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1
Boven, Erica, and Marieke Winkler, eds. The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728225.
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Departing from the present need for cultural models within the public debate, this volume offers a new contribution to the study of cultural icons. From the traditional religious icon to the modern mass media icon, from the recognizable visual icon to the complex entanglement of image and collective narratives: The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons offers an overview of existing theories, compares different definitions and proposes a comprehensive view on the icon and the iconic. Focusing in particular on the making of iconic representations and their changing social-cultural meanings through time, scholars from cultural memory studies, art history and literary studies present concrete operationalizations of the ways different types of cultural icons can be studied.
2
Karakoç, Ekrem. Cross-National Test of the Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.003.0003.
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The previous chapter posed the primary research question and offered a new theory that encompassed two interrelated arguments. This chapter produces three hypotheses derived from the new theory offered in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 tests these arguments in a large-N study using multivariate statistical analysis. The first section discusses the operationalization of our main dependent and independent variables. It will also briefly outline a set of control variables and what the literature predicts regarding their effect on spending and inequality. These factors range from economic factors (globalization, inflation, female labor participation, economic development), political factors (partisanship, electoral systems, election cycle), and demographic factors. To correct for problems associated with the nature of panel data models, such as endogeneity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation, it uses the Arellano-Bond estimation, which uses the Generalized Method of Moments. The rest of the chapter presents the results and offers its interpretation and conclusion.
3
Stéphane, Beaulac. Part VI Constitutional Theory, A Constitutional Interpretation, Ch.41 Constitutional Interpretation: On Issues of Ontology and of Interlegality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0041.
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The chapter addresses, first, the ontological issue of whether the interpretation of a constitution is fundamentally different than the construction of statutes. Based on a comparison of the Supreme Court of Canada decisions in constitutional interpretation, especially Charter cases, and the contemporary approach to statutory interpretation, endorsing Driedger’s modern principle, it is argued that a convergence of methodology has occurred. Second, recent developments in the domestic use of international law—that is interlegality—also show commonality in constitutional and statutory interpretation. The hypothesis is that recent case law on the operationalization of international normativity, far from supporting the end of the international/national divide, actually reaffirms the Westphalian paradigm. The contextual argument and the presumption of conformity, as interpretative tools, allow courts to be more flexible, indeed more permissive, in resorting to international law.
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Roy, Deboleena. Science Studies. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.41.
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This chapter provides an overview of the emergence and development of feminist science studies and traces its engagement with key concepts in feminist theory. First, it considers the operationalization of liberal/equal rights feminist frameworks within science and the efforts to create scientific knowledge through sex/gender analyses. Next, it examines the new materialist conversations that have changed feminist theory’s relation to matter and binaries such as sex/gender, contrasting feminist poststructuralist and feminist science studies approaches to the “material turn” in feminist theory. Finally, it considers what the insights feminist science and science and technology scholarship have gleaned from social-justice epistemologies and ethical practices contribute to feminist theory—notably, contextualized analyses that are cognizant of the formative influence of colonialism, capitalism, and neoliberal biopolitics. These diverse approaches to feminist science studies share a cosmopolitical effort to move beyond critiques of science to develop new ways of working with science.
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Proctor, Kim. Measuring Group Consciousness. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.33.
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Although group consciousness is an important concept in explaining political behavior, both theoretical guidance on how to measure group consciousness and empirical consensus regarding its operationalization are lacking. This has the potential to lead to both diverging results and inaccurate empirical conclusions, which greatly limits the ability to understand the role that group consciousness plays in politics. Using data from Pew’s 2013 “Survey of LGBT Americans,” this analysis provides a foundation for measuring group consciousness using item response theory (IRT). Through an examination of dimensionality, monotonicity, model fit, and differential item functioning, the results demonstrate that many assumptions about measuring group consciousness have been incorrect. Further, the findings suggest that previous conclusions about subgroup differences may be the result of survey bias, rather than actual between-group differences. Moving forward, scholars of political behavior should use IRT to measure latent constructs.
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Thomas, Pradip Ninan. The Politics of Digital India. Edited by Adrian Athique, Vibodh Parthasarathi, and S. V. Srinivas. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199494620.001.0001.
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Transforming India into a digital state has been an objective of successive governments in India. However, the digital, by its very nature, is a capricious, multi-dimensional entity. Its operationalization across multiple sectors in India has highlighted the fact that the digital compact with publics in India is a two-edged sword. On the one hand, devices such as mobile phones have enabled access and efficiencies, and on the other, they have increased the scope for surveillance capitalism and the expansion of governmentality. The digital is at the same time a resource, commodity, and process that is absolutely fundamental to most if not all productive forces across multiple sectors. As a part of the Media Dynamics in South Asia series, this volume explores the making of digital India and specifically deals with the contradictions of an imperfect democracy, internal compulsions, and external pressures that continue to play crucial roles in the shaping of the same. Mindful of the key roles played by political economy and context and based on conversations with theory and practice, it makes a case for critical understanding of the digital embrace in India.
7
Wan, Wilfred, and Etel Solingen. International Security: Nuclear Proliferation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.121.
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Since the advent of the nuclear age, scholars have sought to provide rationales behind decisions to pursue, forgo, or relinquish nuclear weapons programs. Security, status, cost, technical capabilities, and domestic considerations have played central roles in explaining those choices. Classical neorealism was once the conventional wisdom, advancing that relative power and the logic of self-help in an anarchic world drove states to nuclear weapons. Yet, the analysis of nuclear proliferation has evolved in accordance with broader debates in international relations theory in recent decades, including the incorporation of neoliberal institutionalist, constructivist, and domestic political perspectives. The end of the Cold War and the upheaval of international order in particular marked a watershed for the literature, with scholars challenging the dominant paradigm by examining the effects of institutions, norms, and identities. Those approaches, however, under-theorized—if not omitted altogether—the role of domestic political drivers in choices to acquire or abstain from acquiring from nuclear weapons. Such drivers provide filters that can be invaluable in explaining whether, when, and how state actors are susceptible to considerations of relative power, international institutions, and norms. More recently, scholars have deployed more sophisticated theoretical frameworks and diverse methodologies. The road ahead requires greater analytical flexibility, harnessing the utility of classical perspectives while adding enough nuance to increase explanatory power, greater attentiveness to the complex interaction among variables, and improved specification and operationalization amenable to rigorous testing, all with an eye toward enhancing both historical accuracy and predictive capabilities.
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Volgy, Thomas J., Kelly Marie Gordell, Paul Bezerra, and Jon Patrick Rhamey, Jr. Conflict, Regions, and Regional Hierarchies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.310.
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Despite decades of scholarly attention to conflict and cooperation processes in international politics, rigorous, comparative, large-N analyses of these questions at the region level are difficult to find in the literature. Although this relative absence may stem in part from the difficulties related to the theoretical conceptualization or methodological operationalization of regions, it certainly is not for lack of interesting variation in terms of conflict and cooperation processes across regions. Between this variation and recent contributions toward a dynamic identification of regions, comparative analysis of conflict and cooperation outcomes at the region level are primed for exploration and increasingly salient as recent political elections in the United States (Trump election) and the United Kingdom (Brexit) have demonstrated a willingness on the part of policymakers to scale back efforts toward global interdependence.Turning attention to a region level unit of analysis, however, does not require abandoning decades of scholarship at the state or dyad levels. Indeed, much of this work may be viewed as informing or complementary to comparative regional analyses. In particular, regional propensity for cooperation or conflict is likely to be conditioned by a number of prominent explanations of these phenomena at state and dyad levels, which may usefully be conceived in their regional aggregates as so-called regional fault lines or baseline conditions. These include the presence of major and/or regional powers, interstate rivalries, unresolved territorial claims, civil wars, regime similarity, trade relationships, and common membership in intergovernmental organizations.Of these baseline conditions, the impact of major and regional powers on regional patterns of cooperation and conflict is notable for both its theoretical and practical implications. Power transition theory, hegemonic stability theory, hierarchical theory, and long cycle theory all suggest major—and to a lesser extent regional—powers will seek to establish order within areas under their influence; alternatively, the overwhelming capabilities these states bring to a region arguably act as a deterrent inhibiting conflict. Empirical analysis reveals—irrespective of the causal mechanism at hand—regions characterized by the presence of a major or regional power experience less conflict. Moving forward, future research should work to test the two plausible causal mechanisms for this finding—order building versus deterrence—to determine the true nature of hierarchy’s pacifying influence.
9
Barthelmes, Jens, and Isabella Sudano. Cardiovascular response to mental stress. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0027.
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Mental stress, intrinsically subjective, lacks clear operationalization by any universally accepted gauge in routine clinical practice. There is not even an accepted single conceptualization of mental stress as opposed to the classic risk factors measured by, for example, resting blood pressure or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among others. Yet, the link between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular events is a century-old intuition substantiated by many studies. Likely, mental stress affects cardiovascular health over the whole course of at-risk-stage up to cardiovascular events. This chapter discusses the major pathophysiologic effects of mental stress on cardiovascular pathogenesis.
10
Prah Ruger, Jennifer. Fulfilling Global Health Justice Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694631.003.0011.
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Ensuring that medically necessary and appropriate health care and public health goods and services are available to all is the job of justice. The PG/SHG framework aspires to a goal of self-actualized societies imbued with a commitment to social justice, where governments and people promote the central health capabilities of all. Individual states have primary obligations to prevent and address health inequalities and externalities and to realize their populations’ health capabilities. The global community provides help and guidance when states fail to deliver, though this framework eschews coercive tactics. Rather, PG/SHG deploys public dialogue and education programs to swell support for these commitments. PG/SHG offers a conceptual model of health capability and guidance for operationalization.
11
Mabera, Faith, and Yolanda Spies. How Well Does R2P Travel Beyond the West? Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.12.
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R2P invokes the power-morality nexus in international relations and interrogates the rules of engagement that anchor international society. Conceptualization of R2P as a liberal Western construct can therefore be divisive, especially when operationalization of the norm—as happened during the 2011 intervention in Libya—feeds into a West-against-the-Rest narrative. This is unfortunate because the R2P doctrine has deep roots in the non-Western world—Africa in particular—and Global South perspectives continue to strengthen its conceptual development. Emerging powers challenge the status quo of structural power and their rhetoric on R2P often invokes mistrust of Western altruism in international politics. Their actions, on the other hand, prove that they are no less prone to realpolitik in the normative domain. State actors in the normative middle of international politics, including developed as well as developing countries, are well placed to bridge the West-versus-the-Rest schism and to provide leadership in the R2P discourse.
12
Helm, Dieter R. Long-run Resource Scarcity. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.7.
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This chapter considers whether long-run resource scarcity limits economic growth. It distinguishes between renewable and non-renewable resources, as types of natural capital. Using the example of oil, it shows that the depletion of non-renewables is not a binding constraint. It critiques the peak oil concept, and, in particular, notes that it fails to take account of either technical progress or the impact of prices in allocating resources. On renewables there are serious depletion concerns; the chapter advances the aggregate natural capital rule, and sets out how this provides a rigorous asset-base constraint on sustainable economic growth. The operationalization of this rule requires a natural capital balance sheet, a risk register for renewable resources, and the provision of capital maintenance.
13
Clift, Ben. Ideational Change at the IMF after the Crash. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0002.
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This chapter advances the case for a Constructivist Institutionalist (CI) approach to the analysis of ideational change, making the case for ‘bricolage’ rather than paradigm shifts. It foregrounds actors’ cognitive and ideational filters, underlining the importance of how Fund staff see themselves and their role. The analysis charts key facets of the Fund’s internal workings, including its hierarchical nature, internal review processes, and how internal interactions are evolving. The complexities of institutional mediation leads to the sedimented but ongoing influence of multiple economic ideas. Four mechanisms of IMF ideational change—reconciliation, operationalization, corroboration, and authoritative recognition—are identified to explain which ideas come to prevail, why and how. Ideas need to be framed and packaged to jump through the hoops of internal social recognition. The chapter delineates the permissive conditions necessary for key actors to navigate internal power structures to effect ideational change.
14
van Oosterhout, J. (Hans), and Pursey P. M. A. R. Heugens. Much Ado about Nothing. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0009.
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This article refutes the underlying conceptual need for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the first place. All told, these critiques offer some serious challenges to the CSR field, although the conclusions reached by each of the contributors differ as to their degree of optimism or pessimism regarding its potential. The conceptual critique of the CSR concept is structured as follows. First, this article introduces some distinctions for evaluating CSR as an academic concept. It then sketches a short history of CSR concept formation, and elaborates on definitions and operationalizations of the CSR concept. Finding that CSR is problematic both theoretically and empirically, it proceeds to explore what—if any—role remains for the notion of CSR in business and society research. It concludes that it would be prudent for the field to dispense with the notion of CSR altogether.
15
Domínguez-Redondo, Elvira. In Defense of Politicization of Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197516706.001.0001.
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International human rights mechanisms’ efficiency is normally linked to the work of independent experts keen to push the boundaries of accountability, against recalcitrant states determined to defend their sovereignty. As a corollary, progress in this field is associated with the creation and maintenance of political free spaces. Another common presumption, rather than fact, is a belief in a differentiated “North” versus “South” approach to the promotion and protection of human rights, that finds solid ground within the prevalent human rights discourses repeated by governmental and non-governmental actors. Through the lenses of the UN Special Procedures, In Defense of Politicization of Human Rights: The UN Special Procedures challenges these and other presumptions informing doctrinal studies, policies, and strategies to advance international human rights. In seeking to debunk commonly held views about the role of politics in human rights at the international level, this book constitutes the first comprehensive study of the Special Procedures as a system covering their history, methods of work, institutional status, and relationship with other politically driven organs and processes affecting their development. The perspective chosen to analyze the human rights mechanisms most vulnerable to political decisions determining their creation, renewal, and operationalization casts a new light on the extent to which these remain the cornerstone of global accountability in protecting the inherent dignity and worth of individuals as well as groups.
16
Brown, M. Leann. Sustainable Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.305.
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Sustainable development (SD) is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This definition is articulated in Our Common Future, a political manifesto published in 1987 by the United Nations’ World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). SD promises to resolve in a positive-sum manner the most daunting economic, environmental, political, and social challenges the world is currently facing. However, it has also become a much contested concept, mainly due to the comprehensiveness, ambiguity, and optimism inherent in its underlying assumptions. Ongoing debates within the literature deal with how to define, operationalize, and measure SD; how economic development and environmental protection are conceptualized as mutually supportive; how “nature” is treated in the literature; equity and overconsumption challenges to SD; and the governance, social learning, and normative transformations required to achieve SD. Reaching some consensus on definitions and operationalization of the multiple aspects of SD will lead to standards by which to assess development and environmental policies. Among the most urgent issues that must be addressed in future research are the roles and influence of the relatively new participants in governance, such as intergovernmental/nongovernmental organizations and corporations; the new modes of governance including public-private and private-private partnerships and network governance; and the impacts of implementing compatible and contradictory policies on the various levels and across policy areas.
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Building Health Throughout the Life Course. Concepts, Implications, and Application in Public Health. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123027.
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Building Health Throughout the Life Course elucidates how health develops and changes throughout the life course, and how the use of the life course approach among public health practitioners can ensure that health as a human right is achieved for all individuals. It describes the life course vision of health that focuses not only on diseases and their consequences, but rather on achieving long, healthy, active, and productive lives. The book consists of three stand-alone parts. Part 1, “Concepts”, aims to illuminate the complexity of health through the understanding of the life course approach. It can be used to familiarize oneself with the evolution and meaning of the life course, which serves as a basis for effective public health practice. Part 2, “Implications”, identifies the implications for the operationalization of the life course approach in public health. It translates the technical language of the life course literature to understand how the application of the life course approach requires changes in health systems, policies, research, and practice. Part 3, “Application in Public Health”, identifies key opportunities to strengthen the adoption of the life course approach in public health practice. It describes concrete, evidence-based actions to improve health and well-being through the promotion and generation of skills throughout the life course. This book aims to help decision-makers and public health professionals to understand the life course meaning and concepts, which is essential to comprehend how health develops and changes throughout the life course. The book also describes how the life course model allows us to address health disparities by generating mechanisms to improve health and well-being by promoting the vision of health as the product of a series of experiences that contribute to or detract from health in the near and long term.