Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Theory of rasa'

The rasa theory of Indian aesthetics is concerned with the nature of the genesis of emotions and their corresponding experiences, as well as the condition of being in and experiencing the aesthetic world. According to the Indian aesthetic theory, rasa ("juice" or "essence," something that is savored, that is tasted) is an embodied aesthetic experienced through an artistic performance. In this thesis, I have investigated how the aesthetics of rasa philosophy account for creative presence and its experiences in Karnatik vocal performances. Beyond the facets of grammar, Karnatik rāga performance signifies a deeper ontological meaning as a way to experience rasa, idiomatically termed as rāga-rasa by South Indian rāga practitioners. A vocal performance of a rāga ideally depends on a singer's embodied experience of rāga and rāga-bhāva (emotive expression of rāga), as much as it does on his/her theoretical knowledge and skillset of a rāga's svaras (scale degrees), gamakas (ornamentation), lakṣhaṇās (emblematic phrases), and so on. Reflecting on my own experience of being a Karnatik student and performer for the last two decades, participant observation, interviews, and analysis of Indian aesthetic theory of rasa, I propose a way of understanding that to sing rāga is to embody bhāva opening the space that brings rasa into being. Reflecting on the epistemology of rāga theory, particularly its smaller entities of svaras and gamakas, and through a phenomenological description of the process through which a vocalist embodies rāga (including how a guru transmits this musical embodiment to his shishya [disciple]), I argue that the notion of rāga-rasa itself has agency in determining the nature of svaras and its gamakas in a rāga performance. Additionally, focusing on the relationship between performers and rasikas (drinkers of the juice), this thesis examines how the embodiment of rāga-bhāva and the experience of rasa open the possibility for musicians and audiences to live rāga-rasa in a performance.

The Bhāgavata Purāṇa is one of Hinduism's most outstanding texts composed around the 9^th c. CE in south India; it is superbly written, with aesthetic sensitivity and metaphysical subtlety. In his book The Advaitic Theism of The Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Daniel Sheridan has examined the Bhāgavata Purāṇa in order to understand its religious structure, both implicit as well as explicit. This thesis aims at taking current research of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa a step forward in deciphering its doctrine, structure, and meaning. The work first raises the question, "What are the Bhāgavata Purāṇa's literary components", and argues that the Bhāgavata Purāṇa is composed of two such groups: "Knowledge" and "Aesthetics". Knowledge is associated with direct usage of language and the conception of Impersonal Brahman, whereas aesthetics are associated with indirect usage of language and the concept of Personal Brahman. The work proceeds to look closer at the status of emotions in Indian thought, and argues that in some Indian schools, emotions are taken to possess an ontological status, and therefore are considered to reveal reality rather than obscure it. The relations of Vaiṣṇavism and dramaturgy are examined, both historically as well as theologically, and it is argued that the Bhāgavata Purāṇa has clear dramatic elements. This thesis next proceeds to decipher the aesthetic theory underlying the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, and argues that it is Bharata's rasa theory. Two medieval positions on rasa are examined - Abhinavagupta's and Bhoja's - and it is argued that a position similar to Bhoja's underlies the text. As in Bhoja's theory it is śṛṅgāra rasa, (romantic emotions) which is considered the supreme rasa. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa's structure is highlighted, as presenting notions of personal divinity arranged in hierarchical order - from those evoking śānta rasa (tranquil emotion) to those evoking śṛṅgāra rasa. At last, four such notions are articulated; Impersonal Brahman, The Universal Person, The Person in the Heart, and the Avatāra.

The thesis explores elements of Sanskrit drama studies, its philosophy of aesthetics, Hindu theology and Indian cinema studies. It seeks to identify and appreciate the continual influence of a pioneering and influential idea from the Indian subcontinent’s cultural memory and history – the ‘theory of aesthetics’, also known as the ‘Rasa Theory’. The rasa theory is a seminal contribution of the ancient Indian Sanskrit drama textbook, the Natyashastra, whose postulates have provided a definitive template for appreciating and analysing all major fine arts in the Indian sub-continent for over two millennia. No criticism of an art form in India is more devastating than the allegation that it is devoid of rasa. Though ‘rasa’ has many literal meanings like taste, essence and ultimately bliss, in Natyashastra it is used to signify the “essence of emotion” or the final emotional state of ‘relish/reaction/aesthetic experience’ achieved by a spectator while watching a performing art. The thesis uses this fundamental aesthetic influence from India’s cultural memory and heritage to understand its working in the shaping of emotive performances, and the structuring of multiple genre mixing narrative styles in Indian cinema. It identifies and explains how the story telling attributes in Indian cinema, still preserve, transmit and represent, drama and performance aesthetics established 2000 years ago. The chapters are divided into two sections – evidence-led correlation confirming the direct influence of Natyashastra guidelines on Indian filmmaking practices, and arguments-driven proposals on how to use the rasa theory for appreciating cinematic aesthetics. Section One, comprising of the first three chapters, engages with direct evidence of the influence and use of Natyashastra prescriptions and rasa theory expectations in the early years of Indian cinema, when the movie industry was intimately tied to theatre for creative guidance. Section Two, comprising of chapters four to six, goes beyond these conscious engagements to explore the continuing relevance of the concepts of bhava and rasa for studies and methods in film appreciation, and their potential usage in discussing alternate modes of cinematic expression, like melodrama. In this section, recommendations are made on how to re-read and review influential and representative cinematic achievements from different eras, regions and genres of Indian on-screen entertainment, using the rasa theory for better understanding of foundational cinematic attributes like plot construction, performances and directorial achievement in non-realism prioritising on-screen narrations. The thesis shows how to appreciate expressive acting, song and dance performances and melodramatic narratives/ movies using the rasa theory’s prescriptions on good acting in a navarasa exploring drama. It calls for a greater engagement with the theory’s aesthetic appreciation ideas, beyond its current peripheral acknowledgement in academic scholarship as an exotic and ancient review model with doubtful contemporary relevance. My conclusions offer a valuable guide for a fair and better appreciation of dramatic, stylistic and stereotypical acting in cinema that Western models of film criticism privileging the realistic form have been inadequate in comprehending. These findings propose a mode of inclusive aesthetic criticism that enjoys broad application across a wide range of cinematic art genres and national cinema styles using non-Euro/American modes of storytelling, towards the establishment of a humanist film education.

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This work aims to investigate how Brazilian learners of English use the structural information during the resolution of coreference in sentences containing the ambiguous pronoun her in a position of object (NP) or possessive pronoun (SPEC). In English, in an intrasentencial context the pronoun her can generate ambiguity during processing if its unavailable antecedent matches in number and gender, however, the same pronoun is blocked by the principle B of Binding Theory (Chomsky, 1981). We investigate this phenomenon considering aspects of the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH) Clahsen and Felser (2006). According to this hypothesis, L2 learners have a shallower grammar which is able to only successfully process unambiguous structures with low complexity. Through an on-line experiment of self-paced reading we verified if English learners at different levels of proficiency, were sensitive to the syntactic ambiguity of sentences containing the pronoun her, even though according to SSH their processing is more superficial.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a maneira como brasileiros aprendizes de inglês utilizam a informação estrutural durante a resolução da correferência em frases ambíguas contendo o pronome her em condições de objeto (NP) ou de pronome possessivo (SPEC). Em inglês, em um contexto intrasentencial o pronome her pode gerar ambiguidade durante o processamento se seu antecedente indisponível coincidir em gênero e número, no entanto, o mesmo pronome encontra-se bloqueado pelo o princípio B da teoria da ligação (Chomsky, 1981). Investigaremos esse fenômeno considerando aspectos da Hipótese da Estrutura Rasa (SSH) Clahsen e Felser, (2006). Segundo esta hipótese, aprendizes de L2 dispõem de uma gramática superficial capaz de processar com sucesso apenas estruturas de pouca complexidade e sem ambiguidades. Através de experimento on line de leitura automonitorada, verificamos se aprendizes de inglês em níveis distintos de proficiência, foram sensíveis às restrições sintáticas de frases contendo a ambiguidade do pronome her, ainda que segundo a SSH, disponham de um processamento mais superficial.

Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist eine Methode zur kinetischen Berechnung antriebsentlastender Vorgaben für Rast-in-Rast-Bewegungen bei Mechanismen mit dem Laufgrad 1. Dabei werden die Vorteile der Vorgabe eines Antriebsmomentenprofils über dem Weg aufgezeigt und die numerischen Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung dieser Methode diskutiert. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels wird diese Methode mit anderen aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren verglichen und die entsprechenden Lösungen werden gegenübergestellt
The subject of this paper is a method for the kinetic calculation of drive relieving rise to dwell motions for mechanisms with the degree of freedom of 1. The advantages of specifying a drive torque profile over the path2 are pointed out. Furthermore the numerical challenges in the application of this approach are discussed. By means of a practical example, both the new method as well as known methods and their corresponding solutions are compared

Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist eine Methode zur kinetischen Berechnung antriebsentlastender Vorgaben für Rast-in-Rast-Bewegungen bei Mechanismen mit dem Laufgrad 1. Dabei werden die Vorteile der Vorgabe eines Antriebsmomentenprofils über dem Weg aufgezeigt und die numerischen Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung dieser Methode diskutiert. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels wird diese Methode mit anderen aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren verglichen und die entsprechenden Lösungen werden gegenübergestellt.
The subject of this paper is a method for the kinetic calculation of drive relieving rise to dwell motions for mechanisms with the degree of freedom of 1. The advantages of specifying a drive torque profile over the path2 are pointed out. Furthermore the numerical challenges in the application of this approach are discussed. By means of a practical example, both the new method as well as known methods and their corresponding solutions are compared.

Earth Island is a core metaphor of activist thought often applied in Environmental Analysis and related fields as a tool for thinking about the planet’s limited resources. It puts forth the claim that if only we thought of the earth as more like an island, we would better understand our connectivity to other living things and be drawn to develop better and more extensive practices of environmental stewardship. This thesis uses personal accounts of environmental life philosophies and political practices collected from residents of the Discovery Islands in British Columbia as a site for analytical comparison between the theory and practice of "Earth Island." First providing an overview of the history of Earth Island and exploring existing Anthropology and Island Studies scholarship on island community dynamics and environmental perspectives, this thesis examines how the environmental relationships experienced by Discovery Islanders reflect or differ from the type of activist consciousness theoretically proposed by Earth Island. This creates a context for critically reflecting on the limits and applications of the Earth Island metaphor, and suggesting shifts in current approaches to the use of island imagery in environmental political and philosophical thought, promoting a focus on more community cooperation-oriented, less fatalistic themes.

Constructed from a social justice paradigm, the researcher of this study combines historical research methods, case study strategies and the lens of critical race theory (CRT) to investigate the Raza Studies program within the Tucson Unified School District’s Ethnic Studies Department. With equal emphasis, this study has four aims: 1) to provide a deep literature review revealing the historical plight of Latin@ students (Darder, 1997; Valencia, 1991/1997/2002); 2) to explore the maintenance of deficit discourses and subtractive schooling conditions in relation to Latin@ students (Ogbu, 1998; Solórzano and Yosso, 2001; Valenzuela, 1999); 3) to offer a counter discourse based on an exploration of alternative critical pedagogies (Cammarota and Romero, 2006/2009; Freire, 1970/1973; Giroux; 1988; Kincheloe; 2004; McLaren, 1997/2003) and; 4) to tell the story of Raza Studies primarily using newspaper articles, letters to the editor and editorials written in response to four major events that occurred from 2007-2010. Within this study, CRT is the most effective theoretical framework to uncover the malignant schooling conditions and practices imposed on Latin@ youth because it allows the researcher to examine how racial stereotyping might contribute to the continued marginalization and subordination of Latin@ students. In turn, the investigation into the conditions and events surrounding La Raza Studies suggests that implicit (and explicit) racist attitudes, within the public discourse, not only impede Latin@ student success but that they also intend to. (Solórzano and Yosso 2001; Giroux 2005). Additionally, this historical descriptive account is further developed and magnified by a critical analysis of the data (58 opinion-based responses retrieved from a local newspaper). Coding for indicators of a deficit discourse (stereotypes, prejudice, xenophobia, etc.), a critical reflection and discussion of these texts is considered within the larger themes of power, ideology, and hegemony. (Apple, 1979/1995; Fairclough, 1995/2001; Giroux, 2004/2005; Giroux and McLaren, 1989; Gramsci, 1971; van Dijk, 1987/1998; Wodak, 1989). In consideration of the four aims of this study combined with the researcher’s theoretical framework and bias, she believes the reader will gain a more empathetic, even if only a more informed, perspective regarding the educational plight of Latin@ students.

Neuroaesthetics is the study of the brain’s response to artistic stimuli. The neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran contends that art is primarily “caricature” or “exaggeration.” Exaggerated forms hyperactivate neurons in viewers’ brains, which in turn produce specific, “universal” responses. Ramachandran identifies a precursor for his theory in the concept of rasa (literally “juice”) from classical Hindu aesthetics, which he associates with “exaggeration.” The canonical Sanskrit texts of Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra and Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati, however, do not support Ramachandran’s conclusions. They present audiences as dynamic co-creators, not passive recipients. I believe we could more accurately model the neurology of Hindu aesthetic experiences if we took indigenous rasa theory more seriously as qualitative data that could inform future research.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Em fins do século XIX algumas idéias são incorporadas ao pensamento social do Brasil. O positivismo, o social evolucionismo e o social-darwinismo, associados à criminologia consolidaram modelos explicativos da sociedade e do Estado brasileiros. A partir do suporte racialista, a intelectualidade construiu teoricamente as chamadas “classes perigosas”, ou a naturalização da periculosidade e da criminalidade, resultando na discriminação do negro e do mestiço. Com o aspecto de polidez e sob a égide da ciência, os modelos explicativos se difundiram, entre a intelectualidade e as classes economicamente favorecidas, por meios que vão desde a academia, até a literatura e a imprensa oficial. No aparelho policial, tais idéias chegaram através dos adeptos do positivismo e de intelectuais com grande participação na vida social do país, como o médico Nina Rodrigues. Com isso, o estudo que apresentamos na forma desta dissertação, objetivou compreender a formação de uma identidade bandida sobre a imagem do negro e a manifestação da idéia de suspeição pela instituição pública, que a nosso ver, mantém um maior contato com a população em geral, ou seja, a Polícia Militar, em especial, no estado de São Paulo. Para a realização do que propomos aqui, utilizamos como procedimentos de pesquisa a interpretação sociológica e histórica tanto da Polícia Militar como das políticas do Estado, da intelectualidade e dos processos desencadeados pelas relações dos mesmos. Do mesmo modo, associamos a essa interpretação, entrevistas concedidas por policiais militares, o que possibilitou captar os empregos atuais das idéias sugeridas, ainda, em fins do século XIX.
In the late nineteenth century some ideas are incorporated into the social thought of Brazil. Positivism, social evolutionism and social-darwinism, associated with criminology consolidated explanatory models of society and the brazilian State. With the support racialist, intellectuals built theoretically so-called dangerous classes or the naturalization of danger and crime, resulting in the discrimination of black and mestizo. With the appearance of politeness and under the aegis of science, explanatory models have spread among the intelligentsia and the Affluent, by means ranging from academia, literature and even the official press. In the police apparatus, such ideas came through supporters of positivism and intellectuals with strong participation in social life of the country, as the doctor Nina Rodrigues. With this, the study presented in the form of this thesis, aimed at understanding the formation of an identity on the thuggish image of the black and the manifestation of the idea of suspicion by the public institution, which in our view, it maintains a greater contact with the general population, ie, military police, especially in São Paulo. For the realization of what we propose here, we use as research tools to both historical and sociological interpretation of the Military Police and state policies, the intelligentsia and the processes triggered by the same relations. Similarly, we associate with this interpretation, interviews by military police, which enabled to capture the current job of the ideas suggested, even in the late nineteenth century.

In this work, our initial efforts have been directed to study the behavior of the magnetization as a function of temperature, calculated according to the approximate method of the anisotropy constants and the resolution of a Hamiltonian (that includes the crystal field) as exemplified for the DyAl2 compound. Furthermore, we investigated the magneto-thermal characteristics of some members of the RX2 series (R: rare earth, X: Al, Ni), including spin reorientation (SR), by using a model Hamiltonian, that consists of localized magnetic moments interacting via exchange and crystal field interaction, in the molecular-field approximation. We studied how the SR depends on the direction of the application of magnetic field, the intensity of this field and temperature. For the magnetic calculations, the problem of self-consistency was solved by using a computational routine developed in the Fortran 90 programming language. We emphasize that special attention was directed to the crystal field, because of its high relevance to the anisotropic characteristics of the RX2 studied compounds. Thus, in our attempts to study the peculiarities of the rare earth elements, due to crystal field effects, we have not only considered the intensity change, but the direction change of the applied field. In the cases of both Er+3 and Tb+3 compounds, we obtained second-order or continuous magnetization behavior along the polar angle axis. We stressed that the crystal field terms plays an important role in the first order spin reorientation for Dy+3 and Ho+3 compounds. First, it can be revealed by the discontinuity in the Cartesian components of the magnetization vector as a function of the polar angle. Second, the discontinuity is of great importance in the calculation of latent heat associated to the spin reorientation in the case where the first order transitions were observed. Finally, we were able to separate the first and second order contributions of the anisotropic magnetic entropy change, which is the main result of this work.
Neste trabalho, nossos esforços iniciais foram direcionados a estudar o comportamento da magnetização em função da temperatura, calculado segundo o método aproximativo das constantes de anisotropia e da resolução de um hamiltoniano (que inclui o campo cristalino) como exemplificado para o composto DyAl2. Além disto, investigamos as características magneto-térmicas de alguns integrantes da série RX2 (R: Terra rara; X: Al, Ni), incluindo a reorientação de spin (RS), usando um hamiltoniano modelo que consiste de momentos magnéticos localizados interagentes via interações de troca e de campo cristalino, na aproximação do campo molecular. Estudamos como a RS depende da direção de aplicação do campo magnético, da sua intensidade e da temperatura. Para os cálculos magnéticos, o problema da auto consistência foi solucionado utilizando uma rotina, computacional desenvolvida na linguagem computacional Fortran 90. Ressaltamos que, uma atenção especial foi direcionada ao campo cristalino, por conta da sua alta relevância sobre as características anisotrópicas dos compostos RX2 estudados. Portanto, em nossas tentativas para estudar as peculiaridades dos elementos terras raras, devido aos efeitos do campo cristalino, não consideramos somente a mudança na intensidade, mas a variação na direção do campo aplicado. No caso dos compostos Er+3 e Tb+3, obteve-se um comportamento da magnetização de segunda ordem ou contínuo face à mudança do ângulo polar. Salientamos que os termos de campo cristalino desempenham um papel fundamental na reorientação de spin de primeira ordem para Dy+3 e Ho+3. Primeiro, tal transição pode ser revelada por uma descontinuidade nas componentes cartesianas do vetor de magnetização em função do ângulo polar. Segundo, a descontinuidade é de grande importância para o cálculo do calor latente associado à reorientação spin nos casos em que foram observadas as transições de primeira ordem. Finalmente, foi possível separar as contribuições de primeira e segunda ordem da variação de entropia magnética anisotrópica, o qual é o principal resultado deste trabalho.

Orientador: Dagoberto José Fonseca
Banca: Renata Medeiros Paoliello
Banca: Luís Antônio de Souza
Resumo: Em fins do século XIX algumas idéias são incorporadas ao pensamento social do Brasil. O positivismo, o social evolucionismo e o social-darwinismo, associados à criminologia consolidaram modelos explicativos da sociedade e do Estado brasileiros. A partir do suporte racialista, a intelectualidade construiu teoricamente as chamadas "classes perigosas", ou a naturalização da periculosidade e da criminalidade, resultando na discriminação do negro e do mestiço. Com o aspecto de polidez e sob a égide da ciência, os modelos explicativos se difundiram, entre a intelectualidade e as classes economicamente favorecidas, por meios que vão desde a academia, até a literatura e a imprensa oficial. No aparelho policial, tais idéias chegaram através dos adeptos do positivismo e de intelectuais com grande participação na vida social do país, como o médico Nina Rodrigues. Com isso, o estudo que apresentamos na forma desta dissertação, objetivou compreender a formação de uma identidade bandida sobre a imagem do negro e a manifestação da idéia de suspeição pela instituição pública, que a nosso ver, mantém um maior contato com a população em geral, ou seja, a Polícia Militar, em especial, no estado de São Paulo. Para a realização do que propomos aqui, utilizamos como procedimentos de pesquisa a interpretação sociológica e histórica tanto da Polícia Militar como das políticas do Estado, da intelectualidade e dos processos desencadeados pelas relações dos mesmos. Do mesmo modo, associamos a essa interpretação, entrevistas concedidas por policiais militares, o que possibilitou captar os empregos atuais das idéias sugeridas, ainda, em fins do século XIX.
Abstract: In the late nineteenth century some ideas are incorporated into the social thought of Brazil. Positivism, social evolutionism and social-darwinism, associated with criminology consolidated explanatory models of society and the brazilian State. With the support racialist, intellectuals built theoretically so-called "dangerous classes" or the naturalization of danger and crime, resulting in the discrimination of black and mestizo. With the appearance of politeness and under the aegis of science, explanatory models have spread among the intelligentsia and the Affluent, by means ranging from academia, literature and even the official press. In the police apparatus, such ideas came through supporters of positivism and intellectuals with strong participation in social life of the country, as the doctor Nina Rodrigues. With this, the study presented in the form of this thesis, aimed at understanding the formation of an identity on the thuggish image of the black and the manifestation of the idea of suspicion by the public institution, which in our view, it maintains a greater contact with the general population, ie, military police, especially in São Paulo. For the realization of what we propose here, we use as research tools to both historical and sociological interpretation of the Military Police and state policies, the intelligentsia and the processes triggered by the same relations. Similarly, we associate with this interpretation, interviews by military police, which enabled to capture the current job of the ideas suggested, even in the late nineteenth century.
Mestre

Abstract Image acquisition devices are always subject to physical limitations that often manifest as distortions in the appearance of the captured image. The most common types of distortions can be divided into two categories: geometric and radiometric distortions. Examples of the latter ones are: changes in brightness, contrast, or illumination, sensor noise and blur. Since image blur can have many different causes, it is usually not convenient and also computationally expensive to develop ad hoc algorithms to correct each specific type of blur. Instead, it is often possible to extract a blur-invariant representation of the image, and utilize such information to make algorithms that are insensitive to blur. The work presented here mainly focuses on developing techniques for the extraction and the application of blur-invariant operators. This thesis contains several contributions. First, we propose a generalized framework based on group theory to constructively generate complete blur-invariants. We construct novel operators that are invariant to a large family of blurs occurring in real scenarios: namely, those blurs that can be modeled by a convolution with a point-spread function having rotational symmetry, or combined rotational and axial symmetry. A second important contribution is represented by the utilization of such operators to develop an algorithm for blur-invariant translational image registration. This algorithm is experimentally demonstrated to be more robust than other state-of-the-art registration techniques. The blur-invariant registration algorithm is then used as pre-processing steps to several restoration methods based on image fusion, like depth-of-field extension, and multi-channel blind deconvolution. All the described techniques are then re-interpreted as a particular instance of Wiener deconvolution filtering. Thus, the third main contribution is the generalization of the blur-invariants and the registration techniques to color images, by using respectively a representation of color images based on quaternions, and the quaternion Wiener filter. This leads to the development of a blur-and-noise-robust registration algorithm for color images. We observe experimentally a significant increase in performance in both color texture recognition, and in blurred color image registration
Tiivistelmä Kuvauslaitteet ovat aina fyysisten olosuhteiden rajoittamia, mikä usein ilmenee tallennetun kuvan ilmiasun vääristyminä. Yleisimmät vääristymätyypit voidaan jakaa kahteen kategoriaan: geometrisiin ja radiometrisiin distortioihin. Jälkimmäisestä esimerkkejä ovat kirkkauden, kontrastin ja valon laadun muutokset sekä sensorin kohina ja kuvan sumeus. Koska kuvan sumeus voi johtua monista tekijöistä, yleensä ei ole tarkoitukseen sopivaa eikä laskennallisesti kannattavaa kehittää ad hoc algoritmeja erityyppisten sumeuksien korjaamiseen. Sitä vastoin on mahdollista erottaa kuvasta sumeuden invariantin edustuma ja käyttää tätä tietoa sumeudelle epäherkkien algoritmien tuottamiseen. Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään esittämään, millaisia eri tekniikoita voidaan käyttää sumeuden invarianttien operaattoreiden muodostamiseen ja sovellusten kehittämiseen. Tämä opinnäyte sisältää useammanlaista tieteellistä vaikuttavuutta. Ensiksi, väitöskirjassa esitellään ryhmäteoriaan perustuva yleinen viitekehys, jolla voidaan generoida sumeuden invariantteja. Konstruoimme uudentyyppisiä operaattoreita, jotka ovat monenlaiselle kuvaustilanteessa ilmenevälle sumeudelle invariantteja. Kyseessä ovat ne rotationaalisesti (ja/tai aksiaalisesti) symmetrisen sumeuden lajit, jotka voidaan mallintaa pistelähteen hajaantumisen funktion (PSF) konvoluutiolla. Toinen tämän väitöskirjan tärkeä tutkimuksellinen anti on esitettyjen sumeuden invarianttien operaattoreiden hyödyntäminen algoritmin kehittelyssä, joka on käytössä translatorisen kuvan rekisteröinnissä. Tällainen algoritmi on tässä tutkimuksessa osoitettu kokeellisesti johtavia kuvien rekisteröintitekniikoita robustimmaksi. Sumeuden invariantin rekisteröinnin algoritmia on käytetty esiprosessointina tässä tutkimuksessa useissa kuvien restaurointimenetelmissä, jotka perustuvat kuvan fuusioon, kuten syväterävyysaluelaajennus ja monikanavainen dekonvoluutio. Kaikki kuvatut tekniikat ovat lopulta uudelleen tulkittu erityistapauksena Wienerin dekonvoluution suodattimesta. Näin ollen tutkimuksen kolmas saavutus on sumeuden invarianttien ja rekisteröintiteknikoiden yleistäminen värikuviin käyttämällä värikuvien kvaternion edustumaa sekä Wienerin kvaternion suodatinta. Havaitsemme kokeellisesti merkittävän parannuksen sekä väritekstuurin tunnistuksessa että sumean kuvan rekisteröinnissä

This thesis addresses several shortcomings on the current state of the art methodologies in music information retrieval (MIR). In particular, it proposes several computational approaches to automatically analyze and describe music scores and audio recordings of Ottoman-Turkish makam music (OTMM). The main contributions of the thesis are the music corpus that has been created to carry out the research and the audio-score alignment methodology developed for the analysis of the corpus. In addition, several novel computational analysis methodologies are presented in the context of common MIR tasks of relevance for OTMM. Some example tasks are predominant melody extraction, tonic identification, tempo estimation, makam recognition, tuning analysis, structural analysis and melodic progression analysis. These methodologies become a part of a complete system called Dunya-makam for the exploration of large corpora of OTMM. The thesis starts by presenting the created CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music corpus. The corpus includes 2200 music scores, more than 6500 audio recordings, and accompanying metadata. The data has been collected, annotated and curated with the help of music experts. Using criteria such as completeness, coverage and quality, we validate the corpus and show its research potential. In fact, our corpus is the largest and most representative resource of OTMM that can be used for computational research. Several test datasets have also been created from the corpus to develop and evaluate the specific methodologies proposed for different computational tasks addressed in the thesis. The part focusing on the analysis of music scores is centered on phrase and section level structural analysis. Phrase boundaries are automatically identified using an existing state-of-the-art segmentation methodology. Section boundaries are extracted using heuristics specific to the formatting of the music scores. Subsequently, a novel method based on graph analysis is used to establish similarities across these structural elements in terms of melody and lyrics, and to label the relations semiotically. The audio analysis section of the thesis reviews the state-of-the-art for analysing the melodic aspects of performances of OTMM. It proposes adaptations of existing predominant melody extraction methods tailored to OTMM. It also presents improvements over pitch-distribution-based tonic identification and makam recognition methodologies. The audio-score alignment methodology is the core of the thesis. It addresses the culture-specific challenges posed by the musical characteristics, music theory related representations and oral praxis of OTMM. Based on several techniques such as subsequence dynamic time warping, Hough transform and variable-length Markov models, the audio-score alignment methodology is designed to handle the structural differences between music scores and audio recordings. The method is robust to the presence of non-notated melodic expressions, tempo deviations within the music performances, and differences in tonic and tuning. The methodology utilizes the outputs of the score and audio analysis, and links the audio and the symbolic data. In addition, the alignment methodology is used to obtain score-informed description of audio recordings. The scoreinformed audio analysis not only simplifies the audio feature extraction steps that would require sophisticated audio processing approaches, but also substantially improves the performance compared with results obtained from the state-of-the-art methods solely relying on audio data. The analysis methodologies presented in the thesis are applied to the CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music corpus and integrated into a web application aimed at culture-aware music discovery. Some of the methodologies have already been applied to other music traditions such as Hindustani, Carnatic and Greek music. Following open research best practices, all the created data, software tools and analysis results are openly available. The methodologies, the tools and the corpus itself provide vast opportunities for future research in many fields such as music information retrieval, computational musicology and music education.
Esta tesis aborda varias limitaciones de las metodologías más avanzadas en el campo de recuperación de información musical (MIR por sus siglas en inglés). En particular, propone varios métodos computacionales para el análisis y la descripción automáticas de partituras y grabaciones de audio de música de makam turco-otomana (MMTO). Las principales contribuciones de la tesis son el corpus de música que ha sido creado para el desarrollo de la investigación y la metodología para alineamiento de audio y partitura desarrollada para el análisis del corpus. Además, se presentan varias metodologías nuevas para análisis computacional en el contexto de las tareas comunes de MIR que son relevantes para MMTO. Algunas de estas tareas son, por ejemplo, extracción de la melodía predominante, identificación de la tónica, estimación de tempo, reconocimiento de makam, análisis de afinación, análisis estructural y análisis de progresión melódica. Estas metodologías constituyen las partes de un sistema completo para la exploración de grandes corpus de MMTO llamado Dunya-makam. La tesis comienza presentando el corpus de música de makam turcootomana de CompMusic. El corpus incluye 2200 partituras, más de 6500 grabaciones de audio, y los metadatos correspondientes. Los datos han sido recopilados, anotados y revisados con la ayuda de expertos. Utilizando criterios como compleción, cobertura y calidad, validamos el corpus y mostramos su potencial para investigación. De hecho, nuestro corpus constituye el recurso de mayor tamaño y representatividad disponible para la investigación computacional de MMTO. Varios conjuntos de datos para experimentación han sido igualmente creados a partir del corpus, con el fin de desarrollar y evaluar las metodologías específicas propuestas para las diferentes tareas computacionales abordadas en la tesis. La parte dedicada al análisis de las partituras se centra en el análisis estructural a nivel de sección y de frase. Los márgenes de frase son identificados automáticamente usando uno de los métodos de segmentación existentes más avanzados. Los márgenes de sección son extraídos usando una heurística específica al formato de las partituras. A continuación, se emplea un método de nueva creación basado en análisis gráfico para establecer similitudes a través de estos elementos estructurales en cuanto a melodía y letra, así como para etiquetar relaciones semióticamente. La sección de análisis de audio de la tesis repasa el estado de la cuestión en cuanto a análisis de los aspectos melódicos en grabaciones de MMTO. Se proponen modificaciones de métodos existentes para extracción de melodía predominante para ajustarlas a MMTO. También se presentan mejoras de metodologías tanto para identificación de tónica basadas en distribución de alturas, como para reconocimiento de makam. La metodología para alineación de audio y partitura constituye el grueso de la tesis. Aborda los retos específicos de esta cultura según vienen determinados por las características musicales, las representaciones relacionadas con la teoría musical y la praxis oral de MMTO. Basada en varias técnicas tales como deformaciones dinámicas de tiempo subsecuentes, transformada de Hough y modelos de Markov de longitud variable, la metodología de alineamiento de audio y partitura está diseñada para tratar las diferencias estructurales entre partituras y grabaciones de audio. El método es robusto a la presencia de expresiones melódicas no anotadas, desviaciones de tiempo en las grabaciones, y diferencias de tónica y afinación. La metodología utiliza los resultados del análisis de partitura y audio para enlazar el audio y los datos simbólicos. Además, la metodología de alineación se usa para obtener una descripción informada por partitura de las grabaciones de audio. El análisis de audio informado por partitura no sólo simplifica los pasos para la extracción de características de audio que de otro modo requerirían sofisticados métodos de procesado de audio, sino que también mejora sustancialmente su rendimiento en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por los métodos más avanzados basados únicamente en datos de audio. Las metodologías analíticas presentadas en la tesis son aplicadas al corpus de música de makam turco-otomana de CompMusic e integradas en una aplicación web dedicada al descubrimiento culturalmente específico de música. Algunas de las metodologías ya han sido aplicadas a otras tradiciones musicales, como música indostaní, carnática y griega. Siguiendo las mejores prácticas de investigación en abierto, todos los datos creados, las herramientas de software y los resultados de análisis está disponibles públicamente. Las metodologías, las herramientas y el corpus en sí mismo ofrecen grandes oportunidades para investigaciones futuras en muchos campos tales como recuperación de información musical, musicología computacional y educación musical.
Aquesta tesi adreça diverses deficiències en l’estat actual de les metodologies d’extracció d’informació de música (Music Information Retrieval o MIR). En particular, la tesi proposa diverses estratègies per analitzar i descriure automàticament partitures musicals i enregistraments d’actuacions musicals de música Makam Turca Otomana (OTMM en les seves sigles en anglès). Les contribucions principals de la tesi són els corpus musicals que s’han creat en el context de la tesi per tal de dur a terme la recerca i la metodologia de alineament d’àudio amb la partitura que s’ha desenvolupat per tal d’analitzar els corpus. A més la tesi presenta diverses noves metodologies d’anàlisi computacional d’OTMM per a les tasques més habituals en MIR. Alguns exemples d’aquestes tasques són la extracció de la melodia principal, la identificació del to musical, l’estimació de tempo, el reconeixement de Makam, l’anàlisi de la afinació, l’anàlisi de la estructura musical i l’anàlisi de la progressió melòdica. Aquest seguit de metodologies formen part del sistema Dunya-makam per a la exploració de grans corpus musicals d’OTMM. En primer lloc, la tesi presenta el corpus CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music. Aquest inclou 2200 partitures musicals, més de 6500 enregistraments d’àudio i metadata complementària. Les dades han sigut recopilades i anotades amb ajuda d’experts en aquest repertori musical. El corpus ha estat validat en termes de d’exhaustivitat, cobertura i qualitat i mostrem aquí el seu potencial per a la recerca. De fet, aquest corpus és el la font més gran i representativa de OTMM que pot ser utilitzada per recerca computacional. També s’han desenvolupat diversos subconjunts de dades per al desenvolupament i evaluació de les metodologies específiques proposades per a les diverses tasques computacionals que es presenten en aquest tesi. La secció de la tesi que tracta de l’anàlisi de partitures musicals se centra en l’anàlisi estructural a nivell de secció i de frase musical. Els límits temporals de les frases musicals s’identifiquen automàticament gràcies a un metodologia de segmentació d’última generació. Els límits de les seccions s’extreuen utilitzant un seguit de regles heurístiques determinades pel format de les partitures musicals. Posteriorment s’utilitza un nou mètode basat en anàlisi gràfic per establir semblances entre aquest elements estructurals en termes de melodia i text. També s’utilitza aquest mètode per etiquetar les relacions semiòtiques existents. La següent secció de la tesi tracta sobre anàlisi d’àudio i en particular revisa les tecnologies d’avantguardia d’anàlisi dels aspectes melòdics en OTMM. S’hi proposen adaptacions dels mètodes d’extracció de melodia existents que s’ajusten a OTMM. També s’hi presenten millores en metodologies de reconeixement de makam i en identificació de tònica basats en distribució de to. La metodologia d’alineament d’àudio amb partitura és el nucli de la tesi. Aquesta aborda els reptes culturalment específics imposats per les característiques musicals, les representacions de la teoria musical i la pràctica oral particulars de l’OTMM. Utilitzant diverses tècniques tal i com Dynamic Time Warping, Hough Transform o models de Markov de durada variable, la metodologia d’alineament esta dissenyada per enfrontar les diferències estructurals entre partitures musicals i enregistraments d’àudio. El mètode és robust inclús en presència d’expressions musicals no anotades en la partitura, desviacions de tempo ocorregudes en les actuacions musicals i diferències de tònica i afinació. La metodologia aprofita els resultats de l’anàlisi de la partitura i l’àudio per enllaçar la informació simbòlica amb l’àudio. A més, la tècnica d’alineament s’utilitza per obtenir descripcions de l’àudio fonamentades en la partitura. L’anàlisi de l’àudio fonamentat en la partitura no només simplifica les fases d’extracció de característiques d’àudio que requeririen de mètodes de processament d’àudio sofisticats, sinó que a més millora substancialment els resultats comparat amb altres mètodes d´ultima generació que només depenen de contingut d’àudio. Les metodologies d’anàlisi presentades s’han utilitzat per analitzar el corpus CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music i s’han integrat en una aplicació web destinada al descobriment musical de tradicions culturals específiques. Algunes de les metodologies ja han sigut també aplicades a altres tradicions musicals com la Hindustani, la Carnàtica i la Grega. Seguint els preceptes de la investigació oberta totes les dades creades, eines computacionals i resultats dels anàlisis estan disponibles obertament. Tant les metodologies, les eines i el corpus en si mateix proporcionen àmplies oportunitats per recerques futures en diversos camps de recerca tal i com la musicologia computacional, la extracció d’informació musical i la educació musical. Traducció d’anglès a català per Oriol Romaní Picas.

The goal of this thesis is to explore African American theatre through the lens of performativity and to show how the performative concepts of passing and entrenchment affected the writing of African American playwrights in the 1950s and 1960s. To this end, the first part of the work is focused on establishing performativity as a concept, starting with its origins in linguistics and then tracing its development. The main influences for this section are the works of Judith Butler, Nadine Ehlers, Andrew Parker and Eve Sedgewick. Butler's work on performativity is used as the main source for understanding performativity in its contemporary sense and to establish "passing" as a performative act. Ehlers' work serves to connect performativity to race and to show the use of "entrenchment" in performativity. Finally, Parker and Sedgewick's work provides a bridge between performativity and theatrical performance as they describe the "relations of spectatorship" necessary for the existence of theatre. Since performativity, in theatre or anywhere else, is based on discourse, the thesis will show the images and relations of spectatorship that defined African American theatre and performance since its inception. These include slave performance, black minstrelsy, but also the first attempts at quintessentially...

Orientação: Paulo Lopes
Hipersonolência ou sonolência excessiva diurna (SED) é uma queixa frequente do sono; refere-se a uma propensão aumentada do sono e com uma compulsão subjetiva para dormir, tirar cochilos involuntários e ataques de sono, quando este é inapropriado e. frequentemente associado a privação crônica de sono (sono insuficiente), a Síndrome da Apnéia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS), a narcolepsia, a Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas/Movimentos Periódicos de Membros (SPI/MPM), Distúrbios do Ritmo Circadiano, uso de drogas, medicações e a hipersonia idiopática. As principais conseqüências são o prejuízo no desempenho académico, no trabalho, nas relações familiares e sociais, alterações neuropsicológicas, cognitivas e risco aumentado de acidentes. Portanto, a detecção precoce da SED é fundamental. Objetivo: Validar a escala de sonolência Epworth (ESE) na queixa do sono em diferentes amostras da população portuguesa segundo o modelo de Rasch. Resultados: Um total de 882 individuos fazem parte da amostra. O grupo em estudo foi composto por população saudável, individuos com apneia obstrutiva do sono, alcóolicos em comunidade terapêutica; toxicodependentes em comunidade terapêutica e toxicodependentes em redução de risco. Os oito itens do ESE tiveram um coeficiente de confiabilidade total de 0.75. A análise psicométrica segundo Rasch sugere que a escala com sistema de quatro categorias funciona adequadamente.
Excessive sleepiness or daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a frequent complaint of sleep; refers to an increased propensity of sleep and with a subjective compulsion to sleep, taking involuntary naps and sleep attacks, when it is inappropriate and often associated with chronic sleep deprivation (insufficient sleep), Apnea Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Hypopnea (OSAHS), narcolepsy, Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movements (SPI/MPM), Circadian Rhythm Disorders, drug and medication use, and idiopathic hypersomnia. The main consequences are impairment in academic performance, at work, family and social relationships, neuropsychological, cognitive and increased risk of accidents. Therefore, early detection of EDS is essential. Objective: To validate the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESE) in sleep complaint in different samples of the Portuguese population according to rasch's model. Results: A total of 882 individuals are part of the sample. The study group was composed of a healthy population, individuals with obstructive sleep apnea, alcoholics in the therapeutic community; drug addicts in a therapeutic community and drug addicts at risk reduction. The eight ESE items had a total reliability coefficient of 0.75. Psychometric analysis according to Rasch suggests that the scale with a four-category system works properly.

This diploma thesis provides a complete information about local politics in the town of Vlašim. Theoretical basis is primary focused on the theory of coalitions and its typology. Then characterizes socio - economic indicators of the municipality, which have the main effects on the local political system. Further, it describes election periods from the year of 2002 to 2010. This part is important to know all contexts that have influenced today's composition of coalition and in fact the whole situation in the city council. The last chapter applies the theory of coalition at the local level. For the correct interpretation and understanding of the formation of coalitions in Vlašim it is fundamental to detect the local specificities such as motivation of creating partnership between the parties, relationships between councilors etc. Now it is possible to understand the local political scene and subsequently the principles of local coalitions.

The aim of this diploma thesis Transforming of Executive Coalitions in Prague in the Electoral Period 2010 - 2014 is to analyze influences, which have an important role in a process of establishing executive coalitions and also in their stability. The analysis is based on a classical theory of coalitions, discursive analysis, interviews with direct participants and on official documents. One of the aims is to describe the level of possibility in application of theoretical concepts of coalition theory in the area of Prague's political system. There are many points of view, from which we look at stability and forming of coalitions. For example, very important point of view is an influence of making and implementing politics or an influence of politicians from national level. A big importance is focused on negotiating between participants, their statements in media and their real steps and decisions. The intention of this thesis is not an invention of general model which should be applied on similar local system, but to explain and describe the uniqueness of Prague local system and the election period of 2010 - 2014.