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Warne, Tara R. "Comparing theories of the policy process and state tuition policy critical theory, institutional rational choice, and advocacy coalitions /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5563.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 17, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Arhin, Albert Abraham. "Translating climate change policy : the case of REDD+ in Ghana." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267379.
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The policy of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) has been promoted at the global level as an innovative approach to reduce forest loss that contributes to about one-fifth of global climate change. My dissertation brings together theories of policy processes and political ecology to examine REDD+ at three levels: global, national and local. It focuses on how this global climate policy is translated from one geographical scale to another and from policy into practice. The analysis of how REDD+ is transformed through this process provides insights into the extent to which REDD+ is likely to achieve its aims of reducing forest loss and mitigating global climate change. The national and local cases are drawn from Ghana, West Africa. The study is mainly qualitative, and employs semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, oral histories, participatory activities, and document analysis, as methodologies. At the global scale, I explore how REDD+ became a global climate policy and the range of global expectations that supported its rise to prominence. I argue that REDD+ became prominent because of three main strategies employed by its proponents: first, the re-introduction of the role of forest-sector emissions to climate change negotiations; second, the setting-up of financial schemes to attract and mobilise support for REDD+; and third, the establishment of safeguards mechanisms to address criticisms raised by stakeholders that opposed REDD+. At the national level, I examine how the policy processes related to REDD+ were translated from the global scale to the national context of Ghana. I critically examine the narratives around how deforestation was understood and the range of actions that were subsequently identified as options for achieving REDD+ outcomes. I show that REDD+ has created opportunities for promising reforms and structures on forest management in Ghana; yet it is unlikely to achieve its intended objectives because of (i) problems with the way the narrative has framed the causes of deforestation; (ii) a failure to fully address long-standing problems with tenure and benefit-sharing frameworks; and (iii) the centralisation of revenue generation that is limiting local-level implementation of plans. At the local levels, I focus on how two REDD+ pilot projects were unfolding. Similar to the national level, my analysis reveals that the projects have employed questionable narratives about the ways deforestation is produced in both cases. In addition, the solutions designed to address deforestation were found to contain misplaced assumptions that undermine the prospects of both projects to achieve their intended objectives. The research highlights the messy processes of translation of global climate policies such as REDD+ as they move from one scale to another, and from policy to practice. The study contributes to understanding how problematic narratives, misguided assumptions, and diverse interests, create gaps between the policy ideas and their implementation as global climate policy is translated from one geographical scale to another.
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Muhammad, Razeq Zarlasht. "The Business of Policy Innovation: The Transformation of the United Nations Development Programme’s Engagement with the Private Sector (1997-2008)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24009.
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Recently, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have adopted policies that engage the private sector in the implementation of their development mandates. Despite the implications of these changes, the subject is among the least conceptualized. By applying a theory-guided process-tracing (TGPT) methodology, this paper examines the process of change at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It advances a constructivist argument and evaluates whether this change could be viewed as a norm-driven change, where norms of corporate social responsibility (CSR), in the process of interaction and learning, have obtained an intersubjective quality and redefined the role of the private sector in the context of organization’s objectives. The paper evaluates this argument in light of the alternative assumptions of the principal-agent model, the bureaucratic culture literature, and rational choice institutionalism. It highlights the implications of this research in empirical, analytical, and theoretical terms for further studies and concludes that, without a due assessment of the intervening effect of norms on policies, the causal claims of other theories are seriously challenged.
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Danielsson, Marianne. "Fängslande idéer : Svensk miljöpolitik och teorier om policyproduktion." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122391.
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This thesis investigates the role of ideas in policy processes. It does so using three theories as a starting point, selected for being alike yet unique in their description of how ideas may “get stuck” in the organization’s production and reproduction of policy. The theories are Discourse Coalition Framework, Advocacy Coalition Framework, and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. These theories have very different emphases but share constructivist traits and an interest in how social processes of meaning making take form in a rather “traditional” organizational setting, thus paying attention to, if not reducing the study to, the institutions of representative democracy. Two theoretical problems are identified within these theories. They concern 1) the mechanism and 2) the object of analysis. The theoretical question addressed in part I is: How are we to understand the proposition that ideas may cause stability in policy processes? What is the underlying mechanism? It is argued that the cognitive mechanism which the theories use should be substituted with a social psychological one. The assumption that stability is created when political actors conform to the ideas of others when they are confronted with apparent unanimity among policy makers, rather than that they internalize these ideas, makes both greater stability and instability in policy processes more plausible. Part II poses the question; if we are to investigate policy stability and instability using the discussed theoretical perspective, what unit of analysis should we use? In other words, what is a policy? It is argued that if ideological stability is seen as an effect of how policy formulation is organized (as is argued in part I), then close attention must be paid to processual factors when it is decided what unit of policy, on what level, might be explained. It is furthermore argued that although we may theoretically form an idea about substantially coherent patterns of policy recognizable as a policy, which should result from stable organizational patterns of communication in the policy process, it remains an empirical question if and where these patterns can actually be found. An analysis of Swedish environmental policy is performed to allow for observations of the degree to which empirical evidence is consistent with the policy patterns predicted by the theoretical assumptions outlined in part one.
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MORANDO, VERDIANA. "Evaluating the performance of policy networks: connecting theories to organizational praxis. A case study analysis in Lombardy Region to evaluate the performance of the integrated care network managing the patway of persons with Spinal Cord Injury." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1512.
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Ricerca sperimentale sulla valutazione della performance nei servizi pubblici. Il lavoro è articolato in due parti: nella prima, dopo una ricognizione internazionale della letteratura e delle principali esperienze della misurazione, gestione e valutazione della performance, viene costruito e argomentato un framework sperimentale per la valutazione della performance dei network pubblici. La seconda sezione presenta uno studio di caso sperimentale per validare il framework. Lo studio di caso ha in oggetto il policy network per la gestione del PTDAR dei pazienti con lesione midollare. Viene considerato come network il territorio regionale e unità di analisi è collocata a livello micro in un unità dipartimentale: Unità Spinale Unipolare. Il framework risulta consistente e promettente per la valutazione dei policy network per le cure integrate.Experimental case study design for the performance evaluation of health care public services. The thesis is broken down into two main parts: the first part deals with the performance framework construction wherein the international theoretical literature and experiences realized are retrieved and discussed. The second part deliveries an experimental case study design to validate the framework proposed. The case studies focuses on the integrated care pathway for persons whit spinal cord injury/dysfunction. The policy network sets out the Regional policy making and the unity of analysis is a Spinal Unit specialized centre. The framework proved to be consistent and adapted for evaluating policy network for integrated care.
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Özdemir, Durmuş. "Theories of consumption and fiscal policy." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35515.
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This thesis examines, within the overlapping generations framework, aspects of theories of consumption and fiscal policy under particular liquidity constraints and the effects of life-time earnings. The study consists of three parts; the theoretical analysis, the estimation of required parameters using the UK New Earnings Survey data and the calibration and simulation of our developed models. Firstly we introduce liquidity constrained consumers into an aggregate consumption function and then discuss, theoretically, the effect of these consumers in steady-state. Our comparative analysis shows that this effect could be significantly affecting steady-state parameters, i.e. capital stock and interest rates, and hence consumption. We also conclude that Ricardian equivalence fails not only because of a positive probability of death but due to liquidity constraints. It is clear that fiscal policy is even more important in an economy where most of the consumers are liquidity constrained. In our first simulation experiment we examine these consumers in an equilibrium approach by introducing liquidity constraints to our closed economy model. This investigation is done using a control framework which is concerned with uncertainty and time inconsistency. Our results emphasise that the outcome of a policy model which does not take into account liquidity constraints, would be misleading. With respect to the life-cycle of earnings, we use the New Earnings Survey data to estimate the parameters of our age-earnings profiles. Our examination contains age- earnings, in the UK for the last 20 years and the data clearly indicates that the age earnings profile has a parabolic structure as was previously argued. In our second simulation experiment, we introduce the life-cycle of earnings into our closed economy model and find that the life-cycle effect is significant. More intuitively, a life-cycle form of earnings affects the aggregate consumption in different ways compared to the case where earnings are a constant or declining function of age. We conclude that any implemented macroeconomic policy model should consider the life-cycle of earnings.
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Fulcher, Dawson Rachel. "Early childhood education origins, theories and policy realities /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Education Policy, 2008.Dissertation committee: Gary Sykes, Barbara Schneider, Peter Youngs, Sandra Schneider, and Larry Schweinhart--From acknowledgments. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-158). Also issued in print.
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Garcia-Duran, Huet Patricia. "European integration theories : the case of EEC merger policy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2615/.
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Political scientists have been searching for a comprehensive theoretical framework to explain the dynamics of European integration since the European Communities came into being in the early 1950s. European integration theory was dominated by neo-functionalism in the 1960s and by realism in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the late 1980s these two paradigms were finally confronted. As a result of this confrontation, there seems to be an emergence of a new approach based on the idea that neither neo-functionalism nor realism alone can explain European integration but that each perspective provides fundamental insights. Multi-level governance models and even state-centred models tend to recognise that both theoretical frameworks have something to offer. Is it possible to view neo-functionalism and realism as complementary instead of competing theories of European integration. If both approaches contain some elements of truth but neither taken on its own is sufficient, insights from each may be needed to really understand the dynamics of integration. This piece of work tries to establish whether the idea that these two explanations need to be combined is worth considering at all. This hypothesis is tested in relation to European merger policy. The European Economic Community's (EEC) Merger Regulation represents the single most important extension of Community competition law since its inception. Merger control was explicitly contemplated in the 1951 Treaty of Paris but the EEC was created in 1957 without any reference to these policy arrangements. For the first time in 1973, the Commission submitted to the Council a proposal for an EEC merger regulation. Yet it was only after five amendments and sixteen years that, in 1989, a merger control regulation was agreed upon. Why was an agreement on European merger regulation possible in 1989 rather than before. This research addresses this question using both neo-functionalism and realism as explanatory theories.
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Ozkan, Aysegul. "Structure And Process: Prospects For Theories Of Cognitive Science." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612784/index.pdf.
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Different theories of cognitive science propose different system descriptions in their models for the explanation of cognitive phenomena. According to one view, they are incompatible and competing theories. The view is defended by theorists and philosophers from different perspectives and they all claim that the proper conception of cognition is the conception provided by the theory which they advocate. The other view, on the other hand, insists on the compatibility of those theories. According to this view which is also defended here, these different theories are not only compatible, but also they are complementary. The cooperation of these theories and integration of the conceptions provided by these theories are needed to have a full account of cognition.
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Mohimi, Afsaneh. "Theories and empirical approaches towards political economy of trade policy." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16877.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Economics
Peri Da Silva
It is usually preached by economists that trade should be free, but in reality, it is almost always chained. The reason for this discrepancy lies in the fact that trade policies are set in political contexts in which policy makers have different objective function than maximizing economic efficiency. So, endogenous protection literature evolved around the ideas and reasons to explain trade policy as determined under specific political contexts. The early empirical work until late 1980s examined the correlation between different political factors and trade policies. These works were helpful in identifying relative importance of political economy variables, but were criticized to have specifications which were loosely linked with the theories behind them. In recent years with development of theoretical platforms, study of political economy of trade policy has moved to a more structured direction and empirical investigations have been done to link real world data with the model predictions. In this regard, Median Voter model and Grossman-Helpman (GH) model are the main branches of literature. Median Voter model predicts positive tariffs in capital-abundant countries and negative tariffs in labor-abundant ones, but in real world, negative tariffs are rare. Empirical investigation of this model tries to reconcile observed trade policies with median voter model and two of these studies are included in this report. Interest group model is the framework of Grossman-Helpman model in which the effect of organized lobbies in trade policy determination is taken into account. Two empirical studies of this model showed that real world data support this model. By employing modifications in GH model, researchers try to account for factors like lobbying competition and foreign lobbying in explaining data. These results show that foreign lobbying is not necessarily against trade and ignoring lobbying competition may lead to wrong conclusions about welfare mindedness of government.
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Leach, Barbara Clare. "From policy process to policy impact : policy instruments for sustainable waste management." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368993.
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Mburu, Joseph Mbugua. "Foreign aid, donors and policy formulation in Kenya : A challenge to contemporary theories of policy making." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516583.
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Oparah, O. P. "The foreign policy process of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370878.
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Jónsdóttir, Jóhanna. "Europeanisation of the Icelandic policy process." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609096.
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Kvaran, Trevor Hannesson. "Dual-Process Theories and the Rationality Debate: Contributions from Cognitive Neuroscience." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/20.
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The past 40 years have seen an enormous amount of research aimed at investigating human reasoning and decision-making abilities. This research has led to an extended debate about the extent to which humans meet the standards of normative theories of rationality. Recently, it has been proposed that dual-process theories, which posit that there are two distinct types of cognitive systems, offer a way to resolve this debate over human rationality. I will propose that the two systems of dual-process theories are best understood as investigative kinds. I will then examine recent empirical research from the cognitive neuroscience of decision-making that lends empirical support to the theoretical claims of dual-process theorists. I will lastly argue that dual-process theories not only offer an explanation for much of the conflicting data seen in decision-making and reasoning research, but that they ultimately offer reason to be optimistic about the prospects of human rationality.
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Kvaran, Trevor. "Dual-process theories and the rationality debate contributions from cognitive neuroscience /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08032007-161242/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Andrea Scarantino, Eddy Nahmias, committee co-chairs; Erin McClure, committee member. Electronic text (68 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Jan. 7, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68).
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Kowald, Axel. "Interactions of different ageing theories : development of a unifying model." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303200.
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Cronemyr, Peter. "Six Sigma management. Action research with some contributions to theories and methods." Doctoral thesis, Department of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Swedeb, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100856.
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Many companies around the world have implemented Six Sigma as a problem solving methodology especially useful for dealing with recurring problems in business processes. Since the 1980s when it was developed at Motorola, many companies have tried to implement Six Sigma to fit their own company’s culture and goals. This thesis presents a longitudinal case study describing the evolution of ‘Six Sigma Management’ at Siemens in Sweden. The success of the programme was to a large degree built on previous failures, confirming Juran’s old saying ‘Failure is a gold mine’. From the case study, success factors for implementing Six Sigma at Siemens are identified and compared to those given in the literature. Some of the most critical success factors identified at Siemens had not been mentioned as such in the literature before. The main conclusion of the study is that, in order to succeed and get sustainable results from a Six Sigma programme, Six Sigma should be integrated with Process Management, instead of just running Six Sigma as a separate initiative in an organisation. Furthermore, the thesis includes papers presenting methods and tools to be used in a Six Sigma programme or in Six Sigma projects. They deal with: how to identify suitable Six Sigma projects, how to select which Six Sigma methodology to use, how to find hidden misunderstandings between people from different knowledge domains, and how to simulate the impact of improvements to iterative processes. All these methods and tools have been developed and tested at Siemens. This has been an action research project, where the author has been employed by the company under investigation for eleven years and has actively influenced the changes in the company based on knowledge gained at the company as well as on research studies conducted at universities. In action research the change initiative under investigation is conducted and analysed in a single context. The readers are invited to draw their own conclusions on the applicability of the results to their own specific cases. In addition to this, some conclusions derived using analytical generalisation, applicable to a more general case, are presented in the thesis.Defended att Chalmers University of Technolgy in 2007.
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Cheng, Yvonne, and 鄭以芳. "The policy making process of smoking ban policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46780099.
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Sladen, Jennifer Ann Hooghe Liesbet. "Europeanization theories and the development of European Union intellectual disability non-discrimination policy." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2926.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010.Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 23, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science, Concentration TransAtlantic Studies." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
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Pinto, Frederick N. L. "Understanding the process of innovation through the theories of learning and communication." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ33429.pdf.
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Noyes, Emily T. "Exploring the Decisional Process behind Alcohol Use: Converging Evidence Across Multiple Theories." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7555.
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Understanding the etiological and maintaining processes of problematic drinking continues to be a challenge. There has been a growing amount of research focusing on the decisional processes that act to maintain addictive behaviors. Elucidating this underlying process is key to understanding the range of drinking behavior observed among individuals. Rather than relying on one theory, examining overlap between multiple theories of alcohol use may lead to a better understanding of such a process. Using a construct validation approach, this study utilized motivational (Ambivalence Model of Craving), cognitive (Alcohol Outcome Expectancy Theory), and behavioral theories (Behavioral Economics) of alcohol use to examine the extent to which they tap into a common underlying decisional process of alcohol use behaviors. Two methods were used including establishing motivational profiles using latent profile analysis and an experimental manipulation of situational context to examine the effect of setting on constructs of interest. Results from the two studies provided partial support for the overlap between these theories as it pertains to a common underlying process.
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Bitter, James. "“Using Live Demonstrations in the Teaching of Counseling Theories and Counseling Process." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6118.
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The presenters will demonstrate an approach to teaching counseling theories and counseling process that involves instructor demonstrations. Emphasized is the value of experiential approaches as a way for students to become actively involved in learning counseling process. Some of these experiential methods include: observing live ~ 193 ~ Sunday demonstrations by the instructor with students or outside clients; role‐playing counseling process with peers; opportunities to counsel as a student naturally would; preparing students to offer demonstrations of their own; instructor demonstrations as a part of supervision; and appropriately dealing with studentsʹ personal concerns that emerge as they begin to pragmatically implement counseling theories and process. Emphasized are ways to provide supervision and feedback for students, as well as methods of evaluation. The goal of the session is to demonstrate what might actually take place in a class. The session will start with a brief introduction followed by a demonstration of initial counseling process, a discussion of what could be learned and how the instructor might respond to student comments, and a final demonstration of a more complex counseling process with feedback from students.
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Aggarwal-Khan, Sheila. "The policy process in international environmental governance." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493014.
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Puentes, German. "Unravelling the policy-making process : the case of Chilean poverty-alleviation policy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1048/.
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The thesis investigates the policy-making process underpinning the poverty-alleviation programmes created in Chile during the 1990s and the first part of the 2000s. Three programmes developed by the governing Concertacion Alliance during this period are selected. The un-researched characteristic of this subject in Chile is the main reason for choosing this topic. The thesis maps and explains the policy-making process of the three programmes, by identifying main events, actors and mechanisms behind the unfolding of events. Data is obtained from 32 interviews applied to key process actors to obtain their narratives of the processes. The Multiple Streams Model of the policy-making process is employed as theoretical framework. Results highlight that the processes occur in a highly closed fashion inside government. The main actors involved are the President and his ministers who are able to command the events that lead to the creation of a new programme. The political stream plays a fundamental role in the process as the pro-equity approach of the governing coalition creates a window of opportunity for the introduction of poverty-alleviation programmes. The problems stream is also important, thanks to the availability of poverty statistics that are produced every two years by the Concertacion Alliance governments. However, the processes differ from the Multiple Streams Model as no independent policy stream was found to exist. Instead, solutions are created by governments in a punctuated manner and during a short timeframe to accomplish political deadlines, when the government considers that the problem deserves to be addressed. The absence of a policy stream is explained by the policy monopoly that the government enjoys in the poverty arena, where no policy contestants exist. In particular, Chilean social policy experts constitute a small and non-articulated group of individuals usually excluded from the policymaking process, enabling the government to ignore them.
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Kuti, Morakinyo A. O. "Effects of a Policy Development Process on Implementing an Equity-Based Policy." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4458.
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Unstable residential and inadequate academic environments lead to poor educational outcomes for low-income students in urban areas. In 2011, Ohio enacted a law to create a college preparatory boarding school (CPBS) for low-income students by 2013. However, Ohio's CPBS has not yet been established, thereby denying these students an opportunity to attain skills needed to enter college. Using the policy feedback theory (PFT) and Fredrickson's theory of social equity (SET) as foundations, the purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the nature of implementation barriers and propose solutions by exploring 2 successful CPBS programs in Maryland and Washington, D.C. The research questions focused on identifying implementation practices from the successful CPBS programs with the aim to propose options to implement Ohio's law. Data were collected from a purposeful sample of 14 participants which included 2 Ohio legislators; public administrators, Ohio (7), Maryland (1), Washington, D.C (3); and 1 Ohio union leader, and a review of relevant public and official records. All data were deductively coded and subjected to a constant comparison analysis. Results showed that Ohio's public education administrators were excluded from the CPBS policy's design, unlike their peers. Further, Ohio's CPBS law favored a particular stakeholder involved in its design and was not executed when Ohio's education administrators and the entity disagreed over public assets ownership. The findings affirmed SET's condition for an open and inclusive policy process and PFT's claim that current policies affect resources and the paradigm for new policies. Positive social change implications from this study include recommendations to Ohio's policymakers to create a more inclusive process involving parties willing to provide an effective learning environment for economically marginalized children.
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Rattanasak, Thanyawat Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Electricity generation and distribution in Thailand: policy making, policy actors and conflict in the policy process." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43785.
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Many analysts have attempted to develop a systematic approach towards understanding the public policy framework in Thailand, and the impact of policies on Thai society and the environment. However, approaches so far have been limited in scope, and little has been done to investigate Thailand's electricity development policy approach, and its impact on society and natural resources in Thailand. This thesis contributes to filling this knowledge gap through undertaking an analysis of the development of Thailand's electricity industry power generation policy, its institutions and the policy process. It also examines the policy actors working within the process, and their roles, power and influence, factors that have shaped the distinctive characteristics of the electricity industry in Thailand today, an industry that is being confronted by increased opposition to its development from a range of community groups concerned with adverse environmental and social impacts on it. My research here uses Historical Institutionalism and Policy Network Analysis to guide the investigation. A qualitative research methodology, including the examination of documentary evidence and the interviewing of 25 key informants, was used to improve our knowledge of the policy process, and to reveal the nature of the conflicts that have emerged within the Thai policy-making bureaucracy, a bureaucracy that controls the electricity industry, and between these policy actors, the elected and military governments, and other parts of the Thai community. My research found that the development of Thailand's electricity generation policy has been complex; influenced bysocio-economic and political factors, as well as by external factors such as conditionalities imposed by foreign governments and multinational lending agencies. These factors have constrained the political institutions and political elites who play a key role in setting the rules for the restructuring of the industry. As Thailand has developed to become more democratic, the emergence of new groups of policy-makers, such as elected-politicians and civil society, has brought about a change in electricity policy direction, and in the structure of the industry. The research identified four key groups of policy actors participating in the Thai electricity policy arena, including first the 'old energy aristocrats'; officials in Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand (EGAT) who established the industry. They were followed by the officials in Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) who had a more commercial orientation and who challenged the earlier ideas, leading to proposals to privatize the industry. Civic Society Organisations (CSOs) emerged in the 1970s to challenge the large energy projects proposed by the Government, those supported by elected-politicians, particularly the politicians from Thai Rak Thai Party that tried to take control of the industry for their own ends. The TRT interventing in the industry after it came to power in the 1990s. Each of these policy participants developed their own discourses to influence policy-making and public opinion. To reveal the nature of the challenges faced in developing the electricity industry in Thailand, this thesis focuses on a number of case studies of large electricity development projects, including the Nam Choan and Pak Mun Dam Projects, the Prachub Kirikhan Power Plant Projects, and the Wiang Haeng Coal Mine Development Project. My studies reveal evidence of the significant negative impacts that these projects had and continue to have, on the communities and environment adjacent to them, and on Thai society more generally. These problems emerged due to the fact that the policy institutions were, and still are, dominated by technocrats and political elites, with limited public participation in either the policy decisions made, or the policy development process. My thesis concludes that conflicts in relation to the electricity industry policy process are likely to grow in future years, and so makes a number of suggestions as to how these issues might be addressed.
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Hallsworth, Michael. "Increasing compliance in policy settings by applying psychological theories of behaviour to message design." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/53134.
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This thesis examines how the design of messages affects the extent to which individuals comply with requests or requirements from public actors. More specifically, it presents results from seven field experiments on changing messages sent to the public and professionals as part of routine public sector activities: issuing requests for overdue tax payments, sending reminders for upcoming hospital appointments, and providing antibiotic prescribing feedback to general practitioners. These are all cases where non-compliance can create harm or inconvenience to others. The trial messages are constructed to test the two main approaches to increasing compliance: one, ‘deterrence’, sees individuals as utility maximizers who are concerned solely with advancing their private interests, and who respond only to the threat of sanctions; the other, ‘non-deterrence’, claims that compliance is influenced by factors such as social norms, perceptions of fairness, ethical concerns, and the provision of public goods. I attempt to increase the impact of both approaches by applying concepts from behavioural science, such as framing effects and the omission bias. The results indicate that deterrence-based messages consistently increase tax compliance, sometimes to a substantial extent. Non-deterrence messages also can increase compliance with both healthcare and taxation policies, although the effects are sometimes small. The largest effect sizes for non-deterrence approaches came from social norm messages. Non-deterrence approaches may be more effective for populations who had previously been compliant. Importantly, I provide evidence that both deterrence and non-deterrence messages can be enhanced through the application of concepts from behavioural science. These trials strengthen the limited evidence base on the real-world effects of messages intended to increase policy compliance. They demonstrate that compliance may depend on specific choices about how messages are constructed and delivered. In the process, they show how behavioural science offers a useful framework for governments making these important choices.
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Hayajneh, Adnan Mohammad Hussin. "American foreign policy: Arms transfers to the Middle East, 1960-1990: Testing competing theories." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187196.
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This study investigated American arms transfer policy in the Middle East from 1960 to 1990. Five independent hypotheses have been formulated using explanations for arms transfers drawn from the academic theoretical literature on international relations as well as policy and popular interpretations. The dissertation tested all five hypotheses for their respective explanatory power in understanding United States arms transfers to the Middle East during a key thirty-year period, using a mix of techniques including a comprehensive overview of each factor, historical and objective grounding for each factor and a systematic inquiry using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The five individual hypotheses focus on Soviet arms transfers to the region, the regional balance of power, the "Israeli factor," the Arab-Israeli peace process and the "Oil factor". Data was collected to test each of these hypotheses. The results include the following: a modest action-reaction pattern in superpower arms transfer to the region does exist, with more support for a US reactionary policy to the Soviet Union than the opposite; US transferred arms to the hegemon's challengers to maintain a balance of power system in the Middle East; US arms transfers to Arab states were not strongly related as leads to US arms transfers to Israel; it was found that US peace attempts are moderately correlated with US arms transfers to the involved states; and, finally US arms transfers were strongly correlated with the oil factor. The dissertation concluded that political considerations and economic factors are equally salient depending on the type of cases studied. The results provided insights on the multiple explanations for understanding United States arms transfer policies to the Middle East and produced findings that will have policy implications for policy toward a volatile region of the world in the post-Cold War era, as well as for our understanding of a key component of United States foreign policy in general.
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Mitchell, David Hermann Margaret G. "Making foreign policy Presidential management, advisors and the foreign policy decision-making process /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Littoz-Monnet, Annabelle. "The construction process of EU cultural policy : explaining Europeanisaton and EU policy formation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404343.
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Liu, Serena S. "The autonomous state of childcare : policy and the policy process in the UK." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310083.
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Lambert, Priscilla Ann. "Japanese family policy in the 1990s : business consent in the policy-making process /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130209.
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Ross, Gabrielle Catherine. "Sustaining menstrual regulation policy : a case study of the policy process in Bangladesh." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2002. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1742272/.
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Bangladesh introduced menstrual regulation (early abortion) into its national family planning program in 1979, and for more than 20 years women with unwanted pregnancies have been able to avail themselves of a relatively safe and accessible service. Over the years, however, concern has been expressed about deficiencies in the implementation of the policy, and by the mid-1990s, the menstrual regulation (MR) policy was approaching a critical juncture. The introduction of health sector reforms and the waning of international and domestic support raised questions regarding the sustainability of the policy. This study was conducted to determine the factors that influenced the development of and support for the MR policy in Bangladesh, in order to explore how far those factors might influence future sustainability. The study used an analytic framework based on literature from the policy field to test what factors were important in the policy process in Bangladesh. Qualitative data was gathered from interviews and documents in an inductive approach to determine the development of the MR policy, which was then subjected to a retrospective analysis of the entire life cycle of the MR policy-how it came to be placed on the policy agenda, how and why it was formulated the way it was, and why it was not implemented as well as it could have been. Data gathered from interviews and document reviews were then used in a political mapping exercise undertaken in a prospective analysis for the policy, providing insights in relation to the future sustainability of the MR policy. The research suggested that the analytic framework used was helpful in providing a systematic analysis of contextual conditions, agenda-setting circumstances, and policy characteristics that could explain much of the variability in the policy process. The role of international donors and attitudes toward religion were found to be particularly relevant to explaining the policy process. The study concluded that the MR policy would likely not be sustained in the future unless purposeful action were taken to mobilise additional bureaucratic and political resources in support of the policy.
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Bowen, Margaret Wendy. "The research process : theories and methods in an ethnographic study of infant schools." Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4252/.
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Dobbs, Rhonda R. "The three musketeers : social process theories, feminism and violence in the mass media /." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172539/.
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Race, Richard. "Bureaucratic rationality, flux or neutrality? : analysing the relationship between civil servants and politicians affecting education policy 1970-74." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364439.
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Gómez, Tello Alicia. "The european integration process: trade, mobility, and policy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384937.
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La Unión Europea (UE) constituye uno de los procesos de integración más completos del mundo. Sin embargo, todavía se detectan importantes diferencias sociales y económicas entre sus países miembros, y dichas diferencias podrían limitar los efectos positivos asociados con cualquier proceso de integración.
El objetivo de esta disertación es examinar fortalezas y debilidades relacionadas con el proceso de integración europeo.
La tesis se centra en tres aspectos específicos: la integración comercial, la movilidad de capital y personas y la efectividad de la Política Agraria Común (PAC).
En el Capítulo 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries” , se investiga si la quinta ampliación de la UE (2004) supuso una integración comercial para los nuevos países miembros (UE-10). Para ello se construye una base de datos que recoge información sobre los flujos comerciales de los países de la UE-10 con 180 socios comerciales durante el periodo 1999–2011. Aunque los resultados reflejan que hubo una integración comercial entre los nuevos y viejos socios a partir de 2004, dicha integración fue más pronunciada entre los países de la UE-10. Por tanto, los resultados confirman que las raíces históricas de los nuevos socios han condicionado su integración con los países de la UE-15.
En el Capítulo 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain”, se investigan los determinantes de la entrada de inversión extranjera directa (IED) en España. Este país perdió parte de sus factores atractivos como destinatario de IED después de las ampliaciones de la UE hacia el este. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se construye una base de datos tras combinar dos fuentes de datos específicos: uno relacionado con las empresas y el otro con los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que los inversores extranjeros se localizan en lugares donde hay una mano de obra con una cualificación media en lugar de una cualificación alta, tal y como concluye la mayor parte de la literatura empírica relacionada con los determinantes de IDE. Este resultado revela la existencia de problemas estructurales en el entorno empresarial español, ya que los inversores extranjeros están principalmente atraídos por incentivos transitorios. Dicha situación imposibilita que España pueda gozar de un adecuado ambiente empresarial apto para atraer IED en el largo plazo.
Finalmente, en el Capítulo 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy”, se investiga en qué medida la PAC ha afectado la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España. A partir del trabajo de Costinot y Donaldson (2012), se desarrolla una estrategia empírica que consiste en comparar la producción real con la potencial, esta última calculada a partir de un ejercicio de optimización que recoge implícitamente el concepto de coste de oportunidad. Los resultados identifican una mejora en la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España tras su adhesión a la UE (1986) y, sobre todo, tras la reforma Fischler (2003). Esta reforma rompió el link entre subsidios y nivel de producción y, consecuentemente, produjo un cambio significativo en los incentivos de producción, ahora basados en las características del mercado y no en lo requerimientos necesarios para obtener los subsidios.
Por tanto, a pesar de que se han detectado efectos positivos asociados con el proceso de integración europeo, también se han encontrado circunstancias en las que dichos efectos han sido menores de lo esperado. Con el fin de permitir que el proyecto europeo progrese adecuadamente, dichas debilidades —la mayoría relacionadas con las diferenciase económicas entre los estados miembros— deberían ser solventadas.The European Union is experiencing one of the most complete integration process in the world. Nevertheless, there still exist important social and economic differences among its member states, and these differences could limit the positive effects associated with the integration process. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the benefits and drawbacks of a number of selected features entailed by the European integration process. We focus on three specific aspects: trade integration among EU member states, the free mobility of capital and workers, and the true effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In Chapter 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries,” we investigate whether the fifth EU enlargement (2004) truly generated a trade integration effect for new member states (EU-10). To tackle this question, we build a database by compiling the information referring to trade flows among EU-10 countries and 180 commercial partners during 1999–2011. Though our results show that trade flow intensity between EU-15 and EU-10 countries increased after 2004, the trade integration effect was much stronger within the EU-10 group. This finding confirms that the historical background of EU-10 countries conditioned their trade integration with EU-15 countries, especially in sectors with more technological content. The Chapter 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain,” investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Spain. This country lost part of its principal attractiveness as an FDI recipient after the EU enlargements to the east. We provide a quantitative assessment of the importance of agglomeration economies, network effects, and labor market composition in attracting FDI. To conduct our analysis, we create a novel database after adapting and merging information from two micro-data sources: one for companies and the other for workers. Our results highlight that incoming foreign investors privilege the hiring of medium-skilled workers rather than high-skilled ones, as is often found in the empirical research of FDI determinants. This result reveals the existence of structural problems in the Spanish business environment—namely, foreign investors are principally attracted by monetary or transitory incentives that make the interest to locate in Spain a temporally limited strategy. Unfortunately, this situation prevents Spain from building and enjoying a qualified business environment that could be able to attract more long-term FDI. Finally, in Chapter 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy,” we investigate the extent to which the CAP affected the level of agricultural production in Spain. Following Costinot and Donaldson (2012), the pivotal technique of our strategy involves comparing actual output with potential output, the latter of which derives from an optimization problem relying on the Ricardian idea of opportunity cost. Ultimately, our results identify an improvement of the agricultural production efficiency after Spain entered the European Economic Community (1986) and, above all, after the Fischler reform (2003). The 2003 CAP reform broke the linkage between subsidies and production. This provided the right incentives to impulse real production in Spain since made production strategies more connected with the market devices than subsidy requirements. Overall, although our research quantifies the existence of positive effects associated with the European integration process, we also detect specific circumstances in which the effects of integration have been different from the expected ones. However, these weaknesses—most of them associated with the lack of strong economic ties among all member estates—need to be overcome in order to allow the European project progress.
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Cooper, Elaine. "The role of values in the policy process." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14448.
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Chiles, Matthew. "Expertise and complexity in the policy-making process." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6031/.
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Expertise is undoubtedly a feature of policy areas in contemporary societies; inputs of formal knowledge are important components of the policy process. The post- 1945 period, in Britain, has witnessed a proliferation and diversification in both the number and type of expert, and expert group used in policy areas. This situation poses both theoretical and empirical difficulties for any analysis of the role and influence of expert groups. The thesis focuses upon expert groups in the policy process, the nature and reasons for their influence, and the subsequent democratic and normative implications raised by such an analysis. The thesis makes an assessment of the various definitions of the expert, as well as a thorough examination of technocracy. Moreover, the nature of expertise is examined to demonstrate how expert influence may alter at different levels in the policy-making process. It is contended that complexity, and a corresponding requirement of legitimacy, are the primary reasons for the use of experts in policy areas. This analysis is placed in historical context since 1945, a period that has witnessed alterations in both the nature and type of expert and expert group, the level of demand for expertise, and the reasons for that demand, made by policy- makers for expert input. This theoretical and historical overview is utilised in the analysis of two diverse case studies of policy sub-sectors: the case of air pollution and asthma, and the siting of the route of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link. Although distinct in nature, it is shown that within both of these policy areas expert groups operate on a formal mandate, as a result of complexity and a requirement of legitimacy. And furthermore, that the primary effect of the complex nature of the policy-making process, and the corresponding use of expert knowledge to legitimate policy, is on the level and type of political participation.
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Bochel, Catherine. "Power, participation and representation : exploring the policy process." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2016. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/23081/.
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Shafagatov, Ramin, and Aygun Mirzayeva. "Immigration Policy as a Challenging Issue in the EU Policy-Making Process: A Study of Immigrant Integration Policy." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2761.
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Issue of immigration was for a long time controversial concern throughout the Europe. Because of its demand for labor, Europe needs certain level of qualified immigration. However, in late decades a big amount of refugee immigration flow created serious challenges as well. Perceived ‘threat’ of immigration resulted in restrictive policies at both national and EU level. EU level policies in this respect are very interesting to research on. Because of great sensitivity of immigration issues to state sovereignty, formulation of EU level policy also faces challenges in terms of balancing intergovernmentalist and supranationalist logic of integration. Therefore, we have studied those policy and decision-making processes in immigration policy focusing on two issues: first, the motives behind the cooperation at EU level and the role of supranational institutions in shaping these EU level policies, second, the scope and capabilities of those policies.
Immigrant integration policy have been chosen as a case to comprehend issue more closely and detailed. Immigrant integration policy is very important for the social cohesion of European societies and is inseparable part of immigration policies. Immigrant integration debate is very new in EU agenda; it is just getting its way to Brussels. Although EU has no competence on this issue, we found out that there are quite real opportunities for EU to have its own way of helping with member states’ policies. The paper identifies and discusses important aspects of immigration and immigrant integration policies at EU level, the reasons why EU level policies are not pro-active and not suprantionalised yet. It further explores the available EU level instruments and sources for constructing strategy of integrating immigrants. All these study is done in the light of theoretical framework which is the combination of several theories, due to the complexity of the immigration matters. Every theory explains either some stage in the development of EU level policies (liberal intergovernmentalism and new institutionalism) or the possible EU level policy-making framework (intensive transgovernmentalism and policy coordination/benchmarking) for the studied issues.
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Lo, Chi-kan Breaker. "An analysis of the policy making process of the HKSAR government anti-smoking policy." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38602209.
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McFubara, Kalada Godson. "Health policy in Nigeria : : a contextual analysis of the policy process in Rivers State." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488191.
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Lo, Chi-kan Breaker, and 盧志勤. "An analysis of the policy making process of the HKSAR government anti-smoking policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38602209.
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Barbu, Mirela. "Socially useful jobs : the last Keynesian labour market policy in Italy : policy process evaluation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47067/.
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The industrial restructuring of the 1970s, the sluggish economic growth of the 1980s and the difficult macroeconomic scenario of the early 1990s which preceded the Italy's joining of the EMU, gradually reduced the space for Keynesian economic policies in the country. In certain geographical areas, unemployment remained high over a long period of time and the Italian state had to confront this situation which was becoming socially and politically unsustainable. The solution found involved the long-term unemployed in a wide range of activities provided by public bodies, called socially and publicly useful jobs. At the end of the 1990s, under pressure from neoliberalism, many public bodies outsourced their public services, labour market deregulation was pursued, while supply-side labour polices gained ground. This thesis examines the policy process during the paradigm shift, evaluates its impact on unemployment reduction, discusses the ways in which the policy's outcomes were achieved, and highlights the role played by institutions during this long-term process. The approach chosen to evaluate the policy of socially and useful jobs distinguishes between three intrinsically linked stages of the policy process: policy-making, implementation and take-up. Recognising the central role of institutions in providing the context in which the policy process develops, the approach chosen for this analysis is historical-institutionalism. It is applied within the broader framework of the political economy which impacted on the transformation of the Italian welfare state and the rise of workfare practices. The policy process evaluation led to some interesting findings. Firstly, many unemployed were re-inserted into the labour market due to their participation in socially and publicly useful jobs. Secondly, the activities they delivered allowed the communities to avoid disruption to important services and helped the state to save funds through the use of an inexpensive and productive workforce. Thirdly, the public administrations considered the outsourcing of services successful when they received high quality services from workers who were already known to them and were easily managed. Fourthly, the participation of the private companies in the last stage of the policy did not guarantee efficiency gains and, in several cases, the public administrations preferred to employ the socially and publicly useful workers directly.
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Makutra, Jamie Robyn. "Diverse realities and policy portrayals : what teacher experiences bring to the antiracism policy process." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51644.
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This project was inspired by my desire to investigate what teacher experiences could bring to the antiracism policy process. I provided a space within which study participants could talk about their experiences teaching racially and ethnically diverse students and asked them to look at how those experiences are represented in or framed by district multicultural or antiracist policy. Informed by critical antiracist theory, I collected qualitative data using critical policy analysis, individual interviews and a focus group whereby study participants came together to discuss and analyze a specific policy text issued by the school district. I enacted a critical policy analysis that set the context of these discussions by explicating the tensions and coalescences of educational policy, race and the city, and by providing an initial thematic analysis of the policy text in question. I then constructed assertions based on the discussion transcripts, asserting that: participants talked more in terms of bullying and anti-bullying than in terms of racism and antiracism; participants were concerned with how students understood racism and accusations of racism; participants talked about policy as disconnected from their everyday realities and as only minimally relevant to their teaching, and participants did not see the particular policy text analyzed as useful or relevant to their experience. In examining these assertions within the greater context of the city, I identified ways in which discursive maneuvering within policy and media impacts conceptions of race and racism. I also considered how teachers are simultaneously positioned as objects of and agents within policy, which may provide useful spaces for influencing the policy process. In conclusion, I argued for a more meaningful and relevant relationship between teachers and education policy, policy that must maintain the tenets of social justice, including antiracism, at its core.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Jianrong, Huang. "A study of the applicability of policy making theories in post-Mao China (1978-1995)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/418.
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To examine the applicability of a range of policy making theories and models, which created by Western scholars, to the practice of post-Mao China is significant in view of what follows. First, to explore to what extent they are applicable to interpret China's practice is beneficial for both absorbing the useful elements from them and discovering and understanding the general features of China's policy making process. Second, particularly, in the post-Mao period, some remarkable changes in China's policy-making pattern have ended a period of stagnation which had lasted for nearly two centuries, and started a course of rejuvenation characterised by rapid economic growth and social prosperity. Thus, these changes and development are well worthy of study with the assistance of above-mentioned theories and models. Aiming at exploring the applicability of these theories and models and how and to what extent these changes occurred and influenced China's policy making processes in all major aspects including policy makers, motivation, policy-making methods, political environment and institutions, this thesis studied the development course (1978-1995) of China's Special Economic Zones (SEZ), which was an important programme of China's reform and opening-up strategy. In doing so, the thesis adopted a method that probes the major features, changes and development of the policy making process in post-Mao China, through examining the applicability of some selected policy making theories and models in China's practice. These selected theories and models consist of those concerning how policy is made, and those relating to how policy should be made. The above examination achieved two goals, which include (a) demonstrating the extent to which each of these theories and models can be used to observe and analyse Chinese policy making practice respectively and their reasons as well, and (b) obtaining the main findings of the thesis about China's policy making process in the post-Mao period as below. (1) Although Marxism was still the fundamental guiding thought of China's policy making, a great flexibility had been adopted, which enabled a series of new policies to be made in last two decades. (2) The twin approaches of incrementalism and pragmatism were the foundation of China's policy-making mechanism, which powerfully promoted its successful operation. (3) The rise of a pluralist tendency significantly influenced China's policy process, which included the increasing involvement of the non-CPC (Communist Party of China) or non-government political and social forces. (4) Political elites continued to dominate China's policy-making process, and this central role was much more prominent than it was in other modern countries. (5) Existing institutions were decisive in shaping China's policy-making mode, by determining the power structure and the power relations within which the policy-making actions taken place.
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Horne, Jason, Virginia P. Foley, and Bethany H. Flora. "Race to the Paycheck: Merit Pay and Theories of Teacher Motivation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2997.
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Recent reforms in teacher evaluation tie these evaluations to student performance as measured by test scores and merit pay has been offered as a way to reward high test scores and improve teacher performance. Thus, the federal Race to the Top program has led several states toward teacher evaluation instruments that incorporate outcome data in the form of student achievement. In most states, this is the first step in the plan to institute a pay for performance program for teachers, also known as merit pay. This paper analyzes the concept of merit pay through the lens of equity theory. Equity theory provides a framework to organize a workplace that is equitable, consistent, and free of self-interest. Readers are challenged to consider the implications of merit pay in light of equity theory and resultant issues for educational policy and practice.
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Flora, Bethany, Virginia P. Foley, and Jason Horne. "Race to the Paycheck: Merit Pay and Theories of Teacher Motivation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3057.
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