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1
Verstraete, Jean-Christophe, Simon C. Dik, and Kees Hengeveld. "The Theory of Functional Grammar." Language 76, no. 1 (March 2000): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417432.
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Wedekind, Jürgen, and Ronald M. Kaplan. "Tractable Lexical-Functional Grammar." Computational Linguistics 46, no. 3 (November 2020): 515–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384.
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The formalism for Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) was introduced in the 1980s as one of the first constraint-based grammatical formalisms for natural language. It has led to substantial contributions to the linguistic literature and to the construction of large-scale descriptions of particular languages. Investigations of its mathematical properties have shown that, without further restrictions, the recognition, emptiness, and generation problems are undecidable, and that they are intractable in the worst case even with commonly applied restrictions. However, grammars of real languages appear not to invoke the full expressive power of the formalism, as indicated by the fact that algorithms and implementations for recognition and generation have been developed that run—even for broad-coverage grammars—in typically polynomial time. This article formalizes some restrictions on the notation and its interpretation that are compatible with conventions and principles that have been implicit or informally stated in linguistic theory. We show that LFG grammars that respect these restrictions, while still suitable for the description of natural languages, are equivalent to linear context-free rewriting systems and allow for tractable computation.
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WANG, ZHIQIANG, and XINYI ZHAO. "Functional grammar and teaching of Russian grammar in China." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.32322.
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The subject of this research is the implementation of the theory of functional grammar in teaching of Russian language grammar to Chinese audience. The object of this research is the functional grammar of A. V. Bondarenko and communicative function of G. A. Zolotova. Studying the theory of functional grammar of the Russian language and its application among the Chinese audience allows deepening the understanding of grammar rules and increase the efficiency of teaching Russian grammar to Chinese students. The article analyzes the current situation regarding the teaching of Russian grammar in China. Special attention is given to such question as the method of employment of the theory of functional grammar at the grammar lessons among Chinese audience. The novelty consist in the attempt to implement the theory of functional grammar in teaching of Russian language grammar to Chinese students. The article determines the flaws of the traditional structural grammar and merits of the functional grammar. It is revealed that the application of functional grammar would help the students to improve the command of grammar rules and speech communication.
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Liu, Danqing. "When cognitive grammar meets functional grammar." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 136–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.1.1.05liu.
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This paper points out that certain frequently used terms in linguistic literature, such as“prominent/salient” and “background/ground”, are in fact interpreted differently or even contrarily in Functional Grammar and Cognitive Grammar. The paper attributes their diversified interpretations to the fundamental differences between these two linguistic schools in terms of paradigm and methodology, i.e. to focus on communicative activities of speech and discourse rules or on cognitive abilities and rules. The paper claims that “prominence” as a concept in cognitive grammar mainly relates to the speaker’s concerns, and can be more specifically reworded as topicality or accessibility since it, while conflicting with the focus-stress pattern, mostly conforms to the syntactic hierarchy of syntactic functions and the accessibility hierarchy of NPs, with the case being that the higher position an element occupies in the syntactic hierarchy the more prominent it is cognitively; “prominence” in Functional Grammar, however, mainly relates to the communicative function and the information status of the relevant elements, which thus can be more specifically reworded as focus or focusing, and it mostly conforms to the focus-stress pattern but conflicts with the syntactic hierarchy, with the case being that the more deeply an element is syntactically embedded the more prominent it is functionally. Some controversial opinions about emphasized elements in certain Chinese constructions might arise from the diversified interpretations of the relevant terms. On this basis, the paper further discusses certain problems existing in the ‘figure-background’ theory in cognitive grammar.
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Hengeveld, Kees, and J. Lachlan Mackenzie. "Grammar and context in Functional Discourse Grammar." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.2.02hen.
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This article presents a proposal for the organization of the Contextual Component in Functional Discourse Grammar. A guiding principle in this proposal is that, given the fact that Functional Discourse Grammar is a theory of grammar, the Contextual Component should provide the information that is necessary for a proper functioning of the grammar rather than aim at an exhaustive specification of all the information that plays a role in interpreting linguistic expressions. The Contextual Component contains situational and discursive information and is organized in different strata that correspond to the interpersonal, representational, morphosyntactic, and phonological levels of representation within the grammar. The contextual representations make use of the same formalizations as the corresponding linguistic representations, thus allowing for direct exchange of information between the Grammatical and the Contextual Components. Thus exchange of information is handled by an interface called the contextualizer. The article illustrates the functioning of this model by analyzing the role of contextual information with respect to three grammatical phenomena in three different languages: Unexpressed arguments in Turkish, English too, and answers to yes/no questions in European Portuguese.
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GARCÍA VELASCO, Daniel. "Modularity and derivation in Functional Discourse Grammar." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 33, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-445079408678625808.
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ABSTRACT Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) is a typologically-based theory of language structure which is organized in levels, layers and components. In this paper, I will claim that FDG is modular in Sadock’s sense, as it presents four independent levels of representation with their own linguistic primitives each. For modular grammars, the relation between the different levels (more technically, the nature of the interfaces) is a central issue. It will be shown that FDG is a top-down grammar which follows two basic principles in its dynamic implementation: Depth-first and Maximal depth. Together with external constraints, these principles conspire to create linguistic representations which are psychologically adequate and which allow levels to be circumvented if necessary, thus simplifying representations and creating mismatches among them.
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Velasco, Daniel García. "Functional Discourse Grammar and acquisitional adequacy." Revista Odisseia 2 (December 20, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/1983-2435.2017v2n0id13182.
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This article explores the compatibility of Functional Discourse Grammar with Tomasello’s (2003; 2008) Social-Pragmatic theory of language acquisition. Section 1 follows Boland (1999, 2006) and others who have claimed that theories of language should be constructed in such a way that they are compatible with what is known about the process of first language acquisition. In section 2, I will briefly explore the main approaches to the study of language acquisition in current linguistics and I will claim that a functional theory of language should preferably be compatible with a constructivist approach, given the paramount role they confer on social, communicative and cultural factors in language acquisition. The paper will then concentrate on examining the compatibility of FDG with Tomasello’s (2003, 2008) theory of language acquisition. My conclusion will be that many aspects of the internal architecture of FDG and the analytical tools employed in the model find direct correlate in Tomasello’s work and thus FDG seems to be in an excellent position to meet Boland’s standard of acquisitional adequacy.
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Khaliman, Oxana. "The development of Alexander Bondarko’s ideas in the aspect of grammar of estimation theory." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3587.
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The study of the functional particularity of grammatical units allowed to pay attention to their pragmatic importance in the discursive practice and communication. Based on the principles of linguistic functionalism, which is a basis of active type grammar, it is necessary to continue the study of grammatical units as one of the means of expressing evaluation in relation to their structural peculiarities with the communicative process. A. Bondarko is one of the founders of functional grammar. In his works he has created a systemic-functional description on the Russian grammatical system. Principles of the development of a dynamic aspect of the grammatical units functioning in the interaction with elements of different language levels are one of the postulates which underlie in the description of the expression of evaluative meaning by grammatical units, the principles of grammar of estimation. The article enlightens the principles of the theory of functional grammar, grammar of active type, that concern the problem of creation of grammar of estimation as a complex description of grammatical means for expressing estimation meanings; A. Bondarko’s ideas of functional grammar that are significant for the theory of grammar of estimation are described in the article.
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Rakova, Alya, John L. Watzke, and James W. Sweigert. "The Russian Reference Grammar/Core Grammar in Functional Context." Slavic and East European Journal 43, no. 2 (1999): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/309581.
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Farrell, Patrick, Susumu Kuno, and Ken-Ichi Takami. "Grammar and Discourse Principles: Functional Syntax and GB Theory." Language 71, no. 2 (June 1995): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416173.
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Browse, Sam. "From functional to cognitive grammar in stylistic analysis of Golding’s The Inheritors." Journal of Literary Semantics 47, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jls-2018-2003.
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Abstract Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is one of the most influential grammars used in stylistics, but more recently the discipline has witnessed a growing body of work using cognitive grammars to explain stylistic effects. This research has tended to make the positive case for cognitive grammar (CG) by demonstrating its similarity to functionalist approaches. However, it is also necessary to say how CG adds to an SFG account of literary effects. To do so, I return to Halliday’s seminal analysis of Golding’s novel, The Inheritors. I use CG to investigate the conceptual processes involved in the reader’s interpretation of the character’s deviant mindstyle and outline some of the ludic and dramatic effects of these reconstrual operations. Thus, whereas SFG focuses on describing the ideational structure of the representations proffered by texts, I argue that a unique affordance of CG is its focus on the readerly construction of meaning.
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Liceras, Juana M. "Second Language Acquisition and Syntactic Theory in the 21st Century." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30 (March 2010): 248–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190510000097.
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Syntactic theory has played a role in second language acquisition (SLA) research since the early 1980s, when the principles and parameters model of generative grammar was implemented. However, it was the so-called functional parameterization hypothesis together with the debate on whether second language learners activated new features or switched their value that led to detailed and in-depth analyses of the syntactic properties of many different nonnative grammars. In the last 10 years, with the minimalist program as background, these analyses have diverted more and more from looking at those syntactic properties that argued for or against the various versions of the UG-access versus non-UG-access debate (UG for Universal Grammar) and have more recently delved into the status of nonnative grammars in the cognitive science field. Thus, using features (i.e., gender, case, verb, and determiner) as the basic units and paying special attention to the quality of input as well as to processing principles and constraints, nonnative grammars have been compared to the language contact paradigms that underlie subsequent bilingualism, child SLA, creole formation, and diachronic change. Taking Chomsky's I-language/E-language construct as the framework, this article provides a review of these recent developments in SLA research.
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Butler, Christopher S. "Multi-word sequences and their relevance for recent models of Functional Grammar." Functions of Language 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.10.2.03but.
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In recent research considerable interest has been shown in strings of linguistic items which appear to behave, in certain respects, as single items, and which are referred to in this paper as multi-word sequences. The aim of the paper is to investigate the interface between work on such phenomena and recent developments in the theory of Functional Grammar. A selective review of corpus-based approaches to multi-word sequences is followed by a brief introduction to Wray’s psycholinguistically-oriented model of formulaicity. A corpus example is then discussed in some detail. The discussion up to this point is then related to four recent models within the overall framework of Functional Grammar which aim to increase the level of psychological adequacy of the theory: Nuyts’ Functional Procedural Grammar, Hengeveld’s Functional Discourse Grammar, Mackenzie’s Incremental Functional Grammar and Bakker and Siewierska’s expression rule model. Brief comments are also made on multi-word sequences in relation to production vs. comprehension and on the relationship between formulaicity and levels of structure.
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Trinh, Nguyen Thi Tu, Phan Van Hoa, and Tran Huu Phuc. "Halliday’s Functional Grammar: Philosophical Foundation and Epistemology." Jurnal Humaniora 29, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.24295.
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It is difficult to track the philosophy foundation and epistemology of systemic functional grammar (SFG) formulated by Halliday in the 1980s as this kind of grammar views language as a systemic resource for meaning. Besides, it has had global impacts on linguistics and flourished in contemporary linguistic theory. Anyone who is familiar with Halliday’s work realizes that his SFG is an approach designed to analyze English texts. Halliday (1994: xv) explicitly states that “to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken or written, in modern English.” The aim of this study is not about the applicability of SFG to text analysis as many researchers and scholars do. Our efforts are made to clarify the philosophical foundation of Halliday’s SFG. The paper presents on triangle: (i) language, mind and world; (ii) and empiricism in Halliday’s SFG.
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Trinh, Nguyen Thi Tu, Phan Van Hoa, and Tran Huu Phuc. "Halliday’s Functional Grammar: Philosophical Foundation and Epistemology." Jurnal Humaniora 29, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v29i2.24295.
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It is difficult to track the philosophy foundation and epistemology of systemic functional grammar (SFG) formulated by Halliday in the 1980s as this kind of grammar views language as a systemic resource for meaning. Besides, it has had global impacts on linguistics and flourished in contemporary linguistic theory. Anyone who is familiar with Halliday’s work realizes that his SFG is an approach designed to analyze English texts. Halliday (1994: xv) explicitly states that “to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken or written, in modern English.” The aim of this study is not about the applicability of SFG to text analysis as many researchers and scholars do. Our efforts are made to clarify the philosophical foundation of Halliday’s SFG. The paper presents on triangle: (i) language, mind and world; (ii) and empiricism in Halliday’s SFG.
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Trinh, Ngyen Thi Tu, Phan Van Hoa, and Tran Huu Phuc. "Halliday’s Functional Grammar: Philosophical Foundation and Epistemology." Journal of English Language and Literature 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v7i3.315.
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It is difficult to track the philosophy foundation and epistemology of systemic functional grammar (SFG) formulated by Halliday in the 1980s as this kind of grammar views language as a systemic resource for meaning. Besides, it has had global impacts on linguistics and flourished in contemporary linguistic theory. Anyone who is familiar with Halliday’s work realizes that his SFG is an approach designed to analyze English texts. Halliday (1994: xv) explicitly states that “to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken or written, in modern English.” The aim of this study is not about the applicability of SFG to text analysis as many researchers and scholars do. Our efforts are made to clarify the philosophical foundation of Halliday’s SFG. The paper presents on triangle: (i) language, mind and world; (ii) and empiricism in Halliday’s SFG.
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Trousdale, Graeme. "Theory and data in diachronic Construction Grammar." Theory and data in cognitive linguistics 36, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 576–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.3.05tro.
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Constructionalization (the diachronic creation of conventional symbolic units at different levels of schematicity and complexity) is a process which involves a series of micro-changes at different linguistic levels. The development of what with constructions in English is argued to be a case of grammatical constructionalization, whereby aspects of a construction become more general, productive, and less compositional. Equally, parts of the construction become more fixed (involving a reduction in variability), while other parts of the construction expand. The application of principles of construction grammar to aspects of diachronic change helps to clarify the relationship between theoretical principles of language change and the analysis of naturally occurring data; equally, the study of the what with construction reveals areas of potential convergence between formal and functional approaches to syntactic change, as well as areas of difference.
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Kirchner, Robert. "April McMahon (2000). Change, chance, and optimality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. x+201." Phonology 18, no. 3 (December 2001): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701004158.
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It is generally acknowledged, by both its proponents and detractors, that Optimality Theory has provoked a reexamination, in recent years, of the role of functional considerations, and their typological reflexes, in phonological theory. April McMahon's Change, chance, and optimality attempts an in-depth examination of this issue, particularly from the perspective of the relation between synchrony and diachrony in linguistic theory. The issue, and OT's general stance towards it, are summarised by Prince & Smolensky (1993: 198):One might feel compelled to view a grammar as a more-or-less arbitrary assortment of formal rules, where the principles that the rules subserve (the ‘laws’) are placed entirely outside the grammar, beyond the purview of formal or theoretical analysis, inert but admired. It is not unheard of to conduct phonology in this fashion. We urge a reassessment of this essentially formalist position. If phonology is separated from the principles of well-formedness (the ‘laws’) that drive it, the resulting loss of constraint and theoretical depth will mark as major defeat for the enterprise. The danger, therefore, lies in the other direction: clinging to a conception of Universal Grammar as little more than a loose organizing framework for grammars. A much stronger stance, in accord with the thrust of recent work, is available. When the scalar and the gradient are recognized and brought within the purview of theory, Universal Grammar can supply the very substance from which grammars are built: a set of highly general constraints which, through ranking, interact to produce the elaborate particularity of individual languages.
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García Velasco, Daniel. "Cognitive status and referential acts in functional discourse grammar." Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics 23, no. 23 (December 24, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qf.23.13525.
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In Functional Discourse Grammar, both Ascription and Reference are characterized as actional processes and are captured at the Interpersonal Level of linguistic description. Additionally, the temporal sequencing of Discourse Acts seems relevant to establishing dependency relations among them. However, the remainder of the levels of representation in the theory contain static descriptions of linguistic structures and not of processes. In this paper, I will argue that this is the result of an inherent contradiction between FDG’s characterization as a static grammar and the dynamicity of verbal interaction, which is best solved if the theory commits itself to the procedural nature of the Interpersonal Level. In order to do so, the different categories that have been identified in the literature on the cognitive status of referents should find relevance in the grammar. Elaborating upon García Velasco (2014), I will show that the temporal dimension of the text creating activity and referent accessibility, are relevant for a full account of constituent preposing in Spanish.
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Li, Xiaqing. "Analysis of Discourse from Perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0908.25.
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Firstly the author introduces Systemic Functional Grammar in this paper, including the levels of language and their realization relationships, the systems of the three metafunctions and their submetafunctions, as well as the two levels of discourse analysis(DA). Then being based on different aspects of the systemic functional grammar, this paper analyzes the four discourses. Person system, mood and modality system, cohesion system in systemic function grammar are used in analysis of the first discourse “heal the world” which reveals some features of discourse of song. Understanding these characteristics can deepen understanding of the listener to the discourse of English song so as to improve the listener's ability to appreciate the song. When analyzing the other three discourses, the author uses the “context-text-commentary” method. Elaborate applicability of this linguistic theory to DA is the purpose. Finally, concluding that analysis of discourse with the systemic functional grammar analysis is not only a good way, but also it has very important significance.
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Zhang, Weiwei, and Manliang Li. "A Functional Study of Lexical Conversion within Modern Chinese Nominal Group." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 6 (September 27, 2017): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n6p138.
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The phenomenon of lexical conversion within modern Chinese nominal group is often presented in ancient Chinese grammar. For many years, there have been earnest discussions in China about how we can better study the Chinese nominal group from alternative dimensions, e.g. cognition, pragmatics, multi-category words, word-class shift as well as functional perspective, but few pay attention to the lexical conversion from perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). As the SFL itself is “a problem-oriented theory” (Huang, 2006), to apply this theory to explain some certain language phenomena merits serious consideration. This paper is based on the Cardiff Grammar, an important model of SFL and the purpose is to explore the semantic and syntactic function in lexical conversion within modern Chinese nominal group. Through the contrastive study in light of the Cardiff Grammar, the Chinese nominal group can be functionally used as a Main Verb, a Main Verb Extension (MEx) and a prepositional group (pgp).
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Lashari, Mubarak Ali, and Faraz Ali Bughio. "An Application of Systemic Functional Grammar on Rilke's poem "Walk"." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 1 (June 8, 2014): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i1.5209.
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The intention, this study was launched with, was to explore the applicability of the Systemic Functional Grammar, the linguistic development promoted by famous linguist M.A. K. Halliday. The theory establishes the view of functionality of linguistic phenomena in the pieces of literature. The study in hand is aimed to find the functional elements in Rainer Maria Rilke's poem "Walk". The poem was analyzed into three major functional methods of the theory including Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual analysis. In the first category, the transitivity patterns and the clauses having active and passive voices were analysed. In the second, the interpersonal elements; having the persons involving in the process and showing relationship with each other were seen. And finally, the textual meaning and the sense emerging from all the above findings were discussed. It further sought the theme of the poem and the basic functional idea of the poetic expression. And in the final stage the emanating message of the poem was discussed in the conclusion.
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Rijkhoff, Jan. "On the interaction of Linguistic Typology and Functional Grammar." Interaction of Data, Description, and Theory in Linguistics 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2003): 209–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.9.2.05rij.
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Research conducted within the wider theoretical framework of Dik’s Functional Grammar has resulted in important contributions to linguistic typology, and, vice versa, empirical facts from a wide variety of languages have significantly improved the theory of Functional Grammar, especially regarding its typological adequacy. This article discusses the following contributions to Linguistic Typology: the development of a sound sampling methodology, classification of noun categories (Seinsarten), an account of (so-called) number discord, the introduction of the new grammatical category of ‘nominal aspect’, a new typology of classifiers, and a universal concerning the occurrence of adjectives as a distinct word class. Conversely it will be shown that facts from many different languages have played an important role in the development of a layered model of the noun phrase in Functional Grammar and how currently these facts are used to test hypotheses concerning parallels between NPs and clauses.
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Keizer, Evelien. "Modelling stance adverbs in grammatical theory: tackling heterogeneity with Functional Discourse Grammar." Language Sciences 82 (November 2020): 101273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101273.
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Giomi, Riccardo. "Grammar, context and the hearer." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.2.05gio.
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This paper addresses two issues related to the overarching question of how to integrate Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) into a wider theory of verbal interaction (Hengeveld and Mackenzie 2008: 1). First, it proposes an addressee-oriented version of the Grammatical Component, presenting a first attempt to develop an FDG account of language comprehension; second, it aims to shed light on the interaction between the Grammatical and Contextual Components of FDG by exploring this crucial aspect of verbal communication from the perspective of the addressee.
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Li, Yujing. "A cognitive-functional approach to utterance pairs: A critical review of dialogic construction grammar." Forum for Linguistic Studies 3, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/fls.v3i1.1255.
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The combination of construction grammar and dialogic syntax in cognitive linguistics facilitates a novel cognitive-functional approach to investigating dialogues, which highlights the engagement of interlocutors and aims to examine the cognitive motivation and mechanism underlying the resonances and temporary constructions in utterance pairs. Nevertheless, studies on dialogic construction grammar are scarce and unsystematic, some of which concern theoretical explanation instead of practical application with sufficient data. As a result, it is demanding to testify its explanatory force in diverse types of utterance pairs in natural language. Basically grounded on the monograph Dialogic Construction Grammar: A Theoretical Framework and Its Application, this review sorts out the development of dialogic construction grammar, and manages to presents how the Event domain-based Schema-Instance model is constructed to explore the cognitive mechanism of common types of utterance pairs, particulary, wh-question and answer pairs, namely wh-dialogues, with the intention to explain how dialogic construction grammar theory is applied to investigate the cognitive-functional properties of common utterance pairs in linguistic communication, at the same time pointing out the future work that might be done in the studies on construction grammar.
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Ananda, Rizki, Siti Sarah Fitriani, Iskandar Abdul Samad, and Andi Anto Patak. "Cigarette advertisements: A systemic functional grammar and multimodal analysis." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15261.
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Drawing on a multimodality theory, this study attempted to investigate the various semiotic resources utilized by a giant Indonesian cigarette company, Sampoerna, and explore how these resources communicate meanings or messages in its billboard advertisements to persuade its potential customers to buy the product. The data were analyzed using Halliday’s systemic functional grammar focusing on ideational meta-function or also known as a representational function in multimodal discourse analysis. The findings revealed that the billboard advertisements were designed to persuade the audience to buy the advertised products implicitly through representational functions attained using narrative and conceptual processes. Whereas the former was realized by employing its typical sub-processes, actional and reactional processes, the latter employed its sub-processes such as classificational, analytical, and symbolic processes. Implicationally, this study has illuminated the possible application of systemic functional grammar within multimodal discourse analysis domain to investigate implicit message(s) conveyed by an advertisement.
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Hengeveld, Kees, and Eva van Lier. "Parts of speech and dependent clauses in Functional Discourse Grammar." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 753–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.13hen.
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In this paper we use the Theory of Functional Discourse Grammar to show that parts-of-speech (PoS) and dependent clauses (DCs) can both be defined in terms of the functions they may express. On the basis of this parallel treatment, we predict that the functional possibilities of PoS and DCs in languages are comparable. This hypothesis is tested using a sample of 23 languages. The results do show similarities between the functional patterns of the two types of constructions.
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Battistella, Edwin, and Peter Sells. "Lectures on Contemporary Syntactic Theories: An Introduction to Government-Binding Theory, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, and Lexical-Functional Grammar." Language 64, no. 1 (March 1988): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414809.
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Bubenik, Vit. "Inflectional Morphology and Clitics in Functional Grammar." Diachronica 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.10.2.02bub.
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SUMMARY The Theory of Functional Grammar (S. C. Dik 1989) does not recognize explicitly the INFLECTIONAL type in addition to the FREE PRONOUN, CLITIC and APPOSITIONAL types. On the basis of data from a number of IE and non-IE languages, this paper presents cogent evidence for its recognition. It is argued that the CLITIC type is insufficient to cover data of both agglutinative and inflectional languages, or, from the point of typology based on pronominal elements, to distinguish between referring to participants in discourse by means of pronominal clitics vs. personal affixes which are not synchronically analyz-able as clitics. The distribution of individual features characterizing the four types is examined in considerable detail: e.g., the interference with tense/aspect is a typical phenomenon in the FREE PRONOUN and INFLECTIONAL types as opposed to the other two; the INFLECTIONAL type has the highest number of pronominal sets and only in this type do the pronouns develop adjectival characteristics. In the diachronic section various shifts from the FREE PRONOUN to the CLITIC to the INFLECTIONAL or APPOSITIONAL type in the history of individual languages are examined, and it is shown that the degree of flexivity may vary from one to another language, or even within one language from one to another morphological category. RÉSUMÉ La théorie de la grammaire fonctionnelle (S.C. Dik 1989) ne reconnaît pas explicitement l'existence du type INFLECTIONNEL en plus des types PRONOM LIBRE, CLITIQUE et APPOSITIONNEL. Basé sur l'analyse de données de plu-sieures langues indo-européennes et non-indo-européennes, cet article présente une argumentation en faveur de la reconnaissance d'une catégorie INFLEC-TIONNELLE. On soutient que la catégorie CLITIQUE est nettement insuffisante pour recouvrir les données tant des langues agglutinatives que des langues inflectionnelles; en plus, du point de vue d'une typologie basée sur les éléments pronominaux, la catégorie CLITIQUE ne distingue pas les actants marqués par les pronoms clitiques de ceux marqués par les désinences personelles du verbe, qui ne sont pas synchroniquement analysables comme des clitiques. La distribution des traits individuels qui caracterisent les quatre types est examinée en détail: par exemple, l'interférence entre le temps et l'aspect est un phénomène typique des types PRONOM LIBRE et INFLECTIONNEL mais non des deux autres; le type INFLECTIONNEL possède le plus grand nombre de séries pronominales et c'est seulement dans ce type-ci ou les pronoms développent des caractéristiques adjectivales. Dans la partie diachronique de l'article, de diverses transitions du type PRONOM LIBRE au type CLITIQUE et ensuite au type INFLECTIONNEL ou APPOSITIONNEL dans l'histoire de certaines langues sont examinées d'une langue à l'autre mais aussi dans les catégories morphologiques d'une seule et même langue. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Theorie der 'Funktionellen Grammatik' (S. C. Dik 1989) erkennt nicht ausdrücklich den FLEKTIVEN Typus zuzüglich der FREIFÜRWORT-, KLITIK-und APPOSITIONELLEN Typen an. Aufgrund von Material aus verschiedenen indo-europäischen und nicht-indo-europäischen Sprachen bietet dieser Aufsatz zwingenden Beweis für seine Anerkennung. Es wird festgestellt, daB der bloße KLITIK-Typus nicht genügt, die Daten sowohl agglutinierender als auch flek-tierender Sprachen um zubedecken. Aus der Hinsicht der auf die pronominalen Elemente gegründeten Typologie, kann er nicht zwischen Hinweis auf die Dis-kursteilnehmer mittels pronominaler Klitika im Gegensatz zu pronominalen Affixen, die synchronisch nicht als Klitika analysierbar sind, unterscheiden. Die Verteilung einzelner Merkmale, die für diese vier Typen charakteristisch sind, wird hier im Detail untersucht; z.B. die Interferenz Tempus/Aspekt ist ein typisches Phänomen im FREIFÜRWORT- und FLEKTIVEN Typus gegenüber den zwei anderen; der FLEKTIVE Typus besitzt die höchste Anzahl von Fürwort-reihen und nur in diesem Typus entwickeln die Fürworte adjektivische Merkmale. Im diachronischen Teil dieses Aufsatzes werden verschiedene Verschie-bungen vom FREIFÜRWORT- zum KLITIK- zum FLEKTIVEN oder APPOSITIONELLEN Typus in der Geschichte einzelner Sprachen untersucht. Es wird nach-gewiesen, daB die Stufe der Flexivität nicht nur von einer zur anderen Sprache sondern sogar innerhalb einer Sprache von einer zur anderen morphologischen Kategorie variieren kann.
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Aib, Iman, Wasima Shehzad, and Sadia Irshad. "Promotional practices in mission and vision statements of corporate companies: A systemic functional linguistic analysis." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 630–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.41.
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Promotional strategies have become discursive practices in corporate companies’ mission and vision statements. However, less focus was given to the role of grammar in shaping this text type as part of promotional discourse. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is arguably the most definite and certain linguistic analysis as a meaning-making resource. Hence, the purpose of this study was to use transitivity grammar theory in SFL to analyse the use of experiential processes in enacting promotional rhetorical moves. Following purposive sampling, mission and vision statements of hundred international companies, which were ranked by current market capitalization, were selected. Using textual analysis, we applied transitivity grammar theory to manually analyse promotional rhetorical moves. The results were quantified and presented in tabulation form. The findings revealed that mental and relational processes are favoured grammatical patterns used by corporate firms to write mission statements that focus on building public image and establish self-concept. The findings of this research can prove helpful for other corporate companies to use similar grammatical patterns to develop mission and vision statements.
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Ishikawa, Masataka, and George M. Horn. "Essentials of Functional Grammar: A Structure-Neutral Theory of Movement, Control, and Anaphora." Language 68, no. 1 (March 1992): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416394.
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Vandelanotte, Lieven. "Favourite puzzles." English Text Construction 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2017): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.10.2.01van.
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This introduction to the special issue “Grammar, usage and discourse: Functional studies offered to Kristin Davidse” first briefly reviews Kristin Davidse’s rich and varied trajectory in functional and cognitive linguistics, highlighting in particular the links between the domains represented by the contributions to the issue and the doctoral research she has supervised over the years. The central questions surrounding grammar (especially interpersonal grammar), usage and discourse (including literary discourse) which inform the different contributions are subsequently discussed, and a concluding section offers a number of celebratory and grateful salutes.
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Newmeyer, Frederick J. "The current convergence in linguistic theory: some implications for second language acquisition research." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 3, no. 1 (June 1987): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838700300103.
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To the outsider, generative grammar must appear to contain a bewildering variety of different frameworks for syntactic description, each with its own distinct goals, research programme and technical vocabulary. It seems fair to say that this seeming inability of theoretical linguists to get their own house in order has led many applied linguists to question whether even the most general conceptions of generative grammar have any relevance to their concerns. Despite superficial appearances, however, the differences between the major generative frameworks are relatively minor, and are steadily lessening. Indeed, a convergence is taking place among the three most important, namely, the government-binding theory, generalized phrase structure grammar, and lexical-functional grammar. In particular, all now accept two basic concepts governing grammatical processes: 'modularity' and 'locality'. According to the former, grammatical complexity results from the interaction of autonomous grammatical subsystems; according to the latter, grammatical processes are sharply constrained as to the degree of 'distance' that the elements involved may lie from each other. It will be argued that these convergences have interesting implications for those who wish to apply linguistic theory to the understanding of second language acquisition.
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Dalamu, Taofeek. "Systemic Functional Theory: A Pickax of Textual Investigation." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.3p.187.
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The study examines Systemic Functional Theory (SFT) as a tool of examining text, and perhaps, text of any dimension as long as it falls within the grammatical organs of the clause. The author provides explanations for the theory from its relevant source(s). The chronological appreciation involves the efforts of Saussure, Firth, Malinowski, Hjelmslev, etc. However, Halliday’s insight seems prominent and upon which Systemic Functional Theory receives a global status that it has assumed today. Halliday constructs numerous concepts e.g. lexicogrammar, processes, cohesion, coherence, system, system network with background from traditional grammar and sociological tokens. In addition to that, the three metafunctions are characterized as its core operational concepts. Out of these, the mood system serves as the instrument of analysis of Psalm one utilized in this endeavor as a case study. Although the clauses fall within the profile of the indicative and imperative, the study reveals that some of the structures are inverted in order to propagate the intended messages. To that end, there are inverted indicative clauses expressed as inverted declarative statements, inverted imperative questions and inverted negativized polarity. In sum, Systemic Functional Theory is a facility for explaining different shapes of texts.
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Andreyeva, Tetyana. "Communicative grammar in modern Ukrainian linguodidactics." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 37 (2018): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2018.37.141-156.
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This article examines the notion of communicative grammar in its relations with the Ukrainian linguodidactics. This problem is related to the language competence, which serves as a component of communicative competence. The present stage of studying the numerous problems of linguistics is characterized by the fact that they are considered in a cognitive-communicative perspective. The fact of the establishment of a cognitive-communicative paradigm in modern linguistics leads to the foreground of the study, which uses the functional description of the language system and its constructive units. Application of the communicative-activity approach corresponds most closely to modern educational goals and psycho-pedagogical ideas of the present, as it creates the preconditions for the active formation of communicative competences among students, serving as the main goal of standardized language education at all levels. The communicative approach to the study of the linguistic system demonstrates the applicable nature, because it involves mastering the linguistic material as an action: acquisition of the lexical and grammatical system of language based on their communicative importance. The specificity of modern research in the field of grammar was the emergence of various types of grammar (generative grammar, communicative grammar, functional grammar). Communicative grammar is one of the areas of language learning, which combines the systematic representation of grammar and text analysis (as part of this, there is a broad term in grammar, it also includes the lexical semantics). Significant linguistic units were in the focus of the study of communicative grammar in connection with the communicative activity of the speaker. The main object of this science is the text, and its purpose is the justification of the specific text and each of its components, the creation of an explanatory model of the grammatical system (that is the definition of functional and semantic specificity of grammatical units, the identification of functional and semantic principles that underpin the organization of the grammatical system). In our opinion, the linguo-didactic elaboration of a range of issues that lie in the sphere of interest in communicative grammar is still rather small. The development of the theory of communicative grammar itself in Ukrainian linguistics, and its linguistic and pedagogical elaboration, is, in large part, a matter of scientific and methodological perspectives.
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Marsden, Heather, and Roumyana Slabakova. "Grammatical meaning and the second language classroom: Introduction." Language Teaching Research 23, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362168817752718.
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This special issue assembles empirical work on second language teaching and learning from a generative linguistic perspective. The focus is on properties that constitute grammar–meaning interaction that differ in the native and target language grammars, and that have not been highlighted in the pedagogical literature so far. Common topics address whether and how learners acquire grammatical meanings in the second language, including difficult misalignments between native and target-language constructions and functional morphemes. We propose that teaching and learning a second language can be enhanced by focusing on the relationship between grammatical forms and their meanings, as elucidated by contemporary linguistic theory.
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Schleppegrell, Mary J. "Content-based language teaching with functional grammar in the elementary school." Language Teaching 49, no. 1 (April 3, 2014): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444814000093.
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Today many second language (L2) teachers work with school-aged learners who need to be supported in their language development at the same time they learn school subjects. Applied linguists and researchers in second language acquisition (SLA) have much to contribute to those teachers, but to do so in more powerful ways calls for an orientation toward the goals of the content classroom. This plenary describes a project in which the theory of systemic functional linguistics is providing useful metalanguage for exploring language and meaning in curricular activities that also support disciplinary learning. It illustrates how language-based content teaching can provide the support children need.
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CM Simatupang, Ervina, and Anum Dahlia. "Noun as Modifier in Nominal Group: a Functional Grammar Approach." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.25306.
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To get comprehensive understanding about the meaning of a nominal group, we need to study the components forming the nominal group structure. The structure of nominal group consists of Head and Modifier. Head is the matter being talked, and it is realized by noun. Modifiers are words which modify the Head, and they are realized by word classes of determiner, numeral, adjective, and noun. Noun as a Head in nominal group is a rule as the theory says nominal group is a group of words with a noun as the headword, but noun as a modifier word deserves researching. The objective of this paper is to know the function and the meanings of noun as modifying component in nominal group structure. To obtain the function and the meanings of it, the theories of Functional Grammar are used, since the theories discuss the structure of nominal group comprehensively. The method used in this research is the qualitative method. The results of this research are noun as modifier has function to classify the Thing into its subclass, then it is labeled as Classifier, and the meanings expressed by classifier are expressing purpose and function, status, scope, mode of operation, and origin.
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Zima, Elisabeth. "Cognitive Grammar and Dialogic Syntax." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 36–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.11.1.02zim.
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This paper relates the functional model of Dialogic Syntax and its key concept of resonance (Du Bois 2001 [2009]) to Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 1987, 1991, 2001, 2008, 2009) with the aim of inquiring into the prospects, potential gains, and limitations of a Cognitive Grammar-inspired discourse analysis. First the two frameworks are compared from a theoretical point of view, focusing on how Du Bois’ account and Langacker’s Current Discourse Space Model (2001, 2008) deal with prior discourse as a resource for new usage events. In the subsequent case study, the theory is confronted with interactional data from Austrian parliamentary debates. Specific attention is paid to construal operations, more specifically viewpoint phenomena and subjectification, which are explored in relation to resonance activation. Drawing on detailed analyses that combine insights and concepts from Dialogic Syntax and Cognitive Grammar, strengths, shortcomings, and future challenges of Cognitive Grammar discourse studies are discussed.
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Mairal-Usón, Ricardo, and Pamela Faber. "Lexical templates within a functional cognitive theory of meaning." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 5 (November 29, 2007): 137–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.5.07mai.
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Within the context of the Lexical Constructional Model, which provides a comprehensive account of the relationship between syntax and all facets on meaning construction, this paper is concerned with one of the major representational modules of the model, viz. a lexical template. It is claimed that a lexical template consists of a semantic specification plus a logical structure. The logical structure formalism is constructed on the basis of Aktionsart distinctions proposed in Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997; Van Valin, 2005). Aktionsart regularities are captured by the external variables of the template, specified in Roman characters, and by a set of high-level elements of structure that function as semantic primitives. Lexical templates also contain internal variables, marked with Arabic numerals, and formally expressed in terms of a catalogue of lexical functions. These variables capture world-knowledge elements that relate in a way specific to the predicate defined by the lexical template. In order to test the viability of lexical templates, a detailed analysis of a set of verbs within the lexical domain of cognition is included.
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Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. "Register in Systemic Functional Linguistics*." Register Studies 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 10–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rs.18010.mat.
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Abstract Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen elaborates on the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach to register in this contribution to the inaugural issue of Register Studies. He is Chair Professor of the Department of English at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, where he pursues a scholarly agenda that includes developing the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics and applying it to text and discourse analysis, functional grammar, issues related to language evolution and typology, and comprehensive descriptive models of register. Throughout his career, Matthiessen has made major contributions to SFL theories and methods. Among his major works is Lexicogrammatical Cartography: English Systems (1995, International Language Sciences Publishers). More than any other scholar, Matthiessen has expounded on Halliday’s early ideas on register and applied SFL theory to describing models of register variation. He remains an active researcher in the area of register studies which includes his registerial cartography – the comprehensive and systematic description of the registers in a language. Matthiessen’s work has left an indelible mark on the theory and systematic study of patterns of register in language use.
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Венкова [Venkova], Цветомира [TSvetomira]. "На кръстопътя на езиковите теории: глаголната комбинаторика." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.011.
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At the crossroads of linguistic theories: Verb combinatoricsThis paper discusses the limitations of syntactic research conducted within a single theoretical framework. The basic claim is that theories have both distinctive and common features, which can be taken into consideration and some interesting results and ideas can be encoded in terms of the original theory. The discussion of the theory interactions is focused around a particular linguistic issue – the head element of the simple verb phrase. Three basic syntactic models are analyzed in regard to their treatment of the head element in the verb phrase: Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis shows some variations within the frameworks and similarities across them. In general, it is an attempt to point out that the modern linguist can build bridges between theoretical frameworks if the postulates of the original framework are not violated. Na skrzyżowaniu teorii językowych. Kombinatoryka czasownikowaArtykuł poświęcony jest omówieniu ograniczeń analizy syntaktycznej, dokonywanej w ramach jednej teorii składniowej. Autorka stoi na stanowisku, że poszczególne teorie zawierają zarówno elementy specyficzne (dystynktywne), jak i ogólne, wspólne wszystkim teoriom. Ta inspekcja może przynieść ciekawe rezultaty, które nadają się do wbudowania w oryginalną teorię. Problem przedstawiono na konkretnym przykładzie – elementu nadrzędnego frazy werbalnej. Pod uwagę wzięto trzy teorie syntaktyczne, w ramach których przeanalizowano charakterystykę funkcjonowania głównego elementu frazy werbalnej: Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar oraz Systemic Functional Grammar. Analiza wykazała pewną wariantywność wbudowaną w ramy pojedynczej teorii, jak i podobieństwa między poszczególnymi teoriami.Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na fakt, że współczesny lingwista ma prawo próbować przerzucać mosty pomiędzy różnymi teoriami, oczywiście jeśli nie narusza zasadniczych ram oryginalnej teorii.
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Meyer, Heather. "The ‘empowerment’ of students: A contribution from systemic functional grammar." English in Education 42, no. 2 (June 2008): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-8845.2008.00014.x.
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Istiqomah, Yulia. "DECLARATIVE MOOD OF IDEATIONAL THEME IN “EXUPERY’S THE LITTLE PRINCE: A FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS." Apollo Project: Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Sastra Inggris 8, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/apollo.v8i2.2113.
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This research entitled “Declarative mood of Ideational Theme in “Exupery’s The Little Prince” (A Functional Grammar Analysis) discusses declarative mood in ideational theme in the position of clause used in novel. The purpose of this research is to analyze declarative mood and to analyze the constituents used in the novel The Little Prince. To analyze the issues, this research uses the theory of mood types: declarative mood by M.A.K Halliday and Christian Matthiessen (2004) as the grand theory while Linda Gerot dan Peter Wignell (1994) as supporting theory. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis. Data are taken from the novel The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupery. After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that the all data are included into the declarative mood in this research, two data are included into constituent the nominal group as theme, and one data is included include into constituent prepositional phrase as theme in this research.
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Yin, Ying Ying, and Jin Ying Li. "Functional Structure Modeling Based on Fuzzy Inference." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 2310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.2310.
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A method that use fuzzy inference theory to infer the functional structure model is presented. Is based on fuzzy inference theory of artificial intelligence area, analyze and study the measured data, then extract plant growth rule and growth function. When constructing functional structure that can reflect the impact of the environment, the influence of environment was taken into full account. The source and sink organs respond the surrounding virtual environment according to its inbuilt growth function, and produce, allocate and consume assimilates as well as update the L-grammar representing the plant structure, and at last produce the plant that adapt to present virtual environment. The simulation test result show that the model can accurately extract the growth rule, construct right growth function, and vividly reflect the impact of environment.
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Khanjani, L. "FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FIELD OF FREQUENCY IN THE RUSSIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES (BASED ON THE THEORY OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-5-745-748.
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This article is devoted to the study of the field of frequency in the understanding of functional grammar. The means of expression of frequency on the material of Russian and Persian languages in the structural-semantic plan are considered. Description of frequency in Russian and Persian in the functional aspect makes it possible to determine the essence and semantic structure of the category under study, as well as to obtain data on the methods of its language expression. A comparative study of frequency expressions in Russian and Persian has not yet been conducted. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to identify the system of meanings mentioned, and secondly, to move in the direction from meaning to form and indicate the totality of the means that are used in the sentence to express these meanings. The main method used was comparative analysis. The lack of linguistic research on this topic indicates the relevance of the choice of topic, and the novelty of the work is that it is the first time that all language means of expression of frequency are systematized. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the research methodology can be applied to the description of other semantic and functional fields.
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Robert, Stéphane. "The challenge of polygrammaticalization for linguistic theory." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00015.rob.
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Abstract Transcategorial morphemes share the common ability to be used synchronically across different syntactic categories (synchronic grammaticalization). This paper first shows that transcategoriality is a general property of linguistic systems, variously exploited by languages, then addresses the theoretical questions raised by these morphemes. A new model accounting for this transcategorial functioning, named “fractal grammar”, is proposed and illustrated by various examples. The analysis for this particular functioning relates the polysemy of these morphemes to their syntactic flexibility in a dynamic way: the variation of the syntactic scope of the morpheme (“fractal functioning”) is triggered by its environment and produces its polysemy (variation of the semantic scope). Fractal grammar is thus defined by two basic mechanisms: the construal of a common image-schema (“scale invariance”), accounting for the unity of the morpheme, and the activation of “scale (or level) properties”, accounting for the semantic and syntactic variations. A typological sketch of transcategoriality is then sketched, in relation to the strategies used by linguistic systems for the distribution of grammatical information. Three types of transcategorial strategies are distinguished: “oriented”, “generic”, and “functional” transcategoriality. The status of linguistic categories is then discussed in the light of the analysis of these particular morphemes.
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Lukin, Annabelle, David Butt, and Christian Matthiessen. "Reporting war: Grammar as 'covert operation'." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v10i1.779.
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While it is often said that 'truth is the first casualty of war', this aphorism covers only one feature of how wars are reported, namely the deliberate use of misinformation by parties to a war. But language is by its nature a higly plastic resource: there is never just one way to report a set of events, even when the 'facts' may be uncontested. Drawing on data from newspaper reports and media briefings of the recent war in Iraq, we illustarte some of the basic grammtical systems which underlie the choice a journalist has to make, particularly in reporting 'high impact' events of the war. Using a functional apporach to grammar—where grammar is seen not as rules but as a theory of reality— we introduce some basic grammatical concepts or undertsanding the idelogical impact if different gramatical choices in contruing the events of war.
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Assaiqeli, Aladdin, Mahendran Maniam, and Mohammed Farrah. "Inversion and word order in English: A functional perspective." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 523–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i2.20217.
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English is an SVO (Subject, Verb, Object) word order language. This canonical SVO pattern is the default unmarked word-order configuration typical of English, which makes this language to be classified under the typology of SVO languages. However, driven by the major purpose of language as an instrument of human communication and social interaction, and as a semantic system for making meanings, addressors sometimes depart in their discourse from this basic canonical order of constituents where a grammaticalized system like inversion takes place, resulting in inverted constructions. Through testing and developing the Degree of Focus Hypothesis, proposed by Huffman (1993), this study, which employed a mixed methods research design, sought to explore the communicative and semantic values of inversion; and the pragmalinguistc functions of preposing, i.e., clause-initial adjuncts, to the pragmatic process of communication. The study confirmed the Degree of Focus Hypothesis where the hypothesized notion of concentration of attention stemming from inversion was found to be applicable. The paper stressed that what triggers inversion or non-inversion is a certain communicative effect such as focus rather than a relation of formal determination where one element determines mechanically the form or appearance of another. A contribution to linguistic and educational research, the paper, therefore, highlighted the importance of a human factor in the functioning of language and emphasized the need to break away from grammar-based teaching (traditional grammar) to discourse-based language teaching (communicative grammar) where languaging rather than language should be the focus of language teaching and learning.