the deterioration of the environment. The solution to the problems of road congestion does not still pass by the increase of the investment in the infrastructures of transport. Indeed, the offer of grounds is exhausted and the development of the road infrastructure is expensive. Hence, the current trend is rather for a better use of the existing infrastructures. In particular, traffic lights play an important role in avoiding congestion. Indeed, the design of a better control of traffic lights has been the subject of several researches in order to improve the network circulation on a large scale.In this thesis, we are mainly interested in a work that prevents the congestion by forcing the number of vehicles to not exceed the lane capacities. After having described the network of intersections, we have realized a state of the art on the methods developed for the management and regulation of intersections. Next, we propose three control strategies that treat the control problem in different ways. The first one involves the theory of dissipative systems, the second one is to stabilize the system in the sense of Lyapunov around its nominal situation and the third one stabilizes it in finite time (during peak hours). These proposed controls respect the constraints on both state and control. In addition, they take into account the uncertainties in the system. Finally, the result of each strategy developed is presented by LMI in order to be solved by using the CVX tool under MATLAB. Besides, the performance of each control is evaluated by simulations