Relevant bibliographies by topics / Theory of motivated reasoning

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Theory of motivated reasoning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Theory of motivated reasoning"

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Stein, Lynn Andrea, and Leora Morgenstern. "Motivated action theory: a formal theory of causal reasoning." Artificial Intelligence 71, no. 1 (November 1994): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90061-2.

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Poletiek, Fenna H. "You can't have your hypothesis and test it: The importance of utilities in theories of reasoning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10002980.

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AbstractMercier and Sperber's (M&S's) theory of reasoning cannot predict reasoning in the absence of an argumentative context. Applying the theory to hypothesis testing behavior, I propose that hypothesis testing is often motivated by determining the true inference and that reasoning models should account for utilities (affected by various motives, including the wish to convince) of reasoning outcomes.
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Koch, Christopher, and Steven E. Salterio. "The Effects of Auditor Affinity for Client and Perceived Client Pressure on Auditor Proposed Adjustments." Accounting Review 92, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51703.

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ABSTRACT This paper examines how auditors' judgments about accounting policies may differ when experiencing different levels of affinity for client management and facing different levels of pressure from client management. The theory of motivated reasoning is employed to analyze the effects of these two factors that should lead individual auditors to adopt as a directional goal the acceptance of client management's aggressive accounting. Accordingly, we predict and find that auditors experiencing greater client affinity and facing explicit client pressure suggest lower adjustments to clients' aggressive accounting, consistent with motivated reasoning's goal-related predictions. But our study goes further and investigates also how auditors react when motivated reasoning theory's “reasonableness constraint” is potentially violated by auditors who perceive excessive client pressure. We predict and find, consistent with the individual auditor's “reasonable constraint” being triggered in at least some auditors, that perception of client pressure intensity leads those auditors to propose larger adjustments to client accounting. To support our findings, we re-analyze the data from a prior motivated reasoning audit experiment, replicate that study's reported directional goal results employing methods used in this study and, in addition, find similar results to those found in this study for increased client pressure intensity on auditor judgment.
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Laar, Jan Albert van. "Motivated Doubts: A Comment on Walton’S Theory of Criticism." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0011.

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Abstract In his theory of criticism, D. N. Walton presupposes that an opponent either critically questions an argument, without supplementing this questioning with any reasoning of her own, or that she puts forward a critical question and supplements it with a counterargument, that is, with reasoning in defense of an opposite position of her own. In this paper, I show that there is a kind of in-between critical option for the opponent that needs to be taken into account in any classification of types of criticism, and that should not be overlooked in a system of dialogue norms, nor in a procedure for developing a strategically expedient critique. In this third option, an opponent questions and overtly doubts a statement of the proponent and supplements her doubts with a counterconsideration that explains and motivates her position of critical doubt, yet without supporting any opposite thesis, thereby assisting, as it were, the proponent in his attempt to develop a responsive argumentation, tailor-made to convince this particular opponent. First, I elaborate on the notion of an explanatory counterconsideration. Second, I discuss Walton’s distinction between premises that can be challenged by mere questioning (“ordinary premises” and “assumptions”) and premises that must be challenged by incurring the obligation to offer counter-argumentation (somewhat confusingly labeled “exceptions”). I contend that the latter type of premises, that I would label “normality premises,” can be attacked without incurring a genuine burden of proof. Instead, it can be attacked by means of incurring a burden of criticism (Van Laar and Krabbe, 2013) that amounts to the obligation to offer an explanatory counterconsideration, rather than a convincing ex concessis argument. Of course, providing the opponent with the right to discharge her burden of criticism with explanatory counterconsiderations brings a clear strategic ad- vantage to her. It is much less demanding to motivate one’s doubts regarding proposition P, than to convince the proponent of not-P. If we want to encourage opponents to act critically, and proponents to develop responsive arguments, the importance of the notions of an explanatory counterconsideration and of a motivated doubt should be emphasized in the theory of criticism.
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Camaj, Lindita. "From Selective Exposure to Selective Information Processing: A Motivated Reasoning Approach." Media and Communication 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2289.

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Literature suggests that while without doubt people engage in selective exposure to information, this does not entail that they also engage in selective avoidance of opinion-challenging information<em>.</em> However, cross-cutting exposure does not always lead to dispassionate deliberation. In this commentary I explore psychological conditions as they apply to attitude-based selection and make an argument that selectivity does not stop at exposure but continues as audiences engage with information they encounter and incorporate in their decision-making. I propose the theory of motivated reasoning as a rich theoretical underpinning that helps us understand selective exposure and selective information processing.
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Mercier, Hugo, and Dan Sperber. "Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10000968.

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AbstractReasoning is generally seen as a means to improve knowledge and make better decisions. However, much evidence shows that reasoning often leads to epistemic distortions and poor decisions. This suggests that the function of reasoning should be rethought. Our hypothesis is that the function of reasoning is argumentative. It is to devise and evaluate arguments intended to persuade. Reasoning so conceived is adaptive given the exceptional dependence of humans on communication and their vulnerability to misinformation. A wide range of evidence in the psychology of reasoning and decision making can be reinterpreted and better explained in the light of this hypothesis. Poor performance in standard reasoning tasks is explained by the lack of argumentative context. When the same problems are placed in a proper argumentative setting, people turn out to be skilled arguers. Skilled arguers, however, are not after the truth but after arguments supporting their views. This explains the notorious confirmation bias. This bias is apparent not only when people are actually arguing, but also when they are reasoning proactively from the perspective of having to defend their opinions. Reasoning so motivated can distort evaluations and attitudes and allow erroneous beliefs to persist. Proactively used reasoning also favors decisions that are easy to justify but not necessarily better. In all these instances traditionally described as failures or flaws, reasoning does exactly what can be expected of an argumentative device: Look for arguments that support a given conclusion, and, ceteris paribus, favor conclusions for which arguments can be found.
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Herrmann, Richard K. "How Attachments to the Nation Shape Beliefs About the World: A Theory of Motivated Reasoning." International Organization 71, S1 (April 2017): S61—S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000382.

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AbstractIf competing beliefs about political events in the world stem largely from information asymmetries, then more information and knowledge should reduce the gap in competing perceptions. Empirical studies of decision making, however, often find just the reverse: as knowledge and the stakes in play go up, the beliefs about what is happening polarize rather than converge. The theory proposed here attributes this to motivated reasoning. Emotions inside the observer shape beliefs along with information coming from the outside world. A series of experiments embedded in a national survey of Americans finds that a primary driver of the beliefs someone forms about globalization, other countries, and the politics in the Middle East is how strongly they attach their social identity to the United States. Attachment produces more intense positive and negative emotions that in turn shape the interpretation of unfolding events and lead norms to be applied in an inconsistent fashion. People, in effect, rewrite reality around their favored course of action, marrying the logic of appropriateness to their own preferences. Beliefs, consequently, are not independent of preferences but related to them. Motivated reasoning, while not consistent with rational models, is predictable and can lead to expensive mistakes and double standards that undermine liberal internationalism.
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Kertzer, Joshua D., Brian C. Rathbun, and Nina Srinivasan Rathbun. "The Price of Peace: Motivated Reasoning and Costly Signaling in International Relations." International Organization 74, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000328.

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AbstractCanonical models of costly signaling in international relations (IR) tend to assume costly signals speak for themselves: a signal's costliness is typically understood to be a function of the signal, not the perceptions of the recipient. Integrating the study of signaling in IR with research on motivated skepticism and asymmetric updating from political psychology, we show that individuals’ tendencies to embrace information consistent with their overarching belief systems (and dismiss information inconsistent with it) has important implications for how signals are interpreted. We test our theory in the context of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on Iran, combining two survey experiments fielded on members of the American mass public. We find patterns consistent with motivated skepticism: the individuals most likely to update their beliefs are those who need reassurance the least, such that costly signals cause polarization rather than convergence. Successful signaling therefore requires knowing something about the orientations of the signal's recipient.
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Baekgaard, Martin, Julian Christensen, Casper Mondrup Dahlmann, Asbjørn Mathiasen, and Niels Bjørn Grund Petersen. "The Role of Evidence in Politics: Motivated Reasoning and Persuasion among Politicians." British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 1117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123417000084.

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Does evidence help politicians make informed decisions even if it is at odds with their prior beliefs? And does providing more evidence increase the likelihood that politicians will be enlightened by the information? Based on the literature on motivated political reasoning and the theory about affective tipping points, this article hypothesizes that politicians tend to reject evidence that contradicts their prior attitudes, but that increasing the amount of evidence will reduce the impact of prior attitudes and strengthen their ability to interpret the information correctly. These hypotheses are examined using randomized survey experiments with responses from 954 Danish politicians, and results from this sample are compared to responses from similar survey experiments with Danish citizens. The experimental findings strongly support the hypothesis that politicians are biased by prior attitudes when interpreting information. However, in contrast to expectations, the findings show that the impact of prior attitudes increases when more evidence is provided.
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Switzer, David, and Arnold Vedlitz. "Green Colored Lenses: Worldviews and Motivated Reasoning in the Case of Local Water Scarcity." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 7 (September 28, 2016): 719–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916516669391.

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Studies linking local issue severity to public opinion often treat the effect as homogeneous, suggesting a straightforward relationship between issue exposure and policy opinions. It is more likely that individuals perceive local issues in conditional ways. We advance a theory of motivated reasoning whereby worldviews act as a lens through which individuals interpret the world around them. When the observed environment conforms to individuals’ prior beliefs, they will be even more likely to perceive risk and call for policy action. When the information presented to them is incongruent with their worldview, increasing issue severity will have a minimal effect. We test our theory by combining an indicator of water scarcity with data from two nationally representative, probability-based panel surveys about water issues in the United States. Analyzing interactive models predicting risk perception and policy preferences, we find that water scarcity drives individuals with opposing environmental worldviews even further apart.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Theory of motivated reasoning"

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Trippas, Dries. "Motivated reasoning and response bias : a signal detection approach." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2853.

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The aim of this dissertation was to address a theoretical debate on belief bias. Belief bias is the tendency for people to be influenced by their prior beliefs when engaged in deductive reasoning. Deduction is the act of drawing necessary conclusions from premises which are meant to be assumed as true. Given that the logical validity of an argument is independent of its content, being influenced by your prior beliefs in such content is considered a bias. Traditional theories posit there are two belief bias components. Motivated reasoning is the tendency to reason better for arguments with unbelievable conclusions relative to arguments with believable conclusions. Response bias is the tendency to accept believable arguments and to reject unbelievable arguments. Dube et al. (2010) pointed out critical methodological problems that undermine evidence for traditional theories. Using signal detection theory (SDT), they found evidence for response bias only. We adopted the SDT method to compare the viability of the traditional and the response bias accounts. In Chapter 1 the relevant literature is reviewed. In Chapter 2 four experiments which employed a novel SDT-based forced choice reasoning method are presented, showing evidence compatible with motivated reasoning. In Chapter 3 four experiments which used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method are presented. Crucially, cognitive ability turned out to be linked to motivated reasoning. In Chapter 4 three experiments are presented in which we investigated the impact of cognitive ability and analytic cognitive style on belief bias, concluding that cognitive style mediated the effects of cognitive ability on motivated reasoning. In Chapter 5 we discuss our findings in light of a novel individual differences account of belief bias. We conclude that using the appropriate measurement method and taking individual differences into account are two key elements to furthering our understanding of belief bias, human reasoning, and cognitive psychology in general.
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Wang, Di. "The Effect of Motivation on Political Selective Exposure and Selective Perception." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311554.

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This study examines the effect of motivation on political selective exposure and selective perception using an online experiment. Studies have found that though people have a preference for like-minded political information over counter-attitudinal information, they do not avoid counter-attitudinal political information altogether (Garrett, 2009; Garrett, Carnahan, & Lynch, 2011; Stroud, 2008). This study examines under what conditions people are likely to expose themselves to more like-minded information than counter-attitudinal information and under what conditions people are likely to seek out more counter-attitudinal information than like-minded information. Based on the theory of motivated reasoning and Hart et al. (2009)'s model, I proposed a model that explained selective exposure and selective perception based on motivation. Defense motivation, the motivation to hold attitude-consistent cognitions with one's original attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, was predicted to increase selective exposure and selective perception. Accuracy motivation, the motivation to arrive at the correct conclusion, was predicted to reduce selective exposure and selective perception. Finally, information utility motivation, the motivation to choose information that has the highest utility, was predicted to reduce selective exposure when counter-attitudinal information was equally useful as attitude-consistent information, but increase selective exposure when attitude-consistent information was more useful than counter-attitudinal information. In both cases, it was predicted that the selective perception pattern would not be changed. The study also tested the additive effect of the three motivations and examined which motivation can override other motivations in determining selective exposure and selective perception. Results showed that accuracy motivation was effective in reducing selective exposure for both strong partisans and those who were not strong partisans. Accuracy motivation can override defense motivation in affecting selective exposure. Information utility alone, defense motivation alone, and the combination of the three motivations produced mixed results. Accuracy motivation was effective in reducing selective perception for those who were not strong partisans. The link between selective exposure and selective perception was not found.
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Braman, Eileen Carol. "Motivated reasoning in legal decision-making." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1091730982.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 213 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-213). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Powell, Aric Christopher. "Studying the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Appraisals of Message Strength." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4707.

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This study was designed to investigate decision-making as it relates to message appraisal, and determine what effect, if any, identification with the message source has on those appraisals. For the purpose of study, message appraisal was operationalized as message strength ratings. Furthermore, the study investigated how the political ideology of message receivers and the perceived partisanship of message senders might influence identification, and message appraisal by extension. The study used the theory of motivated reasoning to explain the role of identification in the process of message appraisal. The results indicate that there is a relationship between identification and message strength ratings, which suggests identification can produce motivated reasoning. However, the study did not show support for an interaction effect between the political ideology of participants, the perceived partisanship of message senders, and identification when considering message strength ratings.
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Costa, Leite Manuel da. "Hypothetical reasoning in scientific discovery contexts : a preliminary cognitive science-motivated analysis." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259709.

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Blackburn, Jessica L. "MOTIVATED REASONING: A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING HIRING MANAGERS' INTENTIONS TO USE PERSONNEL SELECTION INSTRUMENTS." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1156188913.

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Carlucci, Lorenzo. "Some cognitively-motivated learning paradigms in Algorithmic Learning Theory." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.68 Mb., p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220797.

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Barthel, Senja Dominque. "Some topics in topological graph theory motivated by chemistry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/55134.

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Topological graph theory is a field of geometric topology. The mathematical objects of interest are embeddings of graphs in 3-space. The image is a so called spatial graphs. A spatial graph can be seen as a generalised knot. In addition to the resulting richer structure, questions about spatial graphs can also be motivated from other natural sciences. In particular, there are many applications to chemistry since molecules can be modelled as graphs embedded in R3. This text consists of two parts. Both cover pure mathematical problems which are motivated by questions from synthetic chemistry. The aim is to find materials with new chemical/physical properties. The structural richness of entangled, catenated and knotted structures has long been a target for synthetic chemistry. The first part investigates the behaviour of entanglements in spatial graphs that are not caused by knotted or linked subgraphs with respect to the surfaces the spatial graphs embed in. We show that all nontrivial embeddings of abstractly planar graphs on the torus contain either a nontrivial knot or a nonsplit link. It follows that ravels do not embed on the torus which was conjectured by Castle, Evans and Hyde in 2008. Our results provide general insight into properties of molecules that are synthesised on a torus. The second part predicts the topologically possible braided structures of 1-dimensional coordination polymers. Given the common way of synthesising via self-assembly, these coordination polymers can be modelled by pure braids with n rigidly congruent strands up to chirality. We discuss the properties and symmetries of 1-dimensional coordination polymers with up to five strands. This project is part of a collaboration with Prof D. M. Proserpio, Dr I. A. Baburin and Dr F. D.-H. Lau.
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Strannegård, Anna, and Ola Nyrinder. "Intrinsically motivated or externally regulated?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22320.

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Unga vuxna är en viktig målgrupp att uppmana till att anta en miljövänlig livsstil, då stadiet mellan tonår och vuxenliv präglas av förändring och utveckling av livsstil och vanor. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka unga vuxnas vanor gällande miljöbeteende och vilken typ av motivation de har för att handla miljövänligt. Genom en enkätundersökning som inkluderar 294 svar har denna studie funnit att unga vuxna är motiverade till att vara miljövänliga. Studien visar att identified regulation är den mest dominanta typen av reglering till miljöbeteende. De huvudsakliga barriärerna mot ökat engagemang kan härledas till de tre grundläggande psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet. Nyckelord: motivation, miljöbeteende, unga vuxna, SDT, miljö
Individuals experience a fundamental change upon becoming adults. They develop lifestyles and habits that they will carry with them throughout the rest of their life. Therefore urging this group to adopt an environmentally friendly lifestyle is vital. The purpose of this study is to identify environmental habits and motivation for pro-environmental behaviour among emerging adults in Sweden. Through a questionnaire survey including 294 responses, the study has found that emerging adults are motivated to engage in environmental activities with identified regulation as the predominant type of regulation. The main barriers for further engagement are the three basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness.Keywords: motivation, pro-environmental behaviour, emerging adults, SDT, environment
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Anthony, Tom. "Self-motivated composition of strategic action policies." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/21088.

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In the last 50 years computers have made dramatic progress in their capabilities, but at the same time their failings have demonstrated that we, as designers, do not yet understand the nature of intelligence. Chess playing, for example, was long offered up as an example of the unassailability of the human mind to Artificial Intelligence, but now a chess engine on a smartphone can beat a grandmaster. Yet, at the same time, computers struggle to beat amateur players in simpler games, such as Stratego, where sheer processing power cannot substitute for a lack of deeper understanding. The task of developing that deeper understanding is overwhelming, and has previously been underestimated. There are many threads and all must be investigated. This dissertation explores one of those threads, namely asking the question "How might an artificial agent decide on a sensible course of action, without being told what to do?". To this end, this research builds upon empowerment, a universal utility which provides an entirely general method for allowing an agent to measure the preferability of one state over another. Empowerment requires no explicit goals, and instead favours states that maximise an agent's control over its environment. Several extensions to the empowerment framework are proposed, which drastically increase the array of scenarios to which it can be applied, and allow it to evaluate actions in addition to states. These extensions are motivated by concepts such as bounded rationality, sub-goals, and anticipated future utility. In addition, the novel concept of strategic affinity is proposed as a general method for measuring the strategic similarity between two (or more) potential sequences of actions. It does this in a general fashion, by examining how similar the distribution of future possible states would be in the case of enacting either sequence. This allows an agent to group action sequences, even in an unknown task space, into 'strategies'. Strategic affinity is combined with the empowerment extensions to form soft-horizon empowerment, which is capable of composing action policies in a variety of unknown scenarios. A Pac-Man-inspired prey game and the Gambler's Problem are used to demonstrate this selfmotivated action selection, and a Sokoban inspired box-pushing scenario is used to highlight the capability to pick strategically diverse actions. The culmination of this is that soft-horizon empowerment demonstrates a variety of 'intuitive' behaviours, which are not dissimilar to what we might expect a human to try. This line of thinking demonstrates compelling results, and it is suggested there are a couple of avenues for immediate further research. One of the most promising of these would be applying the self-motivated methodology and strategic affinity method to a wider range of scenarios, with a view to developing improved heuristic approximations that generate similar results. A goal of replicating similar results, whilst reducing the computational overhead, could help drive an improved understanding of how we may get closer to replicating a human-like approach.
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Books on the topic "Theory of motivated reasoning"

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Mullinix, Kevin J. A motivated audience: An analysis of motivated reasoning and presidential campaign debates. Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest/UMI Dissertation Publishing, 2011.

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Dalla Chiara, M., R. Giuntini, and R. Greechie. Reasoning in Quantum Theory. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0526-4.

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H, Bigelow J., and Rand Corporation, eds. Motivated metamodels: Synthesis of cause-effect reasoning and statistical metamodeling. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003.

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A theory of argumentation. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989.

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Baumgartner, Peter. Theory Reasoning in Connection Calculi. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b71631.

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Legal reasoning and legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

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F, Strawson P. Introduction to logical theory. London: Methuen, 1991.

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A theory of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Epistemic game theory reasoning and choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Golding, Martin P. Legal reasoning, legal theory, and rights. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Theory of motivated reasoning"

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Haarslev, Volker, Ralf Möller, and Michael Wessel. "The Description Logic ALCNH R + Extended with Concrete Domains: A Practically Motivated Approach." In Automated Reasoning, 29–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45744-5_4.

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Brown, Chad E. "Combining Type Theory and Untyped Set Theory." In Automated Reasoning, 205–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11814771_19.

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Henley, Kenneth. "Motivated Reasoning, Group Identification, and Representative Democracy." In AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice, 219–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02312-0_16.

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Buchberger, Bruno. "Mathematical Theory Exploration." In Automated Reasoning, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11814771_1.

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Xu, Yiming, and Michael Norrish. "Mechanised Modal Model Theory." In Automated Reasoning, 518–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51074-9_30.

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Ramström, Ola, and Henrik I. Christensen. "Visual Attention Using Game Theory." In Biologically Motivated Computer Vision, 462–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36181-2_46.

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Sofronie-Stokkermans, Viorica. "Interpolation in Local Theory Extensions." In Automated Reasoning, 235–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11814771_21.

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Kozen, Dexter, Christoph Kreitz, and Eva Richter. "Automating Proofs in Category Theory." In Automated Reasoning, 392–407. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11814771_34.

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Stjernfelt, Frederik. "Diagrammatic Reasoning." In Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-532-7_580-1.

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Gabbay, Dov, and Odinaldo Rodrigues. "A methodology for iterated theory change." In Practical Reasoning, 193–207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61313-7_73.

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Conference papers on the topic "Theory of motivated reasoning"

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Huang, Xiaowei, and Ji Ruan. "ATL Strategic Reasoning Meets Correlated Equilibrium." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/153.

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This paper is motivated by analysing a Google self-driving car accident, i.e., the car hit a bus, with the framework and the tools of strategic reasoning by model checking. First of all, we find that existing ATL model checking may find a solution to the accident with {\it irrational} joint strategy of the bus and the car. This leads to a restriction of treating both the bus and the car as rational agents, by which their joint strategy is an equilibrium of certain solution concepts. Second, we find that a randomly-selected joint strategy from the set of equilibria may result in the collision of the two agents, i.e., the accident. Based on these, we suggest taking Correlated Equilibrium (CE) as agents' joint stratgey and optimising over the utilitarian value which is the expected sum of the agents' total rewards. The language ATL is extended with two new modalities to express the existence of an CE and a unique CE, respectively. We implement the extension into a software model checker and use the tool to analyse the examples in the paper. We also study the complexity of the model checking problems.
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Berg, Jeremias, Fahiem Bacchus, and Alex Poole. "Abstract Cores in Implicit Hitting Set MaxSat Solving (Extended Abstract)." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/643.

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Maximum satisfiability (MaxSat) solving is an active area of research motivated by numerous successful applications to solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. One of the most successful approaches for solving MaxSat instances from real world domains are the so called implicit hitting set (IHS) solvers. IHS solvers decouple MaxSat solving into separate core-extraction (i.e. reasoning) and optimization steps which are tackled by a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and an integer linear programming (IP) solver, respectively. While the approach shows state-of-the-art performance on many industrial instances, it is known that there exists instances on which IHS solvers need to extract an exponential number of cores before terminating. Motivated by the simplest of these problematic instances, we propose abstract cores, a compact representation for a potentially exponential number of regular cores. We demonstrate how to incorporate abstract core reasoning into the IHS algorithm and report on an empirical evaluation demonstrating, that including abstract cores into a state-of-the-art IHS solver improves its performance enough to surpass the best performing solvers of the 2019 MaxSat Evaluation.
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Pessoni, Vinicius, Fernando Federson, and Auri Vincenzi. "Learning Difficulties in Computing Courses: Cognitive Processes Assessment Methods Research and Application." In XI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2015.5798.

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Learning difficulties in computing courses is a situation perceived in diverse universities from different countries, cultures and backgrounds. These difficulties directly affect achievement rates and increase course evasion. We believe in the existence of a foundation of cognitive processes, that without it, even the most motivated student would have trouble to transform the received information into knowledge. This work has focused mainly on the research of candidate methods for cognitive processes assessment with a strong background theory. With this kind of information would be possible to devise cognitive interventions, in order to evolve students cognitive level, and consequently, raise their success rates. A systematic review was conducted and among the many researched methods we selected Lawson Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning – LCTSR. Authorized by its author, we conducted the first translation of LCTSR to Brazilian Portuguese and administered to students of three undergraduate computing courses: Information Systems, Computer Science and Software Engineering. We also present results of its administration that we consider important to reinforce the above suggested strategy.
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Ingale, Sanchit, Anirudh Srinivasan, and Diana Bairaktarova. "CAD Platform Independent Software for Automatic Grading of Technical Drawings." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67612.

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Spatial visualization is the ability of an individual to imagine an object mentally and understand its spatial orientation. There have been multiple works proving that spatial visualization skills can be improved with an appropriate training. Such training warrant a critical place in the undergraduate engineering curricula in many engineering schools as spatial skills are considered vital for students’ success in the technical and design fields [1–4]. Enhanced spatial skills help not only professionals in the engineering field but also everyone in the 21st century environment. Drawing sectional views requires mental manipulation and visual thinking. To enhance students spatial reasoning, one of the authors of this study, conducted a class in spatial visualization. The course-learning goal aimed at improving first-year engineering students’ spatial reasoning through instruction on freehand drawings of sectional view. During the semester, two teaching assistants had to grade more than 500 assignments that consisted of sectional views of mechanical objects. This was a tedious and a time consuming task. Motivated by this experience, this paper proposes a software aiming at automating grading of students’ sectional view drawings. The proposed software will also give live feedback to students while they are working on the drawings. This interactive tool aims to 1) improve the learning experience of first year students, with limited CAD knowledge, and 2) introduce a pedagogical tool that can enhance spatial visualization training.
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Agrawal, Durgesh, Yash Pote, and Kuldeep S. Meel. "Partition Function Estimation: A Quantitative Study." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/587.

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Probabilistic graphical models have emerged as a powerful modeling tool for several real-world scenarios where one needs to reason under uncertainty. A graphical model's partition function is a central quantity of interest, and its computation is key to several probabilistic reasoning tasks. Given the #P-hardness of computing the partition function, several techniques have been proposed over the years with varying guarantees on the quality of estimates and their runtime behavior. This paper seeks to present a survey of 18 techniques and a rigorous empirical study of their behavior across an extensive set of benchmarks. Our empirical study draws up a surprising observation: exact techniques are as efficient as the approximate ones, and therefore, we conclude with an optimistic view of opportunities for the design of approximate techniques with enhanced scalability. Motivated by the observation of an order of magnitude difference between the Virtual Best Solver and the best performing tool, we envision an exciting line of research focused on the development of portfolio solvers.
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Hwang, Bao-tyan, and Shang-feng Chiu. "The Effect of a Computer Instructional Model in Bringing about a Conceptual Change in Students’ Understanding of Particulate Concepts of Gas." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2816.

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This study explores students’ misconceptions with the particulate concept of matter in gaseous state. Then, based on promoting students’ learning and understanding from a constructivist perspective, the effectiveness of instructional activities by presenting a demonstration with computer simulation was investigated. Students were expected to benefit from computer monitored instruction in a number of ways: by becoming more interested in physical phenomena and therefore more motivated; by acquiring a concrete example of a abstract concept that will aid them in reasoning; and by being able to evaluate their predictions of a future physical event using their current conceptual framework and the new concept being presented in the teaching activity. A systematic study of students’ ideas on particulate concepts was carried out first with the participation of 296 subjects in Grade 5-8 (age 11-12 through 14-15) in Taiwan. An open-ended questionnaire and picture drawing question was administered to the subjects. The responses were categorized according to the level of sophistication of the answer and the drawing of the picture. The instruments used both in the pretest and posttest were designed in a format of a two-tier test. Teaching is conducted by a computer demonstration that was specifically designed from implications regarding students’ cognitive conflict. The research findings indicated that students had some misconceptions about the gaseous particles concerning the size, weight, motion and kinetic distribution in space. After teaching, there was a comparison of students’ learning outcomes between the pretest and posttest. A significant difference statistically revealed that teaching activity in this research by the computer-simulated demonstration could obviously benefit students’ conceptual change in learning of particulate theory.
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Arens, Nan Crystal, and Emily Fisher. "GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION AND MOTIVATED REASONING: LEARNING ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-315901.

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Liu, Daphne, and Lenhart Schubert. "Incorporating Planning and Reasoning into a Self-Motivated, Communicative Agent." In 2nd Conference on Artificial General Intelligence 2009. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/agi.2009.8.

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Zhou, Jianjun, and Fugen Zhou. "Single image dehazing motivated by Retinex theory." In 2013 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation & Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imsna.2013.6743260.

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Moussa, Obada Alhaj, Minyue Li, and W. Bastiaan Kleijn. "Pitch enhancement motivated by rate-distortion theory." In ICASSP 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854816.

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Reports on the topic "Theory of motivated reasoning"

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Powell, Aric. Studying the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Appraisals of Message Strength. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6591.

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Cohen, Paul R., David Day, Jeff Delisio, Mike Greenberg, and Thomas Gruber. Theory of Endorsements and Reasoning with Uncertainty. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222970.

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Collins, Allan, and Mark Burstein. Testing and Refining a Core Theory of Human Plausible Reasoning. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242693.

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Collins, Allan, Mark Burstein, and Michelle Baker. Testing and Refining a Core Theory of Human Plausible Reasoning. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada308778.

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Cohen, Paul R., Alvah David, David Day, Jeff Delisio, and Mike Greenberg. Theory of Endorsements and Reasoning With Uncertainty, January 1984 - January 1986. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada213262.

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Cohen, Paul R., Alvah David, David Day, Jeff Delisio, Mike Greenberg, Thomas Gruber, Adele Howe, Rick Kjeldsen, Susan Lander, and Cynthia Loiselle. Theory of Endorsements and Reasoning with Uncertainty, January 1984 - January 1986. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada193145.

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Wos, L. Theory Institute in Automated Reasoning held at Argonne National Laboratory, August 6--10, 1990. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6540934.

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Siebert, Rudolf J., and Michael R. Ott. Catholicism and the Frankfurt School. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4301.

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The paper traces the development from the medieval, traditional union, through the modern disunion, toward a possible post-modern reunion of the sacred and the profane. It concentrates on the modern disunion and conflict between the religious and the secular, revelation and enlightenment, faith and autonomous reason in the Western world and beyond. It deals specifically with Christianity and the modern age, particularly liberalism, socialism and fascism of the 2Oth and the 21st centuries. The problematic inclination of Western Catholicism toward fascism, motivated by the fear of and hate against socialism and communism in the 20th century, and toward exclusive, authoritarian, and totalitarian populism and identitarianism in the 21st. century, is analyzed, compared and critiqued. Solutions to the problem are suggested on the basis of the Critical Theory of Religion and Society, derived from the Critical Theory of Society of the Frankfurt School. The critical theory and praxis should help to reconcile the culture wars which are continually produced by the modern antagonism between the religious and the secular, and to prepare the way toward post-modern, alternative Future III - the freedom of All on the basis of the collective appropriation of collective surplus value. Distribution and recognition problems are equally taken seriously.
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