Academic literature on the topic 'Therapeutic diet'

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Journal articles on the topic "Therapeutic diet"

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Hager, Mary H. "Therapeutic Diet Order Writing." Topics in Clinical Nutrition 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008486-200701000-00005.

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Ždrale, Zdravko, Ana Kaličanin, Slaviša Đurđević, Nikola Bogunović, Svjetlana Ždrale, Momir Janjić, Hristo Anđelski, and Željko Kerkez. "Therapeutic and diet aspects of milk." Zdravstvena zastita 43, no. 6 (2014): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1405037z.

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Ghosh, Amrita. "Therapeutic Diet: What We Need to Consider!" Bengal Physician Journal 5, no. 2 (2018): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10070-5209.

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ABSTRACT Therapeutic diet is needed so that nutritional factors may not affect individuals in diseases during convalescence and rehabilitation. Different research groups have observed a correlation between diseases and diets with diagnosis, prognosis, clinical outcomes and complications. In spite of considerable progress in healthcare, there is scarce evidence-based research excellence on community-level compliance on dietary advice. We need to change our mindset to find user-friendly dietary guidelines for the improvement in clinical approach and treatment in patients with diverse diseases in daily medical practice.
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Dubenko, S. E., and Tatyana V. Mazhaeva. "THE COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE THERAPEUTIC DIET." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 12 (March 27, 2019): 1176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-12-1176-1178.

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In order to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic diet depending on background diet, eating behavior and occupational exposure, authors assessed food intake, nutritional adequacy of the daily food consumption in 2000 workers of similar social and economic background, working in similar conditions. Therapeutic diets No. 2 and No. 3 used at 6 metallurgical facilities were analyzed. The effectiveness of therapeutic diets developed by the authors was evaluated in workers of relevant occupations at two enterprise-based prevention and rehabilitation centers. The authors assessed the nutritional status and health of the workers with unbalanced background diet but on-the-job therapeutic diet and the workers who are on a balanced background diet and on-the-job therapeutic diet. The results show workers with unbalanced diet in terms of fat, carbohydrate, vitamin and trace element consumption as well as ill-conceived therapeutic diet to have impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism, obesity of various degrees, premorbidities that exacerbate the effects of occupational exposure and increase the likelihood of occupational and work-related diseases. The comprehensive preventive approach, that involves reducing occupational exposure and improving the daily diet including the therapeutic diet, yields the most effective results. The use of therapeutic diets in workers maintaining a balanced background diet results in significant health gain compared to those who are treated in the same enterprise-based prevention and rehabilitation centers but whose background diet is unbalanced. They exhibit weight loss, lower arterial blood pressure, improved carbohydrate and fat metabolism, antioxidant status and functional indicators as well as reduced metal levels in biological media.
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Stănescu, Ana Maria Alexandra, Ioana Veronica Grăjdeanu, Mihaela Adela Iancu, Andreea Alexandra Hlescu, Ovidiu Gabriel Bratu, Andrei Kozma, and Camelia Cristina Diaconu. "Gluten-free diet – possible therapeutic approach to vitiligo." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2018.4.4.

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Halliwell, Barry, Irwin K. Cheah, and Richard M. Y. Tang. "Ergothioneine – a diet‐derived antioxidant with therapeutic potential." FEBS Letters 592, no. 20 (June 15, 2018): 3357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.13123.

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Chentouf, Amina. "Ketogenic diet: a therapeutic alternative in pediatric refractory epilepsies." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 6, no. 13 (February 27, 2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.6.13.39-45.

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Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ketogenic diet (KD) on refractory epilepsies, especially in children. In this category of patients, a strong collaboration between the healthcare providers and the full engagement of parents is required. The regimen is significantly effective for different types of epilepsy that are resistant to medical treatment. It can also be used as a first-line treatment, given its well tolerance. Treatment has been rolled out for children but research into its use in adults is promising. There is no international or national protocol, the implementation of this diet follows a rigor being specific to every ketogenic center. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms is not well elucidated, it would make it possible to optimize the clinical use of the ketogenic diet, but also to develop novel antiepileptic treatments. This article aims to review the different variants of KD and their prescription terms in children with intractable epilepsy. Keywords: drug-resistant epilepsy, ketogenic diet, children, Modified Atkins Diet.
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TRUDEAU, ELYSE, and LAURETTE DUBÉ. "Moderators and Determinants of Satisfaction with Diet Counseling for Patients Consuming a Therapeutic Diet." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, no. 1 (January 1995): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00010-0.

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Pesce, Marcella, Martina Cargiolli, Sara Cassarano, Barbara Polese, Barbara De Conno, Laura Aurino, Nicola Mancino, and Giovanni Sarnelli. "Diet and functional dyspepsia: Clinical correlates and therapeutic perspectives." World Journal of Gastroenterology 26, no. 5 (February 7, 2020): 456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i5.456.

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Park, K. A., W. I. Cho, K. J. Song, Y. S. Lee, I. S. Sung, and S. M. Choi-Kwon. "Assessment of nurses' nutritional knowledge regarding therapeutic diet regimens." Nurse Education Today 31, no. 2 (February 2011): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.05.017.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Therapeutic diet"

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Narayan, Pratyush. "Interleukin-18 as a Therapeutic Target in Western-diet Induced Cardiomyopathy." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4789.

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Background: Heart Failure (HF) is characterized by impaired cardiac function with symptoms of dyspnea, fatigue and exercise intolerance. Western diet (WD), a diet high in saturated fats and sugars, causes systemic increase in IL-18, a cytokine elevated in HF, which induces abnormal myocardial structure and diastolic dysfunction. IL-18 binding protein(IL-18BP) binds IL-18, preventing the binding to the IL-18-receptor. We investigated a therapeutic intervention using recombinant-murine IL-18BP to improve the WD-induced cardiomyopathy in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: Echocardiography with pulse-wave Doppler and tissue imaging was performed to assess cardiac function. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed to assess metabolic parameters and IL-18 plasma levels were quantified with ELISA. Results: WD-fed mice had worsened isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) and myocardial performance index (MPI), indicating cardiac dysfunction. Daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.5mg/kg IL-18BP for two weeks, significantly improved both IVRT and MPI. Conclusions: IL-18BP treatment improves cardiac function in a model of WD-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Carvalho, George. "Studies on the inotropic effect of insulin and glucose : a new diet for the ischemic heart?" Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101840.

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The present project investigated the effect of glucose, high dose insulin and normoglycemia (GIN) therapy in patients undergoing coronary revascularization surgery. A reduction in myocardial injury as measured by cardiac troponin I was the primary end point. Cardiac function based on hemodynamics and vasoactive drug requirements as well as clinical outcome were evaluated. Hormones and metabolites and cardiac metabolism were investigated concurrently as potential mechanisms of GIN therapy. The major findings of the present study are that GIN therapy reduced post-operative myocardial injury and myocardial dysfunction leading to a decrease in major complications following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The mechanism of the overall improvement in cardiac function and decreased morbidity following CABG with GIN therapy is likely to be multi-factorial, but from the present results, is influenced by improved myocardial metabolism. GIN therapy is thus an effective diet for the ischemic heart.
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麥丹 and Dan Karen Mai. "Effect of green tea on diet-induced obesity in rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970059.

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Poirier, Denise Marie. "Nutrient absorption from liquid therapeutic diets in an animal model." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61694.

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Kendig, Eric Lee. "Oxidative stress and inflammation as therapeutic targets of high-fat diet-induced metabolic diseases." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242844513.

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Tshidino, Shonisani Cathphonia. "Efficacy of two medical plant extracts and metformin in the prevention of diet induced fatty liver." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9066.

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Non‐alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is manifested in the absent of alcohol abuse. This disease is the major cause of liver failure and death among adults and children worldwide, including South Africa. Its increasing prevalence urges the need of therapeutic intervention. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the following: (1) The effect of 38.9% high fat diet (HFD)‐induced insulin resistance and fatty liver in male Wistar rats, (2) The efficacy of aqueous extracts from Sutherlandia frutescens leaves and Prunus africana bark and metformin in the treatment of HFDinduced insulin resistance and fatty liver. Male Wistar rats were fed on HFD (the HF group) or normal rat chow (the LF group) for 12 weeks. Even though the HFD‐fed rats had developed insulin resistance by week 12, fatty liver developed by week 16. After week 12, the HF group was divided into four groups of 6‐7 rats each and three of those groups were gavaged with either 0.125 mg P. africana extract/kg bwt/day (the HF+Pa group) or 50 mg S. frutescens extract kg bwt/day (the HF+Sf group) or 16 mg metformin/ kg bwt/day (HF+Met group), while kept on the same diet for an additional of 4 weeks, to investigate whether two medicinal plant extracts and metformin can prevent HFD to induce fatty liver or not. After 16 weeks, the liver histological images revealed that the HF group developed fatty liver in the form of both microsteatosis and macrosteatosis. Fatty liver was confirmed by significant increased liver total lipid (TL) and activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (cG6PD) and xanthine oxidase (XO), mitochondrial NADH oxidase (mNOX) and by a decrease (P<0.05) in the activities of the homogenate superoxide dismutase (hSOD) and mitochondrial complex II in the HF group, when compared to the LF group. Since the activities of mCS and cACL enzymes were not changed in the HF group, hence increased cG6PD activity in the HF group indicates that there was increased NADPH demand for lipid accumulation from activated NEFAs taken up by the liver from circulation and for maintenance of the NADPH‐dependent antioxidants and oxidants, respectively. The obtained data also show that mitochondria of the HFD‐fed rats adapted to an increase in energy availability, thereby compensation through decreasing complex II activity, to allow electron flux from β‐oxidation to respiratory chain in the HF group. Liver TL content was significantly decreased in the rats treated with metformin and P. africana extract, but not in the rats treated with S. frutescens when compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). However, the TL content remained >5% per liver weight in all treated groups. The present study demonstrates that these two plant extracts and metformin have different glucogenic and lipogenic effects from that presented by HFD alone when compared to the LFD alone. In conclusion, metformin and P. africana extract can attenuate HFD‐induced fatty liver without changing the dietary habits. Hence S. frutescens extract is less effective in the prevention of HFD‐induced fatty liver. A change in the dietary habits is recommended to be considered during the use of these three remedies in the treatment of HFD‐induced insulin resistance and fatty liver. All three treatments enhanced antioxidant capacity, and may improve insulin resistance and fatty liver mediated by the present HFD through different mechanism of actions in the liver.
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Thomazella, Maria Cristina Dias. "Efeito da dieta tipo Mediterrânea na função endotelial e inflamação da aterosclerose: estudo comparativo com a dieta TLC (\"Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes\", no NCEP-ATPIII)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-24062010-143245/.

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A dieta Mediterrânea (DM) tem sido amplamente estudada do ponto de vista epidemiológico porém, o efeito pleno específico da DM, bem como os mecanismos pelos quais esse padrão dietético contribui para redução do risco cardiovascular em prevenção secundária, são desconhecidos. Isso ocorre, em parte, devido à dificuldade de aderência observada em ensaios clínicos de intervenção dietética, especialmente estudos comparativos com dietas hipolipemiantes, por exemplo, a dieta TLC, Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet (TLCD) do National Cholesterol Education Program-ATPIII. Assim, realizamos um estudo clínico, controlado, não randomizado, comparando o perfil de risco cardiovascular de dieta Mediterrânea (DM) versus dieta TLC (DTLC) em 40 pacientes com doença arterial coronariana, homogeneamente selecionados (45-65 anos de idade, homens, que tiveram ao menos um evento coronariano nos 2 últimos anos) e intensamente medicados. Uma questão paralela foi entender os efeitos de ambas as dietas nos processos de inflamação, disfunção endotelial e do estresse oxidativo, fatores-chave na aterogênese e particularmente importantes na prevenção secundária. Os hábitos culturais e dietéticos foram relevantes para alocação dos pacientes nos grupos de dieta Mediterrânea (n = 21; dieta rica em grãos integrais, vegetais, frutas, oleaginosas 10 g/dia, azeite de oliva extra-virgem 30 g/dia e vinho tinto 250 ml/dia) ou dieta TLC (n = 19; suplementada com fitosteróis 2g/dia através de creme vegetal 20 g/dia). Escores de aderência validados na literatura e específicos às dietas mostraram resultado > 90% no índice de aderência aos dois padrões dietéticos. Alguns efeitos foram comuns à dieta Mediterrânea e à dieta TLC. Com ambas, houve redução significativa de peso, índice de massa corporal (kg/m²), variáveis de composição corporal e pressão arterial. Além disso, ambas as dietas promoveram redução dos níveis plasmáticos de ADMA e da relação L-arginina/ADMA. A reatividade da artéria braquial dependente do endotélio permaneceu inalterada em ambos os grupos; no entanto, pacientes sob DM e sob DTLC melhoraram a velocidade de fluxo no momento basal (pré-hiperemia vascular). Outros efeitos foram específicos a cada padrão dietético. Com a DM, foram observados diminuição na contagem total de leucócitos versus DTLC (p =0.025) e aumento nos níveis de HDL-colesterol em 3 mg/dL (p = 0.053) versus DTLC, que mantiveram níveis de HDL-C inalterados. O diâmetro basal da artéria braquial aumentou com a DM, mas não com a DTLC. Com a DTLC, houve redução estatisticamente significante versus DM nas variáveis lipídicas colesterol total, LDL-colesterol (p < 0.05) e LDL oxidada (p = 0.009), embora a razão LDL oxidada/LDL total não tenha se alterado. Níveis séricos/plasmáticos de apolipoproteína A-1, lipoproteína(a), glicose, mieloperoxidase, sICAM, sVCAM, e as razões glutationa reduzida/oxidada em plasma e eritrócitos não se alteraram em ambos os grupos. Em conjunto, estes dados indicam um perfil de efeitos da DM e DTLC compatíveis com redução do risco cardiovascular, mesmo em pacientes intensamente medicados, em prevenção secundária. Embora estes efeitos tenham sido equivalentes entre DM e DTLC, eles parecem ser mediados tanto por alguns mecanismos comuns, como alguns mecanismos específicos de cada dieta
The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been widely studied with respect to epidemiology, but mechanisms whereby the Mediterranean Diet (MD) is cardioprotective are unclear. This is partly because of the difficulties of adherence in clinical trials of dietary intervention, particularly trials comparing it to traditional lipid-restraining diets, e.g., Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet (TLCD) from National Cholesterol Education Program ATPIII. We performed a controlled, non-randomized clinical trial comparing the cardiovascular risk profile of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) versus the TLC Diet (TLCD) in 40 selected, highly-homogeneous, and intensively medicated patients with coronary heart disease (45-65 years, males, at least one coronary event over prior 2 years). In addition, we sought to investigate both diets effects on inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, all key factors in atherogenesis and particularly important in secondary prevention. Dietary/cultural habits were the basis to allocate patients for 3 months to either MD (n = 21; rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts 10g/day, extra-virgin olive oil 30g/day, red wine 250ml/day) or TLCD (n = 19; plus phytosterols 2g/day). Specific scores showed that both diets had >90% adherence. Some effects were common to both diets. Patients in both groups showed a significant reduction in weight, body mass index, body composition and blood pressure. Also, both groups presented a reduction in plasma levels of ADMA and L-arginine/ADMA ratio. Endothelial-dependent brachial artery reactivity remained unaltered in both groups. However, patients under MD and TLCD improved flow velocity at baseline (prior to hyperemia). Nevertheless, other effects were specific to each diet. With MD, there was significant decrease in leukocyte count vs. TLCD (p = 0.03) and average increase in HDL-cholesterol by 3 mg/dL (p = 0.053) versus TLCD. The brachial arterials basal diameter increased with MD but not with TLCD. However, with TLCD there was a statistically significant reduction of lipid variables: total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05) and oxidized LDL (p = 0.009) vs. MD even though the ratio of oxidized / total LDL remained unaltered. Plasma and serum levels of apolipoprotein A-1, lipoprotein(a), glucose, myeloperoxidase, sICAM, sVCAM, and glutathione reduced/oxidized ratio in plasma and erithrocytes also remained unaltered in both groups. Together, these results demonstrate a pattern of effects of MD and TLCD compatible with cardiovascular risk reduction, in secondary prevention, even in intensely medicated patients. Although these effects were equivalent between MD and TLCD, they seem to be mediated by some common mechanisms, as well as by each diets specific mechanisms
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Li, Shiying, and 李诗盈. "Maternal green tea epigallocatechin gallate supplementation counteracts high-fat diet-induced metabolic derangements in dams andtheir male offspring: a programming effect." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47156132.

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The overall objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that through developmental programming maternal overnutrition-induced metabolic derangements in the offspring could be offset by supplementing the maternal diet with green tea epigallocatechin gallate (GTEG). The obesogenic diet was a high-fat (HF, 30%) diet. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the HF, low-fat (LF, 7%) or HF diet containing 0.75% or 1.0% GTEG (GT1, GT2) from before conception and throughout gestation and lactation. Both doses of GTEG significantly improved metabolic control of the HF-fed lactating dams. The weaned male pups received the HF, GT1 or GT2 diet forming 6 dam/pup groups: LF/HF, HF/HF, HF/GT1, HF/GT2, GT1/HF and GT2/HF. At wk 13 they had similar weight but insulin resistance index (IRI), serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and liver triglyceride of rats born to GTEG dams was 57, 23 and 26% lower and accompanied by improved gene/protein expressions related to lipid and glucose metabolism compared to HF/HF rats (P < 0.05). Although the HF/GT1 and HF/GT2 rats had lower serum NEFA, their serum insulin and IRI remained comparable with the HF/HF rats. To determine if there is a critical time period for the actions of GTEG, in the second experiment female rats were fed the LF, HF, or GT1 diet prior to conception and throughout gestation. During lactation, half of the dams had their diet switched from HF to GT1 and vice versa. Pups were weaned to the HF or LF diet, forming the LF/LF/LF, LF/LF/HF, HF/HF/LF, HF/HF/HF, HF/GT1/LF, HF/GT1/HF, GT1/GT1/LF, GT1/GT1/HF, GT1/HF/LF and GT1/HF/HF groups. Metabolic controls of dams given GT1 during gestation or lactation were improved compared with the HF/HF dams (P < 0.05). Three-way ANOVA revealed that 22 wk old offspring born to dams fed the HF diet during gestation had higher serum and muscle triglyceride (TG) concentration and lower ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) (P < 0.05), all of which were reversed by supplementing GT1 to the gestational diet. Oral glucose tolerance at wk 15 was improved in those offspring born to dams given GT1 supplementation during lactation (P < 0.05). The increased serum NEFA concentration and IRI in offspring of dams fed the HF diet during gestation or lactation were reversible upon GT1 supplementation during either time period (P < 0.05). These rats (HF/GT1/HF, GT1/GT1/HF and GT1/HF/HF) had similar level of hepatic insulin receptor gene expression as well as protein abundance for muscle glucose transporter 4 and hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c but lower protein mass for hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (P < 0.05) compared with the LF/LF/HF rats. Hence, maternal overnutrition-induced metabolic derangements in male offspring are reversible through supplementing GTEG to the maternal diet during gestation or lactation and this approach is more effective than giving GTEG to offspring born to overnourished mothers. Offspring metabolism could be programmed via manipulations of the maternal diet.
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Biological Sciences
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Doctor of Philosophy
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Chan, Hiu-ting, and 陳曉庭. "The effect of diet intake on vascular function and therapeutic effect of cardiovascular medicine in patients with cardiovascular disease." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50434342.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain to be the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Hong Kong and worldwide. Among different modifiable risk factors, dietary pattern is on the major determinant for CVD and overall mortality. Other than pharmacological therapies for cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, maintaining a healthy diet is a more sustainable method in general population to prevent CVDs. Current lifestyle intervention in the West countries focus on high intake of fruit and vegetables with more than 400g per day and limited saturated fats with less than 10% of energy, there is very limited data on impact of dietary pattern on CVDs in Chinese. Prior studies among Chinese in Hong Kong have shown that only half of the local population fell within these recommended ranges for fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intakes. Several different dietary patterns have been recommended for CVDs prevention based on: i) food groups, such as Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet; ii) macronutrients: the low-carbohydrate diet, low glycemic index diet, very-low- fat diet and iii) nutrition or vitamin supplement. However, the effect of different dietary patterns based on modulations of food group, macronutrients and particular micronutrients on vascular structure and function in Chinese subjects is unclear. In the first part of this thesis, the relationships between different dietary pattern and surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular function in different high risk populations for CVDs were investigated. In Chapter 3, we compared the assessment of dietary pattern in Chinese using different tool, including Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ); Dietary Record; and Dietitian assessment. In this study, we demonstrated that suitable dietary assessments tools should be chosen for the assessment of different dietary pattern, according to characteristics of assessments. In Chapter 4, the relationship between the fruit intake and subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by carotid intimal thickness (IMT) was investigated in patient with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Our results showed that high fruit intake was associated with lower burden of carotid atherosclerosis, independent of level of vitamin intake in patients with type II DM. In Chapter 5, we compared the impact of high carbohydrate diet on arterial stiffness between control subjects without CVDs and patients with high risk for CVDs. Our findings showed that high carbohydrate diet mainly affected patients with established CVDs, and their increased arterial stiffness was associated with an elevation of blood pressure. In Chapter 6, we determined the effect of dietary vitamin intake on oxidative stress in patients with high risk of CVDs. In those high risk patients for CVDs, we demonstrated that increased dietary intake of vitamin A, beta-carotene and alpha tocopherol were associated with decreased oxidative stress, but these relationships were not observed in those control subjects without CVDs. It is likely attributed to the higher systemic oxidative stress levels in patients with high risk of CVDs. On the other hand, food intake may also affect the clinical efficacy of cardiovascular therapies. In particularly, it has been well established that herbal intake which is commonly used by Chinese can affect the anticoagulant effect of warfarin on patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Thus, in this second part of the thesis, we investigated the effect of concomitant herbal intake on anticoagulation control in patients with non-valvular AF treated with warfarin. Our results showed that patients with AF treated with warfarin had limited knowledge on potential interaction between herbal substances in foods and warfarin, in which increased herbal substances intake significantly reduced the percentage time of anticoagulant effect within the therapeutic range. Moreover, a single section of education on knowledge of herbal ingredients did not improve their percentage time of therapeutic range for these patients. In conclusion, these findings suggest that dietary pattern in Chinese might have significant impact of vascular function in patients with type II DM and high risk for CVDs. Moreover, the herbal substances in the diet among Chinese could have significant impact of the therapeutic effects in some of the cardiovascular medications, such as warfarin. Future clinical studies will be needed to confirm these potential beneficial effects of particular diet intake on vascular function in patients with high risks of CVDs as well as potential interaction between herbal substances in Chinese diet and cardiovascular medications.
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Medicine
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Ching, Hiu-ha, and 程曉霞. "Maternal bitter melon supplementation reduces the risk for metabolic defects later in life: effects on lipidhandling, oxidative stress and inflammation in offspring born to damsfed a high fructose diet." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47752555.

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The relationship between fructose consumption and metabolic diseases has drawn substantial attention in recent years. Dietary fructose consumption has climbed dramatically in the past 40 years, and this trend coincides with the prevalence of obesity and diabetes worldwide. In rodents, maternal obesogenic diets are associated with higher risks of metabolic derangement later in life whereas bitter melon (BM) supplementation has been shown to improve blood glucose and lipid profiles. The overall objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that through developmental programming metabolic derangement in offspring born to rat dams fed a high-fructose (F) diet could be offset by the addition of BM to the maternal diet. Virgin female rats received a control (C), F (60%) or BM-supplemented F (FBM,1%) diet 8 weeks before conception and throughout gestation and lactation. Weaned male offspring consumed C diet (C/C,F/C,FBM/C) for 11 weeks. The concentrations of serum insulin, triglyceride, free fatty acid (FFA), and hepatic lipids in FBM/C offspring matched that in C/C offspring and were significantly lower than F/C offspring. These phenotypic changes were accompanied with suppressed hepatic lipogenic gene expression but enhanced expression of lipid oxidation-related genes. In the second experiment, we extended the earlier findings by examining whether adding BM to F-fed dams would still benefit offspring if they continued to consume the F diet postweaning. This simulates the scenario in affluent societies where fructose overconsumption may occur in two consecutive generations. The dose-response effect of BM at doses of 0.85% (FBM1) and 1% (FBM2) was also examined. Male offspring born to dams fed the C, F, FBM1 or FBM2 diet were weaned to C or F diet (C/C,C/F,F/F,FBM1/F,FBM2/F) for 20 weeks. BM normalized the serum FFA elevation observed in F/F offspring, although hyperinsulinemia remained in FBM1/F and FBM2/F offspring. The altered liver lipid profile and its molecular changes observed in F/F offspring were ameliorated by maternal BM supplementation. Lower adipose expression of mesoderm-specific transcript, hormone sensitive lipase, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and PPARγ-target genes in FBM1/F and FBM2/F offspring indicated that BM could reduce adipocyte size as well as lower lipolysis and lipogenesis. Since FFA stimulates reactive oxygen species generation that enhances cellular stress, oxidative stress and inflammation in offspring of two-generation F exposure with or without maternal BM supplementation were examined. FBM1/F and FBM2/F offspring showed reduced lipid peroxidation but enhanced antioxidant capacity in the liver. BM suppressed the expression of proinflammatory genes and phosphorylation of c-Jun amino terminal kinase1, as well as promoted insulin receptor substrate 1 protein expression. These BM-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects may be associated with a reduction of circulating FFA. Taken together, the data support the concept of developmental programming as maternal fructose clearly induced dyslipidemia, adipocyte dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation in offspring. That these abnormalities were largely reversed by adding BM to the maternal diet suggests that perinatal BFC supplementation could alter the course of maternal malnutrition-induced metabolic defects later in life.
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Biological Sciences
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Books on the topic "Therapeutic diet"

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Lankford, T. Randall. Foundations of normal and therapeutic nutrition. 2nd ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, 1994.

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Lankford, T. Randall. Foundations of normal and therapeutic nutrition. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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Hussain, Tajammal. Normal and therapeutic diet manual for Pakistani population. Peshawar: Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University, 1993.

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Handbook of preventive and therapeutic nutrition. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1993.

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Ukra, Mark. The Ultimate Tea Diet. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

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Bough, Kristopher J. Diet and epilepsy. New York: Nova Science, 2007.

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Bough, Kristopher J. Diet and epilepsy. New York: Nova Science, 2007.

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Subbulakshmi, G. Nutrition in traditional therapeutic foods. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House, 2013.

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The Bonus Years Diet. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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Therapeutic nutrition: A guide to patient education. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Therapeutic diet"

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Pennington, C. R. "Diet and Disease." In Therapeutic Nutrition, 226–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7108-1_8.

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Pennington, C. R. "The Diet and Nutritional Requirements." In Therapeutic Nutrition, 41–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7108-1_3.

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Grundy, S. M. "Metabolic Syndrome: Therapeutic Considerations." In Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs, 107–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27661-0_3.

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Riaz, Muhammad, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, and Bashar Saad. "Diet and Herbal-Derived Medicines." In Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26456-1_1.

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Gröbner, W. "Diet and Drug Treatment of Gout." In Genetic and Therapeutic Aspects of Lipid and Purine Metabolism, 145–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61322-7_17.

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Tran, Phu N., and Jason A. Zell. "Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention: Diet, Lifestyle, and Therapeutic Prevention." In Textbook of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 509–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18890-0_29.

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Ali, Aarif, Saima Sajood, Qamar Taban, Peerzada Tajamul Mumtaz, Muzafar Ahmad Rather, Bilal Ahmad Paray, and Showkat Ahmad Ganie. "Honey as Component of Diet: Importance and Scope." In Therapeutic Applications of Honey and its Phytochemicals, 215–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6799-5_11.

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Chauhan, Abha, and Ved Chauhan. "Potential Beneficial Effects of a Diet with Walnuts in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease." In Brain Aging and Therapeutic Interventions, 239–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5237-5_16.

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Sharma, Poonam, Vivek Kumar Gaur, and Janmejai Kumar Srivastava. "Diet and Nutrition in Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging." In Biological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Alzheimer's Disease, 183–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9636-6_10.

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Bule, Muhammed, Muhammad Ajmal Shah, Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman, Malik Saad Ullah, Shahid Shah, Adnan Amin, and Kamal Niaz. "Diet and Nutrition in Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging." In Biological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Alzheimer's Disease, 53–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9636-6_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Therapeutic diet"

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Agouni, Abdelali, Duck Y. Lee, Assaad A. Eid, Yves Gorin, and Kumar Sharma. "The Protective Role of Sestrin2 in High Fat Diet-Induced Nephropathy." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0134.

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Introduction: Obesity is a major risk factor for type-2 diabetes predisposing patients to diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Glomerular injury is a prominent pathological feature of DN. Sestrin2 (Sesn2) is a stress-induced protein, but its role in DN has not been investigated. Therefore, we have determined the impact of Sesn2 deletion in a mouse model of obesityinduced nephropathy. Materials and methods: We examined the effects of Sesn2-deficiency in a longterm (22 weeks) mouse model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on glomerular structure. The severity of renal injury and fibrosis in wild type (Sesn2+/+) mice (fed HFD or chow diets) was compared to that in Sesn2-deficient mice (Sesn2-/- ) fed HFD or chow diets. Animal work was carried out under an IACUC-approved protocol. Results: Data showed that Sesn2 ablation exacerbated HFD-induced glomerular fibrotic injury as evidenced by mesangial matrix hypertrophy and accumulation of both fibronectin and collagen IV. Western blot analysis revealed that HFD- or chow-fed Sesn2-/- mice exhibited higher protein expression of key lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid translocase CD36 (an indicator of lipid uptake), fatty acid synthase and ATP citrate lyase. Sesn2-deficiency in obese mice resulted in podocyte loss as indicated by reduced expression of synaptopodin. Glomerular lesions like those observed in HFD-fed wild-type mice were detected in Sesn2-/-mice fed a chow diet, indicating that the basal deletion of Sesn2 is deleterious by itself. Conclusions: We provide the first evidence that Sesn2 is renoprotective in obesity-induced nephropathy by diminishing lipid accumulation and blocking excessive lipid uptake and de novo lipid synthesis. Understanding the protective of Sesn2 should yield novel therapeutic interventions to effectively preserve glomerular function in obesity and diabetes.
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Souza, Felipe dos Santos, and Alvaro Moreira Rivelli. "Can the ketogenic diet help in the treatment of childhood epileptic encephalopathies? A literature review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.014.

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Introduction: Epileptic encephalopathies are entities where epileptic activity is so intense that it contributes to cognitive and behavioral impairment. There are several syndromes that fall into this category such as: West syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome, Dravet syndrome, Doose syndrome and Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Objective: presentation of the clinical indications of the ketogenic diet (CD) as a therapeutic measure in childhood refractory epilepsies, demonstrating the efficacy and side effects expected from this practice. Methodology: a narrative review of the scientific literature (PUBMED and SCIELO) was carried out, with a selection of articles published in the last ten years, also considering renowned magazines and newspapers in the areas of Clinical Neurology, Neuropediatrics and epilepsy. Results: A randomized and controlled clinical trial, conducted in children aged 2 to 16 years with refractory epilepsy, demonstrated that after 3 months, 38% of patients using CD had more than 50% reduction in seizures, compared with four ( 6%) of the control group (p <00001). Corroborating this finding, a Brazilian study demonstrated that 60% of patients with refractory epilepsy and using CD had more than 50% reduction in seizure frequency and 10% were seizure-free. Conclusions: The use of the ketogenic diet demonstrated a favorable result in children with epilepsy refractory to drug treatment. In cases of deficiency in the type 1 glucose transporter and deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase, CD should be the treatment of first choice. In cases such as Dravet’s Syndrome, West’s Syndrome, Ohtahara’s Syndrome, Lennox- Gastaut Syndrome and DC Dose Syndrome is part of the therapeutic arsenal.
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Siqueira, Fernando, Vanessa Siqueira, Lucas Falcão, Arthur Bezerra, and Carlos Silva. "THE INFLUENCE BETWEEN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND HEALTHY EATING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda062.

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Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease responsible for neuronal losses that affect mainly the cortex and hippocampus, which begin to shrink in size, damaging cognitive functions. This process affects cholinergic neurons, influencing acetylcholine (ACH) levels, a memoryrelated neurotransmitter. Glucose metabolism and low thiamine levels appear to be affected by AD. Consequently, diabetes becomes a disease associated with AD and the thiamine deficiency levels depress the use of glucose by the brain. Thus, nutrition may have a role in preventing dementia through the treatment and prevention. Objective: To summarize the knowledge about this topic by reviewing articles and analyzing if healthy eating influences the development of AD. Methods: Selection of articles from the Scielo database. Results: Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. The effect observed in patients with adherence to the Mediterranean diet translates into a decrease in inflammatory markers at the plasma level. One of the symptoms, memory loss, can be prevented by a micronutrient named thiamine, a precursor of ACH, it is found in the leguminous. The Mediterranean diet has been shown to attribute a neuroprotective activity which goes with its anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusion: AD starts by its multifactorial etiology that consists of genotype and phenotype. Nutrition would be efficient as a preventive and a therapeutic alternative among other.
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Belashova, O. V., A. V. Zaushintsena, and N. V. Fotina. "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF CREATING FUNCTIONAL DAIRY PRODUCT ENRICHED WITH THE EXTRACT OF SCUTELLARIA GALERICULATA L." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.669-673.

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One of the ways to eliminate population diseases and increase the body is resistance to adverse environmental factors is the systematic use of functional food products enriched with a complex of biologically active substances with a wide range of therapeutic effects. The creation of a new, unique functional dairy product was preceded by long-term comparative biochemical studies of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Scutellaria galericulata L. In the grass and roots, biologically active substances of a phenolic nature, such as baicalin, vogonin, scutellarin, etc., were found useful for medicinal purposes. The use of extracts from the of Scutellaria galericulata L. in the development of a functional product based on sour-milk fractions made it possible to obtain curd mass enriched with the biologically active substance of this plant. The functional product meets the organoleptic, physico-chemical, tasting requirements for new functional products and is recommended for introduction into the diet of different population groups by age and functional activity.
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Bezerra, Rebeka Ellen de Alencar, Agda Yasmim Ferreira Correia, Héryka Wanessa do Nascimento Rolim, Júlia Ondrusch de Moraes Costa, Maressa Ferreira de Alencar Rocha, Palloma Abreu Tavares, and Alinne Beserra de Lucena Marcolino. "Importance of individualized diagnosis and treatment in refractory epilepsy associated with intellectual disability." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.050.

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Background: Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder, that affects 0.5 to 1% of the population, with a diversified etiology, but with emphasis on its relation with genetics. Despite there are several therapies to treat it, in some cases, this variety is still insuficiente, featuring refractory epilepsy, frequent in people with intelectual disabilities (ID). Objectives: To analyze the scientific production about refractory epilepsy and ID. Methods: Integrative literature review that searched for international articles in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), using the keywords “Intellectual disability” AND “Refractory epilepsy” with the filter: “full text”. Results: From the 27 articles found, 2 were excluded for escaping the theme, having 25 articles as a final corpus and 2 thematic axes identified: (I) Genetic aspects related to ID and refractory epilepsy and (II) Therapeutic interventions in these patients. According to studies, refractory epilepsy in people with ID is related to mutations in some genes, such as: PCDH19, FMR1, TDP2, GABRB2 and SLC9A6. As for therapies for these patients, drugs such as stiripentol, lacosamide and benzodiazepines have been used, in addition to other interventions such as vagus nerve therapies, responsive neural stimulation, ketogenic diet, immunotherapy and resection surgery. Conclusions: The ID association with refractory epilepsy is strongly linked to genetic mutations, being essencial the genetic diagnosid to individualize the treatment and overcome insuficiente therapies for this epilepsy, especially in patients with associated ID, who tend to have a reduced life quality, having as primary objective the improvement of it.
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Liu, Ping, Xiaomin Ren, and Lisa X. Xu. "Alternate Cooling and Heating Thermal Physical Treatment: An Effective Strategy Against MDSCs in 4T1 Mouse Mammary Carcinoma." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80229.

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An alternate thermal physical treatment was developed to destroy tumor tissue using liquid nitrogen cooling and RF heating treatment in our pervious study. Our pervious reports had shown that anti-tumor immunity was induced by the alternate treatment. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a subset of heterogeneous, bone marrow derived hematopoietic cells that accumulate in the spleen, bone marrow, blood and tumor sites of tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients. MDSCs are one of the key suppressor cells that regulate anti-tumor immune responses in tumor-bearing hosts. MDSCs have been shown to inhibit the function of various types of cells mediating anti-tumor immunity, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells and dendritic cells. MDSCs are recruited specifically to the tumors and contribute indirectly to angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. MDSCs also exert resistance to cancer therapies, such as anti-VEGF strategies and cancer immunotherapy. Given the role of MDSCs in tumor invasion and metastasis and anti-tumor immune responses, therapeutics targeting MDSCs might offer a new strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, the therapeutic effect and MDSCs changes after the alternate cooling and heating treatment was studied using the 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma, a common animal model of human metastatic breast cancer. Due to its highly invasive and poorly immunogenic characters, the 4T1 tumor could cause death even after the primary tumor was surgically removed. The treatment was carried out when micro-metastases were well established. Comparisons were made with the results from the surgery and hyperthermia groups, respectively. The results showed that MDSCs in blood increased rapidly with time after tumor inoculation, and in 66 days, all the mice died in the control group. The statistical results indicated a significant increase in circulating MDSC numbers at different tumor growth stages. In the surgical resection group, MDSCs in blood did not decrease, but increased rapidly to a level much higher that of the control group in 39 day after tumor inoculation. In the hyperthermia group, MDSCs in blood increased rapidly with time after tumor inoculation, and in 39 day, MDSCs was up to 3 times higher than that of the control group. Mice died in 45 day after initial tumor inoculation. But in the alternate treatment group, the number of MDSCs decreased rapidly and recovered to the normal healthy level in 11 days after the treatment. No metastatic tumor could be observed in these mice, and they were in good physiological conditions as observed in the following 3 month. In conclusion, the alternate treatment was found extremely effective against MDSCs in the very aggressive and highly metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma. The good prognosis was expected in relation to the significant decrease in MDSCs and thus the relief of the immune suppression, induced by the alternate cooling and heating treatment. It could be further developed as a novel therapeutic method against metastatic tumor. On the other hand, combining the alternate treatment with other strategies, such as anti-VEGF and cancer immunotherapy, the best therapeutic effect would be achieved through synergy.
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Yabar, David, Arturo Navarro, Susana Padrones, Ramón Palmero, Jordi Dorca, and Samantha Aso. "Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients died due to radiation-induced pneumonitis." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa4835.

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Moreira, Lorrane de Moura, Bruna Stefany Alves Françozo, Bruno Barcelos Pereira, Camila Almeida Sardinha, Débora Pimenta Alves, Filipe Henrique Almeida Barbosa Godoi, Katherine Oliveira Ferreira, and Silvia Oliveira Dourado. "Diagnosis and treatment of Multiple sclerosis: Brazilian and global overview." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.490.

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with a chronic, progressive and inflammatory character. In addition, it presents itself in a heterogeneous way, and can be as an isolated syndrome or as a recurrent remitter, in the first stage, or as progressive, in the second stage. The present work was developed with the objective of determining which is the best form of diagnosis and therapy for multiple sclerosis in Brazil. Methods: The review was performed in PubMed platform, with the descriptors: “multiple sclerosis”, “diagnosis”, “therapy” and “research”. Results: The research result in 148 articles. After a criterious reading and the application of the used criteria, was selected 20 articles. Conclusion: For the diagnosis of this chronic neurological disease, magnetic resonance imaging is used to assess myelination of the different regions of the central nervous system, which is the most suitable for the diagnosis of MS. Μoreover, as a complement, cerebrospinal fluid extraction and blood tests are performed in order to ascertain the concentration of B cells. Regarding therapeutics, this is diversified, including drugs, diets and therapies that stimulate cognition and motor action, such as the use of virtual reality programs and motor images. In relation to drugs, it is of importance that SUS makes natalizumab and ocrelizumab available because they are more efficient and enable users to have a better quality of life. Finally, nutritional monitoring is also suggested to establish a ketogenic or fasting diet in a balanced way
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de Braud, Filippo, Claudio Vernieri, Veronica Huber, Agata Cova, Paola Squarcina, Monica Milano, Giovanni Fucà, Valter Longo, and Licia Rivoltini. "Abstract B022: Metabolic and immunologic effects of the fasting mimicking diet in cancer patients." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; October 26-30, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-17-b022.

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Sudhakar Patil, Sahil, Darshit Shetty, and Vaibhav S. Pawar. "Novel Machine Learning Algorithm for Prevalent Gene Biomarkers for Effective Cancer Treatment by Detecting its PH." In 11th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT 2021). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.110713.

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Patterns discovered from based on collected molecular profiles of patient tumour samples, and also clinical metadata, could be used to provide personalized cancer treatment to patients with similar molecular subtypes. Computational algorithms for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics that can recognize specific functions and aid in classifiers based on a plethora of publicly accessible cancer research outcomes are needed. Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, has a great deal of potential for problem solving in cryptic cancer datasets, as per a literature study. We focus on the new state of machine learning applications in cancer research in this study, illustrating trends and analysing major accomplishments, roadblocks, and challenges along the way to clinic implementation. In the context of noninvasive treating cancer using diet-based and natural biomarkers, we propose a novel machine learning algorithm.
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Reports on the topic "Therapeutic diet"

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Jackson, Ciara J., Anna K. Johnson, Kenneth J. Stalder, Mark S. Honeyman, and Locke A. Karriker. Removal of Sub-Therapeutic Antibiotics from Nursery Pigs Diets: Influence on Behavior, Performance and Physiology. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-886.

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