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Neehoff, Shona Maree, and n/a. "Pedagogical possibilities for nursing." University of Otago. School of Social Science, 1999. http://adt.otago.ac.nz/public/adt-NZDU20051020.183802.
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Nursing practice is a very physical business. The work that most nurses do involves the use of their bodies as the primary tool of their work. Nurses take their physical selves to patients in order to carry out that work, the body of the nurse is often in direct contact with the bodies of patients that they care for. This thesis is about what I have called the �invisible bodies of nursing�, and I describe these throughout the body of the thesis. The physical body of the nurse, the body of practice, and the body of knowledge.
The physical body of the nurse is absent in most nursing literature, it is sometimes inferred but seldom discussed. My contention is that the physical body of the nurse is invisible because it is tacit. Much nursing practice is invisible because it is perceived by many nurses to be inarticulable and is carried out within a private discourse of nursing, silently and secretly. Nursing knowledge is invisible because it is not seen as being valid or authoritative or sanctioned as a legitimate discourse by the dominant discourse.
I approach these issues through an evolving �specular� lens. Luce Irigaray�s philosophy of the feminine and her deconstructing and reconstructing of psychoanalytic structures for women inform my work. Michel Foucault�s genealogical approach to analysing discourses is a powerful tool for exploring the history of the creation of the nurse and offers critical insights in to how nursing is perceived today. Maurice Merleau-Ponty�s phenomenology provides the flesh for my discussions about the embodied practice of nurses as beings in the world.
Nursing�s struggle for recognition is ongoing. I discuss strategies that nurses could use to make themselves more �visible� in healthcare structures. The exploration of the embodied self of the nurse and through this the embodied knowledge of nursing is nascent. I hope to provide for nurses some food for both thought and discussion.
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Malmros, Ingegärd Enander. "Optimal Foraging Theory - OFT : Background, Problems and Possibilities." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1488.
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Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) has its origin in processualistic ideas in 1960s with traces back to the dawn of the archaeological science in the 19th century. The OFT model is based on the construction of an individual’s food item selection understood as an evolutionary construct that maximizes the net energy gained per unit feeding time. The most common variants are diet patch choice, diet breadth/prey choice models and Marginal Value Theorem (MVT). The theory introduced experimental studies combined with mathematically data analyses and computer simulations. The results visualized in the experimental diagrammed curve are possible to compare with the archaeological records. What is “optimal” is an empirical question not possible to know but still useful as a benchmark for measuring culture. The theory is common in USA but still not in Europe. OFT seems to be useful in hunter-gatherer research looking at human decisions, energy flow, depression of resources and extinction. This literature review concludes that the prey-choice/diet-breadth model seems to be useful for hunter-gatherer research on Gotland focusing on possible causes of the hiatus in archaeological records between 5000-4500 BC.Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) har sitt ursprung i de processualistiska ideérna under 1960-talet med spår tillbaka till arkeologins början som vetenskap under 1800-talet. OFT modellen baseras på konstruktionen av en individs födoämnesval som förstås som en evolutionär konstruktion som maximerar nettoenergiintaget per tidsenhet som gått åt för försörjningen. De vanligaste varianterna är patch-choice, diet breadth/prey choice modellerna och Marginal Value Theorem (MVT). Experimentella studier genomförs och data bearbetas matematiskt och visar datorsimulerade kurvdiagram möjliga att jämföra med arkeologiska källmaterial. Vad som är ”optimalt” är en empirisk fråga omöjlig att veta men användbar ändå som en slag referens för att mäta kultur. Teorin är vanlig i USA men ännu inte i Europa. OFT förefaller användbar inom forskning av jägare-samlare om man fokuserar på beslutsfattande, energiflöde, depression av resurser och utrotning av arter. Slutsatsen i denna litteraturöversikt är att prey choice/diet breadth modellen tycks vara användbar för gotländsk jägare-samlare-forskning som fokuserar på möjliga orsaker till de arkeologiska fyndens hiatus mellan 5000-4500 BC.
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Paditz, Ludwig. "The basics of set theory - some new possibilities with ClassPad." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-82943.
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Little, Jennifer Leslie. "Early childhood education : perceptions, problems and possibilities." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13949/.
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This thesis attempts to provide evidence, based in historical and contemporary research, of the importance of early years education, not only in terms of academic achievement, but of social outcomes as well; to examine the perceptions of teachers in relationship to societal influences and the effects of such on the changing educational needs of the child; and to suggest possible elements for high quality programme development in the early years. Section I attempts to set in context certain apparent key influences on the growth and development of early childhood education. Whilst the main focus of the thesis is a comparison of Britain and Canada, Section I also provides an international context by examining early years programmes in several other countries. Section II addresses the critical nature of familial and community environments with respect to parents' initial involvement as their children's first teachers and their continued involvement in a partnership with schools. This section also discusses the importance of early intervention for children 'at risk' in the context of its broad benefits to society. Section III deals with the methodology and data analysis of a survey of teachers in Britain and Canada. The survey, complemented by interviews with several of the respondents, was designed to gather perceptions and reflections from teachers. Section IV identifies features of successful early childhood programs in terms of what appears to work according to current research and the perceptions of teachers. In addition, it provides illustrations of selected programmes in Canada and Britain that have incorporated many of these features. Since societal changes identified in the thesis are urging educators and policy makers to re-examine their approach to early years provision, the last section suggests elements necessary for high quality early education programmes that will provide opportunities to maximise the individual potential of all children.
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Johnson, Gavin P. "Queer Possibilities in Digital Media Composing." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu158816717940897.
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Dezuanni, Michael L. "Boys 'doing' and 'undoing' media education : new possibilities for theory and practice." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29137/.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate how secondary school media educators might best meet the needs of students who prefer practical production work to ‘theory’ work in media studies classrooms. This is a significant problem for a curriculum area that claims to develop students’ media literacies by providing them with critical frameworks and a metalanguage for thinking about the media. It is a problem that seems to have become more urgent with the availability of new media technologies and forms like video games. The study is located in the field of media education, which tends to draw on structuralist understandings of the relationships between young people and media and suggests that students can be empowered to resist media’s persuasive discourses. Recent theoretical developments suggest too little emphasis has been placed on the participatory aspects of young people playing with, creating and gaining pleasure from media. This study contributes to this ‘participatory’ approach by bringing post structuralist perspectives to the field, which have been absent from studies of secondary school media education. I suggest theories of media learning must take account of the ongoing formation of students’ subjectivities as they negotiate social, cultural and educational norms. Michel Foucault’s theory of ‘technologies of the self’ and Judith Butler’s theories of performativity and recognition are used to develop an argument that media learning occurs in the context of students negotiating various ‘ethical systems’ as they establish their social viability through achieving recognition within communities of practice. The concept of ‘ethical systems’ has been developed for this study by drawing on Foucault’s theories of discourse and ‘truth regimes’ and Butler’s updating of Althusser’s theory of interpellation. This post structuralist approach makes it possible to investigate the ways in which students productively repeat and vary norms to creatively ‘do’ and ‘undo’ the various media learning activities with which they are required to engage. The study focuses on a group of year ten students in an all boys’ Catholic urban school in Australia who undertook learning about video games in a three-week intensive ‘immersion’ program. The analysis examines the ethical systems operating in the classroom, including formal systems of schooling, informal systems of popular cultural practice and systems of masculinity. It also examines the students’ use of semiotic resources to repeat and/or vary norms while reflecting on, discussing, designing and producing video games. The key findings of the study are that students are motivated to learn technology skills and production processes rather than ‘theory’ work. This motivation stems from the students’ desire to become recognisable in communities of technological and masculine practice. However, student agency is not only possible through critical responses to media, but through performative variation of norms through creative ethical practices as students participate with new media technologies. Therefore, the opportunities exist for media educators to create the conditions for variation of norms through production activities. The study offers several implications for media education theory and practice including: the productive possibilities of post structuralism for informing ways of doing media education; the importance of media teachers having the autonomy to creatively plan curriculum; the advantages of media and technology teachers collaborating to draw on a broad range of resources to develop curriculum; the benefits of placing more emphasis on students’ creative uses of media; and the advantages of blending formal classroom approaches to media education with less formal out of school experiences.
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Quintanilla, Pablo. "The Sphere and the Tortoise. The Possibilities of a Holistic Theory of Justification." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/112752.
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This paper discusses the traditional opposition between a foundationalist and a coherentist account of justification. pointing to their inconveniences and showing why neither can make for an adequate theory of knowledge. It is suggested that, in order to overcome this opposition, it is required to build a holistic theory of belief that can support a holistic theory of justification. The paper has three parts. In the first one the author discusses the objections against foundationalism, focusing on the notion of basic belief and of non-doxastic justification. In the second part it is examined the objections against coherentism, focusing on the infinite regress of the requirement of epistemic ascent. Finally. in the third part the author analyzes the concept of belief and the way an interpreter attributes beliefs to an agent. It is also assessed to what extent it is possible to redefine the notion of basic belief, in order to place it in a proper theory of justification. Thea uthor suggests that the concept of belief emerges in an intersubjective and interpretative setting, the same which will permit the justification of beliefs.En este artículo, el autor examina la tradicional oposición entre el fundacionalismo y el coherentismo como teorías de la justificación, mostrando sus limitaciones y las razones por las que ninguna de ellas puede ser parte de una adecuada teoría del conocimiento. Se sugiere que, para superar esta oposición, es necesario desarrollar una teoría holista de la creencia que, a su vez, permita la elaboración de una teoría holista de la justificación. El artículo consta de tres partes. En la primera, el autor discute las objeciones contra el fundacionalismo, concentrándose en la noción de creencia básica y en la justificación no-doxástica. En la segunda, se examina las objeciones contra el coherentismo. concentrándose en el regreso al infinito del requisito de ascenso épistémico. Finalmente, en la tercera parte el autor aborda el concepto de creencia y la manera como un intérprete atribuye creencias a un agente. También se analiza hasta qué punto es posible reformular la noción de creencia básica con el fin de darle un lugar en una adecuada teoría de la justificación. El autor sugiere que el concepto mismo de creencia surge enun contexto intersubjetiva e interpretativo. siendo ese mismo contexto el que va a permitir la justificación de creencias.
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Shows, D. Wade. "Examining the state of the field and possibilities for collaboration in organization development." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1566779.
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This study examined the state of organization development (OD) and the possibilities for collaboration within it. Thirteen leading OD professionals were interviewed. Study findings indicated that the field of OD is struggling and needs to demonstrate its unique value. Collaboration in the field was determined to be limited and participants expressed little interest, time, and energy for initiating collaboration, although they believed collaboration could help enhance the credibility and relevance of the field. Several barriers to collaboration were identified, such as divergence in the field and "turf" issues. Several success factors for collaboration also were identified, such as having a compelling and clear purpose. Recommendations for advancing the field are offered, such as identifying the unique properties of OD that distinguish its professionals from other professionals operating in the same space. Continued research should recruit participants from across the OD field to help confirm and extend the present study's findings.
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Thornburg, M. Hayden. "Possibilities of mind and body an exploration and critique of mind-body identity theory /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1549.
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Burbidge, Jonathan J. "Understanding Student use of Social Media: Education and the Possibilities for Civic Engagement." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1403712335.
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Ramadhan, Delgash. "Integration and intercultural improvement in Araby/Dalbo : A pilot study about experiences and possibilities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-55816.
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In the Swedish political debate there is a general agreement about the problems with the integration process regarding especially third country nationals from Africa and Asia. In various SOU reports,1 there are testimonies about flaws in the interaction between the majority community and minority groups (where newly arrived third-country nationals are an especially prevalent group). Thus, Sweden has for several decades been in transformation from a culturally relatively homogeneous nation into a multicultural society. There have of course been cultures like the Sami, Finnish, Roma and German present alongside the Swedish majority culture. However, today there are neighborhoods where people with a “traditional” Swedish cultural background are a minority. Furthermore in almost all parts of society, like school, health, media etc., there are indications of discrimination (SOU 2006:73). This seems to be in line with a general tendency within the European Union where increased multiculturality has been fueling anti-immigrant movements of which some has even gained enough popular support to gain seats in the EU-parliament.
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Goura, Tairou. "Globalization, Critical Post-colonialism and Career and Technical Education in Africa: Challenges and Possibilities." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/603.
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In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is central to political discourses and educational concerns as a means for economic development, poverty alleviation, youth employment, and social mobility. Yet, there is an intriguing contradiction between this consideration and the real attention dedicated to TVET. Research on African TVET is varied, but tends to be narrowly focused on issues of policies, economic strategies, cost-efficiency, curriculum contents, and outdated equipment. Offering an alternative inquiry, the purpose of this conceptual dissertation was to use critical education theory and post-colonial insights to explore the macro and micro challenges SSA TVET systems are facing in a global context. Indeed, in the era of economic and cultural globalization, the African continent has the opportunity to make its way toward socioeconomic development. Still, rich countries are getting richer and the poor poorer. The African continent is rich in natural, mineral, agricultural, human, and intellectual resources. Thus, there are opportunities for well-being and educational prosperity. However, all statistics show that Africans are the poorest in the world. I argue that this poverty is socially constructed and not an inevitable condition for Africans. Unemployment is a tough reality in SSA. The number of students enrolling in TVET is increasing. From the critical and post-colonial conceptual framework I illustrate structural and systematic concerns to show how SSA TVET systems involve oppression, exploitation, marginalization, prejudice, stereotypes, gender discrimination, reproduction, hegemony, and subalternity. Through the concept of democratic education Dewey and Freire offer, I envision, idealistically and realistically, a holistic and emancipatory TVET where the main concern would not just be to train hands but also heads. In so doing, SSA TVET could develop students' critical awareness about citizenship, self-determination, and problem-solving in order to create social cohesion, peace, and stability in Africa.
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Hefele, Elisabeth, Hiu Tung Lo, and Sorie Mansaray. "Obstacles and Possibilities to Cross-Sector Social Partnerships for Sustainable Development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388317.
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Cross-sector social partnerships have become a widely used instrument to work towards sustainable development and especially to deal with social issues. However, research on this phenomenon commonly addresses possible solutions directly, without a deeper analysis of the underlying obstacles and possibilities. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by exploring the obstacles and possibilities for cross-sector social partnerships in achieving sustainable development. To do so, an empirical case study of a multinational mining corporation and its partners is conducted. Data is gathered from seven semi-structured interviews. The study shows that cross-sector social partnerships (CSSPs) are used by the interviewees to address social issues. Interviews are conducted with actors in different sectors who have relationships with the multinational corporations, this allows a diverse data collection. The study provides analytical results by identifying the obstacles and possibilities that are significant to the collaborations among partners, that is to say the CSSPs. Thus, three main obstacles are found: power imbalance, diverging focus and lack of trust among partners. Whereas, three main possibilities are identified: optimism towards future development, broader involvement and more frequent & constructive dialogue. The study also provides insights on partners at different influential levels and thereby makes a contribution to existing literature. From a practical perspective, understanding the underlying obstacles and possibilities could help to make the partnerships more effective.
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Skott, Anton. "Problems and Possibilities with Non-Empirical Assessment of Scientific Theories : An Analysis of the Argument Given by Richard Dawid." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för filosofi, historia, konst och religion, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164989.
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This essay examines the argument given by Richard Dawid (2013, 2019) for the viability of non-empirical assessment of scientific theories. Dawid's argument is supposed to show that trust in a scientific theory can be justified without any direct empirical testing of the theory. This view is fundamentally different from what will be called the classical paradigm of theory assessment. The classical paradigm holds that only empirical testing can justify belief in a theory. It is argued in this essay that Dawid's argument does not provide sufficient reasons for claiming that non-empirical assessment can be seen as a valid form of justification of scientific theories. However, it is further argued that non-empirical assessment still can play an important role when evaluating the status of a theory that cannot yet be tested empirically.
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Hammond, Judith. "The quest for perpetual peace: possibilities for international law reform based on Philip Allott's theory of social idealism." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/6692.
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This thesis takes up Philip Allott's challenge to think beyond the confines of academic and professional disciplines, to formulate new ideas that will transcend the current international order and create a better human future. Part I offers a theoretical exploration of past endeavours to secure perpetual peace and a map of the contemporary theoretical landscape in international law and international relations within which Allott's theory of social idealism is situated. Part II is an explication and evaluation of Allott's theory. The evaluation confirms that while the theory prescribes an international constitutionalism for a "true" international society, it does not provide practical guidance for improving the current system of international law. Allott is well aware of this. When referring to his own contribution to the discourse on the nature and function of law in humanity's integrated future, he declares that the geometer's work is complete, but that there is a need for more detailed carpenter's plans. His hope is that (younger) scholars and intellectuals will be inspired to reconnect with their intellectual inheritance, to explore new and better lines of thought, and to seek better connections between ideas – even ancient ones. Consequently, in Part III, Allott's theory is used as a springboard to construct three practical proposals intended to contribute to those detailed plans. The proposals have been developed to enable humanity to move in the direction of Allott's "true" international society specifically by transcending the recurrence of mass slaughter that is both condemned and condoned by the current regime of international law. The first proposal of an ethical obligation, and the second of an eventual legal code, concern the holding to account of all capable members of humanity for the protection of vulnerable members from atrocity. The proposals are submitted in the hope that the contemplation – if not the realisation – of these ideas might accelerate the socialisation and democratisation of international society by "the people". This would also accelerate the infiltration of international law by individuals as both subjects and objects, and redirect the central task of international law away from the protection of naked reason of state towards the reconciliation of capability and vulnerability of individual members. The third political proposal suggests how these ideas might be promulgated within the current legal and political milieux. It is anticipated that these proposals would enhance the development of a "true" international law – one that is a product of the total social process of international society, of all people and subordinate societies. With the actualisation of such an international law, perpetual peace might be realised.
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Johnston, Jennifer H. "Exploring Queer Possibilities in Jeanette Winterson's The Stone Gods." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1383575341.
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Nasri, Carl-Christian. "Intervention? Yes, it’s Just War : Analyzing the possibilities of justifying a U.S. intervention according to the Just War Theory." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384704.
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This study will focus on examining the probabilities of justifying military interventions. In order to conduct this study, the U.S. will be the subject of interest. The paper will discuss and analyze the case of justifying an intervention by the U.S. in Syria. The analysis will be based on the Just War Theory by the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas. To be able to conduct this study, official statements by the US government will be used to understand their reasoning concerning the subject. Mainly, statements will from the current and former heads of state, the American presidents, be analyzed. In the analysis of the paper, the criteria of the Just War Theory will be applied to the U.S. case with the objective to determine if the statements could justify an intervention. The outcome of Discussion and Conclusion reached the result that it would be justifiable for the U.S. to intervene in Syria. However, it becomes clear that the question of legitimate warfare and interventions are more complex than expected.
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Pettersson, Charlotta. "Kursplaners möjlighetsrum : om nationella kursplaners transformation till lokala." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-30075.
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This study explores the transformation of national syllabuses into local ones, as expressed in teachers’ organized conversations. It also investigates what view of knowledge is expressed in local syllabuses and what implications that view has for the educational task entrusted to schools by society. The data collected consist of six focus-group conversations in which teachers discuss national and local syllabuses. The thesis takes its theoretical point of departure in relational curriculum theory, with support from Ricoeur. These perspectives form the basis for the model that is used to study the transformation of national syllabuses are transformed into local ones – and what they are transformed in relation to. This transformation process results in four local ‘spaces of possibilities’: The analysis shows that teachers interpret the national syllabuses as documents which open up unlimited freedom in their teaching. The teachers use this freedom to turn from the content of national syllabuses towards other texts. Teachers feel that the only thing limiting them in their teaching is the grading of students, which places many different kinds of demands on them. The view of knowledge that emerges from the spaces of possibilities described is an individualistic one. The teachers fall back on their own experience, rather than reading, interpreting and developing an understanding of what the national syllabuses mean in relation to their experience and knowledge. In terms of content, the education provided is directed inwards towards the teacher’s own individual view of knowledge, rather than outwards towards the task given to schools by society. It is concluded that it is the teachers who, individually and based on their personal points of view, decide what knowledge students need to prepare them for life, rather than the goals set out in national syllabuses.Charlotta Pettersson
is also affiliated to / är också knuten till
Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten
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Vatuva, gwaa-Uugwanga Paulina Ndahambelela. "Teacher educators' perceptions about possibilities and challenges of the merger between Namibian Higher Education institutions for improving teacher education." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5112.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of the teacher educators about the merger between the University of Namibia and Namibia’s former Colleges of Education with regards to the merger's capacity to improve quality teacher education. The focus of the study differed from the various merger studies in that theirs has mainly been on technical issues of mergers to interpret merger capacity to improve change. Of importance about this focus is that the views of teacher educators were deemed important because of their 'agency' in the merger and its capacity to improve teacher education quality. The grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin of 1998 framed the study. The key question of the study was: "what are the perceptions of teacher educators about the merger of the former colleges of education with the University of Namibia's and the capacity to improve teacher education quality in the country?" A case study methodology was employed in which semi-structured questions were used to collect data. In addition, the study also employed observations and document analysis as sources of data.The key finding of the study was that all the participants' perceptions were that the merger has the capacity to improve the quality of teacher education in Namibia. The core of this finding serves as evidence of the complexities of mergers, particularly in terms of how participants perceive the merger's capability of improving quality. Firstly, the perceptions related to the contexts in which the participant teacher educators found themselves. Furthermore, the perceptions appeared to be associated with various contextual needs experienced by participants in the various institutions. The study analysis further suggested that the needs related to issues associated with input, process and output. These findings laid the ground for an emergent theory for understanding of teacher educators’ perceptions about the mergers. A conclusion drawn from the above findings were that the Maslow Hierarchy of Need Theory (with its biological/physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem needs, and self-actualization) provide better understanding of perceptions about mergers.
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Habibi, Aminullah. "Islam and democracy : prospects and possibilities : a critical analysis of the theory of the religious democracy of Dr Abdulkarim Soroush." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2011. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/96503/islam-and-democracy-prospects-and-possibilities-a-critical-analysis-of-the-theory-of-the-religious-democracy-of-dr-abdulkarim-soroush.
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This research is about Islam and democracy and the political theory of ‘democratic religious government’ of Dr Abdulkarim Soroush, an Iranian scholar and one of the leading figures in the debate on Islam and democracy in the Islamic world. The research endeavours to answer several questions: How far has the debate on Islam and democracy developed? Was the Islamic revolution in Iran an Islamic revolution and has it been a step forward for democracy there and an example of the compatibility of Islam and democracy? What are the specificities of Soroush’s political theory and how far are they sustainable? Is he successful in offering, at least in theory, a political model that can accommodate Islam and democracy? The research puts Soroush’s political theory into context and begins by exploring the background of the debate on Islam and democracy and the debate concerning Shia political thought and the legacy of the Iranian revolution. My research finding in the first chapter is that the political challenges posed by democracy as a political system based on the rule of people, regardless of their faith or gender, have been the most serious challenges Islam and Muslims have faced, especially in the past few decades. It also demonstrates how immature the debate is. The second chapter reveals how the Iranian revolution puts Shia Islam on a new track so that it can neither go back to its isolationist position nor resist the trend of secularisation and democratisation. A religion that, I will argue, was an impediment for democracy and open society, has become a force for reconciliation of the faithful’s spiritual needs and their human rights. In the third chapter I explore Soroush’s religious beliefs and development in his religious thoughts. I will try to establish in this chapter how he has found Islam to be exposed to scholarly debate and an easy target for modern Muslim scholars and intellectuals equipped with modern methodology to rehearse it, adjust it and rationalise it in order for it to become compatible with modern forms of life and human rights. I also demonstrate in this chapter that whatever the contents of Soroush’s political theory, he is a faithful Muslim and his religious beliefs do not support a democratic political system. Soroush’s political theory is the topic of the fourth chapter. In this chapter I have discovered how Soroush removes religious hurdles through his religious theory in order to present his political theory. It appears that Soroush believes what we have in the name of religion is nothing more than our knowledge and interpretations of religion. Since these are human understandings, they are like other human knowledge and, therefore, they are historical products that are timely and open to critical analysis and adjustable to humans’ socially evolving demands. I also explain in the fourth chapter why Soroush feels the existence of religion in public life is under threat and therefore endeavours to reconcile religion with the realities of the modern era to secure a space for religion. In doing this, Soroush loses theoretical consistency because he makes every effort, though unsuccessfully, to become the champion of all across the political spectrum, whether religious or liberal. Soroush’s contribution to the debate on Islam and democracy is significant, but he fails, as it will be argued, to offer a viable political theory on the compatibility of Islam and democracy. The research concludes with an assessment of the prospects and possibilities of the ideas of compatibility of Islam and democracy and highlights the contradictions and challenges of the idea. The conclusion sets the steps and prerequisites for a serious debate on Islam and democracy and illuminates the tenability of the debate by raising serious doubts about the authenticity of the debate on Islam and democracy.
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Schaffer, Martha Wilson. "Affective Possibilities for Rhetoric and Writing: How We Might Self-Assess Potentiality in Composition." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1395315205.
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Iolanda, Bianchi. "In, against, beyond and through the state. Limits and possibilities of urban commons in Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665636.
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En las últimas décadas, la categoría del Común ha resurgido para dibujar un camino de emancipación del capitalismo sin el Estado, retomando las tesis del marxismo autonomista. En este camino, los Comunes son las prácticas sociales autónomas que producen la emancipación, es decir, Lo Común, y mediante las cuales éste se puede instituir. Sin embargo, las teorías autonomistas del Común se caracterizan por una cierta reticencia a abordar cómo la emancipación puede tener lugar sin el Estado. Puesto que en la sociedad occidental contemporánea la relación con el Estado es ineludible, la investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el papel del Estado en el proyecto autonomista de emancipación del Común. El análisis se desarrolla en el entorno urbano y se centra en la relación entre los Comunes Urbanos y el Estado (local). La hipótesis de la tesis es que los Comunes Urbanos pueden necesitar el apoyo del Estado (local) y esto puede flanquear la producción de Lo Común con su propia producción de emancipación: Lo Público. Adoptando un enfoque relacional que analiza el caso de Barcelona, la tesis demuestra que los Comunes Urbanos necesitan del Estado (local). Muchos Comunes Urbanos necesitan los recursos y el reconocimiento del Estado (local), a pesar de que puedan afectar su autonomía, y todos se beneficiarían de un mayor apoyo del Estado (local) en términos de regulaciones, políticas públicas y planificación. Sin embargo, a pesar de que el Estado (local) podría teóricamente flanquear Lo Común ampliando el espectro de la emancipación, no parece que lo haga. Cuando el Estado (local) se encuentra con Lo Común, tiende a reemplazar Lo Común con Lo Público, y Lo Público tiende a obstaculizar y marginar espacialmente a Lo Común. Por lo tanto, los Comunes Urbanos deberían continuar luchando por su autonomía. Sin embargo, también deberían luchar para obtener y asegurarse formas de apoyo del Estado (local), tratando de evitar que este último limite su autonomía, que transforme Lo Común en Lo Público, que mantenga la hegemonía de la producción de la emancipación y que margine espacialmente a Lo Común. La tesis concluye sosteniendo que, tal como lo sostienen las teorías autonomistas del Comunes, el proyecto de emancipación del Común puede construirse sin tomar el control del Estado, pero sin embargo no puede prescindir de asegurarse formas de apoyo por parte del Estado.In the last few decades the category of Common has re-emerged to draw a path of emancipation from capitalism without the State, reviving the thesis of autonomist Marxism. In this path, the Commons are autonomous social practices that produce emancipation, namely The Common, and through which The Common can be instituted. However, autonomist Common’s theories are characterized by a certain reticence to address how emancipation can take place without the State. Considering that the relation with the State in contemporary Western society is ineludible, the research aims to assess the role of the State in the autonomist Common’s emancipatory project. The analysis is set in the urban environment focusing on the relation between Urban Commons and the (local) State. The thesis hypothesis that Urban Commons may need the support of the (local) State and this may flank the production of The Common with its own production of emancipation: The Public. Adopting a relational approach to the analysis of the case of Barcelona, the thesis demonstrates that Urban Commons needs the (local) State. Many of them needs the resources and the recognition of the (local) State, despite these may affect their autonomy, and all of them would benefit from a further support of the (local) State in terms of regulation, public policies and planning. However, despite the (local) State could theoretically flank The Common widening the spectrum of emancipation, it does not appear to do so. When the (local) State meets The Common it tends to replace it with The Public, and The Public tends to hinder and spatially marginalise The Common. Hence, Urban Commons should continue their struggle for autonomy. However, they should also struggle to obtain forms of support from the (local) State, preventing the latter from limiting their autonomy, transforming The Common into The Public, maintaining the hegemony of the production of emancipation and spatially marginalizing The Common. The thesis concludes sustaining that, as sustained by the autonomist Commons theories, the Common’s emancipatory project can be constructed without taking over the State but it cannot avoid to secure forms of support from the State.
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Lorenz, Nicole [Verfasser], Gert [Akademischer Betreuer] Wanka, Gert [Gutachter] Wanka, and Gerhard Wilhelm [Gutachter] Weber. "Application of the Duality Theory : New Possibilities within the Theory of Risk Measures, Portfolio Optimization and Machine Learning / Nicole Lorenz ; Gutachter: Gert Wanka, Gerhard Wilhelm Weber ; Betreuer: Gert Wanka." Chemnitz : Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1214244203/34.
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Mazwi, Ngoku Sakhile. "Aligning agents to principals: an exploration of the job creation possibilities of South Africa’s infrastructure public-private partnerships." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81322.
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This study sought to explore the governance mechanisms that result in agent principal alignment in Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), with specific reference to Job Creation. This is important to understand in South Africa as infrastructure PPPs are central to the government’s economic growth strategy. The Renewable Energy Programme (REIPPPP), a decade-old PPP, was identified as the ideal context given its consistent job-creation alignment between the state and its agents, Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Agency Theory posits that agents are inherently self-interested and thus unlikely to act in the interests of principals. However, while some theoretical propositions envisage instances of agent-principal alignment, what is less known are the precise mechanisms by which this can be achieved. This study explored the questions of moral hazard and adverse selection, which refer to goal conflict and information asymmetry in agent-principal relationships. The research was undertaken through a qualitative study, comprised of secondary data analysis as well as semi-structured interviews. It was found that by aligning contracts across multiple stakeholders, agents can increase their enforcement capacity. Furthermore, a rigorous data collection system accompanied by credible penalties, results in greater compliance. This contribution enhances the theory in respect of governance mechanisms whilst simultaneously providing practical guidance for PPP structuring.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Mazwi, Ngoku Sakhile. "Aligning agents to principals : an exploration of the job creation possibilities of South Africa’s infrastructure public-private partnerships." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81322.
Full textAbstract:
This study sought to explore the governance mechanisms that result in agent principal alignment in Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), with specific reference to Job Creation. This is important to understand in South Africa as infrastructure PPPs are central to the government’s economic growth strategy. The Renewable Energy Programme (REIPPPP), a decade-old PPP, was identified as the ideal context given its consistent job-creation alignment between the state and its agents, Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Agency Theory posits that agents are inherently self-interested and thus unlikely to act in the interests of principals. However, while some theoretical propositions envisage instances of agent-principal alignment, what is less known are the precise mechanisms by which this can be achieved. This study explored the questions of moral hazard and adverse selection, which refer to goal conflict and information asymmetry in agent-principal relationships. The research was undertaken through a qualitative study, comprised of secondary data analysis as well as semi-structured interviews. It was found that by aligning contracts across multiple stakeholders, agents can increase their enforcement capacity. Furthermore, a rigorous data collection system accompanied by credible penalties, results in greater compliance. This contribution enhances the theory in respect of governance mechanisms whilst simultaneously providing practical guidance for PPP structuring.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Aldous, David Charles Rhys. "Equal possibilities not restricted opportunity : a critical reflection on the experiences of 'vocational' transition within the context of post-16 sports education." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3097.
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This PhD study explores the transitional experiences of working class students between institutions of Further Education and Higher Education within the field of post-16 sports education. It draws its empirical illustration from the interview and ethnographic data collected over an 18 month period between October 2007 and July 2009 from a group of six students who had enrolled on a vocational FDSc Foundation Degree qualification. The study is comprised of two interrelated parts: Part I of the study illustrates the conceptual and methodological considerations which have driven the exploration of the student experience. The theoretical approach for investigating these experiences is informed by the structurationist perspective of Rob Stones (Stones, 2005). Stones conceptualises the relations between agent and structure four interlinked areas: External Structures, Internal Structures, Active Agency and Outcomes. Conceptualising transitional experience in this manner offers possibilities for a more contextually sensitive, refined, developed and ultimately adequate ontology of structuration. In further developing the framework, the study draws upon the sociological understanding of Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu. The incorporation of these two distinguishable but related perspectives allows the framework to inform an understanding of the interconnections between the sanctioned practices of a context, the role of agents within a context and the power capacities that are derived from these relations (Mouzelis, 1991; Morrison, 2005). In doing so, it provides a number of lenses in understanding the practices and relations between Further and Higher Education and the consequences of this for agents who enter this transition. Part II critically reflects on the participants experiences. Drawing upon data collected at three institutions: Hope Further Education College (HFEC), Fawlty University-College (FUC) and Ivory Tower University (ITU), the study discusses and explores in depth how the relations between the participants and the external structures of the institutions begin to form three identifiable and conceptually distinguishable transitional experiences which are seen to be either Empowering, Fragmented or Failed. In reflecting upon such relations and experiences, the study suggests that discourses of opportunity surrounding vocational qualifications forwarded to these students prior to, and during their course, is rather more complex than previously illustrated and for some functions as more of a myth than empowering discourse. Rather than providing equal possibility, the relations and transitional experiences that are currently produced only afford restricted opportunities to students choosing this vocational pathway within post-16 sports education. In conclusion, the study begins to discuss the implications of the relations and experiences highlighted for present and prospective relations and practices, asking whether change is possible, creating equal possibilities, not restricted opportunity.
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Cors, Cynthia. "EXPANDING UNDERSTANDING OF PUBLIC POLICY AS A COMPLEX AND PLURI-DISCIPLINARY SYSTEM: ILLUSTRATING POSSIBILITIES OF EPISTEMIC PLURALISM." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3574.
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Science, and especially the social sciences, has developed as distinct territories, each with its own vocabulary and language-game (Wittgenstein, 1945/1958). Yet understanding and explaining science as a complex and pluri-disciplinary system has important practitioner-oriented as well as research-oriented and other benefits, benefits that can be enhanced through the use of cloud-based technologies. Understanding and explaining public policy in particular as complex can inform and transform the way problems are approached. This is particularly important for an action subject like public policy and administration that can be considered as having been influenced by many disciplines. Public administration (PA) through multiple perspectives, already in the literature as epistemic pluralism (Farmer, 2010), aims to transform PA’s language-game by increasing the imaginative nature of knowledge. The practical application of epistemic pluralism has also been established. This dissertation further extends theory to practice by conceptualizing a cloud-based tool called Wittgenstein X. A cloud-based tool to organize and make sense of public policy and administration through multiple perspectives will provide a mechanism for researchers, practitioners, students, and others to increase the imaginative nature of knowledge. The application of EP theory and practice to big data will also be considered. This dissertation conceptualizes complexity theory as the fundamental vantage point from which science in general and public policy and administration in particular can be understood. It asks: What is the relevance of understanding and explaining public policy as a complex and pluri-disciplinary system and how is this related to big data? This study is important because it offers a remedy to resolving seemingly intractable problems in PPA. The component terms of this study, science, complexity, pluri-disciplinarity, systems, and governmentality will be shown as linked in a Wittgensteinian Family Resemblance. The terms can be said to merge into a whole where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
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Al, Khader Khloud. "A cultural-historical activity theory exploration into the use of social media in women's English language education in Saudi Arabia : possibilities and challenges." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-culturalhistorical-activity-theory-exploration-into-the-use-of-social-media-in-womenas-english-language-education-in-saudi-arabia-possibilities-and-challenges(841b5d1e-1a72-4911-80ba-2a67e10d425b).html.
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This research explores the possibilities and challenges of using social media as a tool in English language education in Saudi women's higher education via teachers' perceptions and practices. Research on social media in English language education in the Western context has demonstrated its benefits in language learning, yet limited research exists in the Saudi context. Among the scant research on social media in the EFL context, quantitative approaches through surveys have sought to elicit teachers' and students' perceptions of using social media in language education (Allam and Elyas 2016; Ahmed and Hassan 2017). However, such research has not investigated how social media is actually implemented and the factors and barriers that were observed from study in this area. This research examines implementation of social media by adopting case study design to understand in depth a particular community of teachers. The primary research methods used are interviews and classroom observations to understand teachers' perspectives, practices and any potential for transformation. The study also investigates the contradictions that may occur as a result of introducing social media in Saudi women's context. The participants are six female novice teachers who work together to implement technologies in their classrooms. Cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) is used in the study as an interpretative framework, to explore and investigate the entire activity system of implementing social media (Engeström 2001). Looking at the system as a whole contributes to our understanding of teachers' belief within the activity system. It also helps to explain how the cultural history of the participants comes to the activity system and the significance of its role in achieving the object of the activity. A number of historically accumulated contradictions are evident from the research that frequently prevents teachers from using social media in their teaching. Nevertheless, the study also reveals different types of transformations that occur as a result of the use of social media. These are individual (e.g. changes in value belief), collective (e.g. sharing one object) and systemic transformations (e.g. changes in the University rules). This research therefore makes a significant contribution to knowledge in three different areas. It enriches the literature on the use of CHAT to investigate the factors that support and hinder the implementation of social media in English language education, specifically in regard to women's teaching practices. The study also reveals how teachers' beliefs can take into account the broader sociocultural context by bringing cultural history into the activity system. The research similarly contributes methodologically by which an approach (abduction, deduction and induction) is used towards data analysis. A number of practical implications are addressed and limitations together with the potential for future research are identified.
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Lees, Helen Elizabeth. "The gateless gate of home education discovery : what happens to the self of adults upon discovery of the possibility and possibilities of an educational alternative?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1570/.
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This thesis investigates the moment of discovery of educational alternatives and in particular contemporary discovery of elective home education by parents and other adults in England. The discussion highlights an empirical and theoretical context for this discovery. Questions involve whether there is a moment of ontological conversion in the self of people discovering another way of educating from mainstream authoritarian schooling. The research data presented suggests that a moment of ‘gestalt switch’ conversion exists between what can be called different ‘worlds’ of education, following Thomas S. Kuhn’s framework of scientific discovery. By finding the existence of such a moment, the data indicates that education hegemonically conflated with mainstream authoritarian schooling is illegitimate: education is a paradigmatic field wherein all differing paradigms of educational theory and practice have equal legitimacy, irrespective of resources and participants. The moment of discovery investigated is characterised by surprising elements. Discovery of an alternative way of educating children seems to have a strong positive impact on both the adults and the children involved. The study shows that parents want information on various educational modalities to be widely available and provided by the government in the process of choosing education for their children.
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Farrand, Kathleen Marie. "Inclusion along a continuum of settings: Discovering the possibilities when using dramatic inquiry for literacy learning to promote the academic and social success of all students." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429099903.
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MacLullich, Christopher. "The moral (im)possibilities of being an applied anthropologist in development : an exploration of the moral and ethical issues that arise in theory and practice." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13958.
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My broadest aim in this thesis is to explore some of the central ethical concerns of social anthropologists vis-a-vis the phenomena of development. In particular, what I want to bring out and examine is the dynamics of the 'moral experience' and 'moral force' of anthropologists in this area. I go about this by considering the historical unfolding of the anthropological conceptual and evaluative apprehension of planned social and economic change. On this basis, I also consider the nature of the critiques and contributions that social anthropology has generated. I also make an attempt to review the major conceptual moral controversies and agendas that are intrinsic to development from an anthropological perspective. Whilst the concepts and values that emanate from social anthropology are multi-faceted and many stranded, I believe that the anthropological standpoint is both distinctive and potentially counter hegemonic. I look specifically at the moral resources that can be unearthed from the emerging field of 'development ethics' which is largely articulated in terms of the maxims that are fundamental to Western moral and political traditions. I attempt to set out the terrain of the ethical deliberation of anthropologists involved in development in terms of some of the moral difficulties of Western society. I argue that Western moral reasoning, as a result of deep disagreements about the sources of value human life and society, tends to rely upon procedural, instrumental and coercive ethical frameworks. On this basis, one of my assertions is that communitarian arguments, whilst also being needed as a healthy antidote to the excesses of liberal individualism, also constitute a reflection of the aspirations of people(s), many of whom are beleaguered by the alienation, atomism and instrumentalism of modern society. The communitarian perspective also underpins a political commitment to supporting those besieged indigenous communities that struggle to defend their integrity in the face of the aggressive intrusions of the market mentality. This may involve supporting the maintenance of 'traditional' versions of moral reasoning, well being, and sociality (such as indigenous life-worlds), collective rights in the face of the fragmentary and individuating neo-liberal development policies, and to support the 'construction of new associative networks such as 'new social movements' that represent the aspirations, and embody the values, of marginalised and disempowered social groups.
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Savevska, Maja. "The evolving governance structure of the European Union : asymmetric, but not disembedded : immanent possibilities in the social and environmental policy domains." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67645/.
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The subject of inquiry of my research is the socio-economic restructuring of the European Union (EU). The project provides an innovative interdisciplinary intervention that uses the canonical texts of Karl Polanyi and the insights from the burgeoning Polanyian scholarship in an attempt to explain the morphology of the contradictions that underpin the EU integration project. The starting point of analysis lies in the recent debates instigated by the critical turn in the EU studies scholarship that tries to shift the focus from the causes of the EU integration to its consequences. My original contribution to the scholarship consists of providing a Polanyian critique of the EU political economy. The ever-growing Polanyian scholarship proves a formidable alternative to the already established Gramscian and Marxist routes of critical inquiry. Based on a close reading of Polanyi and the wider Polanyian scholarship the thesis proposes a new take on the established practice of using Polanyi’s concept of dis/embeddedness as an all-or-nothing phenomenon and instead suggests conceptualising the social reality in terms of tendencies. The lenses through which I evaluate the EU predicament consist of the following conceptual vocabulary: a) dis/embedding tendencies b) habitation and improvement, and c) the rate of change. The main puzzle that the project endeavours to explain is the interplay between the disembedding and the embedding tendencies in the EU. The examination of the disembedding tendency consists of excavating the self-regulating market logic inscribed into the EU edifice by analysing the development across three policy fields: competition, finance and education. The findings suggest that the disembedding tendency is manifested not only in the monetary orthodoxy inscribed in the Economic and Monetary Union since the Maastricht Treaty and further reified during the Great Recession, but also in the privatisation, depoliticisation and commodification dynamics evident in the three policy domains discussed in the thesis. Given Polanyi’s observation that the embedding tendency is immanent to the disembedding one, the second empirical endeavour consists of investigating the surge of socio-environmental measures. Notwithstanding the institutional divergences between the social and environmental policy domains, the appraisal of the policy output demonstrates that the embedding tendency is characterised by the same marketisation dynamic that we see in the disembedding one. This thesis recuperates a critical Polanyian reading that highlights the disruptive dialectics between the disembedding tendency and the seemingly protective measures predicated on fictitious commodification. In addition to unearthing the structural bias towards the market form that constitutes the two tendencies, this project develops a normative critique of the market society, based on Polanyi’s ferocious appraisal of neoclassical economics’ formal understanding of the economy, by problematising the extension of the economising rationality within previously unaffected spheres.
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Abubaker, Fatma Mohamed Hassen. "The road to possibilities : a conceptual model for a program to develop the creative imagination in reading and responding to literary fiction (short stories) in Libyan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university classrooms." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8566/.
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Reading and understanding texts in English is problematic for university EFL students in Libya, and processing English literature is even more so. Some of these difficulties are related to teacher-centered approaches that focus on form, accuracy, and translation rather than on students’ abilities to make meaning. The aim of this study is to determine an instructional approach to help Libyan EFL university students learn to read and respond to fiction (short stories) by drawing on their imagination. Therefore, this study set out to explore the role of the imagination in meaning making in education (Vygotsky, 1930; Dewey, 1938; Egan, 1992; Craft, 2005), the role that literature plays in Libyan culture (in both its oral and written forms), the role of education in Libya and the place of English therein, and the challenges of reading in a second language (English). By analyzing the literature on the imagination and its role in learning, on reading processes in L1 and L2, on Reader-Response Theory, and on the process of meaning making in literature, I was able to answer the first research question, namely how the imagination could be stimulated and developed to extend Libyan EFL students’ abilities to read and respond to short stories. Then I synthesized that analysis into a conceptual model. Features of the imagination that have been conceptualized in the model for imaginative reading and meaning making include: schema (background knowledge and experience); the interactive theory of reading; the role of the imagination in learning (meaning making), which includes an intellectual faculty or ‘analytical thinking’ and an emotional faculty or what is called ‘intersubjectivity’; the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD); and possibility thinking. The next stage was to demonstrate that this model could be applied to the design of a reading program which makes a transition from a teacher-centered and translation-centered approach to reading literature (short stories) to a student-centered and interactive approach. The study relates the model to the literature on syllabus design to set up a framework for selecting and grading texts into five levels. I drew on the literature for interactive task design and standard EFL approaches of teaching reading to design lesson plans for the five stages of the program. The study concludes by suggesting that for the successful implementation of the model, there is a need for a shift in attitudes to more interactive approaches that facilitate meaning making. It also suggests conducting a series of workshops to introduce interactive teaching approaches and provide teachers with techniques for dealing with the challenges of shifting from teacher-centered to student-centered teaching. Finally, the thesis provides ideas on how to further the current research by evaluating the effectiveness of the program through empirical enquiry.
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Norén, Fanny, and Hanne Wallengren. "Possibilities and Challenges for Female PhD Students in Tanzania : A field study covering current conditions for Tanzanian women undertaking their PhD degree at the Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388305.
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At the largest university in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the gender distribution is unequal. At the University’s Department of Mathematics (DoM), the number of women ranges between 20-30 %. As a PhD degree can pose an important bridge into higher academic positions, the purpose of this study is to discern the current prerequisites for women to complete a doctoral degree at UDSM, compared to their male colleagues. The thesis is based on a field study carried out at DoM, in the spring of 2018. As such, both the formal and the perceived conditions could be examined. During the field study, both focus groups and individual interviews were held. By means of Grounded Theory, a mainly inductive method, the empirical framework obtained from the field research has guided the study and recurrent observations from the local context analysis have shaped the results. As the methodological outset for the study also draws on abductive reasoning, it results in that the analysis is concurrently theoretically guided and based on obtained data. The conclusions from the field research show that the conditions for female and male PhD students at UDSM are not equal. There are policies, quotas and other initiatives introduced in an attempt to level the playfield, however, other policies and social norms that create challenges for women in their strive for an academic career are still in motion. Among other things, as women are expected to be the primary caretaker and there are no support systems in place, the decision to start a family affects women’s studies more than men’s.
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Oger, Stanislas. "Modèles de langage ad hoc pour la reconnaissance automatique de la parole." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954220.
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Les trois piliers d'un système de reconnaissance automatique de la parole sont le lexique,le modèle de langage et le modèle acoustique. Le lexique fournit l'ensemble des mots qu'il est possible de transcrire, associés à leur prononciation. Le modèle acoustique donne une indication sur la manière dont sont réalisés les unités acoustiques et le modèle de langage apporte la connaissance de la manière dont les mots s'enchaînent.Dans les systèmes de reconnaissance automatique de la parole markoviens, les modèles acoustiques et linguistiques sont de nature statistique. Leur estimation nécessite de gros volumes de données sélectionnées, normalisées et annotées.A l'heure actuelle, les données disponibles sur le Web constituent de loin le plus gros corpus textuel disponible pour les langues française et anglaise. Ces données peuvent potentiellement servir à la construction du lexique et à l'estimation et l'adaptation du modèle de langage. Le travail présenté ici consiste à proposer de nouvelles approches permettant de tirer parti de cette ressource.Ce document est organisé en deux parties. La première traite de l'utilisation des données présentes sur le Web pour mettre à jour dynamiquement le lexique du moteur de reconnaissance automatique de la parole. L'approche proposée consiste à augmenter dynamiquement et localement le lexique du moteur de reconnaissance automatique de la parole lorsque des mots inconnus apparaissent dans le flux de parole. Les nouveaux mots sont extraits du Web grâce à la formulation automatique de requêtes soumises à un moteur de recherche. La phonétisation de ces mots est obtenue grâce à un phonétiseur automatique.La seconde partie présente une nouvelle manière de considérer l'information que représente le Web et des éléments de la théorie des possibilités sont utilisés pour la modéliser. Un modèle de langage possibiliste est alors proposé. Il fournit une estimation de la possibilité d'une séquence de mots à partir de connaissances relatives à 'existence de séquences de mots sur le Web. Un modèle probabiliste Web reposant sur le compte de documents fourni par un moteur de recherche Web est également présenté. Plusieurs approches permettant de combiner ces modèles avec des modèles probabilistes classiques estimés sur corpus sont proposées. Les résultats montrent que combiner les modèles probabilistes et possibilistes donne de meilleurs résultats que es modèles probabilistes classiques. De plus, les modèles estimés à partir des données Web donnent de meilleurs résultats que ceux estimés sur corpus.
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Haapala, Brundin Daniel. "Likvärdighet, i vilket syfte för vem och när? : En idéanalys av likvärdigheten i utbildningssystemet från grundskola till gymnasiet utifrån frihetsbegreppet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44015.
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In which purpose, for who and when does equality get fullfilled in the education system? This studie takes aim on the upper level and second upper level school system to study what the curriculum says on the one hand and what the system brings out on the other. With critical theory as method, with Herbert Tingsten as founder, this studie analyzes the logic of the education system to set out if the pupils choice of education, after the upper level lower secondary school, in second upper level is legit with democratic principles such as freedom (of choice). The theory, used to analyze the individuals progress to be autonomous, uses Adam Swifts definition of freedom as an individual being autonomous. The findings of the study shows that what politicians chases as equality really i´snt equality. What sets out be a guarantee in the upper level lower secondary schools official documents, that every student are concerned by the goals of the school, really don’t apply to all students. Equality is withheld, politicians have put forward, when every student gets at least the grade E. This stands against that the grade E as it is graded by the Swedish school department “Skolverket” and so by the teachers in local schools doesn’t reach to the goals outlined in the official documents. Equality as it is defined in earlier studies is partly confirmed by this study, partly redefined as it shows that equality in the education system don’t seem have anything to do with the opportunities or possibilities of the pupils in the school system.
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Levray, Amélie. "Interval-based possibility theory : conditioning and probability/possibility transformations." Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0408/document.
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Cette thèse contribue au développement de formalismes efficaces pour représenter l’information incertaine. Les formalismes existants tels que la théorie des probabilités ou la théorie des possibilités sont parmi les cadres les plus connus et utilisés pour représenter ce type d’information. Différentes extensions (e.g. théorie des probabilités imprécises, théorie des possibilités à intervalles) ont été proposées pour traiter des informations incomplètes ou des connaissances mal-connues, ainsi que pour raisonner avec les connaissances d’un groupe d’experts. Les contributions de cette thèse sont divisées en deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous développons le conditionnement dans le cadre des possibilités à intervalles et dans le cadre des possibilités ensemblistes. Conditionner dans le cadre standard diffère que l’on considère l’échelle possibiliste qualitative ou quantitative. Notre travail traite les deux définitions du conditionnement possibiliste. Ce qui nous amène à étudier une nouvelle extension de la logique possibiliste, définie comme logique possibiliste ensembliste, et son opérateur de conditionnement dans le cadre possibiliste qualitatif. Ces résultats, plus spécialement en termes de complexité, nous amène à étudier les transformations, plus précisément des transformations du cadre probabiliste vers le cadre possibiliste. En effet, nous analysons des propriétés les tâches de raisonnement comme la marginalisation et le conditionnement. Nous nous attaquons aussi aux transformations des probabilités imprécises vers les possibilités avec un intérêt particulier pour l’inférence MAPThis thesis contributes to the development of efficient formalisms to handle uncertain information. Existing formalisms such as probability theory or possibility theory are among the most known and used settings to represent such information. Extensions and generalizations (e.g. imprecise probability theory, interval-based possibilistic theory) have been provided to handle uncertainty such as incomplete and ill-known knowledge and reasoning with the knowledge of a group of experts. We are particularly interested in reasoning tasks within these theories such as conditioning. The contributions of this thesis are divided in two parts. In the first part, we tackle conditioning in interval-based possibilistic framework and set-valued possibilistic framework. The purpose is to develop a conditioning machinery for interval-based possibilistic logic. Conditioning in a standard possibilistic setting differs whether we consider a qualitative or quantitative scale. Our works deal with both definitions of possibilistic conditioning. This leads us to investigate a new extension of possibilisticlogic, defined as set-valued possibilistic logic, and its conditioning machinery in the qualitative possibilistic setting. These results, especially in terms of complexity, lead us to study transformations, more precisely from probability to possibility theories. The second part of our contributions deals with probability-possibility transformation procedures. Indeed, we analyze properties of reasoning tasks such as conditioning and marginalization. We also tackle transformations from imprecise probability theory to possibility theory with a particular interest in MAP inference
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Sid-Amar, Ismahane. "Autour de la décision qualitative en théorie des possibilités." Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0403/document.
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Dans de nombreuses applications réelles, nous sommes souvent confrontés à des problèmes de décision: de choisir des actions et de renoncer à d'autres. Les problèmes de décision deviennent complexes lorsque les connaissances disponibles sont entachées d'incertitude ou lorsque le choix établi présente un risque.L'un des principaux domaines de l'Intelligence Artificielle (IA) consiste à représenter les connaissances, à les modéliser et à raisonner sur celles-ci. Dans cette thèse, nous sommes intéressés à une discipline inhérente à l'IA portant sur les problèmes de décision. La théorie de la décision possibiliste qualitative a élaboré plusieurs critères, selon le comportement de l'agent, permettant de l'aider à faire le bon choix tout en maximisant l'un de ces critères. Dans ce contexte, la théorie des possibilités offre d'une part un cadre simple et naturel pour représenter l'incertitude et d'autre part, elle permet d'exprimer les connaissances d'une manière compacte à base de modèles logiques ou de modèles graphiques. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'étudier la représentation et la résolution des problèmes de la décision qualitative en utilisant la théorie des possibilités. Des contreparties possibilistes des approches standards ont été proposées et chaque approche a pour objectif d'améliorer le temps de calcul des décisions optimales et d'apporter plus d'expressivité à la forme de représentation du problème. Dans le cadre logique, nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode, pour résoudre un problème de la décision qualitative modélisé par des bases logiques possibilistes, basée sur la fusion syntaxique possibiliste. Par la suite, dans le cadre graphique, nous avons proposé un nouveau modèle graphique, basé sur les réseaux possibilistes, permettant la représentation des problèmes de décision sous incertitude. En effet, lorsque les connaissances et les préférences de l'agent sont exprimées de façon qualitative, nous avons proposé de les représenter par deux réseaux possibilistes qualitatifs distincts. Nous avons développé un algorithme pour le calcul des décisions optimales optimistes qui utilise la fusion de deux réseaux possibilistes. Nous avons montré aussi comment une approche basée sur les diagrammes d'influence peut être codée d'une manière équivalente dans notre nouveau modèle. Nous avons en particulier proposé un algorithme polynomial qui permet de décomposer le diagramme d'influence en deux réseaux possibilistes. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous avons défini le concept de la négation d'un réseau possibiliste qui pourra servir au calcul des décisions optimales pessimistesIn many applications, we are often in presence of decision making problems where the choice of appropriate actions need to be done. When the choice is clear and the risks are null, the decision becomes easy to select right actions. Decisions are more complex when available knowledge is flawed by uncertainty or when the established choice presents a risk. One of the main areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to model, represent and reason about knowledge. In this thesis, we are interested in an inherent discipline in AI which concerns decision making problems.The qualitative possibility decision theory has developed several criteria, depending on the agent behavior, for helping him to make the right choice while maximizing one of these criteria. In this context, possibility theory provides a simple and natural way to encode uncertainty. It allows to express knowledge in a compact way using logical and graphical models. We propose in this thesis to study the representation and resolution of possibilistic qualitative decision problems. Possibilistic counterparts of standard approaches have been proposed and each approach aims to improve the computational complexity of computing optimal decisions and to provide more expressiveness to the representation model of the problem. In the logical framework, we proposed a new method for solving a qualitative decision problem, encoded by possibilistic bases, based on syntactic representations of data fusion problems. Subsequently, in a graphical framework, we proposed a new graphical model for decision making under uncertainty based on qualitatif possibilistic networks. Indeed, when agent's knowledge and preferences are expressed in a qualitative way, we suggest to encode them by two distinct qualitative possibilistic networks. We developed an efficient algorithm for computing optimistic optimal decisions based on syntactic counterparts of the possibilistic networks fusion. We also showed how an influence diagram can be equivalently represented in our new model. In particular, we proposed a polynomial algorithm for equivalently decomposing a given possibilistic influence diagram into two qualitatif possibilistic networks. In the last part of the thesis, we defined the concept of negated possibilistic network that can be used for computing optimal pessimistic decisions
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Lima, Vinicius de Melo. "Uma teoria hermenêutica da responsabilidade: os direitos sociais entre o ativismo judicial e a decisão jurídica democrática." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5045.
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Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
A presente tese de doutoramento tem como objeto da pesquisa os fundamentos da responsabilidade política do intérprete na produção do sentido normativo, em observância aos ideais de coerência e de integridade decisória, na perspectiva de uma exploração hermenêutica das dimensões da resposta constitucionalmente adequada à concretização dos direitos sociais, tanto em nível procedural, quanto no plano substancial. Os problemas a serem investigados são os seguintes: Como controlar o poder e ampliar as liberdades fundamentais dos cidadãos, em especial os direitos sociais? Quais os limites e as possibilidades de concretização judicial dos direitos sociais no Estado Democrático de Direito Brasileiro? A investigação científica, alicerçada no método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, tendo como referencial teórico a filosofia hermenêutica e a hermenêutica filosófica (Martin Heidegger-Hans-Georg Gadamer), o Direito como Integridade, de Ronald Dworkin, em uma interlocução com o Constitucionalismo Garantista, de Luigi Ferrajoli, à luz da filtragem da Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito, de Lenio Luiz Streck, procura identificar parâmetros hermenêuticos para o controle judicial e a eficácia dos direitos sociais, a partir do desenvolvimento de uma Teoria Hermenêutica da Responsabilidade. O trabalho insere-se na linha 1 de pesquisa do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UNISINOS, cuja pertinência temática amolda-se à disciplina de Hermenêutica Jurídica e Concretização de Direitos, ministrada pelo Professor Doutor Lenio Luiz Streck. O objetivo da tese consiste, pois, na reconstrução hermenêutica dos direitos sociais, tendo como fundamento estruturante uma compreensão adequada da responsabilidade decisória como garantia constitucional de efetivação da democracia substancial. As hipóteses trabalhadas possuem as seguintes perspectivas de compreensão: 1) A legitimidade da jurisdição na concretização dos direitos sociais, à luz da concepção dos direitos fundamentais como trunfos (Ronald Dworkin), havendo uma complementaridade entre direitos individuais e direitos sociais, os quais preexistem à decisão judicial. A ideia da responsabilidade hermenêutica é condição de possibilidade para a inserção da decisão jurídica no mundo prático, afastando a noção de “escolha”, cuja tradução jurídica encontra ressonância na concepção de discricionariedade; 2) A resposta hermeneuticamente adequada em matéria de direitos sociais reclama a adoção de um construtivismo decisório, em atenção à igual consideração e respeito que balizam a convivência comunitária, evitando-se as “razões de Estado”; 3) As dimensões de garantia da decisão jurídica democrática, em nível procedimental e substancial, tendo como foco o conteúdo que emana da resposta adequada à Constituição, podem ser divididas, para fins didáticos, em temporal, político-jurídica, socioeconômica, moral, cultural e integrativa; 4) A construção de uma Teoria Hermenêutica da Responsabilidade procura identificar determinados parâmetros hermenêuticos para a concretização judicial dos direitos sociais, quais sejam, a diferença ontológica entre os direitos fundamentais e a compreensão das dimensões da decisão jurídica democrática, o “romance em cadeia”, o círculo hermenêutico e a garantia de fundamentação, a tradição, a coerência e a integridade, a unidade do valor, a faticidade e a igual liberdade. A exigibilidade dos direitos sociais e os limites e as possibilidades de atuação da jurisdição têm preocupado comunidade em geral, razão pela qual se impõe a diferenciação entre judicialização da política e ativismo, além de uma crítica ao modelo do neoconstitucionalismo recepcionado no Brasil, nas fronteiras entre o Direito e a Política. Na sequência, a leitura do fenômeno da corrupção como um problema de direitos fundamentais decorre da necessidade de se denunciar o patrimonialismo e o estamento, os quais, associados à lógica do free rider, contribuem para o incremento das desigualdades sociais. A raiz do dilema está na discricionariedade e na eventual construção, por intermédio do discurso jurídico, de uma verdadeira zona de imunidade, a qual se contrapõe à intensa danosidade social e quebra da confiança legítima em decorrência das práticas corruptivas. Por sua vez, a ideia dos direitos sociais revela a importância de uma perspectiva holística, fundada na unidade do valor (Dworkin) e no giro ontológico-linguístico, para a compreensão do dilema entre procedimentalismo e substancialismo, das omissões inconstitucionais e do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas. Desenvolvem-se, enfim, os fundamentos de uma teoria da responsabilidade decisória, propondo-se uma autêntica reviravolta hermenêutica em relação à efetivação dos direitos sociais, com realce para a justiciabilidade no Supremo Tribunal Federal. O recorte quantitativo e qualitativo levou em consideração as decisões proferidas entre 1º de maio de 1996 e 30 de agosto de 2015, mormente em razão da evolução jurisprudencial em torno da eficácia e da aplicabilidade das normas de direitos fundamentais sociais no referido período.
This doctoral thesis has the purpose of research the foundations of the political responsibility of the interpreters in the production of normative sense, in compliance with the ideals of coherence and operative integrity, the perspective of a hermeneutic exploration of the dimensions of constitutionally adequate response to the realization of rights social, both in procedural level, and in the substantial plan. The problems to be investigated are: How to control the power and extend the fundamental freedoms of citizens, in particular the social rights? What are the limits and possibilities of judicial realization of social rights in a Brazilian Law Democratic State of Brazilian Law? Scientific research, based on the phenomenological-hermeneutical method, theoretically based hermeneutics philosophy and philosophical hermeneutics (Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer), Law as Integrity, of Ronald Dworkin, in a dialogue with the Constitutionalism Guarantees of Luigi Ferrajoli in the light of filtration Critical Hermeneutics of Law of Lenio Luiz Streck, seeks to identify hermeneutical parameters for judicial review and the effectiveness of social rights, from the development of Hermeneutics Theory of Responsability. The work is part of the first line of research of the Pos-Graduate Program in Law UNISINOS, whose thematic relevance conforms to the discipline of Legal Hermeneutics and Implementation of Rights, taught by Professor Lenio Luiz Streck. The aim of the thesis is therefore the hermeneutic reconstruction of social rights, with the structuring based on a proper understanding of the decision-making responsibility as constitutional guarantee of realization of substantial democracy. The hypotheses worked have the following perspectives of understanding: 1) The legitimacy of the jurisdiction in realization of social rights in the light of the concept of fundamental rights as trumps (Ronald Dworkin) and there is a complementarity between individual rights and social rights, which pre-exist the judicial decision. The idea of hermeneutics responsibility is the condition of possibility for the inclusion of the legal decision in the practical world, away from the notion of “choice” whose legal translation resonates in the design of discretion; 2) The hermeneutically appropriate response in terms of social rights calls for the adoption of a decision constructivism, in keeping with equal concern and respect that guide the community life, avoiding the “reasons of state”; 3) The dimensions guarantee the democratic legal decision on procedural and substantive level, focusing on content emanating from the appropriate response to the Constitution, can be divided, for didactic purposes, in temporal, political-legal, socio-economic, moral, cultural and integrative; 4) The construction of a Hermeneutics Theory of Responsability seeks to identify certain hermeneutical parameters for the judicial realization of social rights, namely, the ontological difference between the fundamental rights and the understanding of the dimensions of democratic legal ruling, the "romance chain", the hermeneutical circle and the statement of assurance, tradition, consistency and integrity, the value of the unit, the facticity and the same freedom. The enforceability of social rights and the limits and jurisdiction possibilities of action have worried community at large, which is why is necessary to differentiate between legalization of politics and activism, as well as a critique of neoconstitutionalism the type approved in Brazil, on the borders between Law and Policy. Following the reading of the phenomenon of corruption as a fundamental rights problem stems from the need to report patrimonial and estate, which, combined with the logic of the free rider, contribute to the increase in social inequalities. The root of the dilemma is at the discretion and the eventual construction, through the legal discourse, a true zone of immunity, which is opposed to the intense social danosidade and breach of legitimate expectations as a result of corrupting practices. In turn, the idea of social rights reveals the importance of a holistic approach, based on the value of the unit (Dworkin) and ontological-linguistic turn, to understanding the dilemma between proceduralism and substantialism, the unconstitutional omissions and judicial control public policy. Are developed, finally, the foundations of a theory of decision-making responsibility, proposing an authentic hermeneutic turn in relation to the effectiveness of social rights, with emphasis on the justiciability of the Supreme Court of Brazil. The quantitative and qualitative fragment took into account decisions taken between 1 May 1996 and 30 August 2015, especially given the jurisprudential developments around the effectiveness and applicability of fundamental social rights standards in the period.
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DA, COSTA PEREIRA CELIA. "Planification d'actions en environnement incertain : une approche fondee sur la theorie des possibilites." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30071.
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La plupart des travaux existants dans le domaine de la planification sous incertitude utilise la theorie des probabilites. Cependant, un obstacle majeur est rencontre lorsqu'on ne dispose que de donnees qualitatives et pas d'un modele probabiliste permettant de decrire les aspects incertains du probleme de planification a resoudre. L'approche developpee au cours de cette these repose sur la theorie des possibilites et constitue une reponse a ce type de probleme. Nous avons tout d'abord defini un cadre formel de representation permettant de decrire l'incertitude possibiliste sur l'effet des actions et sur l'etat initial. Cela a aboutit a la construction d'un formalisme pour la planification possibiliste inspire de celui developpe par kusmerick et al. Pour le planificateur probabiliste buridan. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous avons developpe et implemente un algorithme qui permet de generer, sous l'hypothese de non-observabilite a l'execution, un plan solution dont la necessite qu'il satisfasse l'objectif est superieure a un seuil. Cet algorithme est base sur un resultat important qui montre que la resolution d'un probleme de planification possibiliste peut se ramener a la resolution d'un probleme de planification non-deterministe dans lequel les actions ont plusieurs effets possibles mais non differencies. Nous avons ensuite etendu la notion de plan solution afin de pouvoir discriminer entre plusieurs plans de meme necessite. Deux solutions ont alors ete proposees. La premiere concerne le cas ou tous les plans solutions ont une necessite nulle. Dans ce cas nous avons propose une methode qui consiste a primer le plan ayant la plus grande mesure de possibilite d'atteindre un etat but. Le deuxieme cas est celui dans lequel il existe plusieurs plans solutions de meme necessite non nulle. On utilise alors une methode de choix basee sur un critere lexicographique qui exploite l'incertitude sur le changement d'etat cause par chaque action du plan. Enfin, nous avons etendu la notion d'objectif afin de rendre possible la prise en compte de la flexibilite. Pour cela, nous avons associe des degres d'importance aux litteraux representant le but et des degres de faisabilite aux actions, ce qui nous permet d'evaluer, de facon graduelle, le niveau de satisfaction d'un plan. Parallelement, l'exploitation d'utilites additives sur les actions a ete consideree.
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Boutouhami, Khaoula. "Les modèles graphiques et logiques pour la gestion des informations incohérentes et incertaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0407.
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Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié des modèles logiques et graphiques pour la gestion d'informations incohérentes et incertaines. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié une extension des ontologies légères, exprimée ici dans les langages DL-Lite, dans le cadre de la théorie des possibilités basée sur le produit. Nous introduisons d'abord le langage et la sémantique utilisés pour représenter l'incertitude dans les ontologies légères. Nous montrons ensuite que, contrairement à la logique DL-Lite possibiliste basée sur l'opérateur min, le traitement des requêtes dans une théorie de possibilité basée sur le produit est une tâche difficile. Lorsque l'incertitude est considérée seulement au niveau des assertions de la ABox, nous fournissons des transformations équivalentes entre le problème du calcul du degré d'inconsistance (la notion clé dans le raisonnement à partir d'une base de connaissances DL-Lite possibiliste) et le problème Max-2-Horn-SAT pondéré. Dans le cadre général où la TBox peut également être incertaine, nous modélisons le calcul du degré d'inconsistance par un problème de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers. De plus, nous proposons dans les deux cas, un encodage du problème de calcul du degré d'inconsistance en terme d'un problème de couverture d'ensembles pondérés et nous utilisons un algorithme glouton pour calculer une valeur approximative du degré d'inconsistance. Enfin, nous présentons une étude expérimentale où les différentes solutions proposées sont comparées. Nous montrons en particulier l'efficacité de l'approche basée sur la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers par rapport aux deux autres approches basées sur le W-Max-2-Horn-SAT et l'algorithme glouton approximatif. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié le problème de la prise de décision. Nous avons implémenté une version améliorée du procédé de décomposition d'un diagramme d'influence possibiliste en deux réseaux possibilistes sans réduction, permettant de réduire la complexité des réseaux résultants et offrant ainsi une amélioration du processus de calcul des décisions optimales optimistes. De plus, nous avons proposé une approche approximative pour le calcul de la décision possibiliste qualitative en incorporant les techniques de fusion des réseaux possibilistes. Cette approche est efficace et elle est en particulier utile lorsque la génération des distributions de possibilités locales par l'algorithme standard est impossible ou prend un temps de réponse trop longIn this thesis, we have studied logical and graphical models for the management of incoherent and uncertain information. In the first part, we have studied an extension of lightweight ontologies, encoded here in DL-Lite languages, for the product-based possibility theory framework. We first have introduced the language and the semantics used for representing uncertainty in lightweight ontologies. Then, we have shown that contrarily to a min-based possibilistic DL-Lite, query answering in a product-based possibility theory is a hard task. When the uncertainty is only considered at the ABox level, we have provided equivalent transformations between the inconsistency degree computation problem (the key notion in reasoning from a possibilistic DL-Lite knowledge base) and the weighted maximum 2-Horn SAT problem. In the general case, where the TBox may also be uncertain, we have modeled the inconsistency degree computation as an integer linear programming problem. Moreover, we have provided in both cases, an encoding of the problem of computing inconsistency degree in product-based possibility DL-Lite as a weighted set cover problem and we have used a greedy algorithm to compute an approximate value of the inconsistency degree. This encoding allows us to provide an approximate algorithm for answering instance checking queries in product-based possibilistic DL-Lite. Lastly, we have presented an experimental study where the different proposed solutions are compared. We have shown in particular the efficiency of the integer linear programming approach compared with the two other solutions based on the weighted Max-2-Horn-SAT and the approximate greedy algorithm. In the second part of the thesis, we have implemented the problem of decision-making. We have implemented and, improved a new version of the possibilistic influence diagram decomposition process into two possibilistic networks without reduction, reducing the complexity of the resulting networks and thus improving the computation of the optimistic decision-making process. In addition, we have proposed an approximate approach for the computation of decision under uncertainty within possibilistic networks. The computing of the optimal optimistic decision no longer goes through the junction tree construction step. Instead, it is performed by calculating the degree of normalization in the moral graph resulting from the merging of the possibilistic network codifying knowledge of the agent and that codifying its preferences
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Oussalah, Mourad-Chabane. "Fusion de donnees par theorie des possibilites application a la localisation d'un robot mobile." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EVRY0007.
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Les techniques de fusion de donnees ont connu un essor remarquable depuis quelques annees. L'operation de fusion permet d'extraire a partir d'un ensemble de sources une information plus fiable au sens de la redondance et de la complementarite en tenant compte de l'imprecision et de l'incertitude supportees par les sources initiales. La theorie des possibilites offre un cadre interessant de representation de l'impression et de l'incertitude. De plus, a cause des contraintes souples qui regissent cette theorie, elle fournit une multitude de choix quant a la combinaison d'informations issues de differentes sources s'etendant du conjonctif au disjonctif en passant par le compromis. Nous nous sommes particulierement interesses a la regle de combinaison adaptative proposee par dubois et prade. Apres avoir analyse cette regle d'un point de vue des proprietes algebriques qu'elle engendre et les differentes etapes aboutissant a sa formulation, nous avons propose de nombreuses variantes permettant, d'une part la validation de certaines proprietes et, d'autre part, de nouvelles interpretations des etapes precedentes. Nous avons egalement propose la regle de combinaison progressive pour une gestion adequate du conflit et de la robustesse vis a vis de la forme des distributions. Par la suite, nous avons teste la validation d'une telle approche sur deux types d'application orientee robotique mobile, ou le but est de determiner la position absolue d'un robot mobile dans un environnement partiellement connu. Deux types de robots ont ete utilises, le robot rmi developpe au laboratoire cemif et le robot khepera. Nous avons ensuite montre les avantages et les limites d'une telle demarche par une comparaison theorique et pratique avec la methode du filtrage de kalman.
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Di, Netta James Dominick. "The Mechanics and Fixed Operations of Human Experience." UNF Digital Commons, 2016. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/648.
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This paper will use the natural laws of the universe and amassed evidence to support a dynamic systems theory approach to explain the mechanics and fixed operations of the human experience taking place inside a causally determined universe without the possibility of free will. By reductionary methods, the universe and all its’ contents, including human agents, will be exemplified as complex dynamic systems. In so doing, the human experience is reduced to being comprised of information acting and reacting with other information existing in the universe, specifically ideas. Allowing ideas to take on a physical manifestation shows how the feedback of information directly results in the rise of human consciousness and the sensation of control and volition over actions. Thus, the methods and philosophies used in this paper will set out to rebut metaphysical libertarian views asserting alternative possibilities by way of Rollback Arguments and two other libertarian arguments raised by Alfred R. Mele. This paper aims to provide a description and deeper appreciation for the mechanics and fixed operations of the human experience in a universe where free will is nonexistent.
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MENAGE, XAVIER. "Apprentissage pour le controle de qualite, approche basee sur la theorie des possibilites et la theorie des reseaux de neurones." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066287.
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Un controle de qualite fait appel a la perception d'un expert pour evaluer la severite des defauts rencontres. Nous proposons de modeliser cette evaluation afin de pouvoir la reproduire. Nous prenons en compte les incertitudes dues aux imprecisions de la perception. La theorie des possibilites offre un cadre approprie a la representation des incertitudes. Nous l'appliquons a la definition des capteurs possibilistes. Leur role est de donner une description linguistique d'une grandeur physique mesuree. Nous adaptons un algorithme d'apprentissage non supervise issu de la theorie des reseaux de neurone a la structure de donnees qui integre des distributions de possibilite. Ce nouvel algorithme permet de construire une base de connaissance constituee de situations deja connues auxquelles il est fait reference pour analyser une situation nouvelle. L'ensemble des travaux theoriques est applique a l'automatisation d'un controle de qualite de pieces de fonderie
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Vidlund, Elin. "Moral cognition and its neural correlates : Possibilites for enhancement of moral cognition and behavior." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15726.
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This essay aims to provide an overview of some key theories and frameworks regarding moral cognition and its neural correlates, in order to examine the possibilities of enhancement of moral cognition. Moral cognition arises from the functional integration of several distinct brain regions and networks. These neural systems correspond to different socioaffective abilities, such as empathy and compassion, as well as sociocognitive abilities, such as theory of mind. Due to this neural distinction, these moral abilities, behaviors, and emotions can be targeted and trained separately. Recent research suggests that training sociocognitive and socioaffective abilities increases cortical thickness in corresponding brain regions and networks, hence providing support for adult neural plasticity in relation to moral cognition. Increased cortical thickness also corresponds to enhanced performance in socioaffective and sociocognitive abilities. Training compassion and empathy induce enhanced abilities to pick up emotional cues, as well as strengthen the motivation to alleviate others’ distress. Practicing theory of mind allows for a better understanding of the perspective of others, which has been indicated to reduce biases between individuals or societal groups. Thus, enhanced moral cognition can contribute to an increase in consideration for those affected by our choices and behavior, which may yield more compassionate, just, and safe societies.
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Athanaze, Guy. "De la theorie des possibilites a la pretopologie et la morphologie mathematique : nouveaux concepts et methodologie." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0048.
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La théorie des possibilités (cas particulier de la théorie de l' évidence (Shafer) repose sur un affaiblissement axiomatique de la théorie de la mesure, de même que la prétopologie est issue d'un affaiblissement axiomatique de la topologie. Par ailleurs, la prétopologie (et la morphologie mathématique qui est une théorie voisine) a connu des applications fructueuses en reconnaissance de forme et 1' on sait que les possibilités (fortement connectées aux ensembles flous) ont aussi des applications pertinentes en reconnaissance de forme. Ainsi, avons-nous eu l'idée de faire un parallèle entre ces théories. Dans une première étape, ont été établi des théorèmes de représentation des notions de base morphologique (resp. Prétopologique) : dilatation/érosion au moyen de possibilité/ nécessité et inversement. Nous avons alors procédé à certaines modifications des définitions introduites, de façon à les rendre plus performants en vue d'applications. Cette deuxième étape a permis la définition d'une méthodologie applicable en classification symbolique et en reconnaissance de formes, supervisée ou non, en ce sens que l'approche« possibiliste » incluse dans notre démarche permet de résoudre les cas de classification ambiguë. Nous sommes actuellement en train de valider ces méthodes en reconnaissance de caractères sur des bases de données réelles et en classification symbolique. En perspective, nous sommes en train de développer un logiciel de classification symbolique en vue de la ventilation des élèves de 2ème année à l'INSA en département d'option. Ce travail va être proposé dans le cadre d'un contrat avec la région Rhône-AlpesThe theory of possibilities (particular case of the theory of evidence of Shafer) lies upon a weakened topological axiomatic. Besides, pretopology (and mathematical morphology, a close theory) turned out to be very fruitful in applications to the field of pattern recognition. It is also weil know that the theory of possibilities (which is strongly connected to the theory of fuzzy sets) has pertinent applications in pattern recognition. Therefore stems the idea to make a parallel between these various theories. In the first steps, were established some representation theorems of basic morphology (respectively pretopologic) notions: dilation/erosion by means of possibilities/necessities and vice-versa. Further some modifications of the introduced definitions were achieved in order to fit better potential application. The second steps allowed to build a new methodology, applicable to symbolic classification and pattern recognition, supervised or not, in this sense that the "possibility" approach included in our method allows to solve the ambiguous cases in classification. These methods are currently validated in Optical Character Recognition a real data and in symbolic classification. In perspective, software of symbolic classification will be developed; it is aimed to help to distribute students finishing the 1 st cycle of INSA in various engineering departments. This work is to be proposed in the framework of a contract with in the Region RhôneAlpes.
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Guezguez, Wided. "Possibilistic decision theory : from theoretical foundations to influence diagrams methodology." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1701/.
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Le domaine de prise de décision est un domaine multidisciplinaire en relation avec plusieurs disciplines telles que l'économie, la recherche opérationnelle, etc. La théorie de l'utilité espérée a été proposée pour modéliser et résoudre les problèmes de décision. Ces théories ont été mises en cause par plusieurs paradoxes (Allais, Ellsberg) qui ont montré les limites de son applicabilité. Par ailleurs, le cadre probabiliste utilisé dans ces théories s'avère non approprié dans certaines situations particulières (ignorance totale, incertitude qualitative). Pour pallier ces limites, plusieurs travaux ont été élaborés concernant l'utilisation des intégrales de Choquet et de Sugeno comme critères de décision d'une part et l'utilisation d'une théorie d'incertitude autre que la théorie des probabilités pour la modélisation de l'incertitude d'une autre part. Notre idée principale est de profiter de ces deux directions de recherche afin de développer, dans le cadre de la décision séquentielle, des modèles de décision qui se basent sur les intégrales de Choquet comme critères de décision et sur la théorie des possibilités pour la représentation de l'incertitude. Notre objectif est de développer des modèles graphiques décisionnels, qui représentent des modèles compacts et simples pour la prise de décision dans un contexte possibiliste. Nous nous intéressons en particulier aux arbres de décision et aux diagrammes d'influence possibilistes et à leurs algorithmes d'évaluationThe field of decision making is a multidisciplinary field in relation with several disciplines such as economics, operations research, etc. Theory of expected utility has been proposed to model and solve decision problems. These theories have been questioned by several paradoxes (Allais, Ellsberg) who have shown the limits of its applicability. Moreover, the probabilistic framework used in these theories is not appropriate in particular situations (total ignorance, qualitative uncertainty). To overcome these limitations, several studies have been developed basing on the use of Choquet and Sugeno integrals as decision criteria and a non classical theory to model uncertainty. Our main idea is to use these two lines of research to develop, within the framework of sequential decision making, decision models based on Choquet integrals as decision criteria and possibility theory to represent uncertainty. Our goal is to develop graphical decision models that represent compact models for decision making when uncertainty is represented using possibility theory. We are particularly interested by possibilistic decision trees and influence diagrams and their evaluation algorithms
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El, Khalfi Zeineb. "Lexicographic refinements in possibilistic sequential decision-making models." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30269/document.
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Ce travail contribue à la théorie de la décision possibiliste et plus précisément à la prise de décision séquentielle dans le cadre de la théorie des possibilités, à la fois au niveau théorique et pratique. Bien qu'attrayante pour sa capacité à résoudre les problèmes de décision qualitatifs, la théorie de la décision possibiliste souffre d'un inconvénient important : les critères d'utilité qualitatives possibilistes comparent les actions avec les opérateurs min et max, ce qui entraîne un effet de noyade. Pour surmonter ce manque de pouvoir décisionnel, plusieurs raffinements ont été proposés dans la littérature. Les raffinements lexicographiques sont particulièrement intéressants puisqu'ils permettent de bénéficier de l'arrière-plan de l'utilité espérée, tout en restant "qualitatifs". Cependant, ces raffinements ne sont définis que pour les problèmes de décision non séquentiels. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des résultats sur l'extension des raffinements lexicographiques aux problèmes de décision séquentiels, en particulier aux Arbres de Décision et aux Processus Décisionnels de Markov possibilistes. Cela aboutit à des nouveaux algorithmes de planification plus "décisifs" que leurs contreparties possibilistes. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons des relations de préférence lexicographiques optimistes et pessimistes entre les politiques avec et sans utilités intermédiaires, qui raffinent respectivement les utilités possibilistes optimistes et pessimistes. Nous prouvons que les critères proposés satisfont le principe de l'efficacité de Pareto ainsi que la propriété de monotonie stricte. Cette dernière garantit la possibilité d'application d'un algorithme de programmation dynamique pour calculer des politiques optimales. Nous étudions tout d'abord l'optimisation lexicographique des politiques dans les Arbres de Décision possibilistes et les Processus Décisionnels de Markov à horizon fini. Nous fournissons des adaptations de l'algorithme de programmation dynamique qui calculent une politique optimale en temps polynomial. Ces algorithmes sont basés sur la comparaison lexicographique des matrices de trajectoires associées aux sous-politiques. Ce travail algorithmique est complété par une étude expérimentale qui montre la faisabilité et l'intérêt de l'approche proposée. Ensuite, nous prouvons que les critères lexicographiques bénéficient toujours d'une fondation en termes d'utilité espérée, et qu'ils peuvent être capturés par des utilités espérées infinitésimales. La dernière partie de notre travail est consacrée à l'optimisation des politiques dans les Processus Décisionnels de Markov (éventuellement infinis) stationnaires. Nous proposons un algorithme d'itération de la valeur pour le calcul des politiques optimales lexicographiques. De plus, nous étendons ces résultats au cas de l'horizon infini. La taille des matrices augmentant exponentiellement (ce qui est particulièrement problématique dans le cas de l'horizon infini), nous proposons un algorithme d'approximation qui se limite à la partie la plus intéressante de chaque matrice de trajectoires, à savoir les premières lignes et colonnes. Enfin, nous rapportons des résultats expérimentaux qui prouvent l'efficacité des algorithmes basés sur la troncation des matricesThis work contributes to possibilistic decision theory and more specifically to sequential decision-making under possibilistic uncertainty, at both the theoretical and practical levels. Even though appealing for its ability to handle qualitative decision problems, possibilisitic decision theory suffers from an important drawback: qualitative possibilistic utility criteria compare acts through min and max operators, which leads to a drowning effect. To overcome this lack of decision power, several refinements have been proposed in the literature. Lexicographic refinements are particularly appealing since they allow to benefit from the expected utility background, while remaining "qualitative". However, these refinements are defined for the non-sequential decision problems only. In this thesis, we present results on the extension of the lexicographic preference relations to sequential decision problems, in particular, to possibilistic Decision trees and Markov Decision Processes. This leads to new planning algorithms that are more "decisive" than their original possibilistic counterparts. We first present optimistic and pessimistic lexicographic preference relations between policies with and without intermediate utilities that refine the optimistic and pessimistic qualitative utilities respectively. We prove that these new proposed criteria satisfy the principle of Pareto efficiency as well as the property of strict monotonicity. This latter guarantees that dynamic programming algorithm can be used for calculating lexicographic optimal policies. Considering the problem of policy optimization in possibilistic decision trees and finite-horizon Markov decision processes, we provide adaptations of dynamic programming algorithm that calculate lexicographic optimal policy in polynomial time. These algorithms are based on the lexicographic comparison of the matrices of trajectories associated to the sub-policies. This algorithmic work is completed with an experimental study that shows the feasibility and the interest of the proposed approach. Then we prove that the lexicographic criteria still benefit from an Expected Utility grounding, and can be represented by infinitesimal expected utilities. The last part of our work is devoted to policy optimization in (possibly infinite) stationary Markov Decision Processes. We propose a value iteration algorithm for the computation of lexicographic optimal policies. We extend these results to the infinite-horizon case. Since the size of the matrices increases exponentially (which is especially problematic in the infinite-horizon case), we thus propose an approximation algorithm which keeps the most interesting part of each matrix of trajectories, namely the first lines and columns. Finally, we reports experimental results that show the effectiveness of the algorithms based on the cutting of the matrices
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Hmida, Marwa. "Reconnaissance de formes basée sur l'approche possibiliste dans les images mammographiques." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0061/document.
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Face à l'augmentation significative du taux de mortalité par cancer du sein chez les femmes ainsi que la croissance continue du nombre de mammographies réalisées chaque année, le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur devient de plus en plus impératif pour les experts. Dans notre travail de thèse, une attention particulière est accordée aux masses mammaires vu qu'elles représentent le signe de cancer du sein le plus couramment observé en mammographies. Néanmoins, ces images présentent un très faible contraste, ce qui fait que les frontières entre les tissus sains et les masses sont mal définies. C'est ainsi qu'il est difficile de pouvoir discerner avec précision ces masses et de leur définir un contour unique. En outre, la complexité et la grande variabilité des formes des masses mammaires rendent les tâches de diagnostic et de classification difficiles. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons un système d'aide au diagnostic dont le but est la segmentation de masses dans les régions d'intérêt et par la suite la classification de ces masses en deux catégories : bénignes et malignes. La première étape de segmentation est une étape assez délicate vu que les étapes postérieures à savoir la caractérisation et la classification y sont dépendantes. En effet, une mauvaise segmentation peut entrainer une mauvaise prise de décision. Un tel cas peut survenir en raison de l'incertitude et l'imprécision émanant de l'image mammographique. C'est pour cette raison que nous proposons une définition de contours flous permettant de prendre en compte ces types d'imperfections. Ces contours flous sont introduits dans l'énergie d'un contour actif pour modifier son mouvement et aboutir à une délimitation exacte des masses. Une fois les régions d'intérêt sont segmentées, nous présentons une méthode de classification de masses basée sur la théorie des possibilités qui permet de modéliser les ambigüités inhérentes aux connaissances exprimées par l'expert. En outre, cette méthode utilise essentiellement les descripteurs de forme pour caractériser les masses et décider de leur degré de gravité vu que la forme des masses constitue un bon indicateur de gravité.La validation et l'évaluation de ces deux méthodes sont réalisées en utilisant les régions d'intérêt contenant des masses extraites de la base MIAS. Les résultats obtenus sont très intéressants et les comparaisons effectuées ont mis en évidence leurs performancesIn view of the significant increase in breast cancer mortality rate among women as well as the continuous growth in number of mammograms performed each year, computer-aided diagnosis is becoming more and more imperative for experts. In our thesis work, special attention is given to breast masses as they represent the most common sign of breast cancer in mammograms. Nevertheless, mammographic images have very low contrast and breast masses possess ambiguous margins. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish them from the surrounding parenchymal. Moreover, the complexity and the large variability of breast mass shapes make diagnostic and classification challenging tasks.In this context, we propose a computer-aided diagnosis system which firstly segments masses in regions of interests and then classifies them as benign or malignant. Mass segmentation is a critical step in a computer-aided diagnosis system since it affects the performance of subsequent analysis steps namely feature analysis and classification. Indeed, poor segmentation may lead to poor decision making. Such a case may occur due to two types of imperfection: uncertainty and imprecision. Therefore, we propose to deal with these imperfections using fuzzy contours which are integrated in the energy of an active contour to get a fuzzy-energy based active contour model that is used for final delineation of mass.After mass segmentation, a classification method is proposed. This method is based on possibility theory which allows modeling the ambiguities inherent to the knowledge expressed by the expert. Moreover, since shape and margin characteristics are very important for differentiating between benign and malignant masses, the proposed method is essentially based on shape descriptors.The evaluation of the proposed methods was carried out using the regions of interest containing masses extracted from the MIAS base. The obtained results are very interesting and the comparisons made have demonstrated their performances
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Guillaume, Romain. "Gestion des risques dans les chaînes logistiques : planification sous incertitude par la théorie des possibilités." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700518.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des chaînes logistiques dont les acteurs de la chaîne sont des entités décisionnelles indépendantes. Plus précisément, notre cadre d'étude sera un "maillon" d'une chaîne logistique (relation client fournisseur) dont les acteurs (le client et le fournisseur) sont des entités décisionnelles indépendantes qui souhaitent mettre en place des processus de planification coopératifs en présence d'incertitude, sachant que le client fabriques des produits à la commande et le fournisseur sur stock. Dans ce contexte, la contribution majeure visée par nos travaux est l'intégration des connaissances imparfaites sur les données (date du besoin en composants, quantité nécessaire...etc.) afin de calculer le plan d'approvisionnement plus robuste (plan minimisant l'impact de l'incertitude). L'intégration des imperfections repose sur l'utilisation de la théorie des possibilités. Une fois le modèle de représentation des données imparfaites réalisé, nous proposons des méthodes de calcul de plan d'approvisionnement utilisant les informations supplémentaires grâce à la représentation des imperfections.