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Meletse, Thabo Frans. "Development of low cost thermal insulating materials." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8724.
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Includes bibliographical references.The disadvantaged people in South Africa are unfortunate by virtue of their financial status. It was estimated in 1992 that 20 % of the South African population live in informal settlements. The houses in these settlements are found to be very energy inefficient. This study was aimed at developing low cost thermal insulating materials that can be used to increase energy efficiency of the houses in these informal settlements. This was done by firstly studying the properties of thermal insulation materials. Furthermore, common thermal insulating materials in South Africa were studied and evaluated. Only recycled polymeric based materials were examined for selecting the raw materials that were used to investigate the feasibility of the thermal insulating materials from waste material. The experimental work was extended to construct a thermal conductivity rig that was to be used in measuring the thermal conductivity of both the developed and existing thermal insulating materials. The expanded polystyrene obtained from Sagex (Pty) Ltd and polyester obtained from Isotherm (Pty) Ltd. were evaluated and compared to the manufactured recycled polymer slabs and expanded polyethylene foams (EPEF). Expanded polyethylene foam and recycled polymer slab samples were subjected to mechanical and physical testing. A temperature comparison test and thermal conductivity determination were conducted on both the expanded polyethylene foam (EPEF) and recycled polymer slab (RPS) samples. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to reveal the micro-structures of all the developed thermal insulating material samples. The expanded polystyrene and polyester thermal insulating materials were also examined using the SEM. Optical microscopy was only used on RPS samples. It was found in this research, that the properties that govern the viability of thermal insulating materials are: thermal conductivity (k-value), thermal resistance (R-value), combustibility, moisture absorption and the presence of hazardous gases during burning. The temperature comparison test showed that the recycled polymer slab (RPS) and expanded polyethylene foam (EPEF) retards the flow of heat to levels comparable to that of the locally obtained thermal insulation. The comparative cut bar method was found to be relatively cheap to design and it was ideal for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of polymeric based materials. The k-value of all the EPEF samples was measured to be around 0.04 W.m-¹K-¹ and the RPS k-value was found to be 0.05 W.m-¹K-¹. This is attributed to air pockets with lower conductivities values, found within the structure of the polymeric thermal insulating materials. The porous structure is evident from the SEM micrographs of both the EPEF and RPS samples. One grade of expanded polyethylene foam, the SPX80, had accumulated less moisture when moisture absorption was compared with other EPEF samples. The RPS material did have a propensity for absorption of water. The flammability retardant tests have showed that gypsum board has to be incorporated during service for the RPS and SPX80. The mechanical testing results also suggest that both the EPEF and RPS need to be supported when installed in a ceiling, for example.
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Mahmood, Salih Qasim. "Behavior of Lap Shear Connections with Thermally Insulating Filler Plates." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4159.
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This research consists of experimental load tests and numerical simulations of structural steel connections with various filler materials to study the effect of non-steel fillers on the connection strength. Non-steel fillers are used in the steel connections to provide thermal insulation by reducing thermal bridging. Eight specimens having steel and polypropylene filler plates of various thicknesses were tested in the laboratory. The collected data were compared to a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ABAQUS to validate the numerical results. After validation, three parametric studies were conducted using ABAQUS to provide insight into general behavior of connections with a variety of fillers that could be used as thermal breaks. In addition, an extreme case of having air gaps instead of alternative fillers was also considered.
The Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC 2014) suggests a reduction in the bolt shear strength when undeveloped fillers with a thickness of more than 0.25 inch are used while using any non-steel material is prohibited due the limited research available.
Most research studies have investigated the mechanical behavior of thermal breaks in either end-plate moment connections or slip-critical connections. No data is available for thermal breaks in bearing-type connections up to failure.
This research aims to study the effects of filler material properties such as modulus of elasticity and strength on bolt strength, as well as investigate whether the current equation in RCSC 2014 is applicable for alternative filler materials like polypropylene that has less than 0.5% of the steel modulus of elasticity and less than 10% of steel strength.
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Kashfipour, Marjan Alsadat. "Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Of Polymer Based Materials." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron156415885613422.
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Condò, Marco. "Electrical characterization of innovative insulating materials for HVDC energy transmission cable systems." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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La tesi si è svolta nel corso di uno stage di quasi nove mesi all'interno del laboratorio elettrico di alta tensione del reparto R&D di Prysmian, leader mondiale dei sistemi elettrici in cavo. La tesi si è articolata nelle fasi seguenti:
1) analisi dei fondamenti teorici dei sistemi elettrici in cavo ad alta tensione in corrente continua (HVDC);
2) caratterizzazione elettrica di materiali isolanti innovativi per lo sviluppo di sistemi in cavo HVDC. Più in dettaglio tale caratterizzazione è consistita nelle fasi seguenti:
a) progettazione e/o realizzazione dei set-up di prova;
b) esecuzione delle prove di conducibilità elettrica su provini piani di materiale isolante costituiti da diverse mescole candidate per la realizzazione di cavi modello nella seconda parte della caratterizzazione (vedi seguito);
c) elaborazione dei dati delle prove di cui al punto b) per ricavare i parametri σ0, α e β della conducibilità di ogni mescola isolante testata - e quindi l’andamento della conducibilità delle mescole in funzione della temperatura e del gradiente elettrico – così da selezionare le mescole migliori per la realizzazione dei cavi modello (cavi in scala ridotta con dimensioni standardizzate realizzati ai fini di prove di sviluppo);
d) esecuzione delle prove di tenuta in AC sui cavi modello selezionati;
e) esecuzione delle prove di rigidità ad impulso atmosferico su cavi modello;
f) esecuzione delle prove di stabilità termica su cavi modello.
I risultati di tutte le prove condotte hanno consentito di determinare quali fossero, tra tutte le mescole prese in esame, le più performanti dal punto di vista elettrico.
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Henriquez, Guerrero Jorge Recarte. "Estudo numerico e experimental sobre vidros termicos." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263522.
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Orientador: Kamal Abdel Radi IsmailDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem diferente em relação ao conceito de janelas termicamente efetivas, isto é, janelas que reduzem a energia transmitida para dentro ou fora de uma sala. A idéia é usar um painel de vidro duplo preenchido com material de mudança de fase (pcm), cuja temperatura de fusão é determinada por critérios de conforto térmico. A investigação inclui modelamento dos mecanismo de transferência de calor e radiação através do painel, caracterização ótica de janelas convencionais e compostas, e simulação numérica. As amostras incluem vidros comerciais simples de diferentes espessuras e painéis de vidro duplo de diferentes espessuras e espaçamento entre vidros, preenchidos com ar, pcm e finalmente pcm colorido. O modelo é unidimensional transiente e a simulação numérica foi implementada através do método de diferenças finitas na sua forma explícita. Dos resultados da simulação numérica e dos testes de caracterização óticos foram levantadas curvas de ganho térmico, distribuição de temperatura através do painel e evolução da temperaturas da superfícies interna e externas do painel ao longo de um período de 24 horas de forma a verificar o efeito do pcm no desempenho térmico da janela composta
Abstract: This work present a new concept for thermally effective windows, that is windows which reduce the energy transfer to and fIom the internal ambient. This idea behind this concept is to use a pcm fill in the gap between the two glass panels. The fusion temperature of the pcm is selected according to the thermal cornfort criterion. The investigation includes modeling of the mechanisms of heat transfer relevant to the window problem, the thermal radiation through the glass panels, the optical characterization of conventional and composite window configurations and finally the numerical simulation of these configurations. Because of the lack of information on the thermal and optical properties of national gla~s and specially on the composite configuration optical tests were realized to determine the transmittance and reflectivity of simple glass panels of different thicknesses and spacings, air and pcm filled glass panels and finally coloured pcm filled glass panels. The model is a transient one dimensional and the numerical solution is based upon explicit finite difference scheme. the numerical simulations and the optical tests realized allow the determination of the heat gain, the temperature distribution across the glass panels, the outlet and the inlet instantaneous surface temperatures and finally the overall thermal performance of any glass panels including the proposed system
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Sedlačík, Martin. "Anorganický tepelněizolační materiál pro zdící prvky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414139.
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This master’s thesis deals with preparation of foam glass and explores the possibilies of utilization of this material as an inorganic thermal insulating filler of fired hollow bricks. Foam glass was prepared via powder sintering method from waste packaging glass, using limestone and graphite as foaming agents. After inital analysis of raw materials, the effect of mixture composition and different processing parameters on bulk density, pore size and morphology of foam glass was investigated. Last but not least, different ways of manufacturing thermal insulating bricks, by preparation of foam glass directly in the cavities of fired hollow bricks, were tested.
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Ратушняк, Г. С., and О. Ю. Горюн. "Використання теплоізоляційних матеріалів на основі аерогелю для зменшення тепловтрат будівель." Thesis, ВНТУ, 2018. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua//handle/123456789/23932.
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Доповідь присвячена аналізу підвищення теплоізоляційних показників будівель при
використанні інноваційних теплоізоляційних матеріалів. Сьогодні вже розроблені різні види нано - або
аерогелей, використання яких дозволяє створювати матеріали з новими властивостями. Аерогелі
можуть ефективно застосовуватися в склопакетах, світлопрозорих покрівельних конструкціях
Теплоізолюючі матеріали на їх основі можуть використовуватись для утеплення зовнішніх стін будинку
та вузлів примикання. Застосування інноваційних теплоізоляційних матеріалів дозволить підвищити
енергоефективність багатоповерхових житлових будинків та зменшити затрати коштів на оплату
спожитих енергоносіїв на опалення в холодний період року.The report is devoted to the analysis of increase of insulation parameters of buildings using innovative insulation materials. Today, different types of nano - or aerogels have been developed, the use of which allows the creation of materials with new properties. Aerogels can be effectively applied in fiberglass, translucent roofing structures. Thermal insulation materials on their basis can be used for insulation of external walls of the house and adjacent units. The use of innovative thermal insulation materials will increase the energy efficiency of multi-storey residential buildings and reduce the cost of consuming energy for heating in the cold season.
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Přikrylová, Pavlína. "Vývoj tepelně izolačních materiálů na bázi odpadních textilních vláken." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265439.
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The increasing quantity of waste represents serious environmental, social and economic problem. Wastes produced from industry and households. A large part of the economy transforms a certain amount of raw materials to waste in their production, because it is currently emphasis is placed on finding sustainable sources of raw materials. One of the suitable secondary raw materials can be discarded textiles or waste from the textile industry. These kinds of textile waste often ends up in landfills or incinerators, so it is from an ecological and environmentally advantageous to their further use. The diploma thesis deals with the study and development of thermal and acoustic insulation materials based on textile fibers. It focuses on the legislative requirements for waste management for the sorting of textile wastes and their subsequent modification before reuse. Further it contains kinds of textile fibers and bonding technologies thermal and acoustic insulation materials. Finally, an evaluation of thermal insulation, acoustic and mechanical properties of fibrous insulation materials.
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Naldi, Matteo. "The effect of the temperature dependency of building insulation conductivity in continental and humid temperate climate." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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Constant conductivity values of insulating materials are typically used in building design and assessment. However, the thermal conductivity of insulating materials changes with temperature. Linear temperature-dependent law exist for many inorganic fibrous materials such as fiberglass or rockwool, that exhibit a decreased thermal conductivity (better performance) at low temperatures, and a higher thermal conductivity (weaker performance) at high temperatures. However some insulating materials, especially the petrochemical-foamed insulation such as the polyisocyanurate (PIR), exhibit less regular behavior with poorer performance at cold temperatures.
In this scenario, using constant thermal resistance values results in actual building are different from the design predictions, with increasing building energy consumptions, greater risks of condensation issues, and decreased occupant comfort.
This thesis aims to understand the impact of the thermal conductivity change due to temperature when the insulation is used for exterior walls and flat roofs. Experimental results were used in detailed building energy simulations in the continental and humid temperate climates of Toronto and Milan respectively.
Common rigid insulating materials boards were taken into account, such as fiberglass, rock- wool, polyisocyanurate, extruded polystyrene, and a hybrid insulation system, that is constituted by two different materials, polyisocyanurate and rockwool.
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Humaish, Hussein Hafudh. "Thermal techniques for characterizing building insulation materials." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0034/document.
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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans un objectif à long terme de déterminer in situ (et/ou en usage) les propriétés thermiques des matériaux isolants du bâtiment. Notre objectif est de réduire l'écart entre la mesure en laboratoire et la performance réelle des isolants dans les parois de bâtiments. Nous nous sommes fixés deux objectifs principaux au cours de cette étude: 1- Étudier la possibilité d'utiliser la sonde cylindre à choc thermique pour la mesure des caractéristiques thermiques des matériaux isolants du bâtiment. 2- Étudier le comportement thermique d'un isolant en usage en utilisant un montage basé sur le principe de la boite chaude gardée. Cet équipement permet d'effectuer des études dans des conditions climatiques en température et en humidité proches de situations réelles supportées par l'enveloppe d'un bâtiment. Ce travail a permis d'identifier des verrous lors de l'utilisation d'une sonde à choc thermique pour caractériser des matériaux isolants. Il a aussi montré l'intérêt de la boite chaude gardée pour effectuer des études dans des conditions réelles et pour étudier les transferts de chaleur et de masse dans les parois de bâtimentsThis thesis is part of a long-term objective to determine in situ (and / or in use) the thermal properties of building insulation materials. We want to reduce the gap between the laboratory measurement and the actual performance of insulation in buildings walls. We have set two main objectives during this study: 1- To study the possibility of using a non-steady state hot probe for measuring thermal properties of insulants. 2- To study the thermal behaviour of insulation materials in use by using a guarded hot box. Climatic conditions in temperature and humidity close to real situations can be submitted supported by hot and cold cells. This work has shown the interest of using thermal probe to characterize insulating materials. Guarded hot box is also interesting for studies in real conditions and to followheat and mass transfer in buildings walls
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Vrána, Tomáš. "Condensation and frost formation in fibrous thermal-insulation materials." Stockholm : Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11632.
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Desmars, Loriane. "Etude des propriétés électriques et thermiques de matériaux composites à matrice époxy-anhydride pour l'isolation haute tension." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI021.
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L’avènement des énergies renouvelables, notamment offshore, et la nécessité de transporter l’électricité sur des distances toujours plus grandes tout en réduisant les pertes en ligne requièrent la mise en place d’un nouveau réseau électrique plus performant, le supergrid. L’amélioration des sous-stations ultra haute tension en courant alternatif (UHVAC) de type poste sous enveloppe métallique (PSEM), i.e. la réduction de leur empreinte au sol ou leur montée en tension, s’inscrit parmi les défis engendrés par le développement du supergrid. L’amélioration de la tenue aux contraintes électrothermiques des isolants solides employés dans les PSEM a été identifiée comme le principal verrou technologique pour le perfectionnement de ces appareillages, déjà pleinement maîtrisés en HVAC. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont été motivés par la nécessité de développer un matériau isolant électrique plus performant que les matériaux existant actuellement sur le marché. L’un des matériaux couramment employés pour la fabrication d’isolants solides pour PSEM, une matrice époxy-anhydride chargée d’alumine micrométrique, a servi de référence commerciale à notre étude. Suite à une étude bibliographique, nous avons choisi de conserver la matrice époxy du système commercial de référence et de jouer sur les charges inorganiques employées pour optimiser les propriétés du matériau isolant. Les travaux présentés mettent en évidence l’influence de la nature des charges inorganiques (alumine ou nitrure de bore hexagonal), de leur facteur de forme (quasi sphérique ou lamellaire) et de leur fraction volumique sur la conductivité thermique, le coefficient d’expansion thermique, les propriétés mécaniques dynamiques, les propriétés diélectriques, la conductivité électrique à haute tension (DC) et la rigidité diélectrique (AC) des matériaux composites. L’étude expérimentale des relations structure-propriétés est complétée par un travail de modélisation des propriétés diélectriques et de la conductivité thermique des matériaux compositesThe integration of renewable energies to the power grid requires its modification in order to ensure its stability, security and efficiency. Improving ultra-high voltage alternative current (UHVAC) gas insulated substations (GIS), e.g. reducing their size or increasing their voltage, is one of the challenges induced by the development of the future power grid, the supergrid. Increasing the ability of solid insulators used in such equipment to withstand electro-thermal stress has been identified as the main obstacle to overcome. The work presented in this manuscript has been motivated by the necessity to develop more efficient electrical insulating materials compared to commercially available ones. An epoxy-anhydride matrix filled with micron sized alumina, often used to produce GIS solid insulators, has been used as a reference for this study. We decided to keep the matrix of the reference material throughout our work and to concentrate on the filler influence in order to optimize the properties of the composites. The impact of the nature of the filler (alumina or hexagonal boron nitride), its shape factor (platelets or almost spherical particles) and its volume fraction upon thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, dielectric properties, high voltage direct current (DC) conductivity and AC breakdown strength have been highlighted. The experimental study of structure-property relationships is completed by dielectric properties and thermal conductivity modelling using the effective medium theory
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Keenan, Patrick Joseph. "Thermal insulation of wet shielded metal arc welds." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37182.
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Thesis (Nav. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1994, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Sciences & Engineering, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 55).
by Patrick Joseph Keenan.
M.S.
Nav.E.
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Latif, Eshrar. "Hygrothermal performance of hemp based thermal insulation materials in the UK." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3454/.
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This thesis explores the hygrothermal performance of hemp insulation in the context of the United Kingdom. The key objectives of this investigation were to assess the heat and moisture management capacities of hemp insulations in two constructions typical to the UK, of timber frame and solid brick walls and to put the findings of the assessment into the greater context of conventional insulation materials by comparing hemp insulation’s performance with that of stone wool. The assessments were performed by means of laboratory-based experiments, in situ experimental monitoring and computer based numerical hygrothermal simulations. The most important finding during the laboratory-based experiment is that, in high relative humidity, the likelihood and frequency of interstitial condensation is higher in stone wool insulation than in hemp insulation. In terms of the material properties, one of the key findings during the laboratory-based experiment is the high level of moisture buffering capacities of hemp insulations, and therefore their potential in managing moisture in buildings. The in situ assessment of hygrothermal properties of hemp and stone wool insulations confirms the findings of the laboratory based experiments of the corresponding moisture management capacities of these two insulation materials. Parametric analysis of the in situ data shows that mould spore germination is possible in the insulations in vapour open walls although the visual observation has not confirmed the outcome of this analysis. In terms of thermal conductivity, the important finding is that the equivalent thermal conductivity of hemp and stone wool insulations are always equal or below the manufacturers’ declared thermal conductivity values. Long-term hygrothermal performances of hemp and stone wool insulation in timber frame and solid brick walls have been also assessed using a numerical hygrothermal simulation tool (WUFI). As far as the WUFI predictions are concerned, the application of the hemp or stone wool insulation on solid brick wall does not seem to be feasible with reference to condensation and mould growth in the insulations.
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Twumasi, Afriyie Ebenezer. "Preparation and Evaluation of New Nanoporous Silica Materials for Molecular Filtration and for Core Materials in Vacuum Insulation Panels." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-120330.
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Nanoporous materials for gas purification and thermal insulation have been studied and developed for application in many areas. It is known that a single adsorbent may not adequately control multiple contaminants. Further the utilization of nanoporous material as thermal insulator in building applications is limited due to high cost. Moreover, in view of the global environmental movement for clean air and reduction of heating energy consumption in built environment, the development of new and better nanoporous materials will not only facilitate major advances in gas adsorption and thermal insulation technology, but also meet the new challenges that cannot be met with the nanoporous materials that are currently available. This thesis presents a synthesis of new nanoporous silica based materials, and the characterization and application of these materials for molecular filtration and thermal insulation. Commercial nanoporous materials have been used for benchmarking for the pore properties, the applicability, and the performance of these new materials. First a double metal-silica adsorbent has been synthesized. The preparation procedure is based on the use of sodium silicate coagulated with various ratios of magnesium and calcium salts which yields micro-meso porous structures in the resulting material. The results show that molar ratios of Mg/Ca influence the pore parameters as well as the structure and morphology. The bimodal pore size can be tailored by controlling the Mg/Ca ratio. In the second synthesis, pure mesoporous silica, SNP has been prepared using glycerol as pore forming agent and monovalent salts as coagulant. This leads to material with large surface area and uniformed pore size centred at 43 or 47 nm. The materials further exhibits a low bulk density in the range of 0.077 to 0.122 g/ml and possess a high porosity in the range of 95-97%. The influence of acid type (organic or inorganic) on the pore parameters and on the tapped density has also been investigated. A synthesis method has also been developed for the preparation of carbon-silica composites. The method involves a number of routes, which can be summarised as addition of activated carbon particles to (I) the paste, (II) the salt solution, or (III) with the sodium silicate solution. In route II and III the activated carbon is present before coagulation. The routes presented here leads to carbon-silica composites possessing high micro porosity, meso porosity as well as large surface areas. The results further shows that pore size distribution may be tailored based on the route of addition of the carbon particles. Following route I and III a wide pore size (1-30 nm) was obtained whereas by route II a narrow pore size (1-4 nm) was observed. MgCa-silica chemisorbents were also developed using either potassium hydroxide or potassium permanganate as impregnate chemicals. A direct or post-impregnation procedure was employed. The results revealed that the impregnate route and amount cause a reduction in both specific surface area and pore volume. Finally the thermal conductivity and dynamic adsorption of H2S, SO2 andtoluene were measured. Results show that at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, a thermal conductivity of 28.4 and 29.6 mW/m.K were obtained for the SNP mesoporous silicas. The dynamic adsorption behaviour of the chemisorbents and composites indicate their ability to absorbed H2S, SO2 andtoluene respectively. The highest H2S uptake corresponds to chemisorbents with 11.2-13.6 wt% KMnO4. The effect of impregnation route, amount of KMnO4 and its location in the pore system are likely the key factors in achieving a large H2S uptake. For SO2 adsorption, the highest uptake capacity was observed for MgCa-68/32-KOH. The results further suggest that the key to large SO2 uptake is as a result of the synergetic effect between large mesopore diameter and extensive mesopore volumes. Carbon-silica composites with carbon content 45 wt % exhibits high toluene adsorption with composite via route I having the highest toluene adsorption capacity (27.6 wt % relative to carbon content). The large uptake capacity of this composite was attributed to the presence of high microporosity volume and a wide (1-30 nm) bimodal pore system consisting of extensive mesopore channels (2-30 nm) as well as large surface area. These capacity values of carbon-silica composites are competitive to results obtained for commercial coconut based carbon (31 wt %), and better than commercial alumina-carbon composite (9.5 wt %).QC 20130408
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Lopes, Edmar Maria Lima. "Desempenho termico da espuma poliuretana a base de oleo de mamona utilizada em componentes da edificação (subcoberturas) : estudo em Ilha Solteira, SP." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257753.
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Orientador: Lucila Chebel LabakiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O óleo de mamona após seu processamento e síntese, dá origem a uma poliuretana, termicamente compatível com as poliuretanas de origem petroquímica, mas com toxidade quase nula e baixa flamabilidade. A utilização da espuma de mamona é ecologicamente correta por tratar-se de uma fonte vegetal renovável, não tóxica durante o seu manuseio Através da experimentação de 4 (quatro) células-teste em escala 1: 1 foram utilizadas placas de espuma poliuretana de mamona, como isolante térmico em coberturas. A diferença entre as células-teste apresenta-se na localização das placas de resina poliuretana. Na quarta célula-teste (casa 4), está localizada a central de tomada dos dados. Na primeira (casa 1), a espuma poliuretana encontra-se em forma "sandwich", localizada entre as telhas de fibrocimento. A segunda (casa 2), não possui nenhum tipo de isolamento térmico - é a célula-teste utilizada como referência para este estudo e na terceira (casa 3), a espuma poliuretana é colocada diretamente sobre a laje. O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar comparativamente, a resposta térmica das coberturas utilizando a espuma poliuretana de mamona como isolante térmico na cobertura, englobando duas estações climáticas, final do verão e o inverno. Em diferentes períodos da pesquisa utilizou-se as telhas de fibrocimento em sua cor natural e com a telha pintada na cor branca. Foram registradas as temperaturas de bulbo seco, bulbo úmido e de globo internas e externas do ar e as temperaturas superficiais dos elementos construtivos componentes da cobertura. A análise dos dados foi feita comparando-se as temperaturas de cada uma das células - teste, com as temperaturas externas, tomadas por uma pequena estação meteorológica. O experimento foi desenvolvido na cidade de Ilha Solteira/SP, região noroeste do estado A célula-teste 1 (casa 1), que possui o isolante térmico em forma "sandwich " entre as telhas e com as telhas pintadas na cor branca, apresentou melhor desempenho térmico, para utilização no inverno-seco e, a célula-teste 3 (casa 3), com o isolante diretamente sobre a laje e com as telhas pintadas de branco, demonstrou melhor comportamento térmico no verão quente-úmido.
Abstract: The aim of this work is to describe an experimental study using castor oil foam as an insulating material inside the roof. The castor oil foam inside the roof is an appropriate natural recycled material as a passive cooling strategy as opposite to the burning of fossil fuels for air conditioning (AC) and mechanical ventilation. The expected result of this research is the possibility of contributing to improve thermal comfort and quality of life in the built environment. This experimental study is based on collecting data under real climate conditions of temperature and humidity to investigated the thermal performance in four test-cells with castor oil foam inside their roofs, in the city of Ilha Solteira located at northwest region of São Paulo State, in Brazil. In this research four test-cells constructions were used for data collection of ambient and surfaces temperatures with dimensions 3,00 x 2,00 x 2,50 m in real scale. The first test-cell was composed with insulating material like a sandwich. The second one with no insulating material was taken by reference. The third one was had insulating material on the flag and on the fourth was found the central of data collection. This work compared about the behavior in the test-cells applying castor oil foam on four different periods of the year: two on the summer and two in the winter. Results showed up the best thermal performance on the summer period was demonstrated on the test-cell no 3, presenting white roofing. Otherwise in the winter, the best thermal behavior was presented on the test cell no 1, with white roofing, too.
Universidade Estadual de Campi
Arquitetura e Construção
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Alam, Mahmood. "Development of vacuum insulation panel with low cost core material." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11658.
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Buildings consume around half of the UK's total energy consumption and are responsible for almost 50% of UK's total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Use of high thermal resistance insulation in buildings is critical to save the substantial amounts of space heating energy lost through building fabric. Conventional building insulation materials have higher thermal conductivity values ranging from 40 mWm-1K-1 (Glass fibre) - 26 mWm-1K-1 (Polyurethane foam) and require larger thicknesses to achieve stringent building regulation requirements which may not be feasible due to techno-economic constraints. Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) is a relatively new insulation for building applications that offers 5-8 times higher thermal resistance and can achieve significant space savings in buildings. VIPs are produced as a rigid panel comprising inner core board laminated in an outer high barrier envelope under evacuated conditions (< 5mbar). However, the main challenge for large scale acceptance of VIPs in building applications is their higher cost. VIPs have been shown to have an approximately 10 times longer payback compared to conventional EPS insulation due to their high initial cost. Expensive materials currently being used for VIP manufacturing such as fumed silica contribute to high cost of VIPs and it is critical to identify alternative low cost materials for VIP components to overcome the challenge of high cost. The aim of this thesis was to develop an alternative low cost material and investigate its suitability for use as VIP core. Expanded perlite, a low cost material was identified as a replacement of expensive fumed silica in a VIP core. Composite samples containing expanded perlite, fumed silica, silicon carbide (SiC) and polyester fibres were developed by dry mixing of the constituents in different mass ratios and their different properties were experimentally measured to identify optimum composition of composite. Gaseous thermal conductivity at different pressures was calculated from the pore size data obtained using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), gas adsorption and electron microscopy. Radiative conductivity of composite samples was measured using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to ascertain the opacifying effect of expanded perlite and opacifier (SiC). Centre of panel thermal conductivity of core boards of size 100mm x 100mm made of composite material at atmospheric pressure was measured by using a small guarded hot plate device. Average pore diameter values of expanded perlite decreased with the partial filling of fumed silica aggregates and was found to be in the range of 150-300 nm yielding lower gaseous conductivity values of 1.2-2.1 mWm-1K-1 at 100mbar and became negligible upon further decreasing pressures below 10 mbar. Core boards made of optimised composite containing 30% expanded perlite and 50% fumed silica along with SiC and polyester fibres was found to achieve centre of panel thermal conductivity of 28 mWm-1K-1 at atmospheric pressure and the average radiative conductivity of 0.67 mWm-1K-1 at 300K with its gaseous thermal conductivity at 1 mbar being 0.016 mWm-1K-1. According to the results of the thesis VIP prototypes consisting of core made with optimised composite consisting (50 mass% of fumed silica, 30 mass% of expanded perlite along with 8 mass% of fibre and 12 mass% of SiC) yielded centre of panel thermal conductivity of 7.4-7.6 mWm-1K-1 at pressure of 0.53-0.64 mbar. Opacifying properties of expanded perlite were observed and quantified. Expanded perlite reduced the radiative conductivity of the composite requiring smaller quantities of high density opacifiers such as SiC. For sample containing no expanded perlite, average radiative conductivity was calculated to be 1.37 mWm-1K-1 and radiative conductivity values decreased to 1.12 mWm-1K-1, 0.67 mWm-1K-1, 0.63 mWm-1K-1 and 0.50 mWm-1K-1 with mass ratio of expanded perlite 20%, 30%, 40% and 60% respectively. It was concluded that the solid conductivity of prototypes VIPs was 1.8-2 times higher compared to those of commercially available VIPs and is the main reason for higher centre of panel thermal conductivity.
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Frye, Elora. "Material Thermal Property Estimation of Fibrous Insulation: Heat Transfer Modeling and the Continuous Genetic Algorithm." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5433.
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Material thermal properties are highly sought after to better understand the performance of a material under particular conditions. As new materials are created, their physical properties will determine their performance for various applications. These properties have been estimated using many techniques including experimental testing, numerical modeling, and a combination of both. Existing methods can be time consuming, thus, a time-efficient and precise method to estimate these thermal properties was desired. A one-dimensional finite difference numerical model was developed to replicate the heat transfer through an experimental apparatus. A combination of this numerical model and the Continuous Genetic Algorithm optimization technique was used to estimate material thermal properties of fibrous insulation from test data. The focus of this work was to predict these material thermal properties for an Alumina Paper that is commonly used in aerospace applications. The background, methodology, and results are discussed.
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Hussain, Atif. "Enhancement of hygrothermal properties of bio-based thermal insulation materials via sol-gel technology." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.767569.
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This study involves the modification of a bio-based aggregate, hemp shiv, using functionalised silica-based coatings. This is the first time sol-gel technology is used in the treatment of hemp shiv to develop sustainable thermal insulation building materials with enhanced hygrothermal properties. Bio-based materials such as hemp shiv have a tendency to absorb large amounts of water due to their hydrophilic nature and highly porous structure. In contrast, the high porosity of hemp shiv provides excellent moisture buffering and thermal insulating properties. In this work, the hydrophilicity of the hemp shiv was reduced without compromising its moisture buffering ability. A detailed investigation into the physical and chemical properties, surface roughness, porosity and microstructure of hemp shiv is presented. Application of coatings on hemp shiv was found to alter the properties of hemp shiv. The focus of this work was to particularly enhance the water-resistance of hemp shiv without significantly altering the morphology and microstructure of hemp shiv. The coatings were formulated by the cohydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS). The effect of methytriethoxysilane (MTES) and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) as functionalising agents in the coating was evaluated. The impact of precursors and their concentration in the coating formulation showed varying results on the hydrophobicity and roughness of hemp shiv. Furthermore, the porosity of hemp shiv was affected by the number of coating layers thereby blocking the pores responsible for the moisture buffering behaviour of hemp shiv. The selected coating formulation was found to increase the hydrophobicity of hemp shiv providing water contact angles up to 118° and reducing the water absorption rates by 250% without showing a significant reduction in the moisture absorption capacity. Novel thermal insulation building composites were developed using the coated hemp shiv in both a silica and a starch-based matrix. The composites were characterised for their hygrothermal, physical and mechanical properties where it was found that the sol-gel coating reduced water absorption capacity without affecting the moisture buffering ability of the composites. The newly designed light weight high performance composites have potential as sustainable thermal insulators and can establish innovative concepts for global application.
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Norton, Andrew Jonathan. "The life cycle assessment and moisture sorption characteristics of natural fibre thermal insulation materials." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-life-cycle-assessment-and-moisture-sorption-characteristics-of-natural-fibre-thermal-insulation-materials(c43f38ae-3eb2-4d1d-8d64-be790ed3f71b).html.
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A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed on two natural fibre thermal insulation products made from hemp and sheep wool and a benchmark mineral wool product. The assessment revealed both advantages and some disadvantages with the natural fibre materials. A major finding was the particularly low or absent impact in terms of global warming potential shown by the natural fibre materials. This was caused by the renewable carbon sequestered in the material withdrawing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With regard to the end of the product life, the study showed that only a proportion of the total amount of carbon dioxide was released in landfilling and composting scenarios. Dynamic vapour sorption analysis was conducted on varied natural fibres in order to develop a protocol for studying moisture sorption in natural fibres. Data from these studies were subsequently used in calculating the integral heat of wetting in hemp fibres. The energy release caused by the quantity of material studied in the LCA during predicted relative humidity fluctuations was found unlikely to affect the results of the LCA. However, where large quantities of natural fibres are used throughout a construction the heat of wetting may produce a notable difference in the internal temperature of a building and provide a degree of passive environmental control.
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Lopez, Hurtado Pablo. "Development of novel building insulation materials, incorporating cellulose and biobased additives." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0061.
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La ouate de cellulose utilisée pour l’isolation est fabriquée à partir de fibres de papier broyé, traitées avec des additifs minéraux agissant comme agents ignifuges et antifongiques. La conductivité thermique du matériau final est aux alentours de 0,04 W/m.K, ce qui est comparable à la laine de verre, avec l’intérêt d’être fabriqué à partir de matériaux recyclés, représentant un taux d’énergie grise beaucoup plus faible. Le mode de mise en oeuvre par voie humide de la ouate de cellulose a plusieurs avantages par rapport à la voie sèche. Le fait que les fibres de cellulose se rigidifient avec l’eau, empêche le tassement du matériau, qui peut engendrer des ponts thermiques dans l’enveloppe du bâtiment. Par contre, la durée de séchage peut être très longue et variable selon le dosage utilisé et les conditions ambiantes d’application. Ce projet de recherche vise à trouver l’additif idéal permettant d’accélérer le séchage tout en conservant une bonne cohésion du matériau et le maintien de ses propriétés isolantes. Deux types de ouate de cellulose utilisés en isolation ont été caractérisés. Ils ont montré des différences de composition chimique, granulométrie et morphologie. L’influence de leurs caractéristiques physiques telles que la rétention d’eau, les isothermes d’adsorption d’eau et les proportions d’eau libre et liée sur le séchage du matériau final a été mise en évidence. Du point de vue de la mise en oeuvre, il a été démontré que le dosage en eau avait un impact important sur les propriétés finales du matériau. La densité, la résistance en compression et la conductivité thermique augmentent avec le dosage en eau. Un minimum de 14 kPa pour le module de compression a été défini comme le seuil de résistance permettant d’éviter le tassement. Ces propriétés ont été comparées avec celles de la ouate de cellulose compactée à sec et les résultats ont montré la forte influence de la rigidification et de la fermeture des pores du matériau. Deux voies ont été envisagées pour résoudre le problème du temps de séchage : l’ajout d’additifs aux propriétés adhésives permettant de réduire la quantité d’eau introduite en renforçant la cohésion de l’isolant, et l’ajout d’additifs permettant de modifier la tension de surface pour faciliter le départ de l’eau. Les additifs biosourcés potentiels ont été caractérisés à différentes concentrations et classés selon leur viscosité et leur pouvoir collant. Malheureusement plusieurs additifs ont dû être rejeté car ils présentaient un couple « propriété adhésive/pompabilité » non adapté. Une gamme de tensioactifs a également été testée par rapport à leurs tensions de surface. Les formulations pompables ont étés caractérisées par rapport à leurs temps de séchage, résistance en compression et conductivité thermique. Les additifs qui ont montré des contributions positives sur le séchage sont les lignosulfonates et le tensioactif cationique CTAB. L’influence de ces deux additifs a ensuite été étudiée avec un modèle numérique à travers le logiciel WUFI en prenant en compte l’impact sur le séchage, la météo, le dosage liquide et l’épaisseur de l’isolant. Les conditions optimales ont été définies. Le lignosulfonate s’est avéré être l’additif le plus efficace. Une première évaluation de la performance des nouveaux isolants en termes de résistance au feu et à la moisissure a été réalisée et des indications pour la suite de l’étude ont été proposéesCellulose insulation is manufactured from recycled paper fibres, treated with mineral additives acting as flame retardants and antifungals. Its consistency is similar to cotton wool. The fibres are sold in bulk to be blown into the walls and attics. Its thermal conductivity is around 0.04 W/m.K, which is comparable to glass wool, but it is made with recycled materials and has much lower embodied energy levels. It can be either blown dry or sprayed with water. The wet spray method for cellulose insulation has several benefits compared to the dry process. Since the cellulose fibres become rigid after drying, it prevents the compaction of the material thus avoiding thermal bridges in the building envelope. However, the time to reach the dry state may be very long and variable depending on the dosage used and the environmental conditions of application. There are many bio-based additives that can contribute to the reduction of this period and improve the cohesion of the material. This research project aims to find the optimal additive for this application while retaining the favourable properties of the insulating material. Two cellulose types have been characterized with regards to the properties of the fibres to determine their performance with water. Both samples showed differences in chemical composition, grain size, and morphology. The values of water retention, water adsorption isotherms and the proportions of free and bound water have been factors which have shown an influence on the drying of the insulation. Density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity increased with moisture dosage. A minimum of 14 kPa for the compression module was defined as the resistance threshold to avoid settling. These properties were compared with those of the cellulose insulation compacted to dryness and the results showed the strong influence of the stiffening and pore closing process upon drying, on these properties. Potential bio-based additives were classified and characterized with regards between concentration, viscosity, and adhesive strength. A relationship between these parameters was established. Most showed Newtonian behaviour at low concentrations, with some non- Newtonian concentrations having a pumpable viscosity. Unfortunately several additives which showed good adhesive properties were too viscous and vice versa. A range of surfactants were also considered. Sprayable formulations were characterized with respect to their drying time, compressive strength and thermal conductivity. Additives which have shown positive contributions drying are the lignosulfonate and the cationic surfactant CTAB. The influence of these additives on drying, with varying weather, liquid dosage and thickness of insulation was defined with a numerical model through the WUFI software. Optimal conditions in which the lignosulfonate additive is more effective have been defined. A first assessment of the performance of new formulation in terms of fire and mould was made and indications for the continuation of the study of the material were formalized
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Khan, Amir. "Vibro-acoustic products from re-cycled raw materials using a cold extrusion process : a continuous cold extrusion process has been developed to tailor a porous structure from polymeric waste, so that the final material possesses particular vibro-acoustic properties." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4289.
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A cold extrusion process has been developed to tailor a porous structure from polymeric waste. The use of an extruder to manufacture acoustic materials from recycled waste is a novel idea and the author is not aware of any similar attempts. The extruder conveys and mixes the particulates with a reacting binder. The end result is the continuous production of bound particulates through which a controlled amount of carbon dioxide gas that is evolved during the reaction is used to give the desired acoustic properties. The cold extrusion process is a low energy consuming process that reprocesses the post manufacturing waste into new vibro-acoustic products that can be used to meet the growing public expectations for a quieter environment. The acoustical properties of the developed products are modelled using Pade approximation and Johnson-Champoux-Allard models. Applications for the developed products are widespread and include acoustic underlay, insulation and panels in buildings, noise barriers for motorways and railway tracks, acoustic insulation in commercial appliances and transport vehicles.
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Kianzad, Siamak. "Measurement of Thermal Insulation properties of TBC inside the Combustion chamber." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61917.
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This master thesis project was performed in collaboration with Scania CV AB, Engine Materials group. The purpose with the project was to investigate different ceramic TBC (Thermal Barrier Coating) thermal insulation properties inside the combustion chamber. Experimental testing was performed with a Single-Cylinder engine with TBC deposited on selected components. A dummy-valve was developed and manufactured specifically for this test in order to enable a water cooling system and to ease the testing procedure. The dummy-valve consists of a headlock, socket, valve poppet and valve shaft. Additionally, a copper ring is mounted between the cylinder head and the valve poppet to seal the system from combustion gases. Thermocouples attached to the modified valve poppet and valve shaft measured the temperature during engine test to calculate the heat flux. The TBCs consisted of three different materials: 7-8% yttrium-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ), gadolinium zirconia and lanthanum zirconia. The 8YSZ TBC was tested as standard, but also with microstructural modifications. Modifications such as pre-induced segmented cracks, nanostructured zones and sealed porosity were used. The results indicated that the heat flux of 8YSZ-standard, 8YSZ-nano and 8YSZ-segmented cracks was in level with the steel reference. In the case of 8YSZ-sealed porosity the heat flux was measured higher than the steel reference. Since 8YSZ-standard and 8YSZ-sealed porosity are deposited with the same powder it is believed that the high heat flux is caused by radiative heat transfer. The remaining samples have had some microstructural changes during engine testing. 8YSZ-nano had undergone sintering and its nanostructured zones became fewer and almost gone after engine testing leading to less heat barrier in the top coat of the TBC. However, for 8YSZ-segmented cracks and gadolinium zirconia lower heat flux was measured due to the appearance of horizontal cracks. These cracks are believed to act as internal barriers as they are orientated perpendicular to the heat flow. During long-time (5 hour) engine tests the 8YSZ-standard exhibited the same phenomena: a decrease in heat flux due to propagation of horizontal cracks. One-dimensional heat flux was not achieved and the main reason for that was caused by heating and cooling of the shafts outer surface. However, the dummy-valve system has proven to be a quick, easy and stable to perform tests with a Single-Cylinder engine. Both water-cooling and long-time engine tests were conducted with minor issues. The dummy-valve has been further developed for future tests. Changes to the valve shaft are the most remarkable: smaller diameter to reduce heat transfer and smaller pockets to ensure better thermocouple positioning. Another issue was gas leakage from the combustion chamber through the copper ring and valve poppet joint. The copper ring will be designed with a 1 mm thick track to improve sealing, hence better attachment to the valve poppet.
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Mahasaranon, Sararat. "Acoustic and thermal properties of recycled porous media." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5516.
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This thesis is concerned with developing porous materials from tyre shred residue and polyurethane binder for acoustic absorption and thermal insulation applications. The resultant materials contains a high proportion of open, interconnected cells that are able to absorb incident sound waves through viscous friction, inertia effects and thermal energy exchanges. The materials developed are also able to insulate against heat by suppressing the convection of heat and reduced conductivity of the fluid locked in the large proportion of close-cell pores. The acoustic absorption performance of a porous media is controlled by the number of open cells and pore size distribution. Therefore, this work also investigates the use of catalysts and surfactants to modify the pore structure and studies the influence of the various components in the chemical formulations used to produce these porous materials. An optimum type and amounts of catalyst are selected to obtain a high chemical conversion and a short expanding time for the bubble growth phase. The surfactant is used to reduce the surface tension and achieve a homogenous mixing between the solid particulates tyre shred residue, the water, the catalyst and the binder. It is found that all of the components significantly affect the resultant materials structure and its morphology. The results show that the catalyst has a particularly strong effect on the pore structure and the ensuing thermal and acoustical properties. In this research, the properties of the porous materials developed are characterized using standard experimental techniques and the acoustic and thermal insulation performance underpinned using theoretical models. The important observation from this research is that a new class of recycled materials with pore stratification has been developed. It is shown that the pore stratification can have a positive effect on the acoustic absorption in a broadband frequency range. The control of reaction time in the foaming process is a key function that leads to a gradual change in the pore size distribution, porosity, flow resistivity and tortuosity which vary as a function of sample depth. It is shown that the Pade approximation is a suitable model to study the acoustic behaviour of these materials. A good agreement between the measured data and the model was attained.
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Panyakaew, Satta. "Development and life cycle assessment of agricultural waste materials as thermal insulation for dwellings in Thailand." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574571.
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This thesis investigates the use of agricultural waste materials as alternative raw material for thermal insulation for dwellings in Thailand. A literature review carried out to study the potential of several agricultural waste materials suggested that coconut husks, bagasse and rice hulls offer high potential due to their availability in Thailand, low thermal conductivity, and ability to be made into low density boards. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was carried out to compare the environmental and health impacts of thermal insulation boards made from agricultural waste materials currently available on the market with conventional insulation materials. This suggested that the currently available thermal insulation boards made from agricultural waste materials generally had more environmental and health impacts than conventional insulation materials. However, coconut husks and bagasse showed potential; the environmental and health impacts of the insulation boards made from these materials were low and could be lower provided that they were produced with lower thermal conductivity and lower density and without chemical binder. Low-density binderless thermal insulation boards were then developed from coconut husks and bagasse using a hot pressing method with varying hot pressing conditions. The results showed that board density, hot pressing temperature and pressing time were associated with the physical properties of both coconut husk and bagasse insulation boards, including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond. It was also found that while both binderless coconut and bagasse insulation boards had thermal conductivity values in the same range as those of conventional insulation materials, the binderless bagasse insulation boards had better mechanical properties than coconut boards. Binderless bagasse insulation boards produced at a density of 350 kg/m3 treated at a hot pressing temperature of 200°C for 13 min could satisfy the requirements of JIS A 5905:2003 Insulation Fibreboards except for thickness swelling. LCA was carried out for two potential bagasse insulation boards (350 and 230 kg/m3 density) in comparison with conventional insulation materials. The results suggested that a board of 230 kg/m3 density offers lower environmental impacts than cellulose, fibreglass and rock wool insulations. The outcome of this study indicates that bagasse, an agricultural waste material, has significant potential as alternative raw material for thermal insulation production in the context of Thailand.
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Кошлак, Г. В. "Розвиток наукових основ утилізації відходів теплових електричних станцій для зменшення техногенного навантаження на довкілля." Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2016. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4807.
Full textAbstract:
Дисертацію присвячено теоретичному узагальненню нового вирішення важливої прикладної наукової проблеми утилізації промислових відходів теплових електричних станцій для зменшення техногенного навантаження на довкілля на прикладі впливу Бурштинської ТЕС на територію Галицького району.
У роботі досліджено якісний і кількісний вплив забруднень відходами Бурштинської ТЕС на екологічний стан довкілля. На основі отриманих даних запропоновані нові технології утилізації відходів Бурштинської ТЕС. Розроблено технологію рекультивації золовідвалів. Експериментально та теоретично обґрунтовано нові технології утилізації золи шляхом створення ефективних пористих теплоізоляційних матеріалів (ТПМ); експериментально досліджено основні фізико-хімічні процеси, що відбуваються в золі Бурштинської ТЕС під час її зберігання та впливу на неї вологи і температур, для обґрунтування нових технологій виробництва ПТМ, Експериментально та теоретично досліджено вплив складу золи на процеси гідратації цементних компонентів, встановлено кількісні характеристики цього впливу для обґрунтування технології утилізації сухої золи Із золосховищ. На основі нових наукових результатів розроблено наукові принципи створення технологій виробництва будівельних матеріалів із вторинної сировини (золи). Виконані дослідження дозволили створити науково-методологічні основи підвищення рівня екологічної безпеки виробництва енергії тепловими електричними станціям та одержання синергетичного ефекту захисту довкілля, а також - створення інноваційних матеріалів для теплового захисту енергетичних установок, будівель та споруд.Диссертация посвящена экспериментальному обоснованию и теоретическому обобщению нового решения важной прикладной научной проблемы утилизации твердых промышленных отходов тепловых электрических станций для уменьшения техногенной нагрузки на окружающую среду (на примере влияния Бурштынской ТЭС на территорию Галицкого района). В данной работе проведены исследования состояния окружающей среды и влияния отходов Бурштынской тепловой электрической станции на территории Галицкого района и здоровье населения. Исследованы состав золы-уноса и золы в хранилищах, проанализированы перспективы использования твердых отходов Бурштынской ТЭС в технологиях производства пористых теплоизоляционных материалов. На основе полученных данных предложены новые технологические схемы утилизации отходов Бурштынской ТЭС. Экспериментально и теоретически обоснованы технологии утилизации золы путем создания нових эффективных пористых теплоизоляционных материалов (ТПМ). Экспериментально исследованы основные физико-химические процессы, происходящие в золе Бурштынской ТЭС при ее хранении, воздействии на нее влаги и температур для обоснования новых технологий производства ПТМ. Экспериментально и теоретически исследовано влияние состава золы на процессы гидратации цементных компонентов, установлены количественные характеристики этого влияния для обоснования нового метода угилизации сухой золы в золохранилищах. Разработана технология рекультивации золоотвалов. С помощью дифференциально-термического анализа исследованы основные физико-химические процессы, происходящие в золе Бурштынской ТЭС, а также закономерности реализации этих процессов в сырьевых смесях на основе золы Бурштынской ТЭС при ее гидратации, вспучивании, кристаллизации и твердении. Оптимизированы параметры технологического воздействия на указанные процессы. Полученная информация использована в предложенных технологиях утилизации золы. На основе полученных результатов разработаны научные принципы создания технологий производства строительных материалов из вторичного сырья (золы). Выполненные исследования позволили создать научно-методологические основы повышения уровня экологической безопасности производства энергии тепловыми электрическими станциям и получения синергетического эффекта защиты окружающей среды, а также создания инновационных материалов для тепловой защиты энергетических установок, зданий и сооружений.
The dissertation is devoted to experimental and theoretical substantiation of the generalization of the new solution of important applied scientific problem of disposing of industrial solid waste thermal power plants to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment (for example, the influence of the Burshtyn TPS territory in the Galician region). In this study we investigated the qualitative and quantitative impact of pollution waste Burshtyn thermal power plant on the environment Galitsky district, the ecological state of the environment, the impact of pollution on human health. The composition zolounosa and ash storage, analyzed the prospects of using BuTPS solid waste in technology production of porous insulating materials. Based on the data offered new technological schemes for recycling waste BuTPS. Theoretically and experimentally proved new technologies by creating ash disposal on the basis of new efficient ash porous heat-insulating materials (TPM). Experimentally studied the basic physical - chemical processes occurring in the ash BuTPS during storage and exposure to moisture and temperature to support the new TMP production technologies. Theoretically and experimentally investigated the influence of the composition of the ash on the hydration process of cement components to quantitative characteristics of this influence to justify the new method of utilization of dry ash in ash storages. A technology for reclamation of ash dumps. This research will provide the scientific basis on which developed the scientific and methodological basis for improving the level of environmental safety of power generation by thermal power stations and produce a synergistic effect protect the environment on the basis of theoretical and experimental study of anthropogenic impact of TPS.
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Charlson, Joseph Arons. "Straw insulation materials to address heating fuel requirements, thermal comfort, and natural resource depletion in developing regions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65055.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1997."February 1997."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 252-253).
In modem society, major stresses are placed on the natural environment in an attempt to make the location comfortable for the human occupants. For many developing regions with cold winters such as northern Pakistan, new building construction has been driven by structural and economic criteria. Thermal comfort can be improved, heating fuel requirements can be reduced, and degradation of the natural environment can be mitigated by improving the thermal performance of these buildings. This thesis presents strong evidence for the benefits of thermal insulation and presents an optimal solution for producing that insulation in a sustainable and cost-competitive manner. Using Polymeric Methylene Diisocyanate as a binder, we were able to develop a formula for low density, structurally sound, straw based insulation board. The fabrication process involves the spraying of isocyanate onto an agricultural furnish of mixed fiber lengths in a rotating drum. The process appears to be one that could be used in developing regions. It is likely that this board can be manufactured well below the cost of competing insulation board products on a unit thermal resistance basis. Forty-one experimental boards were fabricated. The thermal, structural, and economic characteristics of these boards have been tested and analyzed. A formula has been developed for an optimized solution based on binder load, fiber size concentrations, density, and economic cost. The optimal boards meet or exceed all of our product design specifications. The optimal insulation placement scenarios for community-built school buildings are explored through the use of a dynamic building thermal modeling software, SERI-RES. The work described in this thesis provides a strong foundation for moving ahead and improving the thermal performance of the schools. Installation of insulation will improve thermal comfort in schools that continue to be unheated or under-heated. For those schools that are more fully heated, insulation will reduce fuel use at no penalty in thermal comfort. Improved thermal comfort will extend the use of schools in winter and payback periods are of reasonable duration, from two to four years for heated schools.
by Joseph Arons Charlson.
S.M.
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Houl, Yassine. "Increasing Effective Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope's Insulation Using Polyurethane Foam Incorporated with Phase Change Material." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505159/.
Full textAbstract:
Incorporating insulation material with phase change materials (PCMs) could help enhance the insulation capability for further building energy savings by reducing the HVAC loadings. During the phase change process between the solid and liquid states, heat is being absorbed or released by PCMs depending on the surrounding temperature. This research explores the benefits of a polyurethane (PU)-PCM composite insulation material through infiltrating paraffin wax as PCM into PU open cell foam. The new PU-PCM composite provides extra shielding from the exterior hot temperatures for buildings. Through this study, it was demonstrated that PU-PCM composite insulation could potentially help building energy savings through reducing the loads on the HVAC systems based on the building energy modeling using EnergyPlus. The Zero Energy Lab (ZØE) at the University of North Texas was modeled and studied in the EnergyPlus. It is a detached building with all wall facades exposed to the ambient. It was determined that the new PU-PCM insulation material could provide 14% total energy saving per year and reduce the electricity use due to cooling only by around 30%.
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Carletto, Consuelo. "Subcoberturas: aplicação de isolantes térmicos em sistemas de coberturas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-18042016-120412/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho tem como foco principal apresentar os resultados e as contribuições da pesquisa experimental comparativa de subcoberturas em sistemas de cobertura. Para tal fim foram utilizados quatro protótipos localizados no canteiro experimental do CRHEA - EESC em São Carlos, São Paulo. Os protótipos foram construídos da mesma forma e com os mesmos materiais: tijolo comum, laje cerâmica recapeada com concreto; cobertos com telhas de fibrocimento e submetidos às mesmas excitações de clima ao ar livre. A análise foi feita aplicando um curto intervalo de clima, com respaldo teórico da climatologia dinâmica. Um dos protótipos serviu como testemunho e não recebeu a instalação de nenhuma subcobertura. Os outros três receberam cada um, respectivamente, subcobertura de foil (isolante por reflexão, ou barreira de radiação), lã de rocha (isolante convencional, condutividade térmica k) e de caixas cartonadas Tetra Pak, um resíduo, como isolante por reflexão e câmara de ar, já que foram utilizadas fechadas e uma ao lado da outra. Foram monitoradas as temperaturas superficiais da telha e da laje e, das temperaturas de bulbo seco no ático e na parte interna dos protótipos a 1,10 m de altura. As medidas de aquisições de dados foram feitas através de CR10X Campbell Scientific automático com medições em 30 segundos, armazenados e totalizados em 30 minutos, o que resultou em valores de clima ao livre e em recinto fechado muito precisos.Thermal comfort achievement can be done by using thermal reflexive barriers, meaning energy savings and avoiding health problems of air conditioning. It can also be done by using building construction waste materials as Tetra Pak boxes, a low cost reflexive insulation, and applying an industrial \"foil\" which the same effect on reducing indoor air temperatures. In the same way traditional thermal insulation materials were used on this research as the mineral wool (conventional insulation material, thermal conductivity - k values). The analysis was made applying short intervals of climate such as recommended by the dynamic climatic approach. The use of foil insulation can be justified because of its behavior as a reflective barrier and because it has a lot of acceptation; mineral wool (mineral source with low k insulation values) for being a traditional kind of thermal insulation and the Tetra Pak box, because it is a reflective insulation and also because of its waste recycle usage characteristic. The research shows the insulation thermal efficiency applied on three kinds of fiber asbestos cover system, which makes the indoor air temperatures inside of comfort zones values, as intended to expose by graphics, made by real time and automatic experimental measurements. The measurements of data acquisitions were made by automatic CR10X Campbell Scientific Inc., 30 seconds scanner and totalized storage as 30 minutes average intervals. This means a very accurate result of values of outdoor and indoor climate translated by indoor and out door air temperatures.
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Sartor, Karina 1983. "Isolamento térmico com material reciclado em escamoteadores aquecidos." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256745.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luiz Antonio RossiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T04:23:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sartor_Karina_M.pdf: 1616477 bytes, checksum: 8bc1c2182f361f23bdb743e97299dedb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Os leitões recém-nascidos possuem baixa capacidade de reter calor corporal em razão do menor isolamento térmico pelo pouco tecido adiposo, pouca cobertura de pelos e maior superfície corporal em relação ao peso. A ausência de conforto térmico aos leitões em fase de maternidade provoca redução do peso ao desmame e susceptibilidade a doenças. A manutenção do conforto térmico para os leitões lactentes exige alta demanda energética para promover o aquecimento do escamoteador. O experimento foi conduzido na sala maternidade em granja comercial objetivando avaliar a eficiência térmica do isolamento com a placa ecológica Tetra Pak® no revestimento do escamoteador para promover o conforto térmico dos leitões e uso racional de energia elétrica. Foram mensurados os parâmetros climáticos no interior do escamoteador, temperatura superficial do piso, temperatura superficial de pele, episódios comportamentais, ganho de peso dos leitões e eficiência energética. Os resultados obtidos com o estudo demonstraram que o revestimento do escamoteador com isolante térmico manteve a temperatura de conforto térmico dos leitões lactentes. A temperatura superficial de pele e os episódios comportamentais dos leitões lactentes foram normais. O ganho de peso foi similar nos dois tratamentos. A utilização da placa Tetra Pak® como isolante térmico no revestimento do escamoteador para leitões lactentes mostra eficiência térmica e energética
Abstract: The newborn piglets exhibit low ability in retaining body heat which is associated to the lower thermal insulation offered by the thin fat layer, little hair coverage and greater body surface area to weight ratio. The absence of thermal comfort at the maternity phase causes weight reduction of piglets at weaning as well as susceptibility to diseases. Thermal comfort for suckling piglets demands high energy to promote heating creep area. The experiment was carried out in the maternity room of a commercial farm to evaluate the thermal insulation efficiency with the ecological Tetra Pak® plaque thermal efficiency to promote thermal comfort to the piglets as well as rational use of electricity. Climatic parameters were read inside the creep area, floor surface temperature, skin surface temperature, behavioral episodes, piglets weight gain and energy efficiency. The results of this study showed that the creep area of the coating insulator maintained the temperature improving thermal comfort to the suckling piglets. The skin surface temperature and the behavioral episodes of suckling piglets were noted to be normal. Weight gain was similar for both treatments. The use of Tetra Pak® plaque as thermal insulation in creep area flooring for suckling piglets showed thermal and energy efficiency
Mestrado
Construções Rurais e Ambiencia
Mestra em Engenharia
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Elschich, Ahmed. "Thermo-mechanical Fatigue of Electrical Insulation System in Electrical machine." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62579.
Full textAbstract:
Electrical machines in electrified heavy-duty vehicles are subjected to dynamic temperature loadings during normal operation due to the different driving conditions. The Electrical Insulation System (EIS) in a stator winding is aged as an effect of these dynamic thermal loads. The thermal loads are usually high constant temperatures and thermal cycling. The high average constant thermal load is well-known in the electrical machine industry but little is known about the effect of temperature cycling. In this project, the ageing of the EIS in stator windings due to temperature cycling is examined. In this project, computational simulations of different simplified models that represent the electrical insulation system are made to analyse the thermo-mechanical stresses that is induced due to thermal cycling. Furthermore, a test object was designed and simulated to replicate the stress levels obtained from the simulations. The test object is to ease the physical testing of electrical insulation system. Testing a complete stator takes time and has the disadvantage of having a high mass, therefore a test object is designed and a test method is provided. The results from the finite element analysis indicate that the mechanical stresses induced will affect the lifetime of the electrical insulation system. A sensitivity study of several thermal cycling parameters was performed, the stator core length, the cycle rate and the temperature cycle amplitude. The results obtained indicate that the stator core length is too short to have a significant effect on the thermo-mechanical stresses induced. The results of the sensitivity study of the temperature cycle rate and the temperature cycle amplitude showed that these parameters increase the thermo-mechanical stresses induced. The results from the simulations of the test object is similar to the results from the simulations of the stator windings, which means that the tests object is valid for testing. The test method that is most appropriate is the power cycling test method, because it replicates the actual application of stator windings. The thermally induced stresses exposing the slot insulation exceeds the yield strength of the material, therefore plastic deformation may occur only after one thermal cycle. The other components in the stator are exposed to stresses below the yield strength. The thermally induced stresses exposing the slot insulation are high enough to low cycle fatigue the electrical insulation system, thus thermo-mechanical fatigue is an ageing factor of the electrical insulation system.
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Dreggors, Kirsten. "ALTERNATIVE FOAM TREATMENTS FOR THE SPACE SHUTTLE'S EXTERNAL TANK." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2492.
Full textAbstract:
The Space Shuttle Columbia accident and the recent excitement surrounding Discovery's return to space brought excessive media attention to the foam products used on the External Tank (ET). In both cases, videos showed chunks of foam or ablative material falling away from the ET during lift off. This led to several years of investigation and research into the exact cause of the accident and potential solutions to avoid the problem in the future. Several design changes were made prior to the return to flight this year, but the ET still shed foam during lift off. Since the Columbia accident, the loss of foam on ETs has been a significant area of interest for NASA, United Space Alliance, and Lockheed Martin. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board did not evaluate alternative materials but certainly highlighted the need for change. The majority of the research previously concentrated on improving the design and/or the application process of the current materials. Within recent years, some research and testing has been done to determine if a glass microsphere composite foam would be an acceptable alternative, but this work was overcome by the need for immediate change to return the shuttle to flight in time to deliver supplies to the International Space Station. Through a better understanding of the foam products currently used on the ET, other products can be evaluated for future space shuttle flights and potential applications on new space vehicles. The material properties and the required functionality of alternative materials can be compared to the current materials to determine if suitable replacement products exist. This research also lends itself to the development of future space flight and unmanned launch vehicles. In this paper, the feasibility of alternative material for the space shuttle's external tank will be investigated. Research on what products are used on the ET and a set of functional requirements driving the selection of those materials will be presented. The material properties of the current ET foam products will be collected and an evaluation of how those materials' properties meet the functional requirements will be accomplished. Then significant research on polymeric foams and ablative materials will be completed to learn how these various products can be applied in this industry. With this research and analysis, the knowledge gained will be used to select and evaluate the effectiveness of an alternate product and to determine feasibility of a product change with the current ET and the importance of maintaining the shuttle launch schedule. This research will also be used to evaluate the potential application of the alternative product on future platforms. There are several possible outcomes to this research. This research could result in a recommended change to the ET foam material or a perfectly acceptable alternative material that could result in a cost or schedule impact if implemented. It is also possible that there exists no suitable alternative material given the existing functional requirements. In any case, the alternative material could have future applications on new space vehicles. A set of results from the research and analysis will be provided along with a recommendation on a future material for use on space vehicles.M.S.M.E.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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Kováriková, Růžena. "Možnosti využití netradičních surovin pro výrobu vakuových tepelných izolací s extrémě nízkou hodnotou tepelné vodivosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371946.
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The thesis deals with the study of the behavior of advanced insulating materials on the basis of secondary raw materials and the possibilities of their use in the production of vacuum insulation using in the construction and industry. The work will be devoted to possible raw material resources, problems of long-term behavior of insulators on the basis of selected secondary raw materials under reduced pressures as well as economic evaluation of the competitiveness of alternative insulators on the building market in the field of vacuum insulation.
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Kováč, Michal. "Vývoj netradičních kompozitních systémů ETICS nové generace na bázi druhotných surovin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225903.
Full textAbstract:
This master’s thesis applies utilization of alternative raw materials in thermal insulation system of the ETICS of new generation for houses. The theoretical part dealt with the explanation of the ETICS and the selection of suitable raw material for his innovating. In the following practical part were used selected materials to create a new thermal insulation made of straw and binding materials of cement, casein glue, bicomponent fibers and mushroom mycelium. At the end have been applied the variants of base coat of clay and mineral screed on new thermal insulation, from which was selected the optimal variant. From optimal thermal insulation and suitable base coat was conducted proposal of final version of new ETICS.
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Timosson, Anton, and Alexander Loftby. "Att bygga fuktsäker källargrund enligt olika krav." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215282.
Full textAbstract:
Vid byggande av hus med källargrund vill de flesta kunna använda den ytan som en del av bostaden samt för aktiviteter såsom olika hobbyverksamheter. När källaren nyttjas som bostad krävs fuktskydd och värmeisolering i golv och väggar. Man vill ha en torr källare så möjlighet att välja ytskikt finns.När man väljer material i källaryttergrundmuren väljer man med hänsyn till överbyggnadens konstruktion. Exempel på material är murad vägg av betonghålblock, murad vägg av lättbetongblock, murad vägg av lättklinkerblock, platsgjuten betong, stående källarväggselement av lättbetong, stående källarväggselement av lättklinker och betongelement. Är det ett flerbostadshus med källaryttergrundmur byggs det nästan enbart av platsgjuten betong medan det vid småhus i regel utförs av lättbetong, lättklinker samt element av lättbetong och lättklinkerbetong.Utöver material för den bärande konstruktionen måste även material för tilläggsisolering och fuktisolering väljas. Utan isoleringen uppfyller inte byggnaden de energikrav som finns. Likaså måste de flesta ytterväggrundmurar förses med någon typ av fuktisolering. Vad är då det bästa sättet att bygga en fuktsäker källare med eventuellt tillkommande krav?When building houses with a basement, most people want to use that area as part of the accommodation as well as activities such as various hobby activities. When the basement is used like the rest of the house, as a warm living area, moisture protection and thermal insulation are required in both floors and walls. One wants a dry basement so the possibility of choosing surface layers is available.When selecting materials within the basement wall, it is with regards of the construction above. Examples of materials are brick walls of concrete boulders, brick walls of aerated concrete, brick walls of haydite blocks, cast concrete, standing concrete wall elements of aerated concrete, standing brick wall elements of haydite and concrete elements. If it is a multi-storey house with basement terraced ground, it is almost exclusively made of cast concrete, but for individual buildings it is usually made of aerated concrete, haydite and elements of aerated concrete and haydite concrete.In addition to material for the supporting structure, additional insulation and moisture insulation materials must also be selected. Without isolation, the building does not meet the energy requirements. Likewise, most exterior walls must be provided with some type of moisture insulation. What is then the best way to build a moisture proof basement with any additional requirements?
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Palumbo, Fernández Mariana. "Contribution to the development of new bio-based thermal insulation materials made from vegetal pith and natural binders : hygrothermal performance, fire reaction and mould growth resistance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/314580.
Full textAbstract:
The building sector is moving towards new approaches to energy efficient design, which includes not only the improvement of the thermal performance of the building envelope but also the reduction of the embodied energy. The development of bio-based thermal insulation materiaIs contribute to such approaches as their use may result in a reduction of both energy demand and embodied energy, together with other beneficial environmental aspects such as the reduction of non-renewable resources depletion and waste generation.
Currently there are several commercial examples of bio-based materiaIs , most based on industrial fibres (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), wood or sheep's wool. The use of food-crop by-products is less common, but might be an interesting alternative for countries such as Spain where industrial fibre production is very marginal. These by-products, especially cereal straw, have been used and are increasingly used in building as reinforcement in composites , deck finishes , interior partitions or structural closures. In this research their use in building thermal insulation is proposed.
On a first stage of the research, the aim is to explore the possibility of using some crop by-products available in Spain for the development of rigid thermal insulation boards. The availability of the raw materiaIs is evaluated and contrasted to two different forecast scenarios of demand. As a result, three widely available crop by-products (barley straw, corn pith and rice husks) are chosen to develop experimental composites using two natural binders (corn starch and sodium alginate). Both the raw materials and the composites made from them are characterised. Attention is focused on the physical, thermal and hygroscopic properties of the materiaIs, specially their porous structure, density, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, water vapour sorption and water vapour diffusivity. Results are evaluated against commercially available bio-based materials and other conventional insulation materials. Moreover, the fire reaction of the composites is investigated. The composite based on corn pith and alginate presented several favourable properties such as low density and low thermal conductivity, significant moisture adsorption and low fire contribution and it was therefore subject of a further investigation.
Thus, on a second stage, the corn pith alginate composite is investigated. The dependence of the main thermal and hygroscopic properties to moisture content is analysed together with its hygrothermal performance. Moreover, its formulation is optimised in two different aspects: fire reaction and resistance to mould growth. In the case of fire, the analysis was mainly focused on the smouldering process. lt is found that the incorporation of boric acid results in a speed reduction of the combustion process, while ammonium polyphosphate increases the onset temperature. Lime has shown to effectively protect the corn pith granulates from mould growth. Finally, the hygrothermal performance of ETIC -like Systems incorporating the new material is evaluated and compared to mainstream materials.El sector de la construcció s'interessa cada vegada més per l'eficiència energètica de l'edificació, cosa que inclou no només la millora del comportament tèrmic dels tancaments, sinó també la reducció de l'energia incorporada en els materials. El desenvolupament d'eco-materials aïllants tèrmics pot suposar una bona contribució a aquest fi, ja que el seu ús pot comportar tant una reducció de la demanda energètica com de l'energia incorporada, a més d'altres beneficis com la reducció de l'ús de recursos no renovables i de la generació de residus. Actualment existeixen diversos eco-materials disponibles al mercat, la majoria a base de fibres vegetals industrials (lli, cànem, kenaf, etc.), fusta o llana d'ovella. L'ús de subproductes agrícoles és menys comú, però podria ser una alternativa interessant per a països com Espanya, on la producció de fibra industrial és molt marginal. Aquests subproductes, especialment la palla de cereals, s'han utilitzat i s'utilitzen cada vegada més en la construcció com a reforç en materials compostos, acabats de coberta, façana o tancaments estructurals. En aquesta investigació es proposa el seu ús en aïllaments tèrmics. En una primera etapa de la investigació, l'objectiu és explorar la possibilitat d'utilitzar alguns dels subproductes agrícoles disponibles a Espanya per al desenvolupament de panells aïllants rígids. S'ha avaluat la disponibilitat de les matèries primeres contrastant-la amb dos possibles escenaris de demanda. Tres dels subproductes disponibles (palla d'ordi, medul·la de blat de moro i clofolla d'arròs) s’han seleccionat per al desenvolupament de materials compostos experimentals, aglutinats amb dos tipus de polímers naturals (midó de blat de moro i alginat de sodi). Tant les matèries primeres com els materials compostos han estat caracteritzats analitzant les seves propietats físiques, tèrmiques i higroscòpiques, en concret la seva estructura porosa, la seva densitat, la seva conductivitat i difusivitat tèrmiques, la sorció i la difusivitat al vapor d'aigua. Els resultats s’han contrastat amb els d'altres materials convencionals. D'altra banda, s’ha analitzat la reacció al foc dels materials compostos. El compost basat en la medul·la de blat de moro i alginat ha presentat diverses propietats favorables com ara una baixa densitat i una baixa conductivitat tèrmica, una capacitat d'adsorció de vapor d'aigua significativa i una baixa contribució a la propagació del foc, pel que ha estat objecte d'una investigació ulterior. Per tant, en una segona etapa, s'ha estudiat en més profunditat el compost a base de medul·la de blat de moro i alginat. S'ha analitzat la dependència de les principals propietats tèrmiques i higroscòpiques amb el contingut d'humitat del material, així com el seu comportament higrotèrmic. D'altra banda, s'ha tractat de millorar el seu comportament en dos aspectes importants: la seva reacció al foc i la seva resistència a l'atac biòtic. Per avaluar el primer aspecte s’ha analitzat principalment el procés de smouldering. S’observa que la incorporació d'àcid bòric redueix la velocitat de propagació del front de combustió, mentre que el polifosfat d'amoni és capaç d'impedir l’smouldering fins a certes temperatures. Per a l'avaluació del segon aspecte s’ha analitzat l'afectació dels materials exposats a diferents nivells d'humitat i temperatura, i s’ha comprovat que la calç és capaç d'incrementar significativament la resistència a l'atac biòtic dels materials. Finalment, s'ha avaluat el rendiment higrotèrmic de Sistemes SATE que incorporen el nou material comparant-lo amb el d'altres materials convencionals.
El sector de la construcción se interesa cada vez más por la eficiencia energética de la edificación, lo que incluye no sólo la mejora del comportamiento térmico de los cerramientos, sino también la reducción de la energía incorporada en los materiales. El desarrollo de eco-materiales aislantes térmicos puede contribuir a este fin, ya que su uso puede conllevar tanto una reducción de la demanda energética corno de la energía incorporada, además de otros beneficios como la reducción del uso de recursos no renovables y de la generación de residuos. Actualmente existen diversos eco-materiales disponibles en el mercado, la mayoría a base de fibras vegetales industriales (lino, cáñamo. kenaf, etc.), madera o lana de oveja. El uso de subproductos agrícolas es menos común, pero podría ser una alternativa interesante para países como España, donde la producción de fibra industrial es muy margínal. Estos subproductos, especialmente la paja de cereales, se han utilizado y se utilizan cada vez más en la construcción como refuerzo en materiales compuestos, acabados de cubierta, particiones interiores o cerramientos estructurales. En esta investigación se propone su uso como aislamiento térmico. En una primera etapa de la investigación, el objetivo es explorar la posibilidad de utilizar algunos de los subproductos agrícolas disponibles en España para el desarrollo de paneles aislantes rígidos . Se ha evaluado la disponibilidad de las materias primas contrastándola con dos posibles escenarios de demanda. Tres de los subproductos disponibles (paja de cebada, médula de maíz y cascarilla de arroz) se seleccionaron para el desarrollo de materiales compuestos experimentales que se aglutinaron con dos tipos de polímeros naturales (almidón de maíz y alginato de sodio). Tanto las materias primas como los materiales compuestos fueron caracterizados analizándose sus propiedades físicas, térmicas e higroscópicas, en concreto su estructura porosa, su densidad, su conductividad y difusividad térmicas, la sorción y la dífusividad al vapor de agua de los materiales. Los resultados se contrastaron con los de otros materiales convencionales. Por otra parte, se analizó la reacción al fuego de los materiales compuestos . El compuesto basado en la médula de maíz y alginato presentó diversas propiedades favorables tales como una baja densidad y una baja conductividad térmica, una capacidad de adsorción de vapor de agua significativa y una baja contribución a la propagación del fuego, por lo que ha sido objeto de una investigación ulterior. Por lo tanto, en una segunda etapa, se ha estudiado en más profundidad el compuesto a base de médula de maíz y alginato. Se ha analizado la dependencia de las principales propiedades térmicas e higroscópicas con el contenido de humedad del material, así como su comportamiento higrotérmico. Por otra parte, se ha tratado de mejorar su comportamiento en dos aspectos importantes: su reacción al fuego y su resistencia al ataque biótico. Para evaluar el primer aspecto se analizó principalmente el proceso de smouldering. Se observó que la incorporación de ácido bórico reduce la velocidad de avance del frente de combustión, mientras que el polifosfato de amonio es capaz de impedir el smouldering hasta ciertas temperaturas. Para la evaluación del segundo aspecto se analizó la afectación de los materiales expuestos a distintos niveles de humedad y temperatura comprobando que la cal es capaz de incrementarsignificativamente la resistencia al ataque biótico de los materiales. Finalmente, se ha evaluado el rendimento higrotermtrico de los Sistemas SATE que incorporan el nuevo material comparándolo con el de otros materiales convencionales
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Berglund, Johanna, and Carolina Björkman. "Värmeisoleringsmaterial i Sverige : En jämförelse av glasull, stenull samt förnyelsebara material." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35988.
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I Sverige ska man följa Plan- och bygglagen samt Boverkets byggregler vid ny- och ombyggnation, där både krav och regler finns för värmeisolering. Ytterväggarna är en stor del av klimatskärmen där värmeisoleringsmaterialet påverkar den värmemängd som går förlorad. Beroende på vilket värmeisoleringsmaterial man väljer, har det olika för- och nackdelar. Av denna anledning är syftet att studera olika värmeisoleringsmaterial som används i Sverige idag och hur materialen skiljer sig åt. En enkätundersökning mejlades ut till entreprenörer och återförsäljare för att ta reda på vilka värmeisoleringsmaterial som vanligast används i Sverige. Svarsfrekvensen blev låg, men de inkommande svaren bidrog till ett fortsatt arbete. Nio produkter inom kategorierna stenull, glasull och förnyelsebar isolering studerades vidare. Produkterna jämfördes utifrån tillverkning, miljöpåverkan, tekniska egenskaper, hanterbarhet, avfallshantering och kostnad. Varje aspekt tilldelades en bedömning som var kopplad till en viss poäng. Resultatet blev en tabell med totalpoäng där den produkt med högst poäng anses som den mest fördelaktiga. Vid en jämförelse med ett poängsystem, kan resultatet variera beroende på produktens egenskaper, valet av aspekter samt hur man väljer att poängsätta vid bedömning.In Sweden, you must follow the Planning and Building Act and Building and planning regulations for new- and reconstruction, where both requirements and rules are available for thermal insulation. Exterior walls are a large part of the climate screen where the thermal insulation material affects the amount of heat that is lost. Depending on which thermal insulation material you choose, it has different advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, the purpose is to study different thermal insulation materials used in Sweden today and how the materials may differ from each other. A survey was emailed to contractors and reseller to find out which thermal insulation materials are most commonly used in Sweden. The response rate was low, but the incoming responses contributed to continued work. Nine products in the categories rock wool, glass wool and renewable insulation were further studied. The products were compared based on manufacturing, environmental impact, technical properties, manageability, waste management and cost. Each aspect was awarded an assessment that was linked to a specific score. The final result was a table with total points for each product and the product with the highest score is considered the most advantageous. When you have a comparison with a points system the result can vary depending on the product's properties, the choice of aspects and how the score is set in the assessment.
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Santana, Jos? Jorge Barros de. "Estudo de um isolante t?rmico para tubos fabricado em material comp?sito." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15685.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-06It presents a new type of insulation for ductwork hot water, which can be used in solar systems for heating water, which consists of a composite of different compositions based on plaster, cement and EPS ground, palm and water. This composite has as its main features easy assembly and manufacturing processes and low cost. Comparative results will be presented on the tests of materials and thermal tubes proposed. Four formulations were used to manufacture tubes with three diameters 70, 65 and 42mm. It was also tested conventionally used for elastomeric foam insulation to 110 ? C, for a comparative analysis with the composite pipe insulator proposed. It will demonstrate that the cost of manufacturing of such tubes is competitive with alternative elastomeric foam tested, but results of the composite tube to the temperature range studied, are lower. Another drawback of the composite insulator tube is its large mass. It would be important to test such a composite for greater levels of temperature to a diagnostic technique competitive with conventionally used insulators. A positive factor of using the proposed composite-tube would be the recycling of EPS so damaging to the environment, representing an environmentally friendly application of science
Apresenta-se um novo tipo de isolamento t?rmico para tubos condutores de ?gua quente, que pode ser utilizado em sistemas solares para aquecimento de ?gua, que consiste de um comp?sito, de diferentes formula??es, ? base de gesso, cimento , EPS triturado, dend? e ?gua. Tal comp?sito tem como principais caracter?sticas seus f?ceis processos de fabrica??o e montagem de baixo custo. Ser?o apresentados resultados comparativos relativos aos ensaios t?rmicos e de materiais dos tubos propostos. Foram utilizadas quatro formula??es para a fabrica??o dos tubos, com tr?s di?metros 70, 65 e 42mm. Foi tamb?m testada a espuma elastom?rica convencionalmente utilizada para isolamento t?rmico at? 110?C, para uma an?lise comparativa com o tubo comp?sito isolante t?rmico proposto. Demonstrar-se-? que o custo de fabrica??o de tais tubos alternativos ? competitivo com a espuma elastom?rica ensaiada, por?m os resultados do teste de resist?ncia t?rmica do tubo comp?sito, para a faixa de temperatura analisada, s?o inferiores. Um fator positivo da utiliza??o do tubo-comp?sito proposto seria a reciclagem do EPS t?o danoso ao ambiente, representando uma aplica??o cient?fica ambientalmente correta
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Heliová, Magdaléna. "Studium chování vláknitých materiálových struktur za sníženého tlaku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392322.
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The diploma thesis deals with study of behavior of fibrous organic insulants under greatly reduced pressure (even to vacuum). Development, production and durability of vacuum insulating panels are described in the theoretical part as well as principles of heat transfer. Method for production of core of VIP, created using waste fibers from textile industry and agriculture, is described in the practical part. Verification of behavior during normal and reduced pressure (even to vacuum) was carried out on experimentally made core insulants.
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Rundt, Lukáš. "Analýza teplotní odolnosti izolačních systémů z pěnových plastů ve skladbách střech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372083.
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On many structures there ocurred a problem of expanded polystyrene-based thermal insulation material degradation caused by high temperatures close to glazed areas. In a theoretical part of this Master’s Thesis there are the most common thermal insulation materials described, followed by a brief desciption of flat roof waterproofing materials and a thermal stress of structures. An experimental part describes a design of a methodology for evaluation of thermal resistance properties of foamed insulants in flat roofs and several experiments carried out according to the methodology.
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Bravenec, David. "Diagnostika a návrh eliminace tepelných mostů budov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265536.
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This thesis presents a comparison of building materials for vertical bearing structures of buildings, thermal insulation materials and mutual combination of structural materials and insulators. Furthermore, there are possibilities for solving the most common insulation thermal bridges construction. The paper evaluated the pros and cons of different combinations of building materials. Teplo and Area programs were used for the calculations.
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Colson, Valentin. "Panneaux composites bio-sourcés destinés à l'isolation des bâtiments : caractérisation des ressources et procédé de production." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S031.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer de nouveaux composites isolants biosourcés à partir de coproduits de l'agriculture exploitables dans le secteur du bâtiment. Les travaux s'organisent en trois principales étapes : La première, au travers d'un travail de formulation et de caractérisation, vise à évaluer les propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et hygriques de composites biosourcés obtenus par agglomération de granulats végétaux avec différents types de liants biosourcés et minéraux. Plusieurs agro-ressources sont envisagées (paille de blé, colza, anas, chènevotte et rafles de maïs). Une solution associant des granulats de chènevotte avec un liant biosourcé thermodurcissable est sélectionnée. La suite des travaux se focalise sur la recherche d'un procédé de mise en forme adapté à la fabrication de panneaux rigides isolants réalisés à partir de la formulation du composite de chènevotte. La fabrication de panneaux composites est testée sur différents outillages disponibles en laboratoire ainsi que sur des outils industriels permettant de tester les différentes technologies existantes. La possibilité de fabriquer le panneau rigide isolant de chènevotte sur une ligne de production industrielle entièrement automatisée est démontrée. Enfin, de nouvelles solutions permettant d'améliorer la réaction au feu des panneaux composites sont testées ce qui permet d'identifier des solutions adaptées au composite étudiéThe objective of this thesis is to develop new insulation composites from agricultural by-products for building applications. The research work is divided in three main steps : The first one focuses on the formulation of bio-based composites obtained by agglomeration of vegetal aggregates with different types of binders (bio-based or mineral binders), and on the characterization of their mechanical, thermal and hygric properties. Several bio-aggregates are envisaged (wheat straw, rape straw, flax shiv, hemp shiv and corn cob). A solution combining hemp shiv aggregates bonded with a bio-based thermosetting adhesive is selected. The next step aims to identify a suitable manufacturing process to produce rigid insulation panels using the previously determined composite formulation. Several manufacturing trials are conducted on different laboratory and industrial tools which allow to experiment existing manufacturing technologies. The possibility to produce the rigid insulation panel from hemp shiv at the industrial scale on a fully automatized production line is demonstrated. Finally, new solutions to improve the fire reaction of the insulation panels are tested which allows to identify suitable solutions for the developed composites
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Friček, Jakub. "Sledování vlivu keramické vazby na vlastnosti izolačních žáromateriálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225890.
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Thermal insulating refractories are an integral part of each thermal unit since they reduce its energy consumption. The current phenomenon of saving in both environmental and financial aspects reflects in searching for such possibilities to produce at lower manufacturing and material costs. One of the possible ways is to valorise waste materials. The theoretical part then deals with the division of refractory materials, classification of thermal insulation refractory materials and manufacturing technologies. The experiment is focused on the production of insulating refractory materials made from plastic dough with a possibility of using sawdust and materials made by pressing mixture moist, with a focus on coal bottom ash. Both of these technologies will be tested for the possibility of modification by using mixed clays and of increasing the strength by using clays with lower sintering temperature.
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Nocentini, Kévin. "Comportement thermo-hygrique de blankets aérogels de silice et applications à l’isolation des bâtiments." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM049/document.
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En Europe, le secteur du bâtiment est le plus énergivore et représente environ 40 % de l’énergie totale consommée. A court terme, la façon la plus efficace de baisser cette consommation est de réduire les déperditions thermiques à travers l’enveloppe du bâtiment en augmentant son isolation thermique, tout en minimisant la perte de surface habitable. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de thèse portent sur l’étude et la mise au point pour pré-industrialisation de matériaux super-isolants composites à base d'aérogel de silice. Le matériau composite étudié fait partie de la famille des blankets aérogels et est obtenu via un procédé de séchage ambiant innovant. Grâce à leur faible conductivité thermique et leurs propriétés mécaniques renforcées, les blankets aérogels sont d’un grand intérêt pour l’isolation thermique qui nécessite de fines épaisseurs d’isolants. Les travaux de thèse visent dans un premier temps à effectuer une analyse des propriétés thermophysiques des blankets aérogels étudiés à la sortie du moule de fabrication et vis-à-vis de leur mise en œuvre lorsqu’ils sont soumis à différentes sollicitations (mécaniques, hygriques ...). Des travaux de modélisation du transfert de chaleur dans le blanket aérogel sont développés afin d’étudier les relations entre le transfert thermique et les paramètres morphologiques du matériau. Dans un second temps, les travaux de thèse portent sur l’étude des performances à attendre d’un système d’isolation basé sur le blanket aérogel mis en œuvre sur un bâtiment, à la fois par l’analyse du comportement thermique d’une cellule test en climat réel, ainsi que par la conduite de simulations numériques de bâtiments prenant en compte plusieurs techniques constructives, configurations de murs, et ce, pour plusieurs climats européens. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les blankets aérogels étudiés ont une très faible conductivité thermique –0,016 W.m-1.K-1– et ont un fort potentiel d’application dans l’isolation thermique du bâtimentBuildings are the largest energy end-use sector and account for about 40 % of the total final energy consumption in the EU-28. A short-term strategy to efficiently reduce this consumption is to decrease thermal losses through the building envelope by improving its thermal insulation, while minimizing the reduction of the available indoor living space. In this context, the thesis deals with the study and development for pre-industrialization of super-insulating composite materials based on silica aerogel. The studied material is part of the aerogel blanket family and is obtained by an innovative ambient drying process. With a very low thermal conductivity and reinforced mechanical properties, aerogel blankets are of great interest for applications where they can offer a cost advantage due to a space-saving effect. Firstly, the thesis work aims at performing analyses of the thermo-physical properties of the studied aerogel blankets at the exit of the molding and drying processes, and during application, when they are subjected to different environmental stresses (mechanical, hygric …). Heat transfer modeling is developed to study the relationship between the morphological parameters of the material and thermal transfer within it. Secondly, the thesis work focuses on the study of the expected performances of an insulating system based on the aerogel blanket, by the study of the thermal behavior of an experimental building monitored under actual climate, as well as the use of whole building energy numerical simulations taking into account several constructive techniques, different wall configurations, for various European climates. The results obtained show that the aerogel blankets studied have a thermal conductivity as low as 0.016 W.m-1.K-1 and have promising applications for building thermal insulation needs
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Peterková, Jitka. "Vývoj a výzkum environmentálně úsporných izolačních materiálů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233791.
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Increasing demand for new progressive construction materials requires development of modern environmentally friendly materials with excellent end-use properties and reasonable price. One of the main objectives of material research in building industry is using renewable resources of raw materials of industrial waste for development of new construction materials. Current trend of thermal insulation of building constructions results in development of environmentally friendly insulation materials based on renewable material resources from agriculture and stock farming, which could became alternative for current common use insulation materials in the future. The thesis describes research and development of insulation materials based on natural fibres of agricultural origin; in particular fibres of hemp, flax and jute. Hydrothermal behavior of developed materials is studied including computational simulation of behavior of researched materials after building in the construction.
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Břicháček, Pavel. "Studium možnosti optimalizace vlastností alternativních tepelně izolačních materiálů na bázi přírodních vláken." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226721.
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The presented work investigates the mechanisms of propagation of heat and moisture in the structure of heat-insulating materials based on natural fibers. The main aim of this work is the experimental verification of theoretical patterns, which are involved in the transport of heat and moisture in fibrous materials, especially the influence of fibers thickness and density of the fibrous materials. To widen outputs of the work were selected different kinds of natural fiber materials of vegetable and animal origin. The results of the work should help to optimize the production processes of natural insulation materials considering their optimal thermal properties. From the data collected are deduced general conclusions to better understanding the behavior of these materials.
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Lundholm, Kelly, and Emma Hillerbratt. "Hampa som isoleringsmaterial : En studie av hampas isolerande egenskaper och materialets framtida möjligheter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105853.
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Historically, energy use in the operational phase has accounted for most of a building’s climate impact. This has been changed in recent decades because there has been a focus on developing energy-efficient buildings. A larger part of a building’s climate impact is caused by material manufacturing and production. To reduce a building’s climate impact alternative insulation materials can be used, for example hemp fibre insulation which is an organic and non-toxic material. The aim of this study is to find out if hemp fibre insulation can be implemented as a standard insulation material. By examining what factors are vital when choosing an insulation material this work intends to find out if the insulation properties of hemp insulation can fulfill the requirements by the constructor. To fulfill the aim, a combination of interviews, surveys and theoretical studies was used. The most crucial aspects when choosing insulation material are fire resistance, thermal conductivity and health aspects for the construction workers. The benefits with hemp insulation are primarily the negative emissions of carbon dioxide seen from a life cycle perspective, the possibility to cultivate the product within Sweden, its reusability and recyclability and that the insulation material are free from hazardous substances. The disadvantages are higher thermal conductivity, higher market price, lower fire resistance and limited accessibility on the Swedish market. Due to the disadvantages, it is difficult to implement hemp insulation as a standard insulation material today. The conclusions are that the environmental impact is not decisive for an entrepreneur today when choosing insulation material. However, it will most likely become a more essential factor in the future. Improving the building sector’s knowledge regarding hemp insulation, will presumably increase the usage of it. Although, for hemp insulation to become a competitor in the future, it is substantial to increase its fire resistance and the accessibility on the Swedish market. The development of the material and the market may be a contributing factor to achieve the global and national environmental goals.
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Hadisaroyo, Djatmiko Ichsani. "Mesure de diffusivité thermique de plaques minces, conductrices ou isolantes." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL049N.
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Ce travail propose une méthode originale de mesure de la diffusivité thermique dans le sens longitudinal des matériaux conducteurs ou isolants de faible épaisseur (inferieure a 1 mm). L'équation de la chaleur est résolue en régime transitoire pour un flux thermique quelconque (en temps et en espace). Nous donnons la description mathématique exacte de la solution en trois dimensions, avec prise en compte des pertes thermiques, mais indépendamment du flux imposé, en utilisant la transformation de Laplace-Fourier. L'analyse theorique montre les limites de la zone utilisable pour déterminer la diffusivité. La méthode est particulièrement simple et se ramène a la mesure de la température en deux points de l'échantillon. Une extension de cette méthode est aussi étudiée pour laquelle la diffusivité est déterminée à partir de la température moyenne de deux surfaces. La validation expérimentale de cette méthode est faite pour différents matériaux métalliques ou isolants (PVC), plats ou en anneau. Dans le cas général, la mesure ponctuelle de température est faite a l'aide de thermocouples. Pour certaines applications (métaux amorphes d'épaisseur environ 20 m, matériaux isolants) la méthode basée sur la mesure de température moyenne a été utilisée. Cette mesure a été réalisée par camera infrarouge
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Félix, Vincent. "Caractérisation thermique de matériaux isolants légers. Application à des aérogels de faible poids moléculaire." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL095N/document.
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La problématique de la sauvegarde de l’énergie pose un certain nombre de défis à la science, en particulier celui de son efficacité. La conception et la caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux isolants thermiques plus performants se révèlent donc fondamentales dans cette perspective. Les aérogels se présentent comme de sérieux candidats dans ce domaine, leur procédé de fabrication confère à certains d’entre eux des caractéristiques extrêmes telles qu’une grande porosité et une faible masse volumique. La caractérisation thermique de tels matériaux est délicate, leur faible sensibilité aux flux thermiques qui les traversent rend les méthodes connues difficiles à mettre en œuvre. A travers l’étude d’échantillons d’aérogels de faible poids moléculaire conçus au LCPM, une méthode de caractérisation adaptée a été développée. Cette méthode de type « tri-couche » offre les avantages d’être robuste et de s’affranchir de la connaissance de paramètres difficiles à atteindre dans de tels cas. La description et la validation de cette méthode sont l’objet principal de ce travail. Par ailleurs, les mesures de conductivité thermique sous vide ont été exploitées et ont permis une compréhension plus poussée de la structure de ces aérogels. Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude ouvrent donc des perspectives en vue de l’optimisation de nouvelles solutions pour l’isolation thermiqueThe issue of preserving energy raises a number of challenges to science, particularly its efficiency. The conception and characterization of new more efficient thermal insulating materials prove fundamental in this regard. Aerogels appear as serious candidates in this area, their manufacturing process provides extreme characteristics such as high porosity and low density for some of them. Thermal characterization of such materials is tricky, their low sensitivity to heat flux makes well-known methods difficult to implement. Through the study of low molecular weight aerogel samples designed by the LCPM a characterization method suitable to these samples has been developed by the LEMTA. This “three-layers” method offers the advantages of being robust and to overcome the knowledge of parameters that are difficult to reach in such cases. Describing and validating this method is the main object of this work. In addition, thermal conductivity measurements under vacuum have been processed which allowed a deeper understanding of the structure of aerogels. The results obtained this study open perspectives for the optimization of new solutions for thermal insulation
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Sobola, Martin. "Ekonomické zhodnocení investice do zateplení panelového domu v Bytči." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318589.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the economic efficiency of the investment in the complete insulation of a reference panel apartment building located in Bytča. The issue of the ETICS external contact system, the energy performance of the building, its thermal protection and the possibilities of financing and evaluation of the economic efficiency of the investment in question are approached in this thesis. The output of the diploma thesis will be an evaluation of the current state of the reference building, with a propper proposal for a thermal insulation. The optimal thermal insulation option and the financial provision of the investment will be selected based on economic efficiency indicators.