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1
Harared, Nico. "IMPLIKATUR: FUNGSI TINDAK TUTUR DALAM THE BIG BANG THEORY." Pujangga 3, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v3i2.442.
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<p><em>The research basically aims at describing implicature utterances and implicature </em><em>strategy of the speech acts and its types of utterance used in the situation comedy series of The Big Bang Theory seen from the Pragmatics point of view</em><em>. </em><em>The data is analyzed and described qualitatively by examining the correlation of the implicature strategy of the speech acts and its types of utterance. The data of this research is the implicature utterances of the characters, particularly the ones that appear in each type of utterance (i.e.,declarative, interogative and imperative) and types of speech act (i.e. representative, expressive, directive, and commissive). The source of data is face-to-face conversations among characters who are Physicists and one friend work as waiter. The data is taken from the conversations in the 20 series of three seasons of the situation comedy series of The Big Bang Theory. Findings have shown that implicature utterances among characters by exemplifying declarative, interrogative and imperative. Implicature strategy of the speech acts and its types of utterancethat is subcategorized into several types of utterance of speech act, namely: representative, directive and expressive.</em></p>
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Is a general theory of utterance interpretation really possible?" New Perspectives on Utterance Interpretation and Implicit Contents 28 (November 28, 2014): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.28.02gib.
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How realistic is it to assume that psychologists, linguists, philosophers and others may someday be able to construct a general theory of utterance interpretation? Over the past 50 years, scholars have uncovered a tremendous amount about the processes and products of human language understanding. We have proposed a huge assortment of theories to explain how very specific types of utterances may be interpreted (e.g., syntactically ambiguous expressions, figurative language, pragmatic implicatures), with some of us working hard to articulate more comprehensive theories that could be applicable to all aspects of utterance interpretation. Yet the empirical data reveals many complexities that, on the surface, make some doubt whether a general theory of utterance interpretation is a feasible possibility. This paper describes some of these complexities in the empirical literature, focusing on figurative language use. I go on to argue that language scholars must embrace the diverse ways that people use and understand utterances and suggest concrete steps that we all should take if we are to one day find a more general theory, one which is perhaps tied to how people engage in any intentional action.
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Leeds, Charles Austin, and Mary Lee A. Jensvold. "The communicative functions of five signing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Pragmatics and Cognition 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21.1.10lee.
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Speech act theory describes units of language as acts which function to change the behavior or beliefs of the partner. Therefore, with every utterance an individual seeks a communicative goal that is the underlying motive for the utterance’s production; this is the utterance’s function. Studies of deaf and hearing human children classify utterances into categories of communicative function. This study classified signing chimpanzees’ utterances into the categories used in human studies. The chimpanzees utilized all seven categories of communicative functions and used them in ways that resembled human children. The chimpanzees’ utterances functioned to answer questions, request objects and actions, describe objects and events, make statements about internal states, accomplish tasks such as initiating games, protest interlocutor behavior, and as conversational devices to maintain and initiate conversation.
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Korta, Kepa, and María Ponte. "Tenses, Dates and Times." Research in Language 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0002.
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This paper presents a theory of utterance content that is neutral with respect to some of the key issues in the debate about the proper semantics of tense. Elaborating on some ideas from Korta & Perry (2011), we defend a proposal according to which utterances of both temporally specific and temporally unspecific sentences have a systematic variety of contents, from utterance-bound to incremental or referential. This analysis will shed some light on the contribution of tense to what is said by an utterance.
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Paul, Christine. "The epistemic side of retrospective utterances." Certainty and Uncertainty in Dialogue 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2014): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.4.1.02pau.
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The paper further contributes to what Schegloff (2007) terms as “retro-sequences”. Different utterance formats such as utterances expansions by a second speaker, or questions regarding prior utterances, can be termed retrospective in a communicative sense. While previous research describes both utterance formats as syntactic and communicative opposites, this paper concentrates on their common ground, e.g. their common sequence organization. The paper demonstrates how interlocutors use the different utterance formats to display a degree of understanding with varying epistemic stance, and specifies the linguistic means for it.
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Romero, Esther, and Belén Soria. "Cognitive Metaphor Theory Revisited." Journal of Literary Semantics 34, no. 1 (January 15, 2005): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlse.2005.34.1.1.
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AbstractThis paper provides a framework which, being compatible with Lakoff and Johnson's theory (1980), allows a description of metaphoric verbal utterances. The development of this theoretical expansion is encouraged by Lakoff and Johnson's distinction between nonliteral and literal metaphoric expressions, and by the fact that they do not provide an explanation of the nonliteral metaphoric use of expressions as distinct from the literal metaphoric one. They simply say that metaphoric expressions are nonliteral when they are parts that are not used in our normal metaphoric concepts. This suggestion is included in our model, in which a metaphoric utterance is identified when the speaker perceives both a contextual abnormality and a conceptual contrast, and it is interpreted using, among other things, a pragmatic process of mapping to derive subpropositional metaphoric provisional meanings. This explanation of the metaphoric mechanism allows an explanation of the utterances in which nonliteral metaphoric expressions intervene without having to resort to a previous literal interpretation of these utterances.
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Fitria, Mila, Ike Revita, and Dhiant Asri. "Expressive Utterances as Found in Zach Sang Show on YouTube." Vivid Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.7.1.1-12.2018.
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This article analyses expressive utterances as found in Zach Sang Show on YouTube. This video is an interview of Zach Sang and the Gang to Selena Gomez as the guest of the show. The aim of this research is to analyse the types of expressive utterances and identify the functions of the expressive utterances found in the interview. Data were collected by using observational method and note-taking technique. Data were studied by using pragmatic identity method. Data were analyzed by using theory of types of expressive utterances proposed by Ronan (2015) and theory of function of expressive utterances proposed by Searle and Venderveken (1985). Data presented in narration and by using tables. Expressive utterances found in the video are 87 utterances. The writer finds 10 types of expressive utterance. They are agreement, volition, disagreement, compliment, pride, expressing sorrow, thanking, greetings, non-directed complaints in exclamations and apologizing. The most dominant type of expressive utterances is agreement. It shows the same perception between the speaker and the interlocutor. There are 14 functions of expressive utterance. They are to please, to desire, to agree, to disagree, to compliment, to boast, to lament, to thank, to greet, to complain, to surprise, to apologize, to congratulate and to praise. The most dominant function of the expressive utterances is to please. It shows the feeling of satisfaction, enjoyment and convenient to the proposition.
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Dubtsova, Olga, Viktoriia Petrenko, Oksana Kovalenko, and Nataliia Samsonenko. "Lingua-Ethological Causes of Communicative Failures: Pragmatic Aspect." Journal of Educational and Social Research 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0013.
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The paper reveals and describes communicative failures caused by differences in structures of communicants’ lingua-ethological encyclopedic knowledge based on the cognitive theory of dynamic construal of meaning. А communicative failure is viewed as a speech-behavioural act, where there is no semiosis (the addresser’s verbal and/or non-verbal utterance does not evoke any conventional conceptual content in the addressee’s mind) or there is ambivalent semiosis (the addresser and addressee privilege different aspects of the conceptual content structured by different frames (scripts)/domains, which results in the divergence between the addressee’s inferences and addresser’s presuppositions. It is alleged that communicative failures can be caused by differences in structures of communicants’ lingua-ethological knowledge of general principles regulating communicative behaviour. The addresser’s verbal and/or non-verbal utterance triggers different aspects of the conventional conceptual content in the minds of the communicants structured by different frames (scripts)/domains, which leads to the divergence between the addressee’s inferences and addresser’s presuppositions. Differences in structures of communicants’ lingua-ethological encyclopedic knowledge result from the addressee’s failure to select the most relevant way of interpreting the addresser’s utterance due to the violation of interpersonal rhetoric principles, in particular, Relevance Theory principles caused by a disregard of lingual and extra-lingual context of a communicative act. This results in a false interpretation of homonymous verbal utterances, utterance implicatures enabling both literal and metaphorical interpretation or implicatures connected with recognizing irony/sarcasm as well as the addresser’s communicative intentions and utterance addressing.
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Yayuk, Rissari. "TUTURAN MANYAMBATI DALAM BAHASA BANJAR." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v16i1.1738.
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This study aims to present manyambati utterances in the Banjarese language. The problem is how does the form of violations of politeness utterance manyambati in Banjar language. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of violation of politeness utterance manyambati in Banjar language. It is a qualitative study using a descriptive method. This study uses three steps of work, they are providing data, analyzing data, and presenting data. The technique used in data collection is recording and documentation. The data are taken from January 2019 to March 2019. The place and source of data are taken from people who live in Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, and Martapura. To analyze the data this study uses the speech act theory. This study uses a descriptive and interpretative technique. The result of data analysis is presented in common words. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the form of violations of politeness utterance manyambati in Banjar language consists of mentioning someone's physical deficiency, negative work, names of parents, and dirty objects. These four manyambati utterances have already threatened someone's dignity. The speaker has already violated the principal politeness language.
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Jahdiah, NFN. "BENTUK DAN FUNGSI TINDAK TUTUR ILUKOSI BAHASA BUGIS DI KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU, KALIMANTAN SELATAN:TINJAUAN PRAGMATIK." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v16i1.2348.
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Every utterance produced by the speaker has its own type and function. This study aims to describe the form of the illocution speech act in Bugis language in Tanah Bumbu regency and describe the function of those utterances. The data of this study are utterances uttered by Bugis speakers, Simpang Empat District, Tanah Bumbu Regency. This study uses Searle's theory of speech acts. The method used in this study is qualitative. The data technique used in this study is speaking and listening. To analyze the data, this study uses descriptive techniques by describing the data in accordance with the formulation of the problem. The problems in this study are (1) what kind of speech act exists in Bugis language, (2) how does the function of each utterance. The result shows that there are five speech acts in Bugis language, they are (1) assertive/representative speech act, (2) commissive speech act, (3) directive speech act, (4) expressive speech act, and (5) declarative speech act. Base on the function of illocution utterance there are four functions, (1) competitive function, (2) favor function, (3) cooperate function, and (4) challenge function.
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Hall, Alison. "‘Free’ Enrichment and the Nature of Pragmatic Constraints." International Review of Pragmatics 6, no. 1 (2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00601002.
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The contextualist approach to utterance interpretation posits processes of “free” pragmatic enrichment that supply unarticulated constituents of the explicit content of utterances. While this proposal is faithful to our intuitions about the truth conditions of utterances, and accommodates the optionality of these pragmatic effects, there remains a doubt about whether contextualism can account in any principled way for what pragmatically derived material enters into explicit content, and what does not. This gap in the theory leads to objections that the putative process of pragmatic enrichment would massively overgenerate interpretations of utterances, having no way to exclude from explicit content elements of meaning that are truth-conditionally irrelevant. Here I discuss how a derivational account can sort explicit content from implicatures, where the former is a result of “developing” the linguistically-encoded form, while implicatures are entirely inferred, from fully propositional premises. Using the idea that enrichment is constrained to the minimum necessary to inferentially warrant the implications of the utterance, I show how the derivational account can address existing examples of alleged overgeneration, and that these rest on a failure to properly appreciate that the occurrence of such “free” pragmatic processes depends on the details of the particular context in which the utterance was tokened. I conclude with a discussion of what kind of systematicity should be expected from an account of processes whose outcome is inevitably context-specific.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. "Context Operationalized." International Review of Pragmatics 5, no. 2 (2013): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-13050205.
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The meanings speakers and auditors assign to utterances are exquisitely context sensitive, with contexts and their elements varying wildly with the linguistic occasions. This paper investigates a theory of how linguistic agents might assign meanings to utterances in a contextually sensitive manner consistent with the agents’ evident inability cognitively to identify what within their systems of mental representation is contextually relevant to the utterances of the moment. According to the proposed account, the contexts determinative of meaning function in the manner of adverbial operators on utterances serving so to fuse context and utterance as to render context transparent to agents.
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Dziurosz-Serafinowicz, Dominika. "Próba konstrukcji narzędzi do analizy etyczności wypowiedzi z użyciem teorii aktów mowy." Przegląd Humanistyczny 63, no. 3 (466) (December 2, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5989.
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The aim of this paper is to present tools for analyzing the ethics of utterances in the face-to-face conversation with the use of speech act theory. In particular, an attempt is made to show that ethical examination of the utterance can consist in analyzing its illocution (intention) and perlocution (effect). Additionally, it is proposed that treating a speech act as complementary can be used in the analysis of utterances as those which demand ethical or non-ethical answer.
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Manan, Nanan Abdul. "‘Sontoloyo' and 'Genderuwo'; Critical Discourse Analysis on Jokowi’s Utterance." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v5i1.1257.
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This study discusses Joko Widodo’s utterance in several moments. Jokowi is the president of the Indonesian Republic. He would like to participate in the reelection of the presidential election in April 2019. Many statements of him make public perceptions appear different. In this case, there is two big points of research that can be famous dictions in this era. ‘sontoloyo’ and ‘genderuwo’ are two interesting dictions to discuss. As a popular person, Jokowi’s utterances occur as public discourses. Many perspectives are produced by many analysts in multidiscipline views. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used as a framework to analyze the utterances related to many perspectives of language. Fairclough model is a choice for analyzing in depth of the research. It states in three big points; text analysis (description), processing analysis (interpretation) andsocial analysis (explanation). The researcher uses a qualitative method. The data related with the sontoloyo and genderuwo utterance comes from news online the Jakarta Post. By using Fairclough theory, the researcher explains the text in the relationship with the situation of political moment, the speaker as government and candidate of the presidential election. The text gives many interpretation and relationship with the social condition.
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Savitri, Ayu Ida. "STRIP KOMIK SEBAGAI WADAH PERISTIWA BUDAYA." Sabda : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sabda.v11i1.13220.
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Comic Strip is “a short series of amusing drawings with a small amount of writing which is usually published in a newspaper” (Cambridge 2003: 239). It usually contains stories of what happened at the moment of the comic strips published in the newspaper. That is why, although it cannot be considered as a historical document, it can be considered as a medium of factual events happening at the moment of the newspaper published, delivered in an entertaining packaging. One of those factual events is cultural event related to the culture of the people where the newspaper published. Those events can be considered as cultural one by revealing the readers’ interpretation of the comic strips by using semiotic and pragmatic theories to see whether the events is considered as part of their culture or not. As comic strip consists of pictures and utterances, the analysis can be done by using Semiotics theory to analyse its picture (visual element) and Pragmatics theory to analyse its utterance (verbal element). Firstly, the informant reveals the conversational implicature of the utterances. The result is then analysed by using the Relevance Theory from Sperber and Wilson (1986: 1996) to describe the utterances’ meaning, how they get it, and why they get it that way. Secondly, the informant interprets the comic strip (the picture along with the utterance’s analysis). The result is then analysed by using the Signifying Order Theory by Danesi and Perron (1999) to describe the comic strip’s meaning, how they get it, and why they get it that way.
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Du Bois, John W. "Towards a dialogic syntax." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 359–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0024.
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AbstractThis paper argues for the need to recognize a new order of syntactic phenomena, and for a theory of syntax capable of addressing it. Dialogic syntax encompasses the linguistic, cognitive, and interactional processes involved when speakers selectively reproduce aspects of prior utterances, and when recipients recognize the resulting parallelisms and draw inferences from them. Its most visible reflex occurs when one speaker constructs an utterance based on the immediately co-present utterance of a dialogic partner. Words, structures, and other linguistic resources invoked by the first speaker are selectively reproduced by the second. The alignment of utterances yields a pairing of patterns at varying levels of abstraction, ranging from identity of words and affixes, to parallelism of syntactic structures, to equivalence of grammatical categories and abstract features of form, meaning, and function. This mapping generates dialogic resonance, defined as the catalytic activation of affinities across utterances. The key unit of analysis is the diagraph, recognized as a higher-order, supra-sentential syntactic structure that emerges from the structural coupling of two or more utterances. Dialogic syntax goes beyond traditional linear syntax to recognize as integral to the task of syntactic analysis a new kind of structural relation that arises between otherwise independent sentences.
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Nurkhamidah, Neni. "Illocutionary speech acts on Donald Trump’s speech in addressing the covid-19 breakout." Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL) 1, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/j-reall.v1i2.6756.
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This research aims at finding out the illocutionary speech act on one Donald Trump’s speech in addressing the COVID-19 outbreak. The speech is conducted at Oval Office in 11 March 2020. This is a qualitative research that implemented the theory of speech act by Searle (1979). Result shows that Trumps made all five categories of illocutionary speech act with different amount of each category. The most utterances he made is assertive (54%). The type of assertive in his speech is boasting, claiming, describing, informing, and stating. The next category is commissive (29%) that consist of promising, and planning. In directive categories (15%) the utterance he made is commanding and advising. And Expressive (1%) consist of thanking and the last is declarative (1%) can be seen from his utterance when he blessed the audiences.
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Davis, Steven. "Playing Poker." International Review of Pragmatics 2, no. 1 (2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187731010x491756.
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AbstractSome researchers claim that utterances of sentences like "Claire has the three of clubs", shift their truth-values across situations of utterance. I examine one theory, Eros Corazza's, supplemented with the work of Barwise and Perry on situation semantics, to account for this supposed shift in truth-value. I argue that this account is inadequate. I then reconsider the example involving Claire and show that, when it is properly described, it does not support the claim that there is a change in its truth-value across different situations of utterance. Finally, I shall suggest that my re-description of the Claire example can be extended to other allegedly context-sensitive examples in the literature, the re-description of which calls into question the support that they are supposed to offer to contextualist semantic theories.
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Hall, Alison. "Subsentential utterances, ellipsis, and pragmatic enrichment." Pragmatics and Cognition 17, no. 2 (August 18, 2009): 222–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17.2.02hal.
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It is argued that genuinely subsentential phrases, such as a discourse-initial utterance of “From France” to indicate the provenance of an item, provide evidence for the reality of the pragmatic process of free enrichment. I consider recent attempts to treat such discourse-initial fragments as linguistic ellipsis of some kind while accommodating the difference between these cases and accepted types of ellipsis such as sluicing and gapping (for example Merchant 2007a,b). I claim that the mechanisms they posit to save an ellipsis story have no role in an account of performance (an account of the processes of utterance interpretation). An argument against the enrichment approach from the indeterminacy of the content of subsentential utterances is discussed, and refuted, and it is shown how this indeterminacy is accommodated in a contextualist pragmatic theory.
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Steele, Meili. "Social imaginaries and the theory of the normative utterance." Philosophy & Social Criticism 43, no. 10 (July 14, 2017): 1045–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453717715294.
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From Charles Taylor to Marcel Gauchet, theorists of the social imaginary have given us new ways to talk about the shared structures of meanings and practices of the West. Theorists of this group have argued against the narrow horizons of meaning that are deployed by deliberative political theories in developing their basic normative concepts and principles, providing an alternative to the oscillation between the constructivism and the realism. Theorists of the imaginary have enabled us to think about normatively charged collective imaginaries as logically prior to the construction of normative principles. What theorists of the imaginary have not done is make specific connections between the ontological background of social imaginaries and the normative utterance. This lacuna has left them vulnerable to the charges of ‘normative deficit’ and vagueness that Habermas and others famously make against philosophies of ‘world disclosure’. This article develops a conception of the normative utterance that enables us to reason through social imaginaries. In such reasoning, claims are not expressed in the propositional form of the Rawlsian or Habermasian justification, but through a complex engagement with the worldhood that informs normative judgements.
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R.O., Farinde, and Omolaiye H.O. "A Socio-pragmatic Investigation of Language of Insults in the Utterances of Yoruba Natives in Nigeria." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 11, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.6p.1.
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An utterance is neither seen nor touched but capable of making or marring an individual, group or a nation depending on how it is used. Thus, positive utterances ensure peace and tranquility in a society while negative utterances usually tear a nation apart. Language of insult is a negative utterance that usually produces, hatred, war, or disunity in the society. This paper, therefore, investigated the language of tribal insult in the utterances of Yoruba language users. Adopting conversational Implicature and Referential Theory as a theoretical framework, the study examined the language of tribal insults in the utterances of Yoruba users of Yoruba language. Employing participatory observation and recorded utterances in informal settings with the native speakers of Yoruba, the researchers discovered that the use of language of tribal insults among the Yoruba speakers has presented some tribes less humans. Also, some words are carelessly used to insult a nation, abuser’s insults are being transferred to ethnic groups with he use simile and metaphor, and negative attitude of a particular person becomes an insult to an ethnic group. The insults ranges from “theft”, “promiscuity”, “stinginess”, “privilege abuse”, “dirtiness” to “inferiority complex”. The implication of the insults is that some tribes are seen as being worthiness. The study, therefore, recommends that government should put machinery in motion to check this menace in order to promote unity in diversity.
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Imbrenda, Jon-Philip. "“No Facts Equals Unconvincing”: Fact and Opinion as Conceptual Tools in High School Students’ Written Arguments." Written Communication 35, no. 3 (April 13, 2018): 315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088318768560.
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In this study, I present a qualitative analysis of 11 writing portfolios drawn from a yearlong instructional program designed to apprentice students into the practices of argumentative writing typical of early-college coursework in the United States. The students’ formal and informal writings were parsed into utterances and coded along two developmental dimensions: reciprocity, or the extent to which each utterance answered to the immediate context in which it was generated; and indexicality, or the extent to which each utterance evidenced modes of reasoning that reflect the conventions of academic argumentation. My analysis found that although students’ writing evidenced a high degree of reciprocity, they frequently employed nonacademic modes of reasoning. Focusing on a subset of utterances, I show how their tacit orientations toward the concepts of fact and opinion limited the extent to which their reasoning satisfied the evidentiary expectations of formal academic discourse. This discovery suggests that students’ development as writers of academic arguments is closely linked to their formal instruction in argumentative writing as well as to their tacit understandings of concepts fundamental to argumentation. Moreover, these findings highlight important distinctions between formal and informal reasoning and how those distinctions may be implicated in both curriculum and instruction.
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Nopiah, Julaina, and Nur Maizatul Maisarah Nasrong. "Makna Ujaran Implisit dalam Vlog Mat Luthfi: Analisis Teori Relevans." Jurnal Bahasa 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/jb20(2)no2.
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This study researches the meanings of implicit utterances in Mat Luthfi’s vlog. This qualitative study employs relevance theory, a linguistics-based theory proposed by Sperber and Wilson drawn from the discipline of pragmatics. This theory foregrounds three main concepts comprising the role of context, cognitive effects and processing efforts. The research data consists of implicit dialogue uttered by characters in the video. Data were identified, transcribed, and subsequently analysed based on Relevance Theory. Library research was also used to further explore the implicit and Relevance Theory-based expressions. The findings show that there are ten utterances in the vlogs with implicit elements. These in turn indicate that the speaker wished to convey specific messages to listeners. This study explains that in the Malay community, utterings are various in meaning and are not merely confined to their literal meanings for correct understanding and interpretation. Hence, the meaning of an utterance is more easily understood when interpreted using the Relevance Theory.
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Nopiah, Julaina, and Nur Maizatul Maisarah Nasrong. "Makna Ujaran Implisit dalam Vlog Mat Luthfi: Analisis Teori Relevans." Jurnal Bahasa 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/jb(1)no2.
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This study researches the meanings of implicit utterances in Mat Luthfi’s vlog. This qualitative study employs relevance theory, a linguistics-based theory proposed by Sperber and Wilson drawn from the discipline of pragmatics. This theory foregrounds three main concepts comprising the role of context, cognitive effects and processing efforts. The research data consists of implicit dialogue uttered by characters in the video. Data were identified, transcribed, and subsequently analysed based on Relevance Theory. Library research was also used to further explore the implicit and Relevance Theory-based expressions. The findings show that there are ten utterances in the vlogs with implicit elements. These in turn indicate that the speaker wished to convey specific messages to listeners. This study explains that in the Malay community, utterings are various in meaning and are not merely confined to their literal meanings for correct understanding and interpretation. Hence, the meaning of an utterance is more easily understood when interpreted using the Relevance Theory.
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Banasik, Natalia. "Non-literal speech comprehension in preschool children – an example from a study on verbal irony." Psychology of Language and Communication 17, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2013-0020.
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Abstract The study aims to answer questions about the developmental trajectories of irony comprehension. The research focuses on the problem of the age at which ironic utterances can first be understood. The link between ironic utterance comprehension and early Theory of Mind (ToM) is examined as well. In order to approach the topic, 46 preschool children were tested with the Irony Comprehension Task (Banasik & Bokus, 2013) and the Reflection on Thinking Test (Białecka-Pikul, 2012) in three age groups: four-year-olds, five-year-olds and six-year-olds. The study showed no age effect in the Irony Comprehension Task and a significant effect in the Reflection on Thinking Test. On some of the measures, irony comprehension correlates with theory of mind. Also, an analysis of children’s narratives was conducted to observe how children explain the intention of the speaker who uttered the ironic statement. The children’s responses fall into four categories, one of which involves a function similar to a white lie being ascribed to the utterance.
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Farisya, Fajrina Putri. "Language Utterance Among India Community In Padang." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v1i1.15.
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This thesis title is Language Utterance Among India Community in Padang
The writer focusing on the language that utter among India community in Padang. The India people usual talk and communication with other with mix language which another did not know. The writer seek this as uniqueness that can be describe by code mixing theory and sociolinguistik.
The writer uses sociological theory for reach the purposes of the research. Purposes of the research is to descirbe the language change that happen in India community in Padang.. language change that happens have relate with linguistic theories. After getting the data, the writer , makes formula from the code mixing that utter in India community in Padang. This research uses field research method for get the significant data and library research for get the theories that will be uses as basic theory in this thesis. Technique collecting of data is qualitative method, which the writer get the data from 7 qualified interviewee based on criteria ( NORM (Nonmobile Older Rural Males). From it, the writer uses record technique for get the data.
The results from the research that has been done, the wrier finds language change that influence by another ethnic such Minang, Tionghoa Padang and Indonesia. The changing are, vowel /i/ change into /e/ in medial, disappearance /h/ in final,initial and medial. Disappearance /r/ in final and medial, absorption /at/ become /?/ in final,absorption /u/ become /o/ in medial and final, absorption /t/ become /k/ in final, absorption /a/ into /o/ in final, absorption /p/ into /?/, absorption/ŋ/ into /aŋ/ in final, absorption /e/ become /a/ in medial and initial. Disappearance /e/ in medial, disappearance /d/ in initial, and medial,also disappearance /p/ in final. Code mixing that utter by India community that has been describe by code mixing theory, and become a formula from it.
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Barbosa, Eduarda Calado. "NOT-AT-ISSUE CONTENT IN THE REFLEXIVE-REFERENTIAL THEORY." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 62, no. 148 (April 2021): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-512x2021n14803eb.
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ABSTRACT The Reflexive-Referential Theory is a multi-content approach to utterance interpretation. Its main proponent, John Perry, assumes that utterances of sentences with singular terms express several contents, depending on how their utterers and interpreters harness information from the situations in which they are produced. However, the theory says little to nothing about implied content, like presuppositions. Here, I discuss the possibility of including presuppositions, defined in terms of the concept of not-at-issue content, in this view. I begin with a brief characterization of the Reflexive-Referential theory in what regards its theoretical motivations and main thesis, followed by a study case of presuppositional not-at-issue content associated to a specific class of singular terms, proper names. To conclude, I ponder over a few consequences of this overall project of theoretical expansion.
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Smit, J. P., and Filip Buekens. "How to Do Things Without Words: A Theory of Declarations." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 47, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393117697073.
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Declarations like “this meeting is adjourned” make certain facts the case by representing them as being the case. Yet surprisingly little attention has been paid to the mechanism whereby the utterance of a declaration can bring about a new state of affairs. In this paper, we use the incentivization account of institutional facts to address this issue. We argue that declarations can serve to bring about new states of affairs as their utterance have game theoretical import, typically in virtue of the utterer signaling a commitment to act in an incentive-changing way.
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Teomiro, Ismael, and María Beatriz Pérez Cabello de Alba. "The Representation of the Temporal Properties of Linguistic Utterances through a Mathematical Model." Atlantis. Journal of the Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies 42, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2020-42.2.02.
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In this article we use a mathematical model to encode the temporal properties of linguistic utterances across languages by means of mathematical objects—points, lines, segments, vectors and versors—and the relations established among them in a four-dimensional space. Such temporal properties are encoded through threedifferent systems: tense—past, present and future—which locates the utterance on a temporal line, aspect—perfectivity and progressivity—which sets the viewpoint of the speaker, and Aktionsart, which refers to the structural temporal properties of the utterance such as telicity—whether the event has an endpoint or not—dynamicity—whether a change is conveyed or not—and duration. This model aims to be language independent in order to allow for the codification of the temporal properties of utterances in any language, thus rendering it appropriate to be used as an interlingua in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. This wouldsignificantly improve the comprehension of natural language in search engines and automatic translation systems, to name two examples. Hence, our ultimate goal is for this model to achieve computational adequacy.
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Widiyaningrum, Dewi Karunia. "Implikatur Percakapan pada Respon Verbal Tokoh Haruko dalam Drama Nihonjin no Shiranai Nihongo Karya Yoshihiro Izumi." Japanese Research on Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 1, no. 2 (October 17, 2019): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jr.v1i2.3008.
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The core problem of this study is to investigate the types of implicature used by Haruko, the main character, as verbal respond in he drama titled Nihonjin no Shiranai Nihongo. This study used cooperative principles theory by Grice to analyze the implicature. The study is to aimed to describe the verbal respond which the main character used in the drama, also to find the implicit meaning in the conversation. The study is using descriptive qulitative methode. The data are obtioned from the Haruko’s verbal respond which is violating the cooperative principle maxim by Grice. This study is a pragmatic study, so the analysis will be analyzed by the context. There are 23 datas obtioned from Haruko’s verbal respond which is violating the cooperative maxim by Grice. From those datas, there are 1 utteranc violating the maxim of quality, 11 utterances violating the maxim of quantity, 13 utterances violating the maxim of relation, and 6 utterances violating the maxim of manner. From this study is also found that there is utterances from Haruko’s verbal respond that is violating more than one maxim. The violating maxim of ach utterance have a different meaning. Based on the analysis that have been dobe, the aim of the conversational implicature in the drama to give or ask some information, to hide something, to avoid conversation, to express anger, to increase self confident, to mock someone, to share some stories, to share some information in polite way.
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Croft, William. "Linguistic Selection: An Utterance-based Evolutionary Theory of Language Change." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 19, no. 2 (December 1996): 99–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003358.
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Hull (1988) uses recent developments in the theory of biological evolution, in particular rigorous application of the population theory of species, a consistently phylogenetic approach to evolutionary taxonomy and a proposed resolution of the dispute over which levels natural selection operates, to propose a general analysis of selection processes which he then applies to conceptual change in science. Hull's model of selection is applied to language change. It is argued that the utterance plays the central role in linguistic selection, and causal mechanisms by which linguistic selection – language change – occurs are proposed. The final sections consider the possibility that selection occurs also at higher levels of linguistic organization, and suggest how language contact may be accounted for in terms of phylogenetic reticulation.
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Zaitseva, Valentina. "The metaphoric nature of coding: Toward a theory of utterance." Journal of Pragmatics 22, no. 1 (July 1994): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90059-0.
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Cho, JiHoon. "The problem of fictional utterance in the theory of performativity." Korean Association of Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.38185/kjcs.2021.9.1.35.
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Smith, Sara A., Stephanie R. Seitz, Kelly H. Koutnik, Meaghan Mckenna, and Jorge N. Garcia. "The “work” of being a bilingual: Exploring effects of forced language switching on language production and stress level in a real-world setting." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 3 (May 2020): 701–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716420000259.
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AbstractResearch using single-word paradigms has established that forced language switching incurs processing costs for some bilinguals, yet, less research has addressed this phenomenon at the utterance level or considered real-world applications. The current study examined the impacts of forced language switching on spoken output and stress using a simulated virtual meeting. Twenty Spanish–English heritage bilinguals responded to general work-oriented questions in monolingual English (control) or language-switching (experimental) conditions. Responses were analyzed for mean length of utterance (MLU) and type-token-ratio (TTR). Multilevel modeling revealed an interaction effect of Condition (control vs. experimental) and question order on MLU, such that participants in the experimental condition produced significantly shorter utterances by the end of the task. Participants also had significantly lower lexical variation (TTR) overall in the experimental than the control condition. A 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant effect of Condition and an interaction of Task (pre- vs. posttask) and Condition, such that participants in the control condition reported significantly lower stress after the activity. Results demonstrated the impact of a forced switching condition on production at the utterance level. Findings have implications for theory and scenarios in which heritage bilinguals are asked to use multiple languages in the workplace.
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Asridayani, Asridayani, and Soekarno Soekarno. "Conversational Implicature In Indonesian President Candidates Debate on Metro Tv." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v3i1.386.
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The purpose of this research is to identify kinds and meaning of conversational implicature, especially in President Candidates’ utterances based on context that used in the Indonesian President Candidates Debate on June 2014 in METROTV Television. The data is obtained by identifying the utterances that have implicature, in videos form that have been recorded via mobile phone and downloaded from social media site, it means to make easy in identifying. Then, the identified data are transcribed and analyzed by using Yule’s theory and some books that related and supported the theory. Next, the data analysis is presented by using informal method. The result of the analysis shows that President Candidates’ utterances in the debate contain two kinds on conversational implicature. They are, particularized conversational implicature, it is an implicature that can be assumed by knowing the specific context and also needs special knowledge of the listener. Then, generalized conversational implicature, it is an implicature that does not need context to assume the utterance.
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Leiman, Mikael. "Mikhail Bakhtin’s contribution to psychotherapy research." Culture & Psychology 17, no. 4 (December 2011): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x11418543.
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Vygotsky clarified the methodological foundation that, in his view, characterizes every scientific discipline by elucidating the concepts of subject matter, explanatory principle, and unit of analysis. In this article, these concepts are used to explore and organize Michael Bakhtin’s relevance for psychotherapy research. Client and therapist utterances can be regarded as the object of research. Bakhtin’s theory of utterance provides the basic abstractions that define the facts, or the subject matter, of the research area. Semiotic mediation will be considered the explanatory principle that accounts for the utterance as a tool of interaction as well as an expression of intra-psychic processes. Neither Vygotsky’s instrumental nor Bakhtin’s dialogic conception of the sign are adequate for explaining the great variety of semiotic mediation in communication, object-oriented actions, and intra-psychic processes. A revised conception that articulates the dual reference of sign meanings will be introduced. Finally, Bakhtin’s contribution to the unit of analysis in psychotherapy research will be illustrated by elaborating his concept of semantic position.
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Rühlemann, Christoph. "What dialog is absent from constructed dialog?" English Text Construction 13, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 132–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.00038.ruh.
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Abstract This paper is concerned with constructed dialog in conversational storytelling. Based on Clark & Gerrig’s (1990) demonstration theory, its focus is on what is absent from constructed dialog. To determine what is absent, a comparison is made between constructed dialog tokens and utterances in conversation. The inquiry uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. It is based on the Narrative Corpus (NC; Rühlemann & O’Donnell 2012), a corpus of conversational narratives extracted from the conversational component of the British National Corpus (BNC), and its systematic annotation of constructed dialog (that is, direct speech introduced by a quotative and free direct speech without any introducer). The quantitative comparison of verbalizations used in constructed dialog as opposed to verbalizations used in conversational utterances demonstrates that a particular utterance type is significantly missing from constructed dialog: the continuer utterance, whose basic function is to exhibit an understanding that a form of ‘telling’ by another speaker is going on. The qualitative analysis, based on a subset of storytellings from the NC that were re-analyzed acoustically and re-transcribed using Jeffersonian conventions based on the Audio BNC (Coleman et al. 2012), reveals a stark mismatch between the commonness of tellings in talk-in-interaction and their uncommonness in constructed dialog. The absence of continuers from constructed dialog is discussed against the backdrop of indexicality. I argue that continuers share the key properties of indexicals – semantic vacuity and an existential relationship with the ‘thing’ indicated – and can therefore be seen as indexicals themselves. As indexicals, intrinsically connected to the speech situation of their utterance, continuers cannot be included in constructed dialog, which typically occurs in a different speech situation with different interactional parameters. Finally, I offer initial thoughts on the underrepresentation of telling sequences in constructed dialog.
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Colomina-Almiñana, Juan J. "Disagreement and the speaker’s point of view." Language and Dialogue 5, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.5.2.02col.
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This article defends an intentionalist solution to cases of disagreement. Unlike conventionalist approaches, the paper shows that the truth-value of some sentences is shifted and relative to the concrete way the assertion is made. Unlike relativist accounts, it argues that cases of subjective meaning are just apparent, and really express normative content as included in embedded sentences. The paper advocates for a solution based on what I call the speaker’s point of view, which understands disagreement as expressing the speaker’s perspective in conversation about a particular matter without constraining the truth-value of the sentences of our natural language. Consequently, the speaker’s utterance is a speech act necessarily related to the interlocutor’s utterance, which is another speech act, since only by integrating the level of the communicative function into a dialogic interaction the real meaning of the utterances can completely show up.
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Kasmani, Mohd Faizal, Sofia Hayati Yusoff, and Osama Kanaker. "Muḥammad’s Conversations with the Bedouin: a Speech-Act Analysis of Prophetic Discourse in Hadith." Al-Bayān – Journal of Qurʾān and Ḥadīth Studies 17, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22321969-12340067.
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Abstract Speech-act theory allows us to study how words have an impact in real life and the performative nature of words. At the same time, it can also contribute to an understanding of communication style and communication strategy. In this article, speech-act theory is applied to the conversations of Prophet Muḥammad with the Bedouin in two ways. First, the speech acts of the Prophet are analyzed using the categories put forward by John Searle to see how they function within the conversation. Second, the illocutionary force of an utterance and its perlocutionary effect – based on words and expressions that the Prophet used in his utterances – are examined to discover patterns in his communication strategy towards the Bedouin.
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Olson, Janet, and Elise Frank Masur. "Developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of mothers’ internal state utterances across the second year." First Language 39, no. 4 (May 17, 2019): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723719850001.
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Mothers’ provision of utterances with internal state words has been shown to influence infants’ acquisition of internal state vocabulary and has been proposed to foster preschoolers’ theory of mind development. In this article the authors examine maternal internal state speech during free play with infants at 13, 17, and 21 months. The study assessed developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of the mothers’ utterances referencing perception, volition, disposition, and cognition. Mothers’ use of internal state words, especially volition and cognition words, increased with age. Internal state utterances were longer than utterances without internal state words, and more than half of all cognition and two-thirds of all volition utterances were syntactically complex. Mothers’ production of utterances with internal state words was related to their overall MLUs whereas their production of utterances without was not. Thus, mothers do not simplify utterances when they talk about internal states, even with young infants, and mothers’ growing use of internal state words as their infants age may partially explain increases in their overall utterance lengths during the second year of life.
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de Saussure, Louis. "Procedural pragmatics and the study of discourse." Pragmatics and Cognition 15, no. 1 (May 11, 2007): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.15.1.10sau.
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The term discourse is generally used either as a technical equivalent for ‘verbal communication’ or as referring to a particular scientific notion, where discourses are spans of texts or of utterances obeying specific principles of organisation. The aim of this paper is to suggest that an account of discourse is possible, in both cases, only through a theory of utterance-meaning construction. If discourse stands for verbal communication, then it can be explained only with regard to speaker’s intended meaning. If discourse stands for organised spans of texts or utterances, then they must be meaningful spans of texts or meaningful utterances. Yet it is argued that a pragmatic explanation of meaning provides all the elements that discourse analysis describes. In the end, the paper claims that a theory of context combined with a theory on the semantic-pragmatic interface should prove sufficient to explain discourse, in whichever sense, along the idea that discourse should be viewed as a process, not as a whole, following the claims of a number of scholars in the field. A possibility to tackle this process is proposed in terms of procedures through the approach of procedural pragmatics.
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Bennett, Michael Y. "Propositions in theatre: Theatrical utterances as events." Journal of Literary Semantics 47, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jls-2018-2004.
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Abstract Using William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and the play-within-the play, The Murder of Gonzago, as a case study, this essay argues that theatrical utterances constitute a special case of language usage not previously elucidated: the utterance of a statement with propositional content in theatre functions as an event. In short, the propositional content of a particular p (e.g. p1, p2, p3 …), whether or not it is true, is only understood—and understood to be true—if p1 is uttered in a particular time, place, and situation (i.e. during a theatrical event); otherwise, the propositional content in those theatrical utterances can either be false or contingently true.
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Asami, Katsushi, Toshiyuki Takezawa, and Genichiro Kikui. "Detection of topic and speech act type on utterance-by-utterance basis for conversational interfaces." Systems and Computers in Japan 36, no. 12 (2005): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.20209.
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Ari Laras Utami, Anak Agung Istri, and I. Nengah Sudipa. "Mean Length of Utterance of Children at the Trihita Alam Eco School." Humanis 25, no. 3 (August 22, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2021.v25.i03.p04.
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The aim of the study is mainly at testing the theory of Brown on the Mean Length of Utterance (MLU). Methods applied in this study were observation and audio recording technique. The data in this study were the utterances produced by students of Trihita Alam Eco School. There were sixteen children ranging from 4 to 6 years participating in this study (M=5.4). The children observed in this study are healthy children both physically and psychologically. The written permission from the school has been obtained to conduct the study. The results show that the sentence structures produced by children are quite well-organized and are able to place language functions clearly. The calculation of the MLU value in the research subjects show that Brown's theory which states that children at age 47 months have the MLU of 4.5 are mostly correct. The assumption that children who have the same ages doesn’t imply that they have the same MLU is proven right.
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Widyarsono, Antonius. "Bahasa Dan Kebenaran Menurut John Langshaw Austin." DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA 12, no. 2 (October 14, 2013): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.36383/diskursus.v12i2.104.
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Abstrak: John Langshaw Austin menjadi terkenal sebagai filosof Lingkaran Oxford yang menekankan pentingnya tuturan performatif. Namun dalam artikelnya “Truth” (1950) ia menggunakan teori korespondensi dalam memahami masalah kebenaran. Austin mengkritik Strawson yang menggunakan teori deflasioner tentang kebenaran berdasarkan analisis mengenai pentingnya tuturan performatif. Dalam tulisan ini akan dijelaskan mengapa Austin lebih memilih teori korespondensi dari pada teori deflasioner dalam memahami kebenaran. Juga akan ditunjukkan sumbangan khas Austin yang membarui teori korespondensi umum yang menggunakan metafora “cermin” dan “peta” realitas dengan menekankan sifat konvensional ide korespondensi. Menurut penulis, hal ini merupakan suatu usaha yang serius dan berguna dalam mengartikulasikan cara kita menggunakan simbol-simbol bahasa yang ditentukan secara sewenang-wenang untuk merepresentasikan realitas dunia.
Kata-kata Kunci: Kebenaran, teori korespondensi, teori koherensi, teori deflasioner, teori tindak-tutur, aspek ilokusioner bahasa, tuturan deskriptif, tuturan performatif, konvensi deskriptif, konvensi demonstratif.
Abstract: John Langshaw Austin is an “Ordinary Language Philosopher” of Oxford, who is famous for emphasizing the importance of performative statements. In his article, “Truth” (1950), however, he used correspondence theory for understanding the problem of truth. Austin criticized Strawson, who uses the deflationary theory of truth that is compatible with the analysis of performative utterances. This article will explain why Austin chooses the correspondence theory of truth rather than deflationary one. It will also elaborate Austin’s specific contribution in changing the version of the correspondence theory, which uses the metaphor of “mirroring” or “mapping”’ the world, to a conventional correspondence theory. It is, in my opinion, a serious and notable attempt to articulate our use of arbitrary symbols in the representation of brute reality.
Keywords: Truth, correspondence theory, coherence theory, deflationary theory, speech-act theory, the illocutionary aspect of language, descriptive utterance, performative utterance, descriptive convention, demonstrative convention.
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Moeschler, Jacques. "Pragmatics, propositional and non-propositional effects: can a theory of utterance interpretation account for emotions in verbal communication?" Social Science Information 48, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409106200.
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This article is about pragmatics and emotion. The main purpose of pragmatics is to account for utterance-interpretation processes in verbal communication. In recent years much of pragmatics research has been devoted to the understanding of propositional effects; that is, to cognitive effects on mental representations with propositional forms such as implicatures and explicatures. Little energy has been devoted to non-propositional effects; that is, to pragmatic effects that have no propositional formats and are mainly associated with emotional reactions such as fear, pleasure, joy, anguish, etc. Utterances are, however, often the causes of such non-propositional effects. This paper presents a general framework, Relevance Theory, which could account for non-propositional effects. The limits of these theoretical approaches are also exposed.
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Siregar, Usmala Dewi, Syahron Lubis, and Khairina Nasution. "Using the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor to Understand Utterance Metaphorical in English Version of Surah An-Nisa." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.7.1.2884.19-24.
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This study discusses the results of the analysis performed to determine the meaning of the metaphor in the Surah An-Nisa English version. This study is carried by applying a systematic method. Through the observation method followed by the note-taking technique, researchers identified the Quran Surah An-Nisa English Version 176 verses to find metaphors and analyzed the data with understanding the meaning of each utterance that appeared by finding keywords from the source domain of the lexicon and the target domain in one metaphorical. The results of data analysis were presented through formal and informal methods. The findings are abstract meaning that are constructed more concrete by God as guidance to humans through metaphorical utterances. The implication of this study helps people to understand the messages of the verse in the Quran, especially the Surah An-Nisa.
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Lubis, Fauziah Khairani, and Syamsul Bahri. "Colloquial Speech of University Students’ Utterance." SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 4, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v4i1.59.
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The purpose of this study is to know more about the use of colloquial speech that grows and develops in the youth generation particularly college students. The researcher applied a qualitative descriptive research method with the theory of types of colloquial speech according to Yule (2010) as a detailed explanation. The research subject was students majoring in the English department at the language and art faculty, State University of Medan. Participant observation and interviews were the technique in collecting data. The result showed that from fifty samples of data, there were only seven of nine types shown by students namely, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, and multiple processes. College students tend to show the use of coinage, blending, and acronyms. Communicating using colloquial speech or slang can help the user look more relaxed, cooler, confident, and not left behind. The informants adopt colloquial speech from online media even surrounding where they lived and applied it to the daily conversation with groups of friends.
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Willink, C. W. "The Parodos of Euripides' Helen (164–90)." Classical Quarterly 40, no. 1 (May 1990): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800026811.
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The friendly expatriate ladies of the chorus in Helen enter having heard loud lamentation issuing from the palace, while engaged, like the Φ⋯λα of the chorus in Hippolytus 125ff., in spreading laundered crimson textiles to dry in the sun. The central theme of ‘hearing cries’, with the verb ἒκλυον and nouns of utterance (185–6), is reminiscent also of Medea 131ff., where the opening words of the Parodos ἒκλυον Φων⋯ν, ἒκλυον δ⋯ βο⋯ν… allude to Medea's loud utterances ἒсωθεν in 96ff. (ἰώ…) and 111ff. (αἰαî…): here, as there, the Parodos exploits the familiar motif of βοηδρομ⋯α.
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Mazzi, Maria Angela, Lidia Del Piccolo, and Christa Zimmermann. "Event-based categorical sequential analyses of the medical interview: a review." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 12, no. 2 (June 2003): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00006126.
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SUMMARYWhen the doctor-patient interaction is viewed as a series of utterances, the temporal position of utterances becomes a central information in understanding the nature of interaction. Important concepts are interdependence and serial dependence which account for the fact that two partners influence each other in their talk and that each partner influences him/herself. Lag sequential analysis studies the associations between doctor and patient utterances in a two-way contingency table (lag one sequences) and is used for exploratory purposes. Log-linear modelling, based on multi-way contingency tables, is used as an extension of lag-sequential analysis to study longer sequences.Markov chains test sequences in terms of processes with the aim to find predictive models and require a theory driven approach. Pattern recognition aims to discover regularities in the temporal evolution of the utterance sequences. Theory driven applications analyse manifest patterns in terms of their conditional probability distribution while empirically driven applications are used to detect “hidden” patterns. These different approaches to sequential data can be regarded as complementary tools to describe the doctor patient consultations at various levels of complexity.Declaration of Interest: none.