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Journal articles on the topic 'Theory of language management'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Neustupny, J. V. "Theory and practice in language management." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.09neu.

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This paper addresses the distinction between theory and practice networks and the ways in which theory can be made more useful for language management practitioners. With regard to the dissemination of knowledge of language management theories, one should not forget that many of these theories contain components that are a direct reflection of their authors’ interests. Therefore, rather than teaching practitioners a set of concepts of a language management theory, it is more rewarding to acquaint them with the basic strategies that govern more than one of these theories. Six examples of such strategies are proposed.

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Nekvapil, Jiří, and Tamah Sherman. "An introduction: Language Management Theory in Language Policy and Planning." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2015, no. 232 (January 1, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0039.

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AbstractIn these introductory remarks, the authors deal with the metaphors “top-down”, “bottom-up” and related concepts in the Language Policy and Planning research. Furthermore, they sketch out the position of Language Management Theory in this field of study and characterize “language management” in various research traditions. Afterward, the main features of Language Management Theory are presented with emphasis placed on the relationship between “simple” and “organized” language management. Finally, these features are illustrated on the individual contributions to this special issue.

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Jernudd, Björn H. "Language management and language problems." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.2.02jer.

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This paper is an introduction to language management and to the papers in this and the next volume of the Journal. It refers to contributors’ papers as the text evolves. It discusses first management of problems in discourse, then directed management with the help of a mini-case study and some examples, then surveys sources of language problems and their solutions according to a selection of functions of language. In the first volume, it brings up the communicative, symbolic, social and entertainment functions as sources of language problems. In the second volume, it continues with a discussion of the development function as a source of language problems. The paper then brings together discourse and behavior towards language in their socio-economic context in a unified restatement of the theory. The division of volumes is necessarily arbitrary, yet, each volume can be read independently of each other. This and all the papers together celebrate J. V. Neustupný’s contribution to language management.

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Jernudd, Björn H. "Language Management and Language Problems." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 11, no. 1 (May 8, 2001): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.11.1.02jer.

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This paper is an introduction to language management and to the papers in this and the previous volume of the Journal. It refers to contributors’ papers as the text evolves. It discusses first management of problems in discourse, then directed management with the help of a mini-case study and some examples, then surveys sources of language problems and their solutions according to a selection of functions of language. In the first volume, it brings up the communicative, symbolic, social and entertainment functions as sources of language problems. In this second volume, it continues with a discussion of the development function as a source of language problems. The paper then brings together discourse and behavior towards language in their socio-economic context in a unified restatement of the theory. The division of volumes is necessarily arbitrary, yet, each volume can be read independently of each other. This and all the papers together celebrate J. V. Neustupný’s contribution to language management.

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Nekvapil, Jiří. "Language Management Theory as one approach in Language Policy and Planning." Current Issues in Language Planning 17, no. 1 (November 10, 2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2016.1108481.

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6

Lanstyák, István. "The levels of language problem management." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 71, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2020-0024.

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Abstract The paper deals with the question of levels of language problem management on the basis of the Language Management Theory as well as other approaches to language problem management. The aim is to contribute to bringing the theoretical basis of language problem management closer to the problem management theories in general. Within language problem management three levels of management are distinguished: 1. interactional level of small‐scale management of inadequacies; 2. supra‐interactional level of small‐scale management of metaproblems and 3. supra‐interactional level of large‐scale management of metaproblems. Inadequacies are individual instances of problems rising in concrete interactions and metaproblems are types of problems which can be identified suprainteractionally, by abstracting the idiosyncratic features of inadequacies. With the help of these concepts the difference between the Language Management Theory and other theories of problem management can be made more visible: Language Management Theory builds on the small‐scale management of inadequacies on interactional level, while other theories are based on the large‐scale management of metaproblems on suprainteractional level.

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Sandelands, Lloyd, and Robert Drazin. "On the Language of Organization Theory." Organization Studies 10, no. 4 (October 1989): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084068901000401.

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Theories of organization rely upon verbs such as shape, determine, select, and choose. Although these verbs appear to depict processes of organization, instead they obscure organization processes behind empty and misbegotten abstractions. These verbs are shown to have the character of achievements; their grammatical form encompasses the very outcomes they purport to explain. The reasons why such verbs exist and are used so prevalently are explored and implications for revising the language of organization theory are considered.

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Tippett, Donna C., and Argye E. Hillis. "Where are aphasia theory and management “headed”?" F1000Research 6 (July 3, 2017): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11122.1.

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The sequelae of post-stroke aphasia are considerable, necessitating an understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of language, cognitive processes underlying various language tasks, and the mechanisms of recovery after stroke. This knowledge is vital in providing optimal care of individuals with aphasia and counseling to their families and caregivers. The standard of care in the rehabilitation of aphasia dictates that treatment be evidence-based and person-centered. Promising techniques, such as cortical stimulation as an adjunct to behavioral therapy, are just beginning to be explored. These topics are discussed in this review.

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Dovalil, Vít. "Language management theory as a basis for the dynamic concept of EU language law." Current Issues in Language Planning 16, no. 4 (November 18, 2014): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2014.979678.

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Kaplan, Robert. "Language management theory: from the Prague Circle to the present." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32, no. 1 (February 2011): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2010.529300.

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Mwaniki, Munene. "Language management in Africa: The dialectics of theory and practice." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 29, no. 3 (September 2011): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2011.647487.

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12

Spolsky, Bernard. "A modified and enriched theory of language policy (and management)." Language Policy 18, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9489-z.

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Nekvapil, Jiří. "Some thoughts on “noting” in Language Management Theory and beyond." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.02nek.

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This paper analyses how “noting” has been conceptualized in the Language Management Framework originating in the work of Neustupný and Jernudd. It deals with the influence of the cognitivist concept of “noticing” as used in the theories of Second Language Acquisition and instead proposes to assume the discursive approach of “noting” inspired by Discursive Psychology and Conversation Analysis. It pays attention to the formulations and concrete words which people use to express that they “noted” a phenomenon (be it linguistic, communicative or socio-cultural). Finally, it addresses micro-macro-linkage in the framework, namely, how “noting” of everyday speakers connects to management acts performed by experts in institutions.

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Xu, Daming. "Speech community theory and the language / dialect debate." Restructuring Chinese Speech Communities 26, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.26.1.01xu.

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Much research has been done addressing the issue of language and dialect and has attracted much interest in the Sinophone world. In this paper, the issue is approached from the perspective of Speech Community Theory (SCT) with discussion of the identification of Chinese varieties. There are mainly two approaches in previous research: linguistic and sociolinguistic. In the linguistic approach, the classification of languages and dialects is through comparison of linguistic descriptions and intelligibility. In the sociolinguistic approach, actual language use and attitudes of the speakers are investigated and ethnic and political factors are considered. The two approaches tend to result in different classifications. The purely linguistic classification tends to be narrower than the classification invoking attitudinal, cultural and political factors, resulting in a larger number of languages than the sociolinguistic approach. The different approaches are traced to divergent understandings of what a language is. A language is often understood purely as a tool of communication or, alternatively, it is regarded primarily as an identity device. Applying SCT, we analyze the connection between communication and identity formation, taking the example of Cantonese speakers. That case shows a correlation of linguistic contact with linguistic identity among native speakers. Consequently, the relevance of cultural and socio-political factors is explained through their impact on communication rather than directly on a linguistic identity.

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Bond, Z. S., and Raymond D. Kent. "Intelligibility in Speech Disorders: Theory, Measurement and Management." Language 70, no. 2 (June 1994): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415859.

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Fonseca, Claudenir M., João Paulo A. Almeida, Giancarlo Guizzardi, and Victorio A. Carvalho. "Multi-level conceptual modeling: Theory, language and application." Data & Knowledge Engineering 134 (July 2021): 101894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2021.101894.

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Brandhorst, Jaclyn K. "Bringing Communication Theory Into the Management Classroom: Rejoinder to “Critical Language and Discourse Awareness in Management Education”." Journal of Management Education 43, no. 6 (August 8, 2019): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1052562919867983.

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Erika Darics’s recent article “Critical Language and Discourse Awareness in Management Education” called for a more nuanced appreciation of language and communication in the management classroom. In this rejoinder, I share insights from my own background in organizational communication and discuss how I incorporate communication theory into the courses I teach in management and business communication in an effort to help students develop a critical consciousness of the ways in which communication shapes their social realities. In doing so, I also answer Darics’s call for a stronger interdisciplinary relationship between organizational and language/communication scholarship.

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Zaidman, Nurit, Annick Janson, and Yael Keshet. "“Power From Within” and Masculine Language: Does New Age Language Work at Work?" Journal of Management Inquiry 27, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056492617714893.

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This study investigates the use, by women, of New Age spirituality (NAS) language in the workplace. Quantitative and qualitative data collected in New Zealand and Israel show that women reported using NAS language more than men, and that NAS language are generally silenced. Results show that if not calculated correctly, women’s use of NAS can lead to the loss of social capital and cultural capital in the workplace. In addition, women use NAS language as a set of ideas that shape the way they behave, as a form of “power from within,” and as “spiritual capital.” The article draws out some implications for theory on language and power in the workplace, by showing that silenced languages may remain alive within people, directing responses and actions, and for feminist research, by suggesting that women’s spirituality should be considered as a factor in explaining the interpretation and negotiation of workplace challenges, by women.

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19

L.M, Swarnalatha. "Communication Management Theory and Norms in Silappathikaram." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21124.

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Literature is the mirror – image of human life and only literature can reflect the antiquity and the tradition of a language. Silappathikaram registers a variant of information management technology and the integrated communication as a part of administrative management in terms of planting, implementing, supervising and exhibiting the ways of external and internal functioning of an organization. Information of any kind is to be transferred at the right time to the right person and this principle is reflected in Silappathikaram, which has to be intersected in today’s information technology and one is expected to adjudge the best between the two and practice it judiciously.

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20

Emery, John. "AN EFL MANAGEMENT ENGLISH PROGRAM THEORY AND EVALUATION." Computer Assisted Language Learning 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958822900010111.

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21

Fowler, Craig, Jessica Gasiorek, and Walid Afifi. "Complex Considerations in Couples’ Financial Information Management: Extending the Theory of Motivated Information Management." Communication Research 45, no. 3 (April 20, 2016): 365–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650216644024.

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Using Time 1 to Time 2 data from 387 adults, we examine the effectiveness of the theory of motivated information management (TMIM) in accounting for the various processes by which adults in committed romantic relationships manage financial uncertainty via communication with their partners. Our results indicate that the TMIM operates well in this context. We also contribute to the theoretical development of TMIM’s revised theoretical framework in three ways, namely, by (a) examining the joint operation of positive and negative emotions (anxiety and optimism, respectively) on information management, (b) testing two types of outcome expectancies (knowledge and relationship), and (c) testing the model’s prediction of multiple information management strategies (i.e., direct and indirect information seeking, avoidance, and cognitive reappraisal). Findings indicate that both (a) anxiety and optimism, and (b) knowledge outcome expectancies and relationship outcome expectancies differentially contributed to information management decisions.

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22

BASTARDAS BOADA, ALBERT. "LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT AND LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR CHANGE: POLICIES AND SOCIAL PERSISTENCE." Catalan Review: Volume 9, Issue 2 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.9.2.2.

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23

Joullié, Jean-Etienne. "Management without theory for the twenty-first century." Journal of Management History 24, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-05-2018-0024.

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Purpose This paper analyses the origin, conceptual underpinnings and consequences of the idea of management theory. It argues that despite claims to incommensurability and except for critical studies authors, management researchers come together in their quest for performativity. The search for theory has condemned management scholars to espouse structural-functional-positivist assumptions. As such, mainstream management theorists assume and promote psychological determinism. Equivocations, ambiguities, tautologies and imprecise language obscure this implication, however, hollowing out management theory of its performative quality. A century after its inception, the quest for management theory has failed. Another avenue for management scholarship exists, one in which management history is a major contributor. Design/methodology/approach This paper offers a historical and conceptual analysis, relying on relevant philosophy of science scholarship. The object of study is the concept of management theory. Findings Most commentators on management theory rely on a widespread view (of postmodern lineage) according to which incommensurable management research paradigms exist. Allowance made for critical management studies, this paper argues otherwise, namely, that current management research paradigms are merely variations on a positivist theme. It further contends that mainstream management research has failed in its quest to identify theory, even if the language used to report research findings obfuscates this fact. Research limitations/implications A notable implication of this paper is that management academics should reconsider what they do and in particular abandon their quest for theory in favour of management history. Originality/value This paper builds on arguments that philosophers of science and scholars specialising in sociological analysis have long recognised to offer a new thesis on management theory in particular and management academia in general.

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Mwaniki, Munene. "Language management and devolved governance in Kenya." South African Journal of African Languages 37, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2017.1378277.

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Sanden, Guro Refsum. "Language Management × 3: A Theory, a Sub-Concept, and a Business Strategy Tool." Applied Linguistics 37, no. 4 (September 18, 2014): 520–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu048.

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Berdayes, Vicente. "Traditional Management Theory as Panoptic Discourse: Language and the Constitution of Somatic Flows." Culture and Organization 8, no. 1 (January 2002): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14759550212102.

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Vaccari, E., and W. Delaney. "System theory as frame of reference in natural language processing." Systems Research 3, no. 3 (September 1986): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sres.3850030302.

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USTUN, CIGDEM. "European Security Culture Language, Theory, Policy - By M. Gariup." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 47, no. 4 (September 2009): 934–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.02026_17.x.

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Zhang, Wusheng. "A Systematic Knowledge Management Approach Using Object-Oriented Theory in Customer Complaint Management." Information Management and Business Review 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v1i1.866.

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Research into the effectiveness of customer complaint management has attracted researchers, yet there has been little discussion on customer complaint management in the context of systematic knowledge management approach particularly in the domain of hotel industry. This paper aims to address such gap through the application of object-oriented theory for which the notation of unified modelling language has been adopted for the representation of the concepts, objects, relationships and vocabularies in the domain. The paper used data from forty seven hotel management staff and academics in hospitality management to investigate lessons learned and best practices in customer complaint management and knowledge management. By providing insights into the potential of a knowledge management approach using object oriented theory, this study advances our understanding on how a knowledge management approach can systematically support the management of hotel customer complaints.

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Kessler, Eric H. "Why Do Management Theories Say What They Do? Toward a Management M-Theory." Group & Organization Management 42, no. 5 (September 14, 2017): 598–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601117730573.

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There is a large and growing imbalance between the differentiation and integration of the management theory literature. As a result, the scholarly field needs better tools of conceptual integration to make sense of its varied questions, topics, disciplines, and communities. Here, I propose a language and logic for addressing this imbalance by addressing the simple but penetrating research question: Why do management theories say what they do? First, the article explores different facets to the question to reveal several alternative reasons for this differentiation. Second, it utilizes the resultant rationales for better understanding past approaches toward theoretical integration. Specifically, I construct a multidimensional framework that can be used to reconcile these rationales—that is, integrate the integrative frameworks—to propose an answer to the question. Third, it illustrates how this management M-theory (MMT) framework might be used to stitch together the broad spectrum of management theories. Fourth, it considers implications of this mapping for management research, teaching, and practice.

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Konstantinidis, George, Adriane Chapman, Mark J. Weal, Ahmed Alzubaidi, Lisa M. Ballard, and Anneke M. Lucassen. "The Need for Machine-Processable Agreements in Health Data Management." Algorithms 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13040087.

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Data processing agreements in health data management are laid out by organisations in monolithic “Terms and Conditions” documents written in natural legal language. These top-down policies usually protect the interest of the service providers, rather than the data owners. They are coarse-grained and do not allow for more than a few opt-in or opt-out options for individuals to express their consent on personal data processing, and these options often do not transfer to software as they were intended to. In this paper, we study the problem of health data sharing and we advocate the need for individuals to describe their personal contract of data usage in a formal, machine-processable language. We develop an application for sharing patient genomic information and test results, and use interactions with patients and clinicians in order to identify the particular peculiarities a privacy/policy/consent language should offer in this complicated domain. We present how Semantic Web technologies can have a central role in this approach by providing the formal tools and features required in such a language. We present our ongoing approach to construct an ontology-based framework and a policy language that allows patients and clinicians to express fine-grained consent, preferences or suggestions on sharing medical information. Our language offers unique features such as multi-party ownership of data or data sharing dependencies. We evaluate the landscape of policy languages from different areas, and show how they are lacking major requirements needed in health data management. In addition to enabling patients, our approach helps organisations increase technological capabilities, abide by legal requirements, and save resources.

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Nickel, A. "Simultaneous asset/liability management. A consideration in the language of production and cost theory." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22, no. 2 (June 1998): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6687(98)80053-x.

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Smith, Rachel A., and Rachael E. Bishop. "Insights into stigma management communication theory: considering stigmatization as interpersonal influence." Journal of Applied Communication Research 47, no. 5 (September 3, 2019): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1675894.

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Gallois, Cindy, Eric J. Vanman, Elise K. Kalokerinos, and Katharine H. Greenaway. "Emotion and its Management: The Lens of Language and Social Psychology." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x20966722.

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In this paper, we briefly review the large research literature on emotion in social psychology, and show how it is now firmly embedded in language and communication. As a springboard, we look at the history of emotion studies in JLSP. Then, we consider theory and methodology, and evaluate how standard and more recent methods of measurement have led to new ways of looking at the communication of emotion, including in real-life contexts. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda that takes the study of emotion forward into the heartland of research in language and social psychology.

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Bilgin, Mert. "The theory of communicative language: Political economy for multiple civilizations." Futures 42, no. 6 (August 2010): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2010.01.001.

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Xu, Daming. "Nanjing language survey and the theory of speech community." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 16, no. 2 (October 12, 2006): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.16.2.03xu.

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One of the central issues in the theory of speech community is whether speech community is a naturally-existing entity or a research construct without any restricted empirical basis. The issue is attacked here by way of a language survey. The survey was on language-choice behavior in public places, conducted in the city of Nanjing in 2002. The survey results show: (a) Nanjing residents’ verbal behavior exhibits a specific order of social convention and the urban population thus makes up an effective body of social communication. (b) The ordered behavior reflects a community-wide evaluative system that governs linguistic heterogeneity. (c) The thinning-out of the regularity among the individuals’ behaviors is typically found both in the spatial and the temporal marginals of the urban population. The study supports the hypothesis that a speech community is a naturally-existing entity. An attitudinal-behavioral and impactal unity is the core of such existence. With the approach taken here, a speech community can be discovered with certain well-defined empirical procedures. The wider significance invoked is that the organizational system of speakers is an important linguistic system alongside the other linguistic systems.

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Iyamu, Tiko, and Phathutshedzo Makovhololo. "The South African Perspective of the Impact of Language on the Delivery of Healthcare Services." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2021040101.

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Despite its essentiality, spoken languages continue to pose severe challenges within the South African health facilities, which can be attributed to the country's adaptation of 11 official languages. Some of the challenges can be attributed to the fact that the limits to an individual's language are commensurate to the limits to an individual's real-life world and meaning, which are often influenced by semantics. The objectives of this study was to establish the factors that influence spoken languages, and how the semantics in the languages can be translated from local dialects to English by using mobile systems. The interpretivist approach was applied in the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interview technique. The actor-network theory was used as a lens to guide the analysis of the data. From the analysis, the following factors—heterogeneity of networks, bilingualism, healthcare facility, and information engine—were found to influence language semantics in South African healthcare. Based on the findings, a framework was developed that can be used to understand how language semantics influence healthcare services in the country. Thus, the study can be of interest to healthcare practitioners, language specialists for translation purposes, and IT experts for support and enablement.

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Abrahamson, Eric, and Micki Eisenman. "Employee-management Techniques: Transient Fads or Trending Fashions?" Administrative Science Quarterly 53, no. 4 (December 2008): 719–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2189/asqu.53.4.719.

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In this theory development case study, we focus on the relations across recurrent waves in the amount and kind of language promoting and diffusing, and then demoting and rejecting, management techniques—techniques for transforming the input of organizational labor into organizational outputs. We suggest that rather than manifesting themselves as independent, transitory, and un-cumulative fads, the language of repeated waves cumulates into what we call management fashion trends. These trends are protracted and major transformations in what managers read, think, express, and enact that result from the accumulation of the language of these consecutive waves. For the language of five waves in employee-management techniques—management by objectives, job enrichment, quality circles, total quality management, and business process reengineering—we measure rational and normative language suggesting, respectively, that managers can induce labor financially or psychologically. The results reveal a gradual intensification in the ratio of rational to normative language over repeated waves, suggesting the existence of a management fashion trend across these techniques. Lexical shifts over time, however, serve to differentiate a fashion from its predecessor, creating a sense of novelty and progress from the earlier to the later fashions.

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Tomlin, Russell S. "Functionalism in Second Language Acquisition." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, no. 2 (June 1990): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100009062.

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This article examines the role played by functional approaches to linguistics in understanding second language acquisition (SLA). Central premises and tenets of functional approaches are described, and several key theoretical problems with functional efforts are detailed. The problem of referential management (the selection of nominal vs. pronominal NPs) in second language discourse production is examined. The general conclusions are drawn that (a) functional approaches to linguistics have a significant role to play in SLA studies, but (b) functional universals are insufficiently grounded theoretically and empirically at this point to contribute more than heuristic guidance to SLA theory.

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Chumburidze, M., G. Chachua, T. Sakhelashvili, and E. Bitsadze. "DELIVERY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12881.

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In this article optimization problem of product delivery problems in modern business has been investigated.Desition-making problems to manage network sales strategy is solved.The dynamical model of multistage graph has been constructed. The algorithms to find optimal plan of products salsment is performed. The tools applied in this development based on the generalized dynamical programming methods and graph theory applications.Javascript programming language for software implementation is used.

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Yazdanmehr, Elham, Yousef Ramezani, and Fatemeh Aghdassi. "Teacher Leadership and Conflict Management in EFL Classroom in the Light of the Contingency Theory of Human Resource Management: An Interdisciplinary Study." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1008.09.

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The present interdisciplinary research was enlightened by the contingency theory of human resource management (HRM) and aimed to explore Iranian EFL teachers’ leadership and conflict management styles in the private sector. To this aim, Fiedler’s leadership measurement instrument along with Thomas & Kilmann’s conflict management instrument were used to collect data from 51 EFL teachers teaching in private language institutes of Khorasan Razavi, Iran. The aim was to find what proportion of teachers were task-oriented and what proportion were relation-oriented in leadership, and which conflict management styles were more prevalent among task-oriented and which were dominant among relation-oriented teachers. Furthermore, comparisons were made between male/female, younger (20-30 yrs.)/older (>30 yrs.) and experienced (>5 yrs.)/novice (<5 yrs.) teachers in terms of the leadership style as well as the conflict management style. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used to analyze the data in SPSS21. The results revealed that the majority of participants used task-oriented leadership style in class. Task-oriented teachers showed to use the accommodating conflict management style more while relation-oriented teachers prevalently used the collaborating style. Statistically significant differences were found between demographic groups in terms of the leadership and conflict management styles. Awareness of different leadership and conflict management styles can enrich teacher training courses and professional development programs in Applied Linguistics.

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Hechavarría, Diana M., Siri A. Terjesen, Pekka Stenholm, Malin Brännback, and Stefan Lång. "More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity?" Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42, no. 5 (August 8, 2018): 797–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795350.

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Leveraging linguistic relativity theory which suggests that language systems structure thought and action, we investigate the relationship between gendered linguistic structures and the persistent gender gap in early–stage entrepreneurial activity. We use country–level data from 105 countries in 2001–2015 with 55 different languages, and incorporate 32 controls covering a broad range of factors previously associated with entrepreneurial activity. We find that in countries where the dominant language's structure incorporates sex–based systems and gender–differentiated pronouns, there is a greater gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. Our results suggest that gendered linguistic structures reinforce gender stereotypes and discourage women's entry into entrepreneurship.

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Morris, Meaghan. "In and Out of Love: Moments in Criticism, Theory and Management." Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 65, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20512856.2018.1499331.

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Gorla, Daniele, and Rosario Pugliese. "Dynamic management of capabilities in a network aware coordination language." Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming 78, no. 8 (November 2009): 665–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlap.2008.12.001.

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Zhang, Lubei, Linda Tsung, and Zhuoma. "Exploring Sustainable Multilingual Language Policy in Minority Higher Education in China: A Case Study of the Tibetan Language." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 7267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187267.

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This paper explores sustainable multilingual education policy for minority languages in one of the higher education institutions (HEI) in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in China. Following Spolsky’s theory of language policy ecology, this study conducted a survey of 276 students, examining the language education policy implemented inside and outside the classroom in their campus lives. The data were analyzed from the perspective of policy orientation, management issues and actual linguistic practice. The results showed that Chinese, Tibetan and English were all valued and respected in the current policy; however, the academic function of language was mainly undertaken by Chinese, while the social function was equally shouldered by Chinese and Tibetan. The findings gave us an insight into the present status of language education in this specific HEI in Tibet, and further offered valuable information for the design of sustainable multilingual policies for minority education at the higher education level in China.

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Sakita, Tomoko I. "Stance management in oral narrative." Stance, resonance and the power of engagement 24, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.24.1.04sak.

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Abstract This paper investigates how actively the speaker engages in taking stance at various levels in oral narrative. By using Du Bois’ (2007) stance theory, it shows that the meta-stance marker well, a discourse marker that performs the management of stance relations in conversational interaction (Sakita 2013a), plays a significant role in oral narrative as well. Well marks two central modes of stance-taking in a narrative. First, well manages the changes of local-spectrum stance-taking that occur among the utterances of/about characters or of the speakers who speak in their immediate, locally shared consciousness. Second, well typically manages the narrator’s broad-spectrum stance-taking with respect to the narrative event as a coherent whole. The latter corresponds to the use of well that is claimed to be unique for the context of the narrative (Norrick 2001). However, this paper shows that well in both local- and broad-spectrum scope functions as a meta-stance marker by managing stance relations. The paper demonstrates that stance is often embedded and effectively highlighted in resonance (Du Bois 2014), both in dialogic and monologic contexts.

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Gelsema, Tjalling. "The Logic of Aggregated Data." Acta Cybernetica 24, no. 2 (November 3, 2019): 211–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actacyb.24.2.2019.4.

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A notion of generalization-specialization is introduced that is more expressive than the usual notion from, e.g., the UML or RDF-based languages. This notion is incorporated in a typed formal language for modeling aggregated data. Soundness with respect to a sets-and-functions semantics is shown subsequently. Finally, a notion of congruence is introduced. With it terms in the language that have identical semantics, i.e., synonyms, can be discovered. The resulting formal language is well-suited for capturing faithfully aggregated data in such a way that it can serve as the foundation for corporate metadata management in a statistical office.

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Khan, Mohammed Ali. "Representation, Language, and Theory: Georgescu-Roegen on Methods in Economic Science." Journal of Economic Issues 48, no. 1 (March 2014): 49–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jei0021-3624480103.

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Waters, Alan. "Managing innovation in English language education." Language Teaching 42, no. 4 (October 2009): 421–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026144480999005x.

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Innovation in English language education (ELE) has become a major ‘growth area’ in recent years. At the same time, an ELE innovation management literature has also developed, based on insights from innovation theory and their application, both from outside and within ELE, and concerned with attempting to critically evaluate and inform ELE innovation practice. Thus, using a well-established three-part framework for distinguishing the main stages involved in innovation project management, this review describes and discusses the main features of this body of work. After defining terms and clarifying its scope, it considers what is said about the innovation ‘initiation’ phase, in terms of innovation causes, characteristics and contexts. It then examines conceptualisations of the innovation ‘implementation’ stage, by distinguishing main overall approaches, frameworks for identifying and configuring roles, underlying psychological processes, and the use of evaluation techniques. Lastly, the literature relating to innovation ‘institutionalisation’ stage is analysed. The article concludes by identifying overall trends and areas for further development. In particular, it is argued that ELE innovation work needs to become more informed by many of the concepts and procedures which the ELE innovation management literature contains.

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Kurata, Naomi. "Noting and other language management processes of a learner of Japanese in his bilingual social networks." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.06kur.

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This case study examines the language problems that are noted and further managed by a Japanese language learner studying at an Australian university. Through the use of interviews as well as the analysis of the learner’s natural conversation, the study mainly focuses on some major factors that affect these management processes. To date, there has been little research on noting and other management processes in out-of-class natural contexts, in particular that on presentational problems noted by foreign language learners. Utilising an approach that incorporates language management theory and activity theory, this study reveals that these problems seem to be perceived and managed seriously by the learner in his conversation. The findings also indicate that one of the major factors that affect the learner’s language management processes is a contradiction that emerges between two activities of the communities where the learner and his interactants are situated. This contradiction, in turn, seems to lead to a number of other contradictions between the three interactants’ goals of the conversation, which possibly affect the learner’s evaluations of language deviations and consequent adjustments in complex ways. Other factors include the learner’s L2 use history, such as formal Japanese study, which might contribute to his correctness-oriented approach, and the strength of indication of each participant’s preference for English or Japanese.

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