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Journal articles on the topic 'Theory of harm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Waluchow, W. J. "Feinberg's Theory of “Preposthumous” Harm." Dialogue 25, no. 4 (1986): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300049623.

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In his recent book, Harm to Others, Joel Feinberg addresses the question whether a person can be harmed after his or her own death, that is, whether posthumous harm is a logical possibility. There is a very strong tendency to suppose that harm to the dead is simply inconceivable. After all, there cannot be harm without a subject to be harmed, but when death occurs it appears to obliterate the subject thus excluding the possibility of harm. On the other hand, there is an inclination to believe that harmful events can indeed occur posthumously. As Aristotle observed, “a dead man is popularly bel

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2

Wardhaugh, Bruce. "A normative approach to the criminalisation of cartel activity." Legal Studies 32, no. 3 (2012): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2011.00226.x.

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Although cartel behaviour is almost universally (and rightly) condemned, it is not clear why cartel participants deserve the full wrath of the criminal law and its associated punishment. To fill this void, I develop a normative (or principled) justification for the criminalisation of conduct characteristic of ‘hard core’ cartels. The paper opens with a brief consideration of the rhetoric commonly used to denounce cartel activity, eg that it ‘steals from’ or ‘robs’ consumers. To put the discussion in context, a brief definition of ‘hard core’ cartel behaviour is provided and the harms associate

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3

Brincat, Shannon. "The Harm Principle and Recognition Theory." Critical Horizons 14, no. 2 (2013): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1440991713z.0000000001.

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4

Dominiak, Łukasz. "Prenatal Harm and Theory of Identity." Dialogi Polityczne, no. 15 (January 1, 2013): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/dp.2013.005.

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5

von Hirsch, Andreas. "Harm and Wrongdoing in Criminalisation Theory." Criminal Law and Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2012): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11572-012-9192-7.

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6

Nelson, Brianna. "harm is." Minnesota review 2020, no. 94 (2020): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00265667-8128308.

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7

Shepard, Benjamin. "Harm Reduction Outreach Services and Engagement of Chemically Dependent Homeless People Living with HIV/AIDS: An Analysis of Service Utilization Data to Evaluate Program Theory." Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 23, no. 1 (2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm20072366.

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This study examines service utilization patterns among a socially vulnerable population of homeless people living with HIV/AIDS and who have a history of chemical dependence, as they are engaged through outreach services. CitiWide Harm Reduction collaborates with Montefiore Medical Center to connect homeless people with health care through harm reduction outreach and low threshold medical services. Analysis of two cohorts – individuals engaged through harm reduction outreach and individuals who “walk-in” to engage in services at CitiWide Harm Reduction’s drop-in center – assesses the program’s

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8

Schein, Chelsea, and Kurt Gray. "The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm." Personality and Social Psychology Review 22, no. 1 (2017): 32–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868317698288.

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The nature of harm—and therefore moral judgment—may be misunderstood. Rather than an objective matter of reason, we argue that harm should be redefined as an intuitively perceived continuum. This redefinition provides a new understanding of moral content and mechanism—the constructionist Theory of Dyadic Morality (TDM). TDM suggests that acts are condemned proportional to three elements: norm violations, negative affect, and—importantly—perceived harm. This harm is dyadic, involving an intentional agent causing damage to a vulnerable patient (A→P). TDM predicts causal links both from harm to i

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9

Davis, Michael. "Criminal Desert, Harm and Fairness." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 524–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010608.

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This paper has two parts. The first (sections I-III) compares retributive theories measuring criminal desert largely by the harm the criminal did or risked, with a theory measuring it by the unfair advantage the criminal necessarily took, what I shall call “the fairness theory”. This part of the paper summarizes arguments I have made elsewhere. The second part (sections IV-V) defends the fairness theory against five objections recently made against it by two important theorists, Andrew von Hirsch and Hyman Gross. The objections are variations on the charge that the fairness theory of criminal

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10

Denis-Lalonde, Dominique, Candace Lind, and Andrew Estefan. "Beyond the Buzzword: A Concept Analysis of Harm Reduction." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 33, no. 4 (2019): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1541-6577.33.4.310.

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Background and PurposeHarm reduction is a concept that is increasingly applied in health and social care, as well as law and policy development around the world. Despite being used in a variety of contexts for decades, there is no universal understanding of harm reduction, and this may interfere with its implementation in various settings. Using Rodgers' (1989) evolutionary approach to concept analysis, this article defines the key attributes of harm reduction, along with surrogate terms, relevant uses, antecedents, consequences, related concepts, a model case, and implications for practice.Me

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11

Brisman, Avi. "Of Theory and Meaning in Green Criminology." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 2 (2014): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i2.173.

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In this article, I focus on green criminology’s relationship with theory with the aim of describing some of its animating features and offering some suggestions for green criminology’s further emergence. In so doing, I examine green criminology’s intra-disciplinary theoretical engagement and the notion of applying different meanings and interpretations to established theory. Following this, I explore green criminology’s interface with theories and ideas outside criminology – what I refer to as green criminology’s extra-disciplinary theoretical engagement. I conclude by suggesting that green cr

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12

Stimson, Gerry V. "Harm reduction in action: putting theory into practice." International Journal of Drug Policy 9, no. 6 (1998): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-3959(98)00056-5.

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13

Ryzhenkov, A. Ya. "Legal regulation of environmental damage compensation: problems of theory and practice." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.67.3.077-085.

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The article examines the issues of theory and practice of compensation for environmental damage, and formulates its concept. Attention is drawn to the features of compensation of harm to the environment in the context of judicial practices, discusses the legal position of the constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court, the conclusion about inadmissibility of adoption subjects of the Russian Federation normative acts regulating compensation of harm to the environment at rates and methods. The conclusion that harm to human life, health and property caused by the negativ

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14

Gadzhiev, M. A. "The problem of “harm” in the theory of international relations." MGIMO Review of International Relations 12, no. 5 (2019): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-5-68-24-43.

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The article provides an analytical review of the literature on the issue of harm in the theory of international relations, as a result of which this issue has been supplemented and expanded. The issue has initially been posed by Andrew Linklater as a question of physical harm to humans in the context of a state-centered international system. Audra Mitchell entered into a discussion with A. Linklater from the standpoint of post-humanism. From her point of view, harm should be evaluated not only and not so much from the human point of view, but from the perspective the whole world, the totality

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15

Brawley, Otis W., and Barnett S. Kramer. "Cancer Screening in Theory and in Practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 2 (2005): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.06.107.

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Improvements in technology have led to a number of tests that can be used to suggest that a patient has a cancer. Advances in cancer biology and medical imaging have led to a number of cancer screening tests. Cancer screening is commonly advocated, but its complexity is often lost in guidelines that have sound-bite quality. It is commonly viewed as of no harm, when in fact there are harms associated with every known screening test. Indeed, many screening experts believe a screening test should only be used when the potential for benefit clearly outweighs the potential for harm. Cancer screenin

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16

Descamps, Ambroise, Timo Klein, and Gareth Shier. "Algorithms and competition: the latest theory and evidence." Competition Law Journal 20, no. 1 (2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2021.01.04.

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In the modern economy, algorithms influence many aspects of our lives, from how much we pay for groceries and what adverts we see, to the decisions taken by health professionals. As is true with all new technologies, algorithms bring new economic opportunities and make our lives easier, but they also bring new challenges. Indeed, many competition authorities have voiced their concerns that under certain circumstances algorithms may harm consumers, lead to exclusion of some competitors and may even enable firms (knowingly or otherwise) to avoid competitive pressure and collude. In this article,

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17

de Villiers-Botha, Tanya. "Harm as Negative Prudential Value: A Non-Comparative Account of Harm." SATS 21, no. 1 (2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sats-2019-0025.

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AbstractIn recent attempts to define “harm,” comparative accounts of harm, specifically counterfactual comparative accounts, have been touted as the most promising approaches to defining the concept. Nevertheless, such accounts face serious difficulties. This has led to the call for the concept to simply be dropped from the moral lexicon altogether. I reject this call, arguing that non-comparative approaches to defining harm have not been sufficiently explored. I develop such an account and claim that it avoids the difficulties faced by comparative accounts while not presupposing a substantive

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18

Marsden, Philip, and Simon Bishop. "Article 82 Review: “What is Your Theory of Harm?”." European Competition Journal 2, no. 2 (2006): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/ecj.v2n2.257.

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19

Edgell, Robert A., and Roland Vogl. "A Theory of Innovation: Benefit, Harm, and Legal Regimes." Law, Innovation and Technology 5, no. 1 (2013): 21–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/17579961.5.1.21.

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20

Banyard, Kat. "Prostitution, Harm and Gender Inequality: Theory, Research and Policy." Gender & Development 21, no. 1 (2013): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2013.767536.

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21

van der Bruggen, Madeleine. "Prostitution, harm and gender inequality: theory, research and policy." Journal of Sexual Aggression 19, no. 2 (2013): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2013.796093.

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22

Kamm, F. M. "Failures of Just War Theory: Terror, Harm, and Justice." Ethics 114, no. 4 (2004): 650–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/383441.

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23

Muckler, Dane, and James Stacey Taylor. "The Irrelevance of Harm for a Theory of Disease." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 45, no. 3 (2020): 332–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhaa007.

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Abstract Normativism holds that there is a close conceptual link between disease and disvalue. We challenge normativism by advancing an argument against a popular normativist theory, Jerome Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction account. Wakefield maintains that medical disorders are breakdowns (dysfunctions) in evolved mechanisms that cause significant harm to the organism. We argue that Wakefield’s account is not a promising way to distinguish between disease and health because being harmful is neither necessary nor sufficient for a dysfunction to be a disorder. Counterexamples to the harmful dysfu

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24

Slavny, Adam. "How Eventful is the Event-Based Theory of Harm?" Journal of Value Inquiry 48, no. 3 (2014): 559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10790-014-9433-1.

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25

Esposito, F. "Towards a General Theory of Harm for Consumer Law." Journal of Consumer Policy 44, no. 2 (2021): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-020-09475-9.

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26

Baker, Dennis J., and Lucy X. Zhao. "The Normativity of Using Prison to Control Hate Speech." New Criminal Law Review 16, no. 4 (2013): 621–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2013.16.4.621.

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We question the justice of using prison sentences to control hate speech. It is argued that prison sentences should be used only to deter offensive and hateful speech that harms others. However, the harm requirement cannot be satisfied merely by demonstrating theoretical harm in the abstract, as Jeremy Waldron does in his recent book. Instead, factual harm has to be demonstrated because prison is in fact very harmful for the expresser of the offensive and hateful speech. There is noting wrong with penal measures being used to deter this kind of speech, but harmful prison sentences should not b

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27

Hsu, Melissa Yi-Ting, and Julian Ming-Sung Cheng. "fMRI neuromarketing and consumer learning theory." European Journal of Marketing 52, no. 1/2 (2018): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2016-0866.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of gender on the neural substrates of theories on consumer behavior (i.e. the original compared with the revised versions of consumer learning [CL] theory) and to examine whether gender influences brain activation associated with word-of-mouth (WOM) communications (i.e. information specificity, source expertise and tie strength) after a product harm crisis. This article also discusses the WOM effects of product quality perception, negative emotion and purchase intentions by precise localizing brain activity. Design/methodology/approach

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28

Dungan, James A., and Liane Young. "Asking ‘why?’ enhances theory of mind when evaluating harm but not purity violations." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 7 (2019): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz048.

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Abstract Recent work in psychology and neuroscience has revealed important differences in the cognitive processes underlying judgments of harm and purity violations. In particular, research has demonstrated that whether a violation was committed intentionally vs accidentally has a larger impact on moral judgments of harm violations (e.g. assault) than purity violations (e.g. incest). Here, we manipulate the instructions provided to participants for a moral judgment task to further probe the boundary conditions of this intent effect. Specifically, we instructed participants undergoing functiona

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29

Finlay, Christopher J. "The concept of violence in international theory: a Double-Intent Account." International Theory 9, no. 1 (2017): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971916000245.

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The ability of international ethics and political theory to establish a genuinely critical standpoint from which to evaluate uses of armed force has been challenged by various lines of argument. On one, theorists question the narrow conception of violence on which analysis relies. Were they right, it would overturn two key assumptions: first, that violence is sufficiently distinctive to merit attention as a category separate from other modes of human harming; second, that it is troubling in a special way that makes acts of violence peculiarly hard to justify. This paper defends a narrow unders

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30

Slee, Nadja, Ella Arensman, Nadia Garnefski, and Philip Spinhoven. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Deliberate Self-Harm." Crisis 28, no. 4 (2007): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.4.175.

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Patients who engage in deliberate self-harm (DSH) form a heterogeneous population. There is a need for psychotherapeutic interventions that give therapists the flexibility to tailor the treatment plan to the needs of an individual patient. To detect essential ingredients for treatment, three different cognitive-behavioral theories of DSH will be reviewed: (1) the cognitive-behavioral theory of Linehan (1993a) , (2) the cognitive theory of Berk, Henriques, Warman, Brown, and Beck (2004) , and (3) the cognitive-behavioral theory of Rudd, Joiner, and Rajab (2001) . A review of these theories make

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31

Kotāne, Silvija. "OFFENSES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT, ESSENTIAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN THEORY AND PRACTICE." Administrative and Criminal Justice 1, no. 78 (2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v1i78.2795.

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This paper shall review of the development of environmental criminal – legal protection in the Republic of Latvia. One of the most complicated valuation terms in Criminal law is essential harm. The adverse effects of marking, used assessment concept – "essential harm" to the Criminal Law Section 11, provisions are included as a criminal offense frame sign. Valuation concept „essential harm” or “significant damage” is widely used. Material injury is one of the mandatory features of the objective of acriminal offence defining the legal classification of the offence and, inany particular case, to

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32

Hunt, Neil, and Alex Stevens. "Whose Harm? Harm Reduction and the Shift to Coercion in UK Drug Policy." Social Policy and Society 3, no. 4 (2004): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746404001964.

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Building on Stimson's (2000) analysis, this paper examines the shift from a focus on health towards one of crime within UK drug policy. The increased use of coerced or compulsory treatment of drug users is discussed with reference to harm reduction theory and the question of whose harm is prioritised in shaping drug services. We also identify mechanisms by which the efficacy of treatment approaches based on coercion may be lessened or reduce the efficacy of other existing services. Failure to consider these may be an important omission in any appraisal of the impact of policies that increasing

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33

McDermott, Michael. "Harms and objections." Analysis 79, no. 3 (2018): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/any062.

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Abstract Intuition says that choosing to create a miserable person is wrong, but choosing not to create a happy one is not; this is ‘the Asymmetry’. There is a complete theory which agrees – the ‘Harm Minimization’ theory. A well-known objection is that this theory rejects Parfit’s principle of ‘No Difference’. But No Difference has less intuitive support than the Asymmetry, and there seems to be no complete theory which agrees with both. There is, however, a more serious problem for Harm Minimization: it says it is wrong to create happy people if we could have made some of them happier at the

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34

Todino, Mario, Geoffroy van de Walle, and Lucia Stoican. "EU Merger Control and Harm to Innovation—A Long Walk to Freedom (from the Chains of Causation)." Antitrust Bulletin 64, no. 1 (2018): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18816549.

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In a string of recent merger decisions, culminating in the Dow/DuPont case, the European Commission has profoundly revisited its traditional analysis of innovation and, ultimately, introduced what some authors have labeled “a novel theory of harm in EU merger policy.” According to this theory, the Commission does not look at harm to innovation on a specific product market in which parties are developing similar pipeline products, but adopts a general assessment of harm to innovation, unrelated to a specific product market and without considering potential anticompetitive effects on this basis.

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35

De Coninck, Raphaël, and Roman Fischer. "Pivotality: A Sound New Theory of Harm in Horizontal Mergers?" Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 11, no. 7 (2020): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpaa049.

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36

Järvinen, Margaretha. "Approaches to methadone treatment: harm reduction in theory and practice." Sociology of Health & Illness 30, no. 7 (2008): 975–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01094.x.

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37

Moore, David, and Tim Rhodes. "Social theory in drug research, drug policy and harm reduction." International Journal of Drug Policy 15, no. 5-6 (2004): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.08.003.

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38

BOSWORTH, MARY. "SELF-HARM IN WOMEN'S PRISONS." Criminology Public Policy 5, no. 1 (2006): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00109.x.

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39

Brent, Kerryn, Jeffrey McGee, and Amy Maguire. "Does the ‘No-Harm’ Rule Have a Role in Preventing Transboundary Harm and Harm to the Global Atmospheric Commons from Geoengineering?" Climate Law 5, no. 1 (2015): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00501007.

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Solar Radiation Management (srm) geoengineering poses a significant risk of transboundary and global atmospheric harm. How might international law regulate the future use of srm? We explore how the ‘no-harm rule’ from customary international law might contribute to the international governance of future attempts at srm. The no-harm rule imposes a legal duty on states to prevent significant damage across borders and in the global commons. Existing geoengineering literature assumes that, as the international law system lacks a mandatory enforcement mechanism, the no-harm rule will play little or

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40

MANN, RONI. "Non-ideal theory of constitutional adjudication." Global Constitutionalism 7, no. 1 (2018): 14–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381717000247.

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Abstract:When a constitutional court faces opposition from other branches of government or significant segments of the public, should it always hold fast to what it considers constitutionally right, even where this would potentially harm its status and perceived legitimacy? Or are constitutional compromises sometimes justified? Such ‘institutionally hard’ cases – those characterised by a sharp tension between constitutional principle and institutional prudence – pose a true dilemma for constitutionalism. This article advances a realistic, yet principled, liberal-constitutional approach to this

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41

Keating, Gregory C. "THE PRIORITY OF RESPECT OVER REPAIR." Legal Theory 18, no. 3 (2012): 293–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325212000031.

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Contemporary tort theory is dominated by a debate between legal economists and corrective-justice theorists. Legal economists suppose that tortfeasors and tortious wrongs are false targets for cheapest cost-avoiders and avoidable future losses. Corrective-justice theorists argue powerfully that the economic account of tort as search for cheapest cost-avoiders with respect to future accidents does not capture the most fundamental fact about tort adjudication, namely, that the reason we hold defendants liable in tort is that they have wronged their victims and should therefore repair the harm th

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Nurse, Angus. "Masculinities and Animal Harm." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 5 (2020): 908–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x20965458.

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This paper explores the role of masculinities in animal harm and conceptions on the Masculinities Offender, primarily motivated by power and masculine behaviors. Within “masculinities crimes,” the exercise of power allied to sport or entertainment is significantly linked to organized crime and gambling. Masculinities crimes also include elements of cruelty or animal abuse and perceptions by offenders of their actions having cultural significance, and where toughness, masculinity, and smartness combine with a love of excitement. Examples include badger digging, badger baiting, cock-fighting, an

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Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora. "Technology, Dead Male Bodies, and Feminist Recognition: Gendering ICT Harm Theory." Australian Feminist Law Journal 44, no. 1 (2018): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13200968.2018.1465371.

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Morrill, Allison C., Rev Elizabeth Mastroieni, and Sarah Roskam Leibel. "Behavioral HIV Harm Reduction Programs for Incarcerated Women: Theory and Practice." Journal of Correctional Health Care 5, no. 2 (1998): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107834589800500207.

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Wysocki, Igor. "Prenatal Harm and Theory of Identity: A Reply to Łukasz Dominiak." Dialogi Polityczne, no. 16 (January 1, 2014): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/dp.2014.006.

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46

Mangnall, Jacqueline, and Eleanor Yurkovich. "A grounded theory exploration of deliberate self-harm in incarcerated women." Journal of Forensic Nursing 6, no. 2 (2010): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2010.01072.x.

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47

Gutworth, Melissa B., Lily Cushenbery, and Samuel T. Hunter. "Creativity for Deliberate Harm: Malevolent Creativity and Social Information Processing Theory." Journal of Creative Behavior 52, no. 4 (2016): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jocb.155.

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48

Darley, John M., and Thane S. Pittman. "The Psychology of Compensatory and Retributive Justice." Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, no. 4 (2003): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_05.

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How do observers respond when the actions of one individual inflict harm on another? The primary reaction to carelessly inflicted harm is to seek restitution; the offender is judged to owe compensation to the harmed individual. The primary reaction to harm inflicted intentionally is moral outrage producing a desire for retribution; the harm-doer tust be punished. Reckless conduct, an intermediate case, provokes reactions that involve elements of both careless and intentional harm. The moral outrage felt by those who witness transgressions is a product of both cognitive interpretations of the e

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49

Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. "Harm Principle, Offence Principle, and the Skokie Affair." Political Studies 41, no. 3 (1993): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1993.tb01649.x.

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The primary aims are to formulate principles conducive to safeguarding fundamental civil rights and to employ the theory to analyse the Skokie affair. The focus is on the ethical question of the constraints on speech. I advance two arguments relating to the ‘Harm Principle’ and the ‘Offence Principle’. Under the ‘Harm Principle’, restrictions on liberty may be prescribed when there are sheer threats of immediate violence against some individuals or groups. Under the ‘Offence Principle’, expressions which intend to inflict psychological offence are morally on a par with physical harm and thus t

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50

Kaufman, Whitley. "Torture and the “Distributive Justice” Theory of Self-Defense: An Assessment." Ethics & International Affairs 22, no. 1 (2008): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2008.00131.x.

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The notorious Bybee Memorandum produced by the Bush Administration in 2002 defends the use of coercive interrogation by (among other things) arguing that torturing terrorists in order to prevent future harm could be justified as a form of “self-defense.” This argument relies on a recent and little-known theory of self-defense that I call the “distributive justice” theory. The goal of this essay is to demonstrate that distributive justice is a flawed theory of self-defense and must be rejected, thus undercutting the argument that torture can be justified as self-defense. Harm inflicted on a per

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