Academic literature on the topic 'Theory of harm'

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Journal articles on the topic "Theory of harm"

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Waluchow, W. J. "Feinberg's Theory of “Preposthumous” Harm." Dialogue 25, no. 4 (1986): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300049623.

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In his recent book, Harm to Others, Joel Feinberg addresses the question whether a person can be harmed after his or her own death, that is, whether posthumous harm is a logical possibility. There is a very strong tendency to suppose that harm to the dead is simply inconceivable. After all, there cannot be harm without a subject to be harmed, but when death occurs it appears to obliterate the subject thus excluding the possibility of harm. On the other hand, there is an inclination to believe that harmful events can indeed occur posthumously. As Aristotle observed, “a dead man is popularly bel
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Wardhaugh, Bruce. "A normative approach to the criminalisation of cartel activity." Legal Studies 32, no. 3 (2012): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2011.00226.x.

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Although cartel behaviour is almost universally (and rightly) condemned, it is not clear why cartel participants deserve the full wrath of the criminal law and its associated punishment. To fill this void, I develop a normative (or principled) justification for the criminalisation of conduct characteristic of ‘hard core’ cartels. The paper opens with a brief consideration of the rhetoric commonly used to denounce cartel activity, eg that it ‘steals from’ or ‘robs’ consumers. To put the discussion in context, a brief definition of ‘hard core’ cartel behaviour is provided and the harms associate
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Brincat, Shannon. "The Harm Principle and Recognition Theory." Critical Horizons 14, no. 2 (2013): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1440991713z.0000000001.

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Dominiak, Łukasz. "Prenatal Harm and Theory of Identity." Dialogi Polityczne, no. 15 (January 1, 2013): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/dp.2013.005.

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von Hirsch, Andreas. "Harm and Wrongdoing in Criminalisation Theory." Criminal Law and Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2012): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11572-012-9192-7.

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Nelson, Brianna. "harm is." Minnesota review 2020, no. 94 (2020): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00265667-8128308.

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Shepard, Benjamin. "Harm Reduction Outreach Services and Engagement of Chemically Dependent Homeless People Living with HIV/AIDS: An Analysis of Service Utilization Data to Evaluate Program Theory." Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 23, no. 1 (2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm20072366.

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This study examines service utilization patterns among a socially vulnerable population of homeless people living with HIV/AIDS and who have a history of chemical dependence, as they are engaged through outreach services. CitiWide Harm Reduction collaborates with Montefiore Medical Center to connect homeless people with health care through harm reduction outreach and low threshold medical services. Analysis of two cohorts – individuals engaged through harm reduction outreach and individuals who “walk-in” to engage in services at CitiWide Harm Reduction’s drop-in center – assesses the program’s
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Schein, Chelsea, and Kurt Gray. "The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm." Personality and Social Psychology Review 22, no. 1 (2017): 32–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868317698288.

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The nature of harm—and therefore moral judgment—may be misunderstood. Rather than an objective matter of reason, we argue that harm should be redefined as an intuitively perceived continuum. This redefinition provides a new understanding of moral content and mechanism—the constructionist Theory of Dyadic Morality (TDM). TDM suggests that acts are condemned proportional to three elements: norm violations, negative affect, and—importantly—perceived harm. This harm is dyadic, involving an intentional agent causing damage to a vulnerable patient (A→P). TDM predicts causal links both from harm to i
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Davis, Michael. "Criminal Desert, Harm and Fairness." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 524–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010608.

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This paper has two parts. The first (sections I-III) compares retributive theories measuring criminal desert largely by the harm the criminal did or risked, with a theory measuring it by the unfair advantage the criminal necessarily took, what I shall call “the fairness theory”. This part of the paper summarizes arguments I have made elsewhere. The second part (sections IV-V) defends the fairness theory against five objections recently made against it by two important theorists, Andrew von Hirsch and Hyman Gross. The objections are variations on the charge that the fairness theory of criminal
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Denis-Lalonde, Dominique, Candace Lind, and Andrew Estefan. "Beyond the Buzzword: A Concept Analysis of Harm Reduction." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 33, no. 4 (2019): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1541-6577.33.4.310.

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Background and PurposeHarm reduction is a concept that is increasingly applied in health and social care, as well as law and policy development around the world. Despite being used in a variety of contexts for decades, there is no universal understanding of harm reduction, and this may interfere with its implementation in various settings. Using Rodgers' (1989) evolutionary approach to concept analysis, this article defines the key attributes of harm reduction, along with surrogate terms, relevant uses, antecedents, consequences, related concepts, a model case, and implications for practice.Me
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Theory of harm"

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Friedman, Alexander. "Minimizing harm : three problems in moral theory." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8155.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-258).<br>Chapter 1 (Distance and Morality): This chapter is a response toFrances Kamm's "Faminine Ethics: the Problem of Distance in Morality and Singer's Ethical Theory". I argue that Kamm fails to produce a pair of cases in which a moral difference is present that is not attributable to factors other than distance. I claim that all of Kamm's pairs of cases that purportedly show that distance per se matters in morality, and in which Kamm's moral int
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Weinberg, Mark Robert. "The experience of deliberate self harm : a grounded theory study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31723.

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This study utilized grounded theory methodology to examine the experience of transition towards, living with, and recovery from, deliberate self-harm from the perspective of people who had lived with these behaviours. The study aimed to transcend the tendency to focus on professional and clinical perspectives and to build a theory based on the direct experiences of people who have lived with deliberate self-harm. The grounded theory methodology (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) was utilized and consisted of in-depth interviews with 13 people who had recovered from deliberate self-harm as well as a regi
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Nice, Terence. "Troubled minds and scarred bodies: a grounded theory study of adolescent self-harm." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592673.

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Adolescent self-harm is an international and national issue that is positively related to adolescent suicide. It has a major impact upon the lives of young people and their families and represents a significant drain upon the economic and clinical resources of the National Health Service. The research objective of this project was to investigate what might be happening in the minds of young people who self-harm. The project was designed to capture the micro-processes of adolescent self-harm in order to identify significant constructs for the purpose of theory generation and clinical applicatio
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Hicks, David C. "Decriminalization by default, the social construction of cannabis harm and policy in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0013/MQ28428.pdf.

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Davis, Alan Kooi. "Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Employing Harm Reduction Strategies Among Ecstasy Users." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1431595589.

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Hoseason, Alexander. "Between philosophy and social science : the problem of harm in Critical Theory and International Studies." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/2b91f004-8eb7-4f29-b1b3-960669d29119.

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In varying ways, scholars working in the discipline of International Studies have found themselves, often implicitly, wrestling with the question of what should and should not count as harm and the implications of this for wider social life. Core to this tension is the way in which the discipline can be understood as lying between the explanatory concerns of a social science and a normative endeavour concerned with the reduction or mitigation of avoidable harm. This thesis argues that this tension results in an understanding of the problem of harm as a particular problem-field defined by a set
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Towery, Matthew A. "Beyond Libertarianism: Interpretations of Mill's Harm Principle and the Economic Implications Therein." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/45.

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The thesis will examine the harm principle, as originally described by John Stuart Mill. In doing so, it will defend that, though unintended, the harm principle may justify several principles of distributive justice. To augment this analysis, the paper will examine several secondary authors’ interpretations of the harm principle, including potential critiques of the thesis itself.
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Richardson, Colette. "Family therapists' experiences of working with adolescents who self-harm and their families : a grounded theory study." Thesis, University of East London, 2014. http://repository.tavistockandportman.ac.uk/1551/.

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This study is a qualitative enquiry into family therapists’ experiences of working with young people who self-harm and their families. To date, in spite of self-harm being a serious public health concern, there is relatively little exploration of the subject in family therapy literature. The study attempts to describe, understand and illuminate family therapists’ experiences: the therapeutic issues encountered, the stances adopted in response to the issues encountered, and the emotional impact on the therapist of working with this client group. A total of nine experienced family therapists par
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Lin, Ying-Hsuan. "Testing the effects of apology and compassion response in product-harm crises in situational crisis communication theory." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1451577.

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Noble, Julia. "How do individuals who self-identify as having Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptomatology perceive interventions to prevent self-harm?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/how-do-individuals-who-selfidentify-as-having-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd-symptomatology-perceive-interventions-to-prevent-selfharm(fabb86de-7c64-47cb-a564-33bd817add2e).html.

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Background: Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder [BPD] symptomatology have high rates of self-harm (50-80%). Limited information exists on the most appropriate interventions to prevent recurrent self-harm in this population. Recent reviews on BPD interventions have suggested more research needs to be conducted looking at how individuals experience interventions with the aim of identifying the effective components of interventions. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine how individuals with BPD symptomatology experience interventions to prevent self-harm using a qua
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Books on the topic "Theory of harm"

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Prostitution, harm and gender inequality: Theory, research and policy. Ashgate, 2011.

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Newcombe, Russell. The reduction of drug-related harm: A conceptual framework for theory, practice and research. Drugs & HIV Monitoring Unit, Mersey Regional Health Authority, 1990.

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Love does no harm: Sexual ethics for the rest of us. Continuum, 1995.

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Plato's epistemology: How hard is it to know? Peter Lang Pub., 1996.

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For positivist organization theory: Proving the hard core. Sage Publications, 1996.

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Stephenson, Matthew C. A Costly signaling theory of hard look revie. Harvard Law School, 2006.

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Berman, Eli. Hard targets: Theory and evidence on suicide attacks. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Berman, Eli. Hard targets: Theory and evidence on suicide attacks. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Culicover, Peter W. Syntactic nuts: Hard cases, syntactic theory, and language acquisition. Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Mulero, Ángel, ed. Theory and Simulation of Hard-Sphere Fluids and Related Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78767-9.

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Book chapters on the topic "Theory of harm"

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Owen, Jesse, Karen W. Tao, and Joanna M. Drinane. "Microaggressions: Clinical Impact and Psychological Harm." In Microaggression Theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642.ch5.

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Moro, Regina R., and Jana Burson. "Harm Reduction: Meeting Clients Where They Are." In Theory and Practice of Addiction Counseling. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071800461.n15.

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Tyagi, Kalpana. "Theory of Harm: Unilateral Effects in ICT Mergers." In Promoting Competition in Innovation Through Merger Control in the ICT Sector. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58784-3_4.

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Johnson, Matthew Thomas. "Applying the Theory: Sources of Harm in Aboriginal Australian Communities." In Evaluating Culture. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137313799_7.

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Cooper, Rachel. "Must Disorders Cause Harm? The Changing Stance of the DSM." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9765-8_5.

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Yar, Majid. "Recognition as the Grounds of a General Theory of Crime as Social Harm?" In Recognition Theory as Social Research. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137262929_6.

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Tabuchi, Takahiro. "Interpretation of Risks of Novel Tobacco Products, Including Harm Reduction Theory." In Science and Practice for Heated Tobacco Products. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4504-1_8.

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Roberts, Karl A. "Honour-Related Beliefs and Risk of Harm: Theory and Challenges for Policing." In Policing Encounters with Vulnerability. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51228-0_11.

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Esposito, Fabrizio, and Anne-Lise Sibony. "In Search of the Theory of Harm in EU Consumer Law: Lessons from the Consumer Fitness Check." In Consumer Law and Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49028-7_12.

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Tanaev, V. S., V. S. Gordon, and Y. M. Shafransky. "NP-Hard Problems." In Scheduling Theory. Single-Stage Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1190-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Theory of harm"

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Умарова, Мадина Алиевна. "BUSINESS REPUTATION OF A LEGAL ENTITY: THEORY ISSUES." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ "Нацразвитие" (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/may191.2021.78.10.028.

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Статья посвящена проблемным вопросам защиты деловой репутации юридических лиц, анализируется понятие морального вреда, его соотношение с категориями нематериальный вред, неимущественный вред, способы защиты деловой репутации. The article is devoted to the problematic issues of protecting the business reputation of legal entities, analyzes the concept of moral harm, its relationship with the categories of intangible harm, non-pecuniary damage, ways to protect business reputation.
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Xie, Yi, and Xiaoying Zheng. "CONSUMERS’ RESPONSES ON GLOBAL BRANDS’ PRODUCT-HARM CRISES: THE EFFECT OF LAY THEORY." In Bridging Asia and the World: Global Platform for Interface between Marketing and Management. Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Associations, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2016.10.02.05.

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Rocke, Sean. "Harm Claim Thresholds: On the Use of Extreme Value Theory for Receiver Environment Characterization." In 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcncw.2017.7919115.

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Ahmedov, Ruslan, and Yuliya Ivanova. "Content of harm caused by a source of increased danger: some aspects." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-53-61.

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To date, one of the most relevant issues in the framework of civil law is the problem related to the regulation of liability issues. Particularly significant is the aspect that is associated with the regulation of obligations arising from the infliction of any damage by such an entity that is able, by virtue of its properties and qualities, to act as a source of super-strong harm.
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Kadochnikov, Dmitriy. "The current state of the theory and practice of establishing the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of exposure to a biological factor." In Issues of determining the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of the impact of a biological factor. Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/conferencearticle_5fdcb03a7e5b85.32958107.

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The article presents the state of the theory and practice of establishing the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of exposure to a biological factor. It is shown that at present, the severity of health damage from exposure to a biological factor is assessed mainly by the duration of a health disorder. Given that the biological factor is inherent in the ambiguity of the outcome, the transition to a chronic form and the presence of a long incubation period, an assessment of the duration of a health disorder cannot be objective and reasonable. A solution to this problem is propose
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Dmitriyev, Alexey. "The Welfare of Each and Everyone in Russian Legal Theory." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-24.

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The prerequisite for the study was the spread of views in the academic literature that the category of public welfare, without accounting for concretising factors, was a void abstraction, and that in Russia, public welfare was seen as the dominant principle over the individual. The main purpose of the study is to analyse the content of the term ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in Russian legal theory. The author uses the methods of conceptual history and intellectual history to analyse the concept of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in the works of pre-revolutionary authors and the relatio
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Bzymek, Zbigniew M., and Eliot Brown. "Introduction of Prevention Engineering Into the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10469.

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Abstract In today’s fast growing world, the economy — especially the field of technology and production — are developing very rapidly. Engineering design that would predict the results of this rapid development and equip the society with tools to control them, faces a big challenge. Rapidly developing technology brings many benefits to humanity and makes life easier, friendlier and more comfortable. This has been the case for thousands of years as new branches of engineering were born and came to serve society. One might say that engineers have the privilege of creating a bloodless and peacefu
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Peleckis, Kęstutis, Valentina Peleckienė, Bahman Peyravi, and Edita Leonavičienė. "Competition assessment in business negotiations under distorting market conditions." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.509.

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The competition assessment process provides an analytical framework for business negotiation entities to mitigate, or avoid potential competition problems. It helps to identify possible alternatives that may reduce, or eliminate potential harm to competition. Limiting the number of business negotiation enti-ties leads to the risk that market power will be created and competitive rivalry will be reduced. The aim of the article is to analyze the theory and practice of developing and implementing business negotiation strat-egies in a complex way, also to evaluate the level of competition in disto
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FONTANNAZ, M. "HARD INTERACTIONS: THEORY SUMMARY." In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778345_0013.

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Maqsood, Tayyab, Andrew Finegan, and Derek Walker. "Biases and Heuristics in Judgment and Decision Making: The Dark Side of Tacit Knowledge." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2739.

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The crux of knowledge management theory is to devise different strategies to capture the tacit knowledge of the people in the organization, to make it explicit and to share it throughout the organization. This paper draws from the literature in cognitive psychology and highlights the limitation of the human mind by observing that knowledge is lost out of memory over time. Judgment and gut feelings are usually associated with different forms of biases and heuristics that may influence decision making negatively by altering the context in which the knowledge has been constructed. The paper argue
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Reports on the topic "Theory of harm"

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Maconachie, Roy, Neil Howard, and Rosilin Bock. Theorising ‘Harm’ in Relation to Children’s Work. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2020.003.

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A central and implicit issue that shapes the present political and institutional consensus surrounding child labour is the notion of harm. Although efforts to address children’s work rest firmly on assumptions about what is harmful, no coherent theory of harm exists. In this paper, we critically explore ‘harm’ in the context of children’s work and call for a more situated and nuanced approach, incorporating ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ dimensions. Such an approach has important implications for future research and policy action.
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Berman, Eli, and David Laitin. Hard Targets: Theory and Evidence on Suicide Attacks. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11740.

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Plummer, Michael D. Matching and Vertex Packing: How Hard Are They? Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada245928.

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Hilbrecht, Margo, Sally M. Gainsbury, Nassim Tabri, et al. Prevention and education evidence review: Gambling-related harm. Edited by Margo Hilbrecht. Greo, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2021.006.

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This report supports an evidence-based approach to the prevention and education objective of the National Strategy to Reduce Harm from Gambling. Applying a public health policy lens, it considers three levels of measures: universal (for the benefit of the whole population), selective (for the benefit of at-risk groups), and indicated (for the benefit of at-risk individuals). Six measures are reviewed by drawing upon a range of evidence in the academic and grey literature. The universal level measures are “Regulatory restriction on how gambling is provided” and “Population-based safer gambling/
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Marketa Zimova, Marketa Zimova. Bad hare days: What happens when hares lose their invisibility? Experiment, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/10737.

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Borenstein, Severin, and Nancy Rose. Do Airlines in Chapter 11 Harm Their Rivals? Bankruptcy and Pricing Behavior in U.S. Airline Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5047.

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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PIS
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Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.

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This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of N
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Baloch, Imdad, Tom Kaye, Saalim Koomar, and Chris McBurnie. Pakistan Topic Brief: Providing Distance Learning to Hard-to-reach Children. EdTech Hub, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0026.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in mass school closures across the world. It is expected that the closures in low- and -middle-income countries (LMICs) will have long-term negative consequences on education and also on broader development outcomes. Countries face a number of obstacles to effectively delivering alternative forms of education. Obstacles include limited experience in facing such challenges, limited teacher digital and pedagogical capacity, and infrastructure constraints related to power and connectivity. Furthermore, inequalities in learning outcomes are expected to widen with
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Idris, Iffat. Documentation of Survivors of Gender-based Violence (GBV). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.103.

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Abstract:
This review is largely based on grey literature, in particular policy documents and reports by international development organizations. While there was substantial literature on approaches and principles to GBV documentation, there was less on remote service delivery such as helplines – much of this only in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, very little was found on actual examples of GBV documentation in developing contexts. By definition, gender featured strongly in the available literature; the particular needs of persons with disabilities were also addressed in discussions of
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