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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermionics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

ZHANG, C. "EFFECT OF INELASTIC SCATTERING OF HOT ELECTRONS ON THERMIONIC COOLING IN A SINGLE-BARRIER STRUCTURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 14 (2000): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200001503.

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One of the important problems in thermionics using layered structures is the inelastic scattering of hot electrons in the electrodes and in the barrier region. Scattering in these systems is mainly via the electron–phonon interaction, or indirectly via the electron–electron interaction. In semiconductor heterostructures at room temperature, the LO-phonon plays a crucial role in thermalising electrons. In this work we study the effect of electron–phonon scattering on thermionic cooling in a single-barrier structure. Because of the asymmetry of the barrier under a bias, a larger fraction of the

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2

Khoshaman, Amir H., Harrison D. E. Fan, Andrew T. Koch, George A. Sawatzky, and Alireza Nojeh. "Thermionics, Thermoelectrics, and Nanotechnology: New Possibilities for Old Ideas." IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine 8, no. 2 (2014): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2014.2313172.

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3

Marti, Antonio. "Analysis of the Thermodynamic Consistency of the Richardson–Duhmann Model for Thermionic Converters." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051087.

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4

Humphrey, T. E., M. F. O’Dwyer, C. Zhang, and R. A. Lewis. "Solid-state thermionics and thermoelectrics in the ballistic transport regime." Journal of Applied Physics 98, no. 2 (2005): 026108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1977191.

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5

Marshall, Paul. "Making Old Television Technology Make Sense." VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture 8, no. 15 (2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2019.jethc163.

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How does traditional analogue television work? That’s a question beyond the comfort zone of most media historians who may not be familiar with analogue electronics. Even young engineers know little of thermionics, cathode rays and a myriad of other forgotten technologies. This important facet of television’s history is now only recorded by older engineers and by amateur groups who collect these technologies. In this paper, I will show by using examples how material artefacts can help us understand television’s history more fully.

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6

Huang, Sunchao, Matthew Sanderson, Yan Zhang, and Chao Zhang. "High efficiency and non-Richardson thermionics in three dimensional Dirac materials." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 18 (2017): 183902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5006277.

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7

Khoshaman, Amir H., Andrew T. Koch, Mike Chang, Harrison D. E. Fan, Mehran Vahdani Moghaddam, and Alireza Nojeh. "Nanostructured Thermionics for Conversion of Light to Electricity: Simultaneous Extraction of Device Parameters." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 14, no. 4 (2015): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2015.2426149.

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8

Inayat, Usman, Shaukat Iqbal, and Tareq Manzoor. "Theoretical Investigation of Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Radiative Thermionics in Nano-MHD for Solar Insolation: A Semi-Empirical Approach." Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 130, no. 2 (2022): 751–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2022.018665.

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9

Cheekatamarla, Praveen. "Role of On-Site Generation in Carbon Emissions and Utility Bill Savings under Different Electric Grid Scenarios." Energies 15, no. 10 (2022): 3477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103477.

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Energy-efficient and sustainable technologies are necessary to lower energy and carbon footprints. Many technologies are being pursued to meet the increasing energy demand in buildings. An attractive option is efficient utilization of available energy resources, including renewables, to support current and future building energy needs while targeting grid resiliency, energy, and environmental security at an affordable cost via on-site cogeneration-based approaches. This must include energy-efficient technologies with lower greenhouse gas emissions and optimized cost, performance, and reliabili

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10

Voronovich, D. A. "Thermionic properties of lutetium borides single crystals." Functional materials 21, no. 3 (2014): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm21.03.266.

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11

Ji, Cong, and Fan Gu. "Influence of Thermionic Emission on He Ionization and Plasma Enhancement in Thermionic Energy Conversion." Energies 16, no. 18 (2023): 6435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186435.

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In this paper, the influence of thermionic emission on He ionization and plasma enhancement in thermionic energy conversion (TEC) are studied by experiment and numerical simulation. A 1D unsteady plasma TEC model, which includes a He ionization model, plasma conservation equations, and a thermionic emission formula for the wall, is developed. A He plasma thermionic energy conversion device composed of a barium–tungsten cathode and a tungsten anode is established. The volt–ampere curves of the He plasma TEC device are measured at 1050 K, 1150 K, 1250 K, 1300 K, and 1350 K temperatures. Both imp

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12

Koeck, F. A. M., J. M. Garguillo, John R. Smith, Y. J. Tang, G. L. Bilbro, and Robert J. Nemanich. "Vacuum Thermionic Energy Conversion Based on Nanocrystalline Diamond Films." Advances in Science and Technology 48 (October 2006): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.48.83.

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Vacuum thermionic energy conversion achieves direct conversion of heat into electrical energy. The process involves thermionic electron emission from a hot surface and collection of the electrons on a cold surface where the two surfaces are separated by a small vacuum gap. Results are presented which indicate that nanocrystalline diamond films could lead to highly efficient thermionic energy conversion at temperatures less that 700°C. A critical element of the process is obtaining a stable, low work function surface for thermionic emission. Results are presented which establish that N-doped di

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13

Zhu, Weiwei, Cong Ji, and Fan Gu. "Effects of heat transfer on characteristics of thermionic energy converter." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 12 (2018): 1247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0435.

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Photon enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) is a new concept in solar energy conversion, combining thermal and photovoltaic carrier excitations with thermionic emission. A solar-power-driven thermionic energy converter operates by illuminating the solar light condensed by a large-scale Fresnel lens to convert heat energy into electrical energy. By enhancing the efficiency of converting solar radiation into the emitter internal energy, the output power and efficiency of the thermionic energy converter can be greatly improved. In this study, using numerical simulations, the effects of emitter tem

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14

Mahan, G. D. "Thermionic refrigeration." Journal of Applied Physics 76, no. 7 (1994): 4362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357324.

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15

Ismanov, Y., N. Dzhamankyzov, T. Tynyshova, and A. Kainazarov. "Increasing the Efficiency of Thermoelectric Conversion of Solar Energy." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 10 (2024): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/107/11.

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The article considers the latest achievements in the field of thermionic conversion of solar energy. The key aspects of thermionic emission, the problems of reducing the electrode work function and increasing the efficiency of devices are analyzed. It is shown that diamonds doped with phosphorus can be an attractive material for the purposes of thermionic emission. In this case, the presence of donor states can significantly narrow the space charge region, and at the same time reduce the potential barrier in the work function. The studies also found that the most successful and widely used met

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16

Alekseev, Pavel A., Georgiy E. Lazarenko, Vladimir A. Linnik, and Aleksandr P. Pyshko. "The concept of a thermionic reactor-converter with evaporative heat transfer." Nuclear Energy and Technology 8, no. 3 (2022): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.8.93907.

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As a result of the analytical studies of the designs of thermionic reactor-converters, four groups of technical solutions have been identified that differ in the method of heat transfer from the fuel to the emitters of the thermionic converter: one option with direct in-core transfer (combining the fuel cladding with the emitter) and three options with thermionic converters taken away from the reactor core, in which case the heat is removed either by heat pipes (common or individual for each fuel element) or is arranged based on the principle of a steam chamber. The article describes the advan

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Alekseev, Pavel A., Georgiy E. Lazarenko, Vladimir A. Linnik, and Aleksandr P. Pyshko. "The concept of a thermionic reactor-converter with evaporative heat transfer." Nuclear Energy and Technology 8, no. (3) (2022): 179–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/nucet.8.93907.

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As a result of the analytical studies of the designs of thermionic reactor-converters, four groups of technical solutions have been identified that differ in the method of heat transfer from the fuel to the emitters of the thermionic converter: one option with direct in-core transfer (combining the fuel cladding with the emitter) and three options with thermionic converters taken away from the reactor core, in which case the heat is removed either by heat pipes (common or individual for each fuel element) or is arranged based on the principle of a steam chamber. The article describes the advan

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18

Sitnikov, Maksim N., Anton M. Kharkov, and Sergey S. Aplesnin. "Thermal emission and pyroelectric current in manganese chalcogenides." Siberian Aerospace Journal 25, no. 2 (2024): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31772/2712-8970-2024-25-2-264-271.

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Manganese chalcogenides, which are promising for the manufacture of thermoelements, are being studied. The current is measured in the temperature range of 80–500 K, in the absence of external voltage, which can be caused by a temperature gradient (thermopower), a change in electrical polarization (pyroelectric current), piezoelectric current (when the sample is deformed, a potential difference arises) or thermionic emission (thermal emission current) . Temperatures of current anomalies and their relationship with thermionic current and polarization current are found. A change in electrical pol

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19

Kania, Bartosz. "DIGITAL APPROACH TO THERMIONIC EMISSION CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERSION FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE SOURCES OF ELECTRONS." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 12, no. 4 (2022): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.3255.

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The thermionic emission current is used in many vacuum devices such as evaporators, rare gas excimers, or electron beam objects for high-energy physics. The stability of the thermionic emission current is a very important requirement for the accuracy of those devices. Hence, there is a number of control systems that use a feedback signal directly proportional to the emission current in order to stabilize the thermionic emission current. Most of them use feedback from a high-voltage anode circuit to a low-voltage cathode circuit. However, there is a novel solution that uses linear cathode curre

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20

Gawkowski, Kamil, and Jarosław Sikora. "Selected methods of converting solar energy into electricity - comparative analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900029.

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This article presents selected methods of converting solar energy into electricity: photovoltaic cells (PV), converters which use photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE), and near-field enhanced thermionic energy conversion systems (NETEC). PETE and NETEC systems are innovative solutions that use the thermionic emission phenomenon and can replace photovoltaic generation of electricity. We did a comparative analysis of such issues as: structure, principle of operation, working temperature and with particular emphasis - efficiency. A comparison of these parameters is shown in the graphs and s

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21

Galstian, I. Ye, E. G. Len, E. A. Tsapko, et al. "Low-Temperature Thermionic Converters Based on Metal–Nanostructured Carbon Composites." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 42, no. 4 (2020): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.04.0451.

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22

Ohkochi, Takuo, Takayuki Muro, Eiji Ikenaga, et al. "Multilateral surface analysis of the CeB₆ electron-gun cathode used at SACLA XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 6 (2021): 1729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521009656.

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The CeB6(001) single crystal used as a cathode in a low-emittance electron gun and operated at the free-electron laser facility SACLA was investigated using cathode lens electron microscopy combined with X-ray spectroscopy at SPring-8 synchrotron radiation facility. Multilateral analysis using thermionic emission electron microscopy, low-energy electron microscopy, ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy and hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy revealed that the thermionic electrons are emitted strongly and evenly from the CeB6 surface after pre-activation treatment (annealing

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23

Wilson, S. T., S. Fargher, R. Foster, et al. "Characterisation of the temperature-dependent dark rate of Hamamatsu R7081-100 10” photomultiplier tubes." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 08 (2023): P08017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/p08017.

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Abstract Dark noise is a dominant background in photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), which are commonly used in liquid-filled particle detectors for single-photon detection to see the results of particle interactions. A major contribution to dark noise is thermionic emission from the photocathode. The dark noise of Hamamatsu R7081-100 PMTs is characterised in a temperature and purity controlled water tank, with the thermionic emission contribution isolated. The results suggest that the intrinsic dark rate of PMTs does not depend on the medium, but does follow Richardson's law of thermionic emission.

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24

Tymofyeyev, V. I., and H. V. Yaremenko. "Simulation of a field-effect transistor on nanofilaments." Electronics and Communications 15, no. 5 (2010): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2010.58.5.284263.

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In article the analytical model of the silicon nanowire field effect transistor with Schottky source and drain barrier contacts is resulted. The Schottky diode model is based on the processes of thermionic field emission for reverse bias and thermionic emission mechanism for forward bias. The results of simulation and the analysis of current-voltage characteristics are presented.

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25

Larsson, Magnus, Vadim B. Antonyuk, A. G. Mal shukov, Zhongshui Ma, and K. A. Chao. "Thermionic current reversal." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 35, no. 35 (2002): L531—L534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/35/35/102.

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26

HETRICK, ROBERT E., and A. L. SCHAMP. "Thermionic Gas Sensor." Combustion Science and Technology 96, no. 1-3 (1994): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209408935344.

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27

Zhang, Xin, Zhuolin Ye, Shanhe Su, and Jincan Chen. "Thermionic-Thermoradiative Converters." IEEE Electron Device Letters 39, no. 9 (2018): 1429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2018.2859797.

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28

Perng, D. C., D. A. Crewe, and A. D. Feinerman. "Micromachined thermionic emitters." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 2, no. 1 (1992): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/2/1/006.

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29

Mahan, G. D., and L. M. Woods. "Multilayer Thermionic Refrigeration." Physical Review Letters 80, no. 18 (1998): 4016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.4016.

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30

Trotabas, B., and R. Gueroult. "Trade-off in perpendicular electric field control using negatively biased emissive end-electrodes." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (2022): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac4847.

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Abstract The benefits of thermionic emission from negatively biased electrodes for perpendicular electric field control in a magnetized plasma are examined through its combined effects on the sheath and on the plasma potential variation along magnetic field lines. By increasing the radial current flowing through the plasma thermionic emission is confirmed to improve control over the plasma potential at the sheath edge compared to the case of a cold electrode. Conversely, thermionic emission is shown to be responsible for an increase of the plasma potential drop along magnetic field lines in th

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31

Klyuev, Alexey V., Arkady V. Yakimov, and Irene S. Zhukova. "1/f Noise in Ti–Au/n-Type GaAs Schottky Barrier Diodes." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 14, no. 03 (2015): 1550029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477515500297.

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We have studied the forward current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Ti–Au /n-type GaAs Schottky barrier diodes. However, we found some anomalies in I–V characteristics. Hence, we have considered a model that incorporates thermionic emission, thermionic-field emission and leakage components. Leakage component is linear and visible at rather small currents. The anomalies observed in the diode parameters were effectively construed in terms of the contribution of these multiple charge transport mechanisms across the interface of the diodes. It is shown that thermionic-field emission and leakage a

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32

Rosul, Md Golam, Doeon Lee, David H. Olson, et al. "Thermionic transport across gold-graphene-WSe2 van der Waals heterostructures." Science Advances 5, no. 11 (2019): eaax7827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax7827.

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Solid-state thermionic devices based on van der Waals structures were proposed for nanoscale thermal to electrical energy conversion and integrated electronic cooling applications. We study thermionic cooling across gold-graphene-WSe2-graphene-gold structures computationally and experimentally. Graphene and WSe2 layers were stacked, followed by deposition of gold contacts. The I-V curve of the structure suggests near-ohmic contact. A hybrid technique that combines thermoreflectance and cooling curve measurements is used to extract the device ZT. The measured Seebeck coefficient, thermal and el

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33

Özden, Şadan, Cem Tozlu, and Osman Pakma. "Temperature Dependent Electrical Transport in Al/Poly(4-vinyl phenol)/p-GaAs Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Method." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6157905.

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Deposition of poly(4-vinyl phenol) insulator layer is carried out by applying the spin coating technique ontop-type GaAs substrate so as to create Al/poly(4-vinyl phenol)/p-GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure. Temperature was set to 80–320 K while the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the structure were examined in the study. Ideality factor (n) and barrier height (ϕb) values found in the experiment ranged from 3.13 and 0.616 eV (320 K) to 11.56 and 0.147 eV (80 K). Comparing the thermionic field emission theory and thermionic emission theory, the temperature dependent ideali

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34

Xie, Kan, Steven Allen Hartz, and Virginia M. Ayres. "Thermionic Field Emission Transport at Nanowire Schottky Barrier Contacts." MRS Proceedings 1785 (2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.605.

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ABSTRACTThe high carrier concentrations typically reported for nanowire devices indicate that when Schottky barrier transport is present, it occurs in the thermionic field emission regime with a substantial but not exclusive tunneling component. Analysis by thermionic field emission is difficult due to its multivariate nature. In recent work, we developed a mathematical stability approach that greatly simplified the evaluation of the multivariate thermionic field emission parameters. This is a general method with potentially wide applicability, requiring only the effective mass m* and relative

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35

Lowke, J. J., and J. C. Quartel. "Use of Transport Coefficients to Calculate Properties of Electrode Sheaths of Electric Arcs." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 3 (1997): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96089.

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Particle conservation equations for electrons and positive ions, together with Poisson"s equation to account for space-charge effects on the electric field, have been solved for the electrode sheath regions of electric arcs. For thermionic cathodes and the anode, we find that the ambipolar diffusion approximation is generally valid. At the surface of the anode we find that there is generally a small retarding electric field. For non-thermionic cathodes and no ionisation due to the electric field in the sheath, we calculate unrealistically high sheath voltages and even then, find that the elect

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36

Zhang, Xin, Yee Sin Ang, Lay Kee Ang, and Jincan Chen. "Concentrated thermionic solar cells using graphene as the collector: theoretical efficiency limit and design rules." Nanotechnology 33, no. 6 (2021): 065404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3459.

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Abstract We propose an updated design on concentrated thermionic emission solar cells, which demonstrates a high solar-to-electricity energy conversion efficiency larger than 10% under 600 suns, by harnessing the exceptional electrical, thermal, and radiative properties of the graphene as a collector electrode. By constructing an analytical model that explicitly takes into account the non-Richardson behavior of the thermionic emission current from graphene, space charge effect in vacuum gap, and the various irreversible energy losses within the subcomponents, we perform detailed characterizati

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Promros, Nathaporn, Suguru Funasaki, Motoki Takahara, Ryūhei Iwasaki, Mahmoud Shaban, and Tsuyoshi Yoshitake. "Diode Parameters of Mesa Structural n-Type Nanocrystalline FeSi₂/p-Type Si Heterojunctions Prepared by Lift-Off Photolithography." Advanced Materials Research 1103 (May 2015): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1103.91.

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Mesa structural n-type nanocrystalline-FeSi2/p-type Si heterojunctions were successfully fabricated by a lift-off technique combined with a photolithography process. Their current-voltage characteristics were measured at low temperatures range from 300 K down to 60 K. We estimated their diode parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height and series resistance based on the thermionic emission theory and Cheung’s method. From the estimation by the thermionic emission theory, the obtained results show an increase of ideality factor and a decrease of barrier height at low temperatures. The es

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38

BORDAS, C., B. BAGUENARD, B. CLIMEN, et al. "TIME AND ENERGY-RESOLVED THERMIONIC EMISSION IN CARBON CLUSTERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (2005): 2899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031882.

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We present experimental measurements of time-dependent photoelectron spectra observed in thermionic emission of small carbon cluster anions and C 60 fullerenes. The combination of photoelectron velocity-map imaging with time-gated detection allowed to resolve delayed electron emission at different stages of the emission process. This unique capability allows us to analyze pure thermionic energy spectra under well-defined conditions. Experimental spectra are analyzed within the framework of the detailed balance theory.

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Zuber, J. W., and C. Zhang. "Anisotropic thermionic response of Weyl semimetals with application in thermionic cooling." Journal of Applied Physics 128, no. 12 (2020): 125101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0025078.

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Ismanov, Yu, N. Dzhamankizov, T. Tynyshova, and A. Abdulaev. "Photon Amplification of Thermoelectronic Solar Energy Converters." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 4 (2024): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/101/45.

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The work is devoted to a theoretical analysis of the efficiency of a thermionic device with photonic amplification. In analyzing the efficiency of photon-enhanced thermionic devices, two physical effects that were not considered in previous analyzes and their impact on the conversion efficiency of photon-enhanced thermionic devices were considered. The first effect is the influence of alternating voltage on the behavior of thermionic devices with photonic amplification and determining the maximum power value. The effect of charge carrier concentration on the maximum power was assessed using th

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41

Voronovych, Daniil, Anatoliy Taran, Oksana Podshyvalova, Natalya Shitsevalova, Volodymyr Filipov, and Anatoliy Dukhnenko. "Thermionic Emission of Yttrium Dodecaboride Single Crystal." Solid State Phenomena 289 (April 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.289.47.

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Experimental data on thermionic current density and electron work function of YB12 (100) at T = 1218 – 1978 K in high vacuum (p < 10-4 Pa) are first introduced. Temperature dependences of the thermionic current density and effective electron work function are presented without extrapolation to the zero-field currents because of the anomalous Schottky effect. The temperature dependences of theYB12 electron work function can be described by linear functions at certain temperature intervals. Preferential boron evaporation and additional ion bombardment by the residual gases ions and evaporated

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42

Toledo, J., A. Post, and J. F. Plaza. "Measurement of the C12A7:e- thermionic emission enhancement due to photon exposure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2526, no. 1 (2023): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012111.

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Abstract In this work, a test set-up device is designed, developed and manufactured to perform a direct measurement of the current emission enhancement that the photon absorption can bring to the thermionic emission in a Photon-Enhanced Thermionic Emission Device (PETED) where the C12A7:e- electride is used as the semiconductor due to its low work function value of 2.4 eV. Even though the measured thermionic emission starts at low operational temperatures, obtaining for example a current density emission of 5 mA/cm2 at 500 °C, there is barely an increase of 1% in the current emission when the

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43

Кнатько, М. В., та М. Н. Лапушкин. "Вольт-амперная характеристика термоионной эмиссии Na с поверхности Na-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Au". Письма в журнал технической физики 49, № 5 (2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2023.05.54666.19356.

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In a high-vacuum diode, the volt-ampere characteristic of the thermionic emission of Na+ with surface of NaxAu intermetallide. Its hysteresis was found, which is associated with changes in the surface NaxAu caused by the action of an external electric field. In accordance with the Schottky effect, analysis of the current–voltage characteristic and the value of the work function of the NaxAu surface was estimated. Suggested mechanism of thermionic emission of Na+ from the surface of NaxAu.

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Pan, J., A. Gaibrois, M. Marripelly, et al. "Effects of Very High Workfunction Metals or Metal Alloys (NiCr) on High Switching Speed, HV Schottky Diodes for Mixed Signal or RF ASIC." MRS Advances 5, no. 37-38 (2020): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.336.

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AbstractFor high switching speed HV Schottky diodes, with very high work function metal and extremely lightly doped epi, the built-in potential may be too high for thermionic emission to occur, when the applied external voltage is quite low (near VF = 0.07V). If the epi is lightly doped p type, the built-in potential (VBuilt-in: potential difference between the metal and silicon Fermi levels) is 1.0V (measured with CV). If the external bias is 0.1V, near the measured VF, it is not enough to overcome the built-in potential for thermionic emission as illustrated. It is likely that in addition to

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Kumar, Niraj, Anjana Kumari, Manisha Samarth, Rajiv Kumar, and Tarun Dey. "Analytical Studies of Metal Insulator Semiconductor Schottky Barrier Diodes." Material Science Research India 11, no. 2 (2014): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/110205.

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The current –voltage data of the metal –insulator semiconductor Schottky diode are simulated using thermionic emission diffusion equation taking into account the inter facial layer parameters.The computed current – voltage data are fitted into ideal thermionic emission diffusion equation to see the apparent effect of interfacial parameters on current transport.In presence of interfacial layer the Schottky contact behave as an ideal diode of apparently high barrier height. The behavior of apparent height and ideality factor with the presence of inter facial layer is discussed.

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Zhong, Yujie, Hao Wu, Xiandi Li, et al. "Numerical characterization of the breakdown process of dc-driven micro-discharges sustained by thermionic emission." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 21 (2022): 215203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4fd4.

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Abstract Because of the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, micro-discharges can be sustained by surface emission processes. If the cathode is heated, a micro-discharge can be sustained mainly by thermionic emission. However, we still know little about how this kind of plasma is ignited and sustained. In order to explore the breakdown process of dc-driven micro-discharge sustained by thermionic emission, a one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision method is adopted, coupled with the external circuit and thermionic emission model. The breakdown process of micro-discharge

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Knatko M.V. and Lapushkin M.N. "Current-voltage characteristic of the thermal ion emission of Na from the Na-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Au surface." Technical Physics Letters 49, no. 3 (2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2023.03.55677.19356.

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In a high-vacuum diode, the volt-ampere characteristic of the thermionic emission of Na+ with surface of NaxAu intermetallide. Its hysteresis was found, which is associated with changes in the surface NaxAu caused by the action of an external electric field. In accordance with the Schottky effect, analysis of the current-voltage characteristic and the value of the work function of the NaxAu surface was estimated. Suggested mechanism of thermionic emission of Na+ from the surface of NaxAu. Keywords: intermetallic compound, thermal ionization, Schottky effect.

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Shakouri, Ali, and John E. Bowers. "Heterostructure integrated thermionic coolers." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 9 (1997): 1234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119861.

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Xuan, X. C. "Combined thermionic-thermoelectric refrigerator." Journal of Applied Physics 92, no. 8 (2002): 4746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1509101.

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Rasor, N. S. "Thermionic energy conversion plasmas." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 19, no. 6 (1991): 1191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.125041.

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