Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Théories de la lecture/réception'
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Lara, Christine. "Pour une théorie de la réception "communo-culturelle" de la lecture : le sujet lecteur commun : réception d'Atala de René de Chateaubriand dans des aires culturelles variées : cas de la Guadeloupe, de la Polynésie et de la métropole." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20096.
Full textThis study suggests analyzing the reception of the reading within varied cultural areas. My postulate is that the reception of the reading by an empirical, cooperative or abstract reader, is made at two levels: the one that define the theorists of the reception of the reading as Iser, Eco, Jauss or Picard, an individual level where the reader creates, completes the text and another level than I shall define in the thesis, where the reading is made according to a shared culture, to a common culture. Wolfang Iser, in L’Acte de lecture (1985), tries to discover what occurs in the authority reader at the time of her reading. For this theorist, the reader is also a creator of the text. He shows that the reader reacts to the requests registered in the text and which pre-direct his reception. For him, the text organizes and manages the reading. It leads the reader, guides him in his reading of the text. For Umberto Eco, in Lector in fabula (1989), the ideal reader answers standards planned by the author, he is the model reader who cooperates to complete the text, "tissue of white spaces, chinks to be filled". The reader so cooperates, by updating the text, this Model reader is capable of communicating with the author who slid for him indications in the text. Thanks to his encyclopaedic skill, the reader can build his reading. Hans-Robert Jauss, as for him, in his book Pour une esthétique de la réception, which combines texts written between 1972 and 1975, criticizes the literary history which still granted importance only for two authorities: the author and the text. Jauss claims the participation of the reader in the text. The reader thus takes up the text by updating it, by inserting it into a field referent defined by his personal, cultural, social references, his own lived. Michel Picard, theorist of the literary reading, in his book La lecture comme jeu (1986) is more particularly interested to the real, empirical reader, who reads with his body, the one that we shall meet mostly, during this study. The subject reader is in the heart of the researches for the theorists of the literary reading. He is the third authority of the set of three (author, text, reader). These theorists defined a first level of the reception, more personal, more individual, than a second level for which I try to bring to light and to theorize. This new aspect of the reception, which I shall define as communo-cultural, shows that the reader reacts to the cultural requests established in the text and brings his according to the history and the culture of his community, his people. Indeed, every word, every situation that reads the pupil reader, activates in him a cultural phenomenon of memory, stemming from the cultural heritage which he shares with his community, of his common, ancestral history, passed on by his family, his traditions, sound lived daily, his reality. The teaching according to me has to take into account this "hillside" of the pupil, this wealth and this second reading of the text to allow him to advance, to feel reassured sometimes and especially, to open in the reading of the literary texts. Annie Rouxel, Gérard Langlade and Marie-José Fourtanier propose the another notion of the literary reading “which is interested in the reconfiguration of the text by the real reader and presents plural modes of realization. There is thus a movement of the interest: from the virtual reader to the real reader, and, consequently, from the text of the work to the text of the reader ". This creative reader is the one as well as we find in our classes, the one who, in the contact of his culture, becomes the " subject common reader ". This reader exceeds the individual frame of the reception to share a common reading with those who have the same cultural heritage. The text becomes then as a cultural bridge between them. This " subject common reader " his history reacts to stimuli in touch with his past and: the interpretation that he makes actions(shares) of the characters, the situations, even the vocabulary used by the author is so shared by several other pupils readers. An exchange becomes established, unspoken cultural and historic are individually expressed and grouped together within the classes. It is only when we noticed that the observations of the pupils were identical to more than sixty percent than we elaborated this notion of “subject common reader”. It is about a cultural reader, about a multiple reader in the sense that he represents the reception of almost all his community. The reader who begins this journey within the fiction is persuaded to live in reality events which mark him. He cries, he laughs, he gets angry against a situation or against a character, against Atala, who goes away from her culture and wears a crucifix instead of the trick and dreams, against Chactas who travelled in Paris and behaved in European, giving up a part of himself. But this reading of the other one, this reading of one is influenced by the cultural heritage of the pupils, by the situation which they live at the time of the reading. The reader begins a “reading in shadow". What I call " reading in shadow ", is the reflection of the text, this other possible reading, hidden behind the book, the unfaithful reading to the text, but which arises from the text, a little as a shadow and its object. The reader imagines, weaves the another text everything around that of the author. We shall thus see during this analysis, that the pupils readers of diverse cultural spaces have a reception and a perception of texts, different in certain points of that of the others. It is a kind of identity lectoriale common to a culture. Atala of Chateaubriand is the work retained to demonstrate that the reading of a work is certainly plural because it addresses all the readers and can be perceived by various manners according to the "reader", but also community because it allows a cultural group to find known elements. It is the book which in spite of its success in the XIXth century, of its indisputable influence on the texts which succeeded it, is only few or not studied at the school. This reflection will use diverse studies, pupils-reader's numerous works as well as documents and investigate, as that led with 379 teachers of overseas, between 2007 and 2009. And we shall see, throughout this thesis, that the triad defined by the theorists: TEXT-AUTHOR-READER, would have to integrate a new authority: the PATRIMONIAL COMMUNITY, interacting with the subject-common
Kamal, Abderrahim. "Le Mnémotexte : essai d'une théorie du texte littéraire et de sa réception sur les "Géorgiques" de Claude Simon." Bordeaux 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR30031.
Full textBrun, del Re Ariane. "Fabulations lectorales : inclusion et exclusion du lecteur dans la littérature franco-canadienne." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39137.
Full textBédard-Goulet, Sara. "Lecture et réparation psychique : le potentiel thérapeutique du dispositif littéraire." Thèse, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9067.
Full textThis research is interested in the therapeutic potential of literary reading and looks for a better understanding of the literary device, particularly in its interaction with the reader. Basing our work on fictional worlds theory, we make the hypothesis that literary work induces a simulation of the reader’s psychic life. Using the semiotic channel of the text and according to representation devices, the reader seizes the words’ sense and adapts the story for himself. As an aesthetic experience, literary reading calls for the reader’s past experiences and engages his emotions in a different way than any other type of discourse. The gesture of reading already implies a certain subjectivity for the reader and we can therefore, as we take a closer interest to text-reader interaction, imagine a therapeutic use of literature. Proposing literary work as a support for psychic development, we have designed, ran and evaluated therapeutic reading and writing sessions in three mental health infrastructures, in Toulouse and Montreal. Destined to a psychotic audience, these reading sessions are based on art therapy principles and concretize the (re)constructive aspect of literary reading within our theoritical reflection. On one hand, our observations challenge the literary studies perspective, the function of the literary work and the activity of the reader and, on the other hand, they lead on therapeutic propositions for reading and writing sessions in a psychiatric context.
Réalisé en cotutelle internationale avec l'Université de Toulouse II-Le Mirail
Prest, Céline. "Le spectre du document : supports, signes et sens dans l’œuvre romanesque de Charles Dickens." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA117.
Full textFrom his birth in 1812 until his death in 1870, Charles Dickens was part of the industrial development era of the 19th century which brought about the consumer society and new forms of reading that transformed the use of documents. Dickens comments on these different forms and uses throughout his work, both in his novels and in his essays, in which he demonstrates a persistent uncertainty concerning the power of the author. This dissertation aims at reflecting on the role of the reader and the act of reading as they are presented in Dickens’s novels. Dickens’s characters are presented as concrete readers who imperfectly interpret the various texts they are presented with. The reception of written texts is subject on the one hand to the character’s subjectivity and on the other hand the materiality of the document which comes between the reader and the text. Thus whatever sense is construed by a Dickensien reader can differ from the original intent of the text’s author. Contrary to an orally delivered message, a written text is part of a differed communication into which subjectivity and matter irrupt. Considering these two parameters within the process of written communication, this work adopts the perspectives of the Anglo-Saxon critical study called Book History. The analysis of the textual object which is the document is connected with the theoretical reflections on objects as considered in Thing Theory. Together with these theories, this work is interested in “the material imagination” in Dickens’s work which thinks and dreams about the materiality of the document. We set out to understand why and how Dickens paradoxically attempts to deconstruct inert materials such as paper, signboards, stones as media for writing to then examine his dream of living texts which find its answer in man, beyond matter
Giacomotto-Charra, Violaine. "L'imaginaire des éléments à la Renaissance : réception et réécritures des théories antiques." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30059.
Full textRésumé : The theory of the four elements in the Renaissance is both well- and not so well-known, since there is not just one but several theories that make use of and interpret differently earth, water, air and fire: the four elements do not just lay the foundation of material imaginations but they also supply the intellectual tools used to make sense of the world. Their operation in cosmological literature, together with the thoughts they provoke in the philosophical field, is consequently far from insignificant. Their status is further complicated by the fact that they lie at the core of a living science and at the same time provide the subject of bookish culture. Therefore this study aims at exploring a particular imaginary domain, that of elemental matter, and at pondering over the relation between the transmission of knowledge and literary production. It is built along three lines. First, an investigation into ancient theories, as they were elaborated and then passed on to the West in the Middle Ages through a wide range of texts that gradually invested them with various values and meanings. Secondly a study of how those theories were received in the XVIth century, their modes of integration within the culture and intellectual set-up of the Renaissance, the interpretations, rewriting and resistance they gave rise to, as well as their insertion into the culture shared by the humanists and the curious alike. Finally, as an example of the basic articulation between learned and literary discourse, an analysis of the elemental motif in La Sepmaine by Du Bartas, that helps to understand how the cosmological imagination of a period and that of a poet have been constructed
He, Hongmei. "La réception de Marcel Proust en Chine : de la lecture critique à la lecture créatrice." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10004.
Full textNerci, Najate. "Le mythe d'Oumanir : production, réception et imaginaire : une lecture palimpsestueuse." Bordeaux 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR30052.
Full textHemmou Ounamir is an Amazigh Myth, from the oral tradition. The diversity of the versions of the myth which are still in circulation today, the researches and studies to which it was subjected and the multiple transpositions it has witnessed proved its permanent vitality and usefulness and inform us more about the large scope of its dissemination and richness. In addition, this myth continues to exert a lasting spell on people and is nowadays still appreciated for its sacredness by a great number of taletellers. The myth of Hammou Ounamir consists of the sumtotal of those versions which we are supposed to detect in our survey of all the old publications and among those to be collected from the taletellers themselves. Its mythical dimension emanates not only from its production and reproduction, but also stems from its reception and interpretation. Our journey through / and exploration of the multiple types / layers of the hypertexts of the myth reveals the genesis of a whole prolific imaginary where is reflected the personae/image of the mythical hero proliferated and multiplied through a gallery/ a forest of mirrors. A palimpsest reading of the transition of the myth from the verbal/the oral to the written, then to literature and the arts, from the production to the reception, is the major preoccupation/concern/axis of this thesis. In fact, the acts of writing and reading of the plot of Hemmou Ounamir end up being an integral part of the workings of the myth itself and the very articulation of its imaginary powers - that perforce add to its polysemy and openness. The myth goes beyond being a mere cameo - an object that offers itself for reading and interpretation, it becomes; however, a tool of analysis of the subject as well as of the collective consciousness. This transformation of the myth is going to revitalise it within a new and fecund chain of meanings through which is both reflected the urgent and the vital preoccupations of the society and are answered questions related to ethics, ontology and identity
Mouton-Rovira, Estelle. "Théories et imaginaires de la lecture dans le récit contemporain français." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC254.
Full textTheories of reading and reader-response criticism have, since the turn of the 21st century, emphasized pragmatic approaches to reading and the reading experience. Meanwhile, contemporary French fiction has also been focusing on representations of reading and the reader. Although such representations are usually seen as part of a parodic, anti-novelistic tradition, they have in fact had a revitalizing impact on contemporary narratives and suggest new ways of looking at fictional and critical visions of reading. At a time when the democratization of digital tools seems to be revolutionizing the reading subject’s relationship to books and knowledge, a study of the representations of reading in literary texts can illuminate the impact of digital data on reading practices and reception. By devising new strategies of reader involvement and new embodiments of reception in the text, as well as by their fictionalization or mise en abyme of reading, the narratives of our corpus evolve and express new and diverse “arts of reading”. They turn our relationship to the signs in our world and in ourselves into fiction and thus call for a rethinking of our interpretive processes, away from classical hermeneutics and from formalist-inspired theories. Innovative thoughts and imaginings about literature are thus produced by literary texts themselves. They have a re-energizing impact on contemporary fiction and also explain why writers of fiction are once again lured into adopting theoretical discourses
Julliard, Catherine. "La réception des théories esthétiques françaises par le théâtre allemand de la Frühaufklarung." Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA040127.
Full textThe period to be studied, a domain that has been until now little explored, extends over the first decades of the eighteenth century and is characterized by different ruptures with the previous century, particularly with the formal and conceptual heritage of the second Silesian school. The psychological situation of the epoch is defined by the German consciousness of deficiencies in the dramatic and cultural sphere, increased by the reactions of foreigners who mock German literature. The specific German situation is the origin of the reception of French dramatic theories. The reception, or the passage from one cultural sphere to another, meets German expectations, and the borrowings play a cardinal part in the elaboration of a new dramatic theoretical edifice. The model advocated by Gottsched, who is the focus of the study, is France, a successful example of a national culture, an ideal of dramatic theory which is based on norms. The method employed consists in a reading of texts in French and German theory with the consideration of major themes. The study shows that Gottsched is inspired by the French classical and neoclassical tradition. It attempts to reveal the coherence of the French contributions that the German writer integrates into the edification of his national program
Moisuc, Ilie. "Dialogisme et lecture : polyphonie et sens dans le discours romanesque." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIML016/document.
Full textThe search aims the construction of a new paradigm of understanding the act of reading and of coherent definition of dialogism by a crjtical review of the methods and of the analytjcal perspectives and by the connection between nowadays linguistics and hermeneutical or psychoanalytical approaches. We descrjbe the forms of dialogism (textual, contextual and intersubjective) and we analyze their interdependence in the act of reading in the order to discover new ways to understand the literature by a dialogical approach
Normandin, Julie Stéphanie. "Méthode de la lecture, lecture de la méthode : l'acte de lecture en didactique de la traduction (Canada)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19842.
Full textAuclerc, Benoît. "Lecture, réception et déstabilisation générique chez Francis Ponge et Nathalie Sarraute (1919-1958)." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/auclerc_b.
Full textThis study examines the central role played by reading in the poetics of Francis Ponge and Nathalie Sarraute, both in terms of the pragmatic aim of writing - to convince the reader of the "differential quality" emerging in a text (Ponge), and of the existence of the "tropisme" (Sarraute) - and of the construction of referents, the aforementioned only existing if recognized by a third party reader. These pragmatic and referential questions are viewed in relation to strategies of generic destabilization - Ponge in regards to poetry, Sarraute to the novel - both writers positioning their production inside generic categories as well as outside of them. Furthermore, the internal construction of reading is approached through the critical reception of works ranging from Ponge' early writings through the first moment of Pongean reception ending in 1958 and the adoption of the term "Nouveau Roman. " The first part clarifies the pragmatic role literary communication plays in both writers, specifically the relations between literary text and orality. The second analyzes the textual strategies, such as generic destabilization, that use the reading process to produce a specific form of knowledge. The third confronts these strategies with critical discourse on the works, notably by Sartre, and presents the two writers' responses to these discourses, responses that markedly influence their respective poetics
Martah, Mohamed. "La réception critique de Lautréamont et de son oeuvre." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120032.
Full textA challenge. This is how the reading of ducasse's work could be qualified. The hermetisme of his poetical works seems to discourage even the hermetically experienced readers, but which, in reality, invites them to taste <> whitch are les chants. . . And poesies. From challenge to risk, from risk to interpretation, from interpretation to the history readings, such is the progress of the critical reception of lautreamont and his works. From an aesthetic experience to anather, lautreamont proves more and more accessible and more and more readable. Thanks to critical works of leon bloy, andre breton, salvador dali, gaston bachelard, maurice blanchot, philippe sollers, and many others, the reading of ducasse's poetical works materializes in a production of critical texts. They attest to the reception of lautreamont, to his eminent place in the process of reading
Vermot-Petit-Outhenin, Stéphanie. "La réception de Boèce au XIIIe siècle : Saint Thomas d'Aquin lecteur du De Trinitate." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN1508.
Full textVecchio, Diego. "Egocides : la lecture dans les écrits de Macedonio Fernandez." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA081920.
Full textAuclair, Simon. "LE BOOMERANG. Lecture et contre-lecture de Julien Gracq." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24715/24715.pdf.
Full textBesiat, Jean-Pierre. "Hypertexte et pragmatique de la réception des textes académiques : HyperThème, HyperLexie et HyperBiblio, des Hypertextes pour l'aide à la lecture des textes académiques." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20008.
Full textThis body of research outlines how hypertext creates an on-line support system for students who experience difficulty in reading academic text. The different viewpoint in the field of science of language and cognitive science are discussed, and common thrends are drawn from all of them. The research indicates that the reading of academic text requires, in addition to cognitive and metacognitive skills, a significant amount of general knowledge. Reading can be divided into three categories, depending upon the context in which the student receive the text : interpretive, critical and selective. The categorization of academic text can be problematic, given the fact that text can be mediated according to different pedagogical objective, furthermore, it seems that many beginning university students lack a solid grounding in general knowledge, which hinders a proper reception of these texts. Hypertext addresses these difficulties without requiring information ont the characteristics of the text being read, or the specific knowledge background of the student. In tracing the history of hypertext, the author describes the characteristics of this medium which prove appropriate for its use in assisting university students : ready access to a large store of information, ease in creating documents and programming, and adaptation to existing documents. Finally, the author presents three hypertexts that he
Ryan-Fazilleau, Sue. "La lecture ludique et les oeuvres de Peter Carey." Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20072.
Full textThis thesis presents a study of the works published by the contemporary australian author peter carey until 1991 inclusive. It is divided into two parts. The first is predominantly theoretical in nature and seeks to establish the validity of an analogy between playing a game and a certain type of reading. These two activities are compared after a definition of the word "game" has been provided. I then go on to isolate those textual techniques which encourage a ludic response in the reader. Identifying and analysing the use of such techniques in carey's novels constitutes the starting point of my analytical work in the second part of the thesis. Three basic types of text may be distinguished in the light of the theoretical work done : "imperialistic", "implicitly ludic" and "explicitly ludic" texts. As it was necessary to illustrate the theoretical concepts developed in the first part, the latter also contains interpretations of several of carey's short stories published in his two collections the fat man in history and war crimes. The second part of the thesis is divided into four chapters, each of which puts into practice the theoretical concepts developed in the first part, in order to produce a ludic reading of one of carey's four novels : bliss, illywhacker, oscar and lucinda, the tax inspector. These readings lay special emphasis on how carey approaches intertextuality, post-colonialism and genre, and on the narrative techniques employed in these novels
Mbarek, Nouri. "Enseignement et réception de l'œuvre littéraire intégrale : approche théorique et didactique." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20105.
Full textThe object of this research is to wonder about the problem of the teaching and the reception of the complete literary works in class of French second language. Four principal points are developed:the main object of the first point will consist in making an inventory of fixtures of the teaching of the literary reading in Tunisia and an analysis of the status of the complete work in the programs of French for the secondary school. The second point contains a theoretical and didactic approach of foundations, modalities and conditions of the literary reading. The third point is interested in the practices of teaching in connection with the selection and the exploitation of the complete literary works in the secondary sector school where will be analyzed the representations that are made the teachers and the Tunisian pupils of the reading of the complete works in school context. The last shutter of this work, on which the accent will be put, consists in proposing tracks to form subjects readers and open perspectives of research in didactics, with for horizon a renewal of the school practices of the teaching of the literary reading in Tunisia
Pins, Cyril de. "Hending og Kenning : les théories linguistiques dans l'Islande médiévale (XII-XIVe siècle) : lecture du codex Wormianus." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070067.
Full textThis dissertation examins the treatises found in the Codex Wormianus (circa 1350), the most complete collection of linguistic text in Old Norse, in order to analyse the linguistic theories produced in Iceland between tke 12th and the 14th century. This manuscript contains Snorra Edda (13th c. ), ) a four parts poetical treatise dealing with mythology, metrics and kennings. Four grammatical treatises (12th-14`h c. ) deal with writing, poetry and figures. We show that Old Norse became an object of analysis through two questions : the question of the conservation and teaching of the art of scaldic poetry ; and the question of writing. These two questions arose after the Christianization and the introduction of the Latin technique of manuscript writing and texts. The alterity of Latin provided Old Norse with the occasion to reflect upon itself, first with originality, in the First Grammatical Treatise and in the Snorra Edda. But the confrontation with Latin led gradually Old Norse to fall under the influence of Latin and its concepts: the last texts of our period, i. E. Part of the Third Grammatical Treatise (mid. 13th c. ), and especially the Fourth Grammatical Treatise (14th c. ) are translations-adaptations of Donatus, Priscianus, Evrard of Bethune, Alexander of Villedieu, and their glosses. Poety ceased to be the starting point of analysis, and the skalds as linguistic authorities were replaced by the cleric knowing Latin. These theories appear appear as an attempt to keep alive the sounds and poetic tradition of Old Norse, before yielding to the scholar tradition of Latin. They remain our only source to know how Old Norse phonetics and poetics
Danieau-Kleman, Colette. "Ecouter et regarder lire : la réception des lectures publiques à haute voix." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC159/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is an account of uses and practices at stake in public reading nowadays ; more precisely, of its reception by the listening audience, during and after the readings. The sources and material used are diverse : partly accounts of reception extracted from classical and contemporary literature, and publications by searchers in human and social science. I have also used my own accounts, narrative pieces I redacted after witnessing public readings. I thus have built my own material based on what I felt among an audience, among others, among other bodies. I have leaned on and inspired myself from “case thinking” (or “singularities”), a method which relies on practicing self-observation, based on clinical approach. Therefore, it excludes any claim to realism or objectivism. Public readings appeal to the eye and the ear at once. The reception by the listeners-spectators, whether it’s collected or felt in person, seems to be frequently personal, not very normalized.A prologue goes overs three periods of the great history of reading: accounts of readings aloud from Greek and Roman Antiquity to a recent period of time. The other two parts aim to highlight the connections that awaken between the actors during public readings nowadays. Those relationships of exchange, of otherness, or of power, reveal the way in which individual reception forms - from accounts or cases and relating them to corpuses from other subjects.But the material is a heterogeneous, labile, instable one; sometimes strange. Which explains that the journey isn’t straight: it is criss-crossed by comings and goings and branching roads; drawn as it was by associating processes, stopped or paused by sound or visual details, sometimes minute; or by the quality of silence. As a result, its course appears a posteriori.The act of listening-watching read among an audience, its repercussions onto the inner self, are a constant incentive to move mentally, get out of oneself or switch from “I” to “we”. “We” means I silently integrate the person who reads aloud and the other listeners-spectators into my reception: the individual says “we” (in their intimacy as well as in society), addressing themselves to or including themselves with others. Public readings concern the individual as well as the collective level; and even question the concept of community. They naturally drive us to rereads and offer themselves as a singular form of reread. They also drive us to other practices of sharing through the use of voicing : to other ways of existing for literature, to other forms of oral performance - reading groups, recitation, account, cinema
Gerritsen, Sya. "La réception de l'oeuvre d'Albert Camus en Flandre et aux Pays-Bas." Amiens, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AMIE0014.
Full textVernet, Matthieu. "Mémoire et oubli de Baudelaire dans l'œuvre de Proust." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040180.
Full textA voracious and meticulous reader of Baudelaire, Proust’s non-fiction writing pays substantial attention to the poet, in criticism which would influence the reception of Baudelaire’s work throughout the twentieth century.However, the imbrication of these two writers extends far beyond the issue of metatextuality. Rather, by highlighting the pervasive presence of Baudelaire in Proust’s oeuvre, the object of scrutiny becomes the very notion of intertextuality itself. The challenge of identifying Baudelairean references in the Recherche arises from their diffusion. Seldom explicit, Proust’s allusions to the poet’s work are subtle, if not near camouflaged by the cultural and intertextual filters. This thesis argues for a return to intertextual analysis in the broadest sense of the term, namely a study that devotes attention to the text’s historical and cultural-anthropological facets. In so doing, the thesis underlines how the act of writing involves memory as much as forgetfulness, and that the reader’s memory is as ambivalent as the author’s. But also, and more importantly, my thesis undertakes to demonstrate the ways in which Baudelaire’s poetry is transformed through the Proustian prism: that is, the narrative and mood of the Recherche, being written in a particular period, with a particular aesthetic sensibility. The social conditions of a reading, and the social determinism of a reader, are placed here in parallel. There are thus two Baudelaire in the Recherche. One is referenced explicitly in banal exchanges; the other is referenced implicitly a Baudelaire diffuse who vitalises the Recherche. And so, each Baudelaire chases the other, creating intertextual networks
Létourneau, Jean-François. "Entre création et réception la poésie amérindienne publiée au Québec et ses prismes de lecture (1995-2008)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2639.
Full textCollot, Jérémy. ""Pour une lecture du fragment moderne"." Rennes 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN20023.
Full text«How can this be termed a 'fragment', a text that has known no other state than the one in which it is available to read ? Is this term still adapted to describe texts which, since German Romanticism, have been purposefully produced in a fragmentary manner ? And what about contemporary texts which do not refer to a totality anymore (like the Work, Literature, Poetry or a System) ? Is there not a means of adapting the notion of fragment to this modernity other than by trying to fill in the gap between the unintentional and the intentional or by taking refuge in a vision of a writing of the inexpressible. What other path can we take but that of the experience, always contemporary, that the reading of fragment constitutes? To argue that a text is a fragment is to describe a particular, plastic relationship in which readers mobilize elements as different as the formal resistance of a fragment, its capacity to be eventful or its appeal for being completed. How, therefore, can a literary theory attempt to model this singular acquaintance beyond the description so that the theory allows readers to read more, to intensify their reading ? »
Rubino, Marcella. "Religion et violence dans l'oeuvre de Yūsuf Zaydān : les chemins croisés de la fiction et de l'histoire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF014/document.
Full textThe Egyptian writer Yūsuf Zaydān is part of the tradition – dating from the age of the Nahḍa – of intellectuals as "educators of consciousness". Since then, faced with a national narrative controlled by political or religious power, Arab literature has often revisited history and current affairs with the aim of restoring – through the freedom offered by fictional discourse – the truth overshadowed by official history. Through this rewriting process, Zaydān is particularly interested in discussing the relationship between religion, politics and violence. The objective of this thesis is to explore Zaydān’s literary work in order to identify its originality. This originality is manifested, first, through Zaydān's dual profile as both academic and novelist, engaged in varied production that ranges from novels to essays; second, in the specific strategies he employs in order to address his privileged audience: the Egyptian reader. A controversial author in both his work and his personality, Zaydān is above all a literary phenomenon. An example of the blossoming literary field and the exacerbated cultural democratisation in Egypt, his case allows us to better understand ultra-modern Arab literature and what it expresses about the (politically, economically, culturally) recomposed and changing society that have produced it
Molina, Vanessa. "Scène et philosophie : Théorie et pratique de la lecture philosophique pour un libre accès à la pensée." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35331.
Full textTréhondart, Nolwenn. "Le livre numérique enrichi : conception, modélisations de pratiques, réception." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080059.
Full textHow will an exhibition catalog or a fictional story, enhanced for digital tablets, translate the visitor’s reading habits and expectations into pages-screens? How do the e-books’ designers understand and conceive these reading practices? How will concrete readers’ expectations meet the implicit reader of the text? This thesis is based on a social semiotic methodology, deeply intertwining the empirical study of the current e-books creative and consumption practices with a methodical analysis of the semiotic and rhetorical strategies of their editorial interfaces. Empirically merging semiotic, sociological and economical research, we bring to light a new original vocabulary of “reading features” of enhanced e-books. Combining it with the designers’ practices, this vocabulary exhibits the role played by usages and social standards in semiosis. It is also enriched with a reception study on a specific artifact
Chavarie, Hugo. "Philippe Djian poétique de la lecture, éthique de l'écriture." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2619.
Full textVoogd, Suzanne. "L'image de l'enfant dans la littérature de jeunesse britannique contemporaine." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20083.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the way in which the child is pictured in contemporary British children’s literature. This study analyses the image of the child in the following works of fiction published between 1995 and 2005 by British authors : Philip Pullman, His Dark Materials ; Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl ; Jonathan Stroud, The Amulet of Samarkand ; J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone ; Kate Thompson, The New Policeman ; Alex Shearer, The Hunted ; Hilary McKay, Saffy’s Angel ; Anthony Browne, Into the Forest ; Lauren Child, Hubert Horatio Bartle Bobton-Trent ; Oliver Jeffers, Lost and Found. The analysis of the portraits of child characters and of the representations of their environment (both spatial and temporal) enables us to create a picture of the contemporary child as British children’s authors imagine him. The image of the child in adult literature has often been examined, but its analysis in the works that are meant to be read by children offers a different perspective, which illustrates both the reality of the child as it is perceived by the writers, and the ideal child which the author would like his young reader to emulate. Theories of reception enable us to investigate the child reader who is hiding between the lines of the text and to demonstrate the increasing autonomy granted to the child in literature, be it the child character or the child reader
Benjamin, Simon. "La chaîne rompue : lecture et relecture de Né à Québec d'Alain Grandbois de 1933 à nos jours." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8852.
Full textHauchecorne, Mathieu. "La fabrication transnationale des idées politiques : Sociologie de la réception de John Rawls et des "théories de la justice" en France (1971-2011)." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL20013.
Full textSpanning the sociology of elites, intellectual history, and reception studies, this research explores how theories and political ideas are circulated across countries and disciplines, as well as between the academic and political worlds. Starting in 1971, it studies the French intellectual and political reception of John Rawls’s theory of social justice, and more broadly of the debates it sparked in the English-speaking world. Contributing to a historical sociology of political ideas, this dissertation combines ethnography in think-tanks and academic conferences, as well as in online discussions, with a statistical survey, and the study of archives of publishers, academics and administrations. Through the exploration of references to Rawls, Sen or Walzer in academia, the press, political platforms or curricula, we show how this reception is an analyzer of broader changes, such as the growing dominance of English in transnational cultural exchanges, the declining recourse to Marxist and Keynesian paradigms in the French Left, and the questioning of centrality of structuralism in social sciences and the humanities in France. It shows that the very diverse ways in which “theories of justice” have been appropriated and circulated in France depend on the social location of their mediators, and on how their networks are structured. Whereas the sociology of reception has often overlooked the internal analysis of appropriations, this research shows how analyzing them sociologically helps explain why these mediators felt elective affinities with Rawls’s thought, despite national, disciplinary and sectoral boundaries
Plouffe, Jetté Catherine. "Les filles dans les ouvrages documentaires : qu'en pensent-elles? : la réception de L'ABC des filles par des adolescentes québécoises." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28029.
Full textHercend, Olivier. "Le rapport au lecteur dans les textes de T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf et James Joyce." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL169.
Full textThis thesis aims to draw a parallel between the artistic endeavors of T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, by shedding light on the similarities in their ways of conceptualizing the relation to the reader. Through a comparative study of their works of fiction and essays, as well as the numerous critical sources which have underlined the complexity of their rhetorical and narrative strategies, it reveals the existence of a similar tension in all three authors, which led them to question the very foundations of the interaction over literary texts. After establishing the sociopolitical, narrative, poetic and philosophical ramifications of such a posture, the present study examines classical reception theories, but also the findings of post-marxist pragmatics, hermeneutics and post-structuralist thought, in order to construe a theory of reading that may do justice to the readability and singularity of the corpus. Indeed, against the ideal of irenic communication, founded on the reader faithfully following the intentions of a transcendent Author figure, modernism plays on ambiguity, the transformation and even inversion of roles, and ultimately on the freedom of the instance of reception, as well as its responsibility towards its own interpretation. This is how Joyce, Eliot and Woolf proposed to circumvent the issues of traditional authorship, without falling into the traps of solipsism of the Fascist cult of the Artist as guide. They accepted the unpredictable, revelatory and ever-renewed encounter with this “Other of the text” that the reader truly is
Corrêa, Adriana Santos. "La réception de l'oeuvre de Clarice Lispector en France et de l'oeuvre de Marguerite Duras au Brésil : une lecture d'imaginaires." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030147.
Full textThis thesis is built from an intercrossed reading of Clarice Lispector’s work acceptance in France, and Marguerite Duras’ work acceptance in Brazil. Such compared reading finds support on the Aesthetic of Reception theoretical principles and on the Aesthetic Effect Theory, and it is based on theoretical principles related to the image/imaginary, aiming at clarify the relationship of the Same with the Other. On the other hand, while at least one of these representations occurs, through the relationship established between the original text and the translated text, the referred compared analysis also finds support in theoretical principles related to the (creative) translation. Through a type of works’ autonomy, it is identified the recontexturing of these receptions, which allows us to answer: – does the reception of Clarice Lispector’s work in France, reaffirm the Brazilian myth, in this country, or does it contribute to demolish it? – does the reception of Marguerite Duras’ work in Brazil, reassures the French literary paradigm, in this country, or does it contribute to break it?
Sautot, Jean Pierre. "Utilisation de l'orthographe et d'autres indices dans la construction du sens en lecture : étude de la variation de la réception chez des lecteurs enfants (de 6 à 15 ans) et adultes." Grenoble 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE3A003.
Full textMayi, Joseph. "Images du pouvoir et pouvoirs de l'image : La peopolisation, un dispositif social et technique au service de la construction des normes de Genre en politique : Le cas de la scène politique française de 2002 à 2012." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE2019/document.
Full textThe research, appearing in Information and Communication Sciences, focuses its attention on the « all-seeing », the « all-exhibit » and the « all-tell » process which become crucial since the 2000s in communication across the socio-technical device of Life politics. We show how Life politics enrolls in the Gender device at work in the social and political fabric. This is to analyze the forms of media construction of Gender deployed by politicians themselves through their presentation strategies that lead to a reaffirmation of Gender identities via overinvestment of belonging markers and or differentiation, and the media whose tabloid magazines through the scopic drive and process activation/reactivation of Gender stereotypes. Understand the objectives bonds created between the production of these images of power that is to be seen in the tabloids, and while a coding system that gives the power to these images by the need for transparency, authenticity, cybernetic society, social representations and performativity, such is the essential challenge of this thesis. What power of technology gender, acts on the political images productions to define communication practices as subject to gendered cultural conventions
Chevallier, Cosenza Barbara. "Poétique de la réception du personnage chez Saramago. Analyse de L'Évangile selon Jésus-Christ au regard de ses divers effets de lecture." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25675/25675.pdf.
Full textThis work focuses on the reception of biblical characters by the readers of the novel The Gospel According to Jesus Christ, written by the Portuguese author José Saramago. Firstly, this study extracts elements from the novel’s universe, from which readers perceive the characters. In fact, such universe integrates a tridimensional world, mixing myth, fiction and History. Secondly, the status and the sense of narrative figures are analyzed through a character approach based on reading effects. In this sense, Vincent Jouve’s theories from ‘L’effet-personnage dans le roman’ [The character-effect in the novel] and the different representations of novel and biblical characters from the New Testament are also compared. In this way, this work demonstrates several mechanisms that demystify the characters, due to their humanization. The present study also investigates a complex axiological system that aims, if not at readers’ subversion, at least at their exam about the characters that integrate Western’s original narrative of religious belief.
Chevallier, Cosenza Bárbara. "Poétique de la réception du personnage chez Saramago : analyse de L'Évangile selon Jésus-Christ au regard de ses divers effets de lecture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20334.
Full textThis work focuses on the reception of biblical characters by the readers of the novel The Gospel According to Jesus Christ, written by the Portuguese author José Saramago. Firstly, this study extracts elements from the novel’s universe, from which readers perceive the characters. In fact, such universe integrates a tridimensional world, mixing myth, fiction and History. Secondly, the status and the sense of narrative figures are analyzed through a character approach based on reading effects. In this sense, Vincent Jouve’s theories from ‘L’effet-personnage dans le roman’ [The character-effect in the novel] and the different representations of novel and biblical characters from the New Testament are also compared. In this way, this work demonstrates several mechanisms that demystify the characters, due to their humanization. The present study also investigates a complex axiological system that aims, if not at readers’ subversion, at least at their exam about the characters that integrate Western’s original narrative of religious belief.
Dosse, Mathieu. "Poétique de la lecture de la traduction : James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, João Guimarães Rosa." Paris 8, 2011. http://octaviana.fr/document/168361973#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textAt the crossroads between two theoretical and practical fields, the act of reading translation positions itself as a problematic practice. This thesis tries to give an account of a poetics of reading translation, by emphasizing the positive side of translation (as opposed to the traditional notion of loss usually attached to it). It therefore lies within the framework of both translation studies (which it tries to renew by stressing the reading of the translated text) and reader-response theory (which it contributes to by submitting its concepts to a type of text, i. E. Translation, it had so far ignored). It thus attempts to bring to light (through Joyce's Ulysses) certain modalities exclusive to reading in translation. Questioning the relation between the original text and its translations, and thanks to a transtextual reading of all the translations of Grande Sertão : Veredas by Guimarães Rosa, it induces us to regard a translation as a specific text, which calls for a particular mode of reading Ŕ if we want it to be more than second best. We then find out that translation is a key concept to better understand problems of poetics and reading that can only be solved by it. Reading in translation is also reading a translator, and it is in this sense that we seek to define the specificities of what could constitute a translating subject (by examining Nabokov's achievements as a translator). Reading translations can consequently be conceived as a poetics in its own right, in the sense that it involves our critical relationship to texts and theories
Sève, Pierre. "Avoir lu et savoir lire la littérature : Influence de "répertoires" diversement construits sur la réception d'un même récit dans trois communautés interprétatives." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451063.
Full textYou, Jong-Gueon. "Définitions formelle et fonctionnelle de la monnaie : grille de lecture pour les théories monétaires de I. Fisher, de J.M. Keynes et de K. Marx." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100066.
Full textMoney is an ambivalent concept and so, has to be defined in its double dimension, flow and stock one. But, besides some exception, the large numbers of definition of the money has been one-dimensional and inclined for either the stock aspect (formal definition) or the flow aspect (functional definition). In this context, the thesis suggest a bi-dimensional definition of money in the form of table containing jointly the two defining dimensions of money, form and function. Instead of setting up analytical and operational model, we have tried, for the purpose of more large implications, its applications to the releadings of some old authors whose monetary theory hinge on the problem of ambivalence. That is the case of I. Fisher, J. M. Keynes and K. Marx. For I. Fisher, the problem lies implicit is his cycle theory. J. M. Keynes has gone farther in analytical point de view, but it is doubtful that his arguments are convincing. Finally, it would be K. Marx who gives the most fertile way in the methodological point of view
Freijomil, Andreas Gabriel. "Arts de braconner : pratiques de la lecture chez Michel de Certeau." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0023.
Full textIn 1978 Michel de Certeau published for the first time, in the Parisian journal Projet, a landmark article: 'Reading: poaching and consumer poetics’. In it he develops an original analysis of issues concerning the practice of reading in 'man without qualities' from a historical and anthropological conception that stands out among other reception theories current at the time. This groundbreaking text will be used yet again by de Certeau on two occasions: as a lecture transcribed in a «notebook» of the University of Geneva (1979) and as a chapter in the first volume of The Practice of Everyday Lift under the title Arts of Making (1980). However, although all three published pieces share the same basic materials, they are actually three distinct texts, essentially different in their practice of the re-employment of writing and reading: three versions for three interpretative communities, compounded, after all, by three different reader-shapers
Einman, Maria. "Lector in drama. Les enjeux fictionnels et imaginaires du suicide dans le théâtre français du XIXe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA048/document.
Full textThis study examines the reading of drama texts as the reading of fictional texts, aiming to broaden the current approach according to which the reading of drama texts is mainly limited to text analysis. This question is examined in the light of the issue of suicide in 19th-century French drama. The principal aim of this study is therefore to understand the impact of the character’s suicide on the reader via the detailed analysis of the ins and outs of the suicidal act. The study applies Vincent Jouve’s concept of the virtual reader, who is defined as an implicit and atemporal recipient of the text effects. This reader emerges in a fictional world that is supported by an operative device (dispositif) based on the Lacanian triptych of the Real, the Symbolic and the Imaginary.The dissertation consists of five chapters. The theoretical discussion is followed by four chapters that deal, respectively, with melodrama, romantic drama, naturalist drama, and symbolist drama. In addition to the effect of the fictional suicide on the reader (which is systematically connected to the catharsis), the evolution of theatrical genres and forms is explored from the perspective of “virtual” reading. Thereby, the reading of 19th-century French drama could be viewed as a journey from the optimistic certainty of melodrama to the tragic indeterminacy of symbolist drama, from actual to probable suicides, from “sorrowful” catharsis to anticatharsis
Nastase, Alina Iuliana. "L'institutionnalisation d'Émile Zola dans les manuels scolaires de lycée au XXème siècle. Étude de réception." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT5027.
Full textThe process institutionalising Zola, implying both a recognition of an official image and the labelling of a textual corpus should be considered, by examining school text books, history of literature books, essays and other critical studies, and readers' generations as reconciliation of metadiscourses and conciliation among several « horizons of expectation ». Semantic and formal linearities, stratifications, constellations are all different sides of the same reading object, i.e. the naturalistic text. This entity travels incessantly along a doubleway road through the paratext, an extension of the reading experience up to the peripherical text area : critical documents, sounds and images. From the semantic univocity, which was longly promoted at school level thanks to an intention-focused criticism, up to an overdestructuration sometimes leading to nonsense ; then, from the structural approach reacting against that historicity which atrophies sense and confines spontaneous reading up to a thematic approach liberating a whole world of symbols, Zola's text tends to reach its reader. Thus, we have tried to join his text all throughout this analysis. Indeed, we have simply observed, noted and attested. From now on, we assume that it belongs to readers to get to a conclusion and… to receive
Giamarchi, Paulette. "Le rôle de l'anticipation dans la production et la réception du discours écrit : application à l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de la lecture en anglais, langue étrangère." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA080184.
Full textPerrin, Agnès. "Apprentissage de la lecture et construction de l'identité de lecteur au cours préparatoire." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL032/document.
Full textIn the last decades of the twentieth century, literary critics strove to define what place to give the reader amidst the process of literary creation. Scrutinized under different angles (cognitive, cultural, psychoanalytical, anthropological, sociological, linguistic, aesthetic), the activity of the reader as recipient of a given work has now been described with accuracy, observed again and again to better fathom the conditions in which this reception takes place. In the wake of these studies, didactic research also questions the way a reader in-training can set up an intimate relationship to literature and grow into a position which allows him/her to enter the game -to which a literary work quintessentially invites him/her- in order to assimilate the literary text, to actualize it and draw personal benefit from his/her readings.We believe the various reader positionings, so far described only from the models of expert readers, can also be taught, simultaneously with the rigorous acquisition of reading skills. To tackle this issue, this thesis has defined an epistemological framework based, on the one hand, upon Michel Picard and Vincent Jouve's models of theorization of the readership, and on the other hand, upon research in literature didactics which have renewed the way of teaching it by taking into account the reader as subject. The exploratory dimension of this research which compares two types of learning has permitted to find out-the different processes implemented by pupils to understand and invest the texts-the representations concerning reading that they build according to different learning situations-the conditions necessary to the mobilization of their subjectivity in building a participatory and/or distanciated reading.This research will also have permitted to suggest a few hypotheses aimed at building the bases of the modelization of the reading processes at work for the reader in-training
Dahl, Karin. "La mythification d'un écrivain étranger : la réception de l'oeuvre de Stig Dagerman en France et en Italie." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0056.
Full textStig Dagerman is one of the most widely read and celebrated Nordic writers in France and Italy. However, he has not met with the same success in other countries. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the reception of the works of Dagerman in France and Italy. 1 will present three major reasons for their success: 1) the mythification of the writer 2) the effort invested by the introducers and 3) certain qualities in Dagerman' s texts. The study examines critical reviews and articles in the daily press, but also academic journals and books on Dagerman published in France and Italy, covering the period 1950-2000. Furthermore, this investigation also addresses the wider issue of the reading of foreign literature. Dagerman has from the very beginning been an object of a mythification process in France and Italy. It is primarily the author's suicide that causes the mythmaking to take off. His Nordic origin triggers an avalanche of climatic, social and literary associations in the critics' imagination. These references join already existing myths of the North as being, for instance, a distant place where an "éternel hiver" (eternal winter) rules. The comparison between the French and the Italian reception enhances a better understanding of the subject. The success of Dagerman's work in Paris seems to have had a decisive importance for the (re)discovery and reading of Dagerman in Italy, but in fact also in Sweden. This study illuminates some mechanisms of literary exchange; it marks out the itinerary of a foreign writer deceased half a century ago, before his international canonization. In France he is still known as the "Rimbaud du Nord" and in Italy as the "Camus svedese"
Rabearizafy, Nestor. "Lecteur implicite et lecture virtuelle dans la poésie lyrique du XIXe siècle : Le cas de Verlaine." Montpellier 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON30013.
Full textThe lyric text is a favourite field for the germination of inscribed reading, a kind of virtual reception that can be located through the textual inscribing of the implicit reader. The text elaborates its reception through a reading contract which puts the author ant the reader into relationship, and which interaction strategies prepare the aesthetic effects that the reader is bound to realize. This practical pattern making would allow to understand some lyric attitudes in the xixth century. Romantics provokes an identificatory reading through an assimilation contract. The initiators of modem poetry emphasizes a suggestive communication in a rhetoric of connivance. Verlaine chooses an original orientation. Refusing any direct inscribing, he multiplies the verbal lines of the implicit calls which slowly confine the reader in the dizziness of uncertain words. The polyphonic interlacing of the voices stresses a poetry of sharing which pours crude feelings, and makes relevant all the notations of heartbeats. The musical dictatorship of a symphonic poetry enlarges the field of what is beyond words and succeeds to suggest the fugacity of the impressions carried out by verses. The reader is often solicited in the structure of the unachieved, and reading becomes a cooperating activity, a refusal of stillness, a constant effort to prolong lifetime in vanished freshnesses