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Journal articles on the topic 'Theory of island biogeography'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Gravel, Dominique, François Massol, Elsa Canard, David Mouillot, and Nicolas Mouquet. "Trophic theory of island biogeography." Ecology Letters 14, no. 10 (August 2, 2011): 1010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01667.x.

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2

Chisholm, Ryan A., Tak Fung, Deepthi Chimalakonda, and James P. O'Dwyer. "Maintenance of biodiversity on islands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1829 (April 27, 2016): 20160102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0102.

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MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography predicts that island species richness should increase with island area. This prediction generally holds among large islands, but among small islands species richness often varies independently of island area, producing the so-called ‘small-island effect’ and an overall biphasic species–area relationship (SAR). Here, we develop a unified theory that explains the biphasic island SAR. Our theory's key postulate is that as island area increases, the total number of immigrants increases faster than niche diversity. A parsimonious mechanistic model approximating these processes reproduces a biphasic SAR and provides excellent fits to 100 archipelago datasets. In the light of our theory, the biphasic island SAR can be interpreted as arising from a transition from a niche-structured regime on small islands to a colonization–extinction balance regime on large islands. The first regime is characteristic of classic deterministic niche theories; the second regime is characteristic of stochastic theories including the theory of island biogeography and neutral theory. The data furthermore confirm our theory's key prediction that the transition between the two SAR regimes should occur at smaller areas, where immigration is stronger (i.e. for taxa that are better dispersers and for archipelagos that are less isolated).

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3

Obrist, Debora S., Patrick J. Hanly, Jeremiah C. Kennedy, Owen T. Fitzpatrick, Sara B. Wickham, Christopher M. Ernst, Wiebe Nijland, et al. "Marine subsidies mediate patterns in avian island biogeography." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (March 11, 2020): 20200108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0108.

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The classical theory of island biogeography , which predicts species richness using island area and isolation, has been expanded to include contributions from marine subsidies, i.e. subsidized island biogeography (SIB) theory . We tested the effects of marine subsidies on species diversity and population density on productive temperate islands, evaluating SIB predictions previously untested at comparable scales and subsidy levels. We found that the diversity of terrestrial breeding bird communities on 91 small islands (approx. 0.0001–3 km 2 ) along the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada were correlated most strongly with island area, but also with marine subsidies. Species richness increased and population density decreased with island area, but isolation had no measurable influence. Species richness was negatively correlated with marine subsidy, measured as forest-edge soil δ 15 N. Density, however, was higher on islands with higher marine subsidy, and a negative interaction between area and subsidy indicates that this effect is stronger on smaller islands, offering some support for SIB. Our study emphasizes how subsidies from the sea can shape diversity patterns on islands and can even exceed the importance of isolation in determining species richness and densities of terrestrial biota.

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4

RECHER, HARRY F. "The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited." Austral Ecology 36, no. 7 (October 25, 2011): e36-e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02226.x.

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5

Cousin, Jarrad. "Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 1 (2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090075.

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The theory of island biogeography revolutionized the study of island colonization and extinction. Since its inception in the 1960?s, it has allowed scientists and historians alike to understand reasons for patterns of species distributions on islands, as well as assisting conservation managers to model extinction risk of species populations on isolated islands. Volcanic islands represent a ?tabula rasa?, or clean slate for the study of island biogeography, as invariably, resultant volcanic activity decimates almost all observable life. As such, they form the ideal study unit for examining colonization of islands. The Krakatua eruption of 1883 is such an example, with the resultant blasts scouring the Krakatua islands of almost all life, thus allowing scientists to track the colonisation and successional stages that followed. Another example is Surtsey Island, which emerged from the sea 40 km south of Iceland in 1963. It represented a unique opportunity to examine colonization of a previously non-existent and thus uninhabited island. Given that there are many influences and avenues governing the origin and colonization of life on islands, Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities, edited by Tim New, represents an important book compiling information on this topic.

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6

Lomolino, Mark V., and James H. Brown. "The Reticulating Phylogeny of Island Biogeography Theory." Quarterly Review of Biology 84, no. 4 (December 2009): 357–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/648123.

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7

Ogden, John. "Altitudinal diversity gradients and the theory of island biogeography - an explanation." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 3 (2002): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020213.

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As part of a wider discussion of forest diversity in New Zealand, Ogden (1995) pointed out that the area available between any pair of contours on a conical mountain decreased with altitude in parallel with the decrease in species richness. This correlation is confounded with other environmental variables, such as temperature, which have been widely considered to be causal in the diversity decline. However, generalization has been elusive, and the supposed causal mechanisms are often couched in vague terms such as "harshness". Ogden chose to emphasize area, and invoked the theory of island biogeography of MacArthur and Wilson (1967) by drawing parallels between islands and successively superimposed areas on mountains. Kingston (this issue) objected, mainly on the grounds that the theory of island biogeography refers to "isolated" areas and deals with the equilibrium between immigration and extinction, on which Ogden presented no evidence. In the light of these criticisms the data presented in Ogden (1995) is re-assessed here. I conclude that the "area hypothesis" is at least as good as any other for "explaining" (correlating with) elevational diversity trends. Area is itself correlated with environmental heterogeneity, which is presumably more important as a causal agent. However, Kingston's insistence on the need for evidence on immigration and extinction to support the application of island biogeography theory is acknowledged.

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8

Bell, Aaron J., Iain D. Phillips, Scott E. Nielsen, and John R. Spence. "Boreal ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages of the mainland and islands in Lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.12.

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AbstractWe tested the applicability of the “passive sampling” hypothesis and theory of island biogeography (TIB) for explaining the diversity of forest-dwelling carabid assemblages (Carabidae: Coleoptera) on 30 forested islands (0.2–980.7 ha) in Lac la Ronge and the adjacent mainland in Saskatchewan, Canada. Species richness per unit area increased with distance to mainland with diversity being highest on the most isolated islands. We detected neither a positive species-area relationship, nor significant differences in species richness among island size classes, or between islands and the mainland. Nonetheless, carabid assemblages distinctly differed on islands <1 ha in area and gradually approached the structure of mainland assemblages as island area increased. Small islands were characterised by abundant populations of small-bodied, winged species and few if any large-bodied, flightless species like Carabus taedatus Fabricius. Our findings suggest that neither the “passive sampling” hypothesis nor the theory of island biogeography adequately explain carabid beetle diversity patterns observed among islands in Lac la Ronge. Instead, we hypothesise that population processes such as higher extinction rates of large-bodied, flightless species and the associated release of smaller-bodied, flying species from intra-guild predation on small islands contribute to observed differences in the structure of carabid assemblages between islands.

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9

Kay, M. K. "Linking biosecurity and biogeography." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4778.

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The unfathomable complexity of species interactions within biological systems tempts us to impose tidy concepts in an effort to predict or explain how ecosystems react to perturbation through species extinction or invasion The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB) contends that islands are inherently at risk of both invasion and extinction of species The appealing logic of the ETIB and a general consensus that biodiversity is linked to ecosystem resilience ie that the loss of biodiversity will result in a loss of ecosystem stability have been cemented into mainstream ecology However the biodiversity ecosystem resilience debate is far from resolved The ETIB treats species as empirical entities and takes no account of how species interactions evolve to determine the way ecosystems function The Island Resource Allocation (IRA) hypothesis offers a testable alternative explanation of how ecosystems function and could be considered by biosecurity agencies in assessing ecological risk of introduced species

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10

Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A., and Thomas D. Nudds. "Island biogeography of vertebrates in Georgian Bay Islands National Park." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 3041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-460.

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Terrestrial vertebrates on 28 of 77 islands in Georgian Bay Islands National Park were examined by taxon (i.e., nonvolant mammals, herptiles, and birds) to determine whether the number of species on each island was affected by variation in dispersal capability and susceptibility to extinction, as predicted by the equilibrium theory of island biogeography. About 70% of the variation in number of species on islands was accounted for by the area of the islands. Species (S) – area (A) relationships (S = cAz) for birds, herptiles, and nonvolant mammals all differed significantly in slope and intercept (P < 0.05). Intertaxa comparisons revealed that birds exhibited the greatest numbers of species on all sizes of islands and smallest slope (z = 0.32); herptiles exhibited intermediate numbers of species on all sizes of islands and intermediate slope (z = 0.37). Of all taxa, nonvolant mammals exhibited the lowest numbers of species on all sizes of islands and greatest slope (z = 0.42), consistent with the predictions of the theory. These results reinforce earlier suggestions that designs for nature reserves should accommodate intertaxa variation in dispersal ability and susceptibility to extinction.

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11

March, Ferrella, and David Bass. "Application of Island Biogeography Theory to Temporary Pools." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663420.

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12

Lu, Muyang, David Vasseur, and Walter Jetz. "Beta Diversity Patterns Derived from Island Biogeography Theory." American Naturalist 194, no. 3 (September 2019): E52—E65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704181.

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13

Fleming, Theodore H. "THE THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY AT AGE 40." Evolution 64, no. 12 (August 26, 2010): 3649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01104.x.

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14

Burns, Kevin C. "A Theory of Island Biogeography for Exotic Species." American Naturalist 186, no. 4 (October 2015): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/682934.

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15

Andrews, John H., Linda L. Kinkel, Flora M. Berbee, and Erik V. Nordheim. "Fungi, leaves, and the theory of island biogeography." Microbial Ecology 14, no. 3 (November 1987): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02012947.

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16

Heads, Michael. "Biogeography by revelation: investigating a world shaped by miracles." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 4 (2014): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb14038.

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This article reviews the methods of biogeographic analysis in current use, as summarised by Alan de Queiroz, 2014 (The Monkey’s Voyage, Basic Books, New York). The methods rely on molecular clock dates (the weakest part of molecular research) rather than analysis of the distributions of clades defined in phylogenies (the strongest part of the research). One of the main findings of the molecular work is the unexpected, high levels of geographic structure in clades, especially allopatry. The modern synthesis and many molecular clock studies suggest that allopatric speciation is caused by founder dispersal, whereas panbiogeography attributes it to vicariance. De Queiroz and many modern studies have accepted that panbiogeography ignores critical evidence, and that vicariance theory was dominant in the 1970s–1990s, but has since declined. Closer examination shows that these claims are incorrect. Other popular misconceptions include the ideas that fossils and fossil-calibrated molecular clocks provide maximum possible ages of clades, that vicariance theory rejects the fossil record and molecular clock dates, that DNA sequences ‘reveal’ long-distance dispersal, that distribution is chaotic, and that chance dispersal can generate repeated patterns. The conclusions of modern island biogeography, as discussed in detail by de Queiroz, are reviewed here for the following islands: São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, Madagascar, the Seychelles, New Zealand, the Chatham Islands off mainland New Zealand, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, the Hawaiian Islands, the Falkland Islands and Fernando de Noronha off Brazil. Biogeographic analyses of particular groups are illustrated here with respect to ratite birds and primates. Finally, modern methods of ancestral-area analysis are reviewed. These make the unjustified assumption that the location of a basal paraphyletic grade represents a centre of origin.

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17

Stracey, Christine M., and Stuart L. Pimm. "Testing island biogeography theory with visitation rates of birds to British islands." Journal of Biogeography 36, no. 8 (August 2009): 1532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02090.x.

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18

Brown, Mike, and James J. Dinsmore. "Habitat islands and the equilibrium theory of island biogeography: testing some predictions." Oecologia 75, no. 3 (April 1988): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00376947.

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19

FATTORINI, SIMONE, CRISTINA MANTONI, LIVIA DE SIMONI, and DIANA M. P. GALASSI. "Island biogeography of insect conservation in urban green spaces." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000121.

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SUMMARYBecause of their isolation, biotic communities of urban green spaces are expected to be similar to those of oceanic islands. This should be particularly true for insects, which represent an important component of urban faunas. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) allows for the formulation of some hypotheses regarding the influence of the geographical characteristics of green spaces on insect species richness and extinction risk. Based on island biogeography principles, we present eight predictions on how green space characteristics should influence insect species richness and loss. We analysed the current literature in order to determine which predictions were supported and which were not. We found that many studies gave outcomes that support ETIB predictions about the effects of area and isolation of green spaces; we found no strong support for predictions about shape and extent of native habitat in the literature that we reviewed. Most of the available studies dealt with patterns in species richness, whereas insect species loss has been rarely investigated. Future developments in the application of island biogeography principles to urban insect conservation should address temporal trends in species persistence and the analysis of species co-occurrence and nestedness.

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20

Rincon, Ana Maria del Pilar, Valentina Gomez, and Camilo B. Garcia. "TEST OF THE ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY THEORY WITH BOULDERS IN A SEAGRASS BED." Acta Biológica Colombiana 26, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v26n1.82188.

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We used shore boulders that had been previously colonized, and were scattered in a seagrass bed as models for islands. We tested two predictions of Island Biogeography theory: (1) small boulders harbored fewer species than large boulders, and (2) small boulders had higher rates of extinction than large boulders, as reflected in higher faunal replacement variability. We detected a definite relation between species richness and boulder size although not for all statistical models. We did not confirm higher compositional variability in small boulders.

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21

Burbrink, Frank T., Alexander D. McKelvy, R. Alexander Pyron, and Edward A. Myers. "Predicting community structure in snakes on Eastern Nearctic islands using ecological neutral theory and phylogenetic methods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20151700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1700.

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Predicting species presence and richness on islands is important for understanding the origins of communities and how likely it is that species will disperse and resist extinction. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) and, as a simple model of sampling abundances, the unified neutral theory of biodiversity (UNTB), predict that in situations where mainland to island migration is high, species-abundance relationships explain the presence of taxa on islands. Thus, more abundant mainland species should have a higher probability of occurring on adjacent islands. In contrast to UNTB, if certain groups have traits that permit them to disperse to islands better than other taxa, then phylogeny may be more predictive of which taxa will occur on islands. Taking surveys of 54 island snake communities in the Eastern Nearctic along with mainland communities that have abundance data for each species, we use phylogenetic assembly methods and UNTB estimates to predict island communities. Species richness is predicted by island area, whereas turnover from the mainland to island communities is random with respect to phylogeny. Community structure appears to be ecologically neutral and abundance on the mainland is the best predictor of presence on islands. With regard to young and proximate islands, where allopatric or cladogenetic speciation is not a factor, we find that simple neutral models following UNTB and ETIB predict the structure of island communities.

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22

Mowbray, Thomas B. "The Use of Island Biogeography Theory in Conservation Planning." Ecology 66, no. 3 (June 1985): 1093–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940574.

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23

Yan, Enrong, Xingfeng Si, Jian Zhang, and Xiaoyong Chen. "Edward O. Wilson and the Theory of Island Biogeography." Biodiversity Science 30, no. 1 (2022): 22024. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2022024.

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24

Brown, James H., and Mark V. Lomolino. "Independent Discovery of the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography." Ecology 70, no. 6 (December 1989): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938125.

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25

Wintle, Brendan A., Heini Kujala, Amy Whitehead, Alison Cameron, Sam Veloz, Aija Kukkala, Atte Moilanen, et al. "Global synthesis of conservation studies reveals the importance of small habitat patches for biodiversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813051115.

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Island biogeography theory posits that species richness increases with island size and decreases with isolation. This logic underpins much conservation policy and regulation, with preference given to conserving large, highly connected areas, and relative ambivalence shown toward protecting small, isolated habitat patches. We undertook a global synthesis of the relationship between the conservation value of habitat patches and their size and isolation, based on 31 systematic conservation planning studies across four continents. We found that small, isolated patches are inordinately important for biodiversity conservation. Our results provide a powerful argument for redressing the neglect of small, isolated habitat patches, for urgently prioritizing their restoration, and for avoiding simplistic application of island biogeography theory in conservation decisions.

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26

Whittaker, Robert J., Kostas A. Triantis, and Richard J. Ladle. "ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography." Journal of Biogeography 35, no. 6 (January 31, 2008): 977–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01892.x.

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27

Adams, Hannah, and Liam P. McGuire. "Island biogeography theory and the urban landscape: stopover site selection by the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 100, no. 4 (April 2022): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2021-0214.

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Many migratory bats require forested sites for roosting and foraging along their migration path, but increased urbanization and intensive agricultural practices may reduce the availability of stopover sites. Urban forests may provide important stopover habitat, maintaining landscape connectivity in regions where the majority of natural habitat has been cleared for development. Island biogeography theory can be applied to urbanized temperate forest biomes where small urban forests represent islands separated from the larger “mainland” forest. We used acoustic monitoring during the fall migration period to investigate the use of urban forest habitat by a migratory species, the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte, 1831)). We predicted that recorded activity would have a positive relationship with forest patch area and shape and a negative relationship with isolation from other forest patches, as suggested by island biogeography theory. We observed greater activity at larger forest patches, and although relationships for shape and isolation were not statistically supported, the observed patterns were consistent with predictions. Our results demonstrate the need for more in-depth research on the habitat requirements for both migratory and resident bat species and the impact that ongoing urbanization has on local bat populations.

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28

Peck, Stewart B., and Henry F. Howden. "Biogeography of scavenging scarab beetles in the Florida Keys: post-Pleistocene land-bridge islands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-407.

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Fieldwork on 15 islands of the Florida Keys produced 13 species of scavenging scarab beetles (Laparosticti and Trox). Six of these species represent new records for the Keys. Twenty-three additional species (many of which are synanthropic or tramps), previously recorded from the Keys, were not found. Species–area relationships for the islands form a significant regression line as predicted by equilibrium island biogeography theory. It is concluded that many of the islands have low species numbers either because (i) human habitat disturbance has caused many local species extinctions or (ii) species turnover rates (extinction over immigration) are high because of scarcity of suitable hosts or adverse soil conditions. Data from highly disturbed Key West and Stock Island suggest that as species turnover continues, higher species saturation levels may be regained through the immigration of synanthropic and tramp species. This work generally points to the lack of much basic information on scarab beetle bionomics.

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29

Brown, James H., and Mark V. Lomolino. "Concluding remarks: historical perspective and the future of island biogeography theory." Global Ecology and Biogeography 9, no. 1 (January 2000): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00186.x.

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30

Borregaard, Michael K., Thomas J. Matthews, Robert J. Whittaker, and Richard Field. "The general dynamic model: towards a unified theory of island biogeography?" Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, no. 7 (July 2016): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12348.

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31

Anderson, W. B., and D. A. Wait. "Subsidized Island Biogeography Hypothesis: another new twist on an old theory." Ecology Letters 4, no. 4 (July 2001): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00226.x.

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32

Lee, Min-Ki, Ho-Sang Lee, Hae-In Lee, Sang-Wook Lee, Yong-Ju Lee, and Chang-Bae Lee. "Relative Importance of Landscape and Climate Factors to the Species Diversity of Plant Growth Forms along an East Asian Archipelago." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020218.

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Previous studies on island biogeography theory have limitations in that they are mostly focused on total plant species and the landscape factors of the islands. Our study was conducted to overcome these limitations by dividing the plants into five growth forms and analyzing climate and landscape factors on inhabited islands, uninhabited islands, and overall. This was achieved using plant data from 578 islands of an archipelago in South Korea. To test the relationship between the species richness of each growth form and environmental factors, we performed ordinary least squares regressions and multi-model inference tests. The results showed that the island area had the largest influence on species richness of all growth forms in overall and uninhabited islands. Moreover, climate factors, in addition to island area, significantly affected species richness of all growth forms on inhabited islands. However, the effect and of isolation-related landscape factors (i.e., distance from the mainland and structural connectivity) were different among growth forms and island categories. Our study reveals that there are differences in the effects of environmental factors on the growth forms of plants among island categories. This suggests that biodiversity management and conservation strategies should be applied separately to different growth forms and islands.

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33

Lyons, MM, JE Ward, H. Gaff, RE Hicks, JM Drake, and FC Dobbs. "Theory of island biogeography on a microscopic scale: organic aggregates as islands for aquatic pathogens." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 60, no. 1 (May 4, 2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01417.

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34

Bell, Graydon W., William J. Boecklen, and A. Higgs. "On Island Biogeography Theory and Nature Reserve Design: Comments on `Island Biogeography Theory and Nature Reserve Design' by Higgins, A. J. (1981) J. Biogeogr. 8, 117-124." Journal of Biogeography 17, no. 1 (January 1990): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845191.

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35

Fattorini, S. "Insects and the city: what island biogeography tells us about insect conservation in urban areas." Web Ecology 16, no. 1 (February 9, 2016): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-16-41-2016.

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Abstract. Habitat fragmentation caused by urbanization is considered a prominent threat to biodiversity. Urban development creates a mosaic of natural fragments which can be occupied by organisms able to survive in small spaces. These fragments are a set of habitat islands separated by less suitable non-native habitats. Because of their isolation, communities of urban green spaces can be investigated using hypotheses developed in island biogeography. The "equilibrium theory of island biogeography" (ETIB) allows the formulation of some predictions about how various characteristics of green spaces (such as their area, shape, level of isolation, environmental heterogeneity, age) should influence species richness. Many studies found support for ETIB predictions, but results varied considerably according to the species' sensitivity to patch size, matrix characteristics, and history of the city. In some cases ETIB predictions were falsified. These contrasting results warn against making generalizations on conservation strategies only based on ETIB models. On the other hand, the ETIB may represent a useful framework for urban conservation, especially for small animals like insects, if the roles of other factors, such as the surrounding landscape, the specific needs of the species under study, and the history of the urbanization process, are taken into account.

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36

Patiño, Jairo, Robert J. Whittaker, Paulo A. V. Borges, José María Fernández-Palacios, Claudine Ah-Peng, Miguel B. Araújo, Sergio P. Ávila, et al. "A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years ofThe Theory of Island Biogeography." Journal of Biogeography 44, no. 5 (March 20, 2017): 963–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12986.

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37

Wu, Jianguo, and John L. Vankat. "A system dynamics model of island biogeography." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 53, no. 6 (November 1991): 911–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02461491.

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38

WU, J., and J. VANKAT. "A system dynamics model of island biogeography." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 53, no. 6 (1991): 911–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80414-8.

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39

Vane-Wright, RI. "Transcending the Wallace line: do the western edges of the Australina region and the Australian plate coincide?" Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910183.

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The island of Sulawesi (Celebes), which lies at the heart of the Malay Archipelago, occurs in a region of exceptional tectonic complexity. Since Wallace first drew attention to the anomalous fauna of the island, debate has continued regarding the biogeography and geology of the area. Through an analysis of the distribution of the 183 genera and 470 species of butterflies known from Sulawesi (of which more than 200 species are regional endemics), two classes of biotic patterns linking the island to surrounding regions can be demonstrated. All, or virtually all of the genera on Sulawesi are Asian, but with no special link to Borneo. A set of younger patterns, derived from analysing species' distributions, links Sulawesi to the Moluccas, Philippines and the Lesser Sunda Islands, in addition to Asia. Of these younger patterns, the link between Sulawesi and the Moluccas is most pronounced . This is interpreted to suggest that current geological models, in which Sulawesi consists of at least two terranes, one Asian and one Australian in origin, are consistent with butterfly biogeography only if certain assumptions or constraints are imposed. Firstly, it must be assumed that Sulawesi has had a long independent history from Borneo; it seems most unlikely that Sulawesi and Borneo could have been contiguous 2 mya, as one geological theory has suggested. Secondly, before collision of the Asian and Australian plates about 15 mya, the advancing edge of the Australian plate must have been submerged during most if not all of the approach phase. If the collision has created new land by uplift in the eastern Sulawesi, Banggai and Sula region, then the strong species-level link between Sulawesi and the Moluccas is explicable by local dispersion over the last 15 mya. It is concluded that there is no sharp distinction, at least within Wallacea, between the Asian and Australian biota, as Wallace originally tried to demonstrate and as geological theories might predict: the western edges of the Australian biogeographic area and the Australian tectonic plate do not coincide.

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Teittinen, A., and J. Soininen. "Testing the theory of island biogeography for microorganisms—patterns for spring diatoms." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 75, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01759.

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Temple, Stanley A., and Larry D. Harris. "The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity." Journal of Wildlife Management 50, no. 1 (January 1986): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801514.

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Haila, Yrjö. "On the semiotic dimension of ecological theory: The case of island biogeography." Biology & Philosophy 1, no. 4 (December 1986): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00140960.

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Liira, Jaan, Iti Jürjendal, and Jaanus Paal. "Do forest plants conform to the theory of island biogeography: the case study of bog islands." Biodiversity and Conservation 23, no. 4 (February 25, 2014): 1019–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0650-5.

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Glenn, Susan, Brian Chapman, Rebecca Rudman, and Ian Butler. "Biogeography of Mammals in Rocky Mountain National Parks." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2953.

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The equilibrium theory of island biogeography proposes that on an island of a given area, there exists an equilibrium number of species when the rates of immigration and local extinction of species are equal (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). This theory has been applied to park systems because parks may act as functional islands when surrounding unprotected land is cleared of natural vegetation. Alteration of these surrounding habitats isolates these parks and reduces the effective area, causing a decrease in the equilibrium number of species. In animal communities, this process is called faunal collapse (Soule et al. 1979).The effects of park isolation and faunal collapse have been studied for mammals in Rocky Mountain parks (Picton 1979, Newmark 1986, Glenn and Nudds 1989). In western U.S. parks, extinctions were more numerous in smaller or older parks (Newmark 1987). Area, topographic diversity, and habitat diversity have been correlated with mammal species richness in western North American parks (Picton 1979, Newmark 1986). Initial population size was also related to the extinction probability of a species (Newmark 1986). It has been proposed that all parks in a region are subject to similar factors influencing local extinctions, and therefore a similar suite of species should become locally extinct in all parks (Patterson and Atmar 1986, Patterson 1987). This means that a nested subset pattern is produced, where parks with low species richness contain mainly species already present in parks with high species richness. This pattern was not found for Canadian parks, where even small parks contained different species assemblages (Glenn 1990). The objectives of this three-year study are to: (i) identify mammal species that have become locally extinct in each of the Rocky Mountain National Parks; (ii) distinguish between hypotheses regarding the causes of these local extinctions in National Parks; (iii) determine if the same species become locally extinct in all parks; and (iv) identify potential sites for future protection of species prone to extinction.

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Barros, Diogo Duarte, Maria da Luz Mathias, Paulo A. V. Borges, and Luís Borda-de-Água. "The Importance of Including Spatial Autocorrelation When Modelling Species Richness in Archipelagos: A Bayesian Approach." Diversity 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020127.

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One of the aims of island biogeography theory is to explain the number of species in an archipelago. Traditionally, the variables used to explain the species richness on an island are its area and distance to the mainland. However, increasing evidence suggests that accounting for other variables is essential for better estimates. In particular, the distance between islands should play a role in determining species richness. This work uses a Bayesian framework using Gaussian processes to assess whether distance to neighbouring islands (spatial autocorrelation) can better explain arthropod species richness patterns in the Azores Archipelago and in the Canary Islands. This method is flexible and allows the inclusion of other variables, such as maximum altitude above sea level (elevation). The results show that accounting for spatial autocorrelation provides the best results for both archipelagos, but overall, spatial autocorrelation seems to be more important in the Canary archipelago. Similarly, elevation plays a more important role in determining species richness in the Canary Islands. We recommend that spatial autocorrelation should always be considered when modelling an archipelago’s species richness.

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Glassman, Sydney I., Kaitlin C. Lubetkin, Judy A. Chung, and Thomas D. Bruns. "The theory of island biogeography applies to ectomycorrhizal fungi in subalpine tree “islands” at a fine scale." Ecosphere 8, no. 2 (February 2017): e01677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1677.

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Hart, PJB, and E. Pearson. "An application of the theory of island biogeography to fish speciation on seamounts." Marine Ecology Progress Series 430 (May 26, 2011): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08948.

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Jean, Kévin, William R. Burnside, Lynn Carlson, Katherine Smith, and Jean-François Guégan. "An equilibrium theory signature in the island biogeography of human parasites and pathogens." Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, no. 1 (November 5, 2015): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12393.

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Bossard, Robert L. "Flea (Siphonaptera) species richness in the Great Basin Desert and island biogeography theory." Journal of Vector Ecology 39, no. 1 (May 12, 2014): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2014.12083.x.

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HOLL, KAREN D., and ELIZABETH E. CRONE. "Applicability of landscape and island biogeography theory to restoration of riparian understorey plants." Journal of Applied Ecology 41, no. 5 (September 30, 2004): 922–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00949.x.

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