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1
Cavuldak, Ahmet, ed. Peter Graf Kielmansegg im Gespräch. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748906476.
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This book paints an intellectual portrait of Peter Graf Kielmansegg as a historian, political scientist and German intellectual, and rounds off his previous oeuvre. It focuses on a long conversation about his life and work, in which Graf Kielmansegg is as visible as a person as in no other text. Texts of various types from four decades supplement the conversation, some of which are published here for the first time: to begin with, there are five essays on intellectual history, more precisely on The Federalist Papers, Tocqueville’s theory of democracy, Kant’s influential essay ‘Towards perpetual peace’, Hannah Arendt’s book on revolution and the influence of European political thought in the world, followed by three portraits of Graf Kielmansegg’s companions Eugen Kogon, Wilhelm Hennis and Dolf Sternberger and an essay on the language of the social sciences. Finally, there is a selection of his public statements and interventions on current questions and problems of democracy.
2
Chubb, Charles, Joseph Darcy, Michael S. Landy, John Econopouly, Dan Bindman Jong-Ho Nam, and George Sperling. The Scramble Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0096.
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A “scramble” is a visual texture in which different gray levels are randomly mixed together. Past research has demonstrated that human vision has three dimensions of sensitivity to the different sorts of scrambles that can be created by varying the proportions of different gray levels included in the scramble. This chapter demonstrates two scrambles with dramatically different gray level histograms that appear identical unless the observer is specifically instructed to scrutinize each of them individually. It is argued that people fail to notice any difference between these two scrambles because there exist only three distinct classes of texture-sensitive neurons in the human brain that are differentially sensitive to scrambles, and in each of them these two scrambles produce identical levels of activation.
3
Whitty, Christopher J. M. Diagnosis and management of malaria in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0292.
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Falciparum malaria is the commonest life-threatening imported tropical infection. The most important critical care intervention is rapid high-dose antimalarial treatment with artesunate, or if that is not available quinine. The common complications of malaria are different in children and adults. Cerebral malaria may occur in both, for which there is no specific therapy. Renal failure and acute lung injury are much more common in adults, and may occur late in the course of the disease, even after parasites have cleared. In children acidosis, anaemia and Gram-negative sepsis are more common. Renal and respiratory support may be needed in adults. Malaria alone seldom causes shock and if patients are shocked, co-existing Gram-negative sepsis should be considered. In children there is evidence that bolus hydration increases mortality. Most patients make a full recovery even after prolonged periods of unconsciousness.
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Money, Nicholas P. 1. Microbial diversity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0001.
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‘Microbial diversity’ considers the vast array of microorganisms—the smallest forms of life—which exist everywhere. The three primary groups of microorganisms are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes with their genetic material held in a single chromosome. In eukaryotes, most of the genome is held in multiple chromosomes. Over 11,000 species of bacteria have been identified using microscopic identification of cell shape and metabolic activity, Gram-staining techniques, and genetic identification of RNA and DNA sequences. There are 500 named species of archaea, divided into two phyla: the euryarchaeota and the crenarchaeota. There are eight supergroupings of eukaryotes, all of them include single-celled organisms, and five are entirely microbial.
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Hindman, Matthew. The Internet Trap. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159263.001.0001.
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The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.
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Bressan, Paola, and Peter Kramer. The Dungeon Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0040.
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A target gray spot looks darker on a white background than on a black one: the contrast illusion. If the target is embedded in a context consisting of black spots on the white background and white spots on the black background, the effect reverses: the dungeon illusion. Whether the dungeon figure produces contrast or contrast reversal depends on which of its three parts (target, context, and background) is gray, black, or white. In some variants, the effect further depends on whether the figures are themselves surrounded by larger white and black regions, implying that even the illumination and wall color of the laboratory might be critical. Here, the various versions of the dungeon illusion are presented and explained with the help of the double-anchoring theory of lightness—that computes the gray shade of objects by “anchoring” them both to their context and to the brightest region in the scene.
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Moller, David Wendell. Notes from the Trenches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.003.0011.
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There was something quite exceptional about Cowboy’s death. The grim things that darkened and injured him from birth were relieved by the caring embraces of a team of professionals who committed themselves to “loving him until he died.” It is fair to say that those horrible features of American unexceptionalism, which harmed him throughout life, were redeemed by the exemplary activities of the palliative care team. Something wonderful literally transpired while he was dying. Despite the sadness and chaos of his final months, a transcendence of the injurious consequences of racism and poverty was achieved by mindful presence and the human potential to love one another.
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Macauley, Robert C. Clinical Practice of Palliative Care (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0018.
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Communication, cultural sensitivity, and respect for spirituality undergird the practice of palliative care. Clinicians must appreciate the nuance of communicating complex diagnoses and often grim prognoses and know how to respond when patients express a desire to not be fully informed (or their family demands that they not be). Across cultures there is significant variation in how prognosis is communicated, who makes decisions for a patient, and attitudes toward end-of-life care. Many patients and families also rely on their religious or spiritual beliefs in making medical decisions, and expectation of a “miracle” and perceived religious “mandates” for continued treatment demand spiritually-nuanced responses.
9
Gert, Joshua. A Realistic Color Realism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785910.003.0004.
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This chapter draws a distinction between rough and precise colors. Rough colors are picked out by such basic color terms as “red,” “blue,” “pink,” “gray,” and so on. Precise colors, on the other hand, correspond to precise locations in standard color spaces. There is a natural temptation to suppose that the prospects for a realism about precise colors are inseparably yoked to the prospects of a realism about rough colors. But despite the tempting simplicity of this view, the chapter argues that the most realistic version of color realism would hold that only rough colors can ever truly be predicated of objects. Precise color vocabulary, on the other hand, is appropriate only for descriptions of experiences.
10
Smith, Robert M., and Wendy J. Zochowski. Leptospirosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0027.
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Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread and important zoonotic pathogens and is of global medical and veterinary importance. Clinical disease ranges from mild self-limiting influenza – like illness to fulminating repeats-several failure.It is caused by bacterial spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiraceae. Pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains, of which there are over 230 serovars in 24 serogroups, are morphologically identical in that they are thin, helical highly motile Gram-negative bacteria, hooked at one or both ends.Natural hosts of pathogenic strains, generally referred to as serovars, may cause infection in man and include wild animals (rodents), livestock (cattle and pigs) and pets (dogs). Most, if not all mammals may become long-term carriers (maintenance hosts). Leptospires become located in the renal tubules and excreted in the urine of infected reservoir animals, humans becoming infected through broken skin, mucous membranes and the conjunctivae.Leptospirosis is most commonly found in tropical or sub-tropical countries in both urban and rural settings. It causes major economic losses, to the highly intensive cattle and pig industries in developed countries, primarily through their effects on reproduction. It is still an important occupational disease risk for people working in agriculture or those living in unsanitary conditions. It is increasingly recognised as a recreational and travel-associated disease.
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Peacock, Sharon J., and David A. B. Dance. Glanders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0029.
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Glanders is a serious zoonotic disease that primarily affects equids (horses, mules and donkeys). A disease eradication programme based on case detection and destruction of infected domestic animals has been highly successful and the number of reported glanders cases in animals worldwide is now very low. Human glanders is extremely rare and associated with occupations associated with extensive contact with equids. Glanders is caused by Burkholderia mallei, a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative intracellular organism that is an obligate parasite of equids with no other known natural reservoir. B. mallei is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals, or indirectly via communal food and water sources that have become contaminated by an infected animal. The clinical presentation in equids can be acute or chronic and has been categorized into nasal, pulmonary and cutaneous forms. Diagnosis is based on culturing B. mallei from lesions or exudates and skin or serological testing. Infected animals are usually euthanized. Optimal antimicrobial therapy for human glanders is unknown, and current advice is to adopt antimicrobial treatment guidelines for human melioidosis. There is no vaccine available for either humans or other animals. B. mallei is considered a potential biological weapon and is a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category B select agent.
12
Bjorklund, David F. How Children Invented Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190066864.001.0001.
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Infants and children are the often-ignored heroes when it comes to understanding human evolution. Evolutionary pressures acted upon the young of our ancestors more powerfully than on adults. Changes over the course of development in our ancestors were primarily responsible for the species and the people we have become. This book takes an evolutionary developmental perspective, emphasizing that developmental plasticity—the ability to change our physical and psychological selves early in life—is the creative force in evolution, with natural selection serving primarily as the Grim Reaper, or a filter, eliminating novel developmental outcomes that did not benefit the survival of those individuals who possessed them, while letting the more successful outcomes through. Over generations as embryos, infants, and children continued to change and to produce slightly different adults, a new species was born—Homo sapiens. This book is about becoming—of becoming human and of becoming mature adults. One theme of this book is about how an understanding of our species’ evolution can help us better understand current development and how to better rear successful and emotionally healthy children. The second theme turns the relation between evolution and development on its head: How can an understanding of human development help us better understand human evolution? The short answer to this second question is that children invented humanity, and that human evolution can be seen as children setting the stage and leading the way to species innovation.
13
Levi-Faur, David. Jack L. Walker, “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States”. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.6.
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This chapter focuses on Jack L. Walker’s 1969 paper “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States,” which analyzes the phenomenon of diffusion as well as interdependent decision-making in a collective setting. The chapter summarizes Walker’s arguments and the reception of his work in, and its influence on, the field of political science. It then considers the research questions posed, such as why some states act as pioneers by adopting new programs more readily than others, and whether there are more or less stable patterns of diffusion of innovations. It also revisits Walker’s debate with Virginia Gray with regards to the latter’s seminal study “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study.” The chapter offers some suggestions on the future progress of diffusion scholarship and its potential to redefine our understanding of politics and policy.
14
Weiss, Louis M. Microsporidiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0056.
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The class or order Microsporidia was elevated in to the phylum Microspora by Sprague and Vavra (1997) and Sprague and Becnel (1998) subsequently suggested that the term Microsporidia instead be used for the phylum name. Miicrosporidia, i.e. Nosema bombycis, were first described about 150 years ago as the cause of the disease pebrine in silkworms. In 1922, there were descriptions of gram-positive spores consistent with microspordiosis in the brain of rabbits that were being used for investigations on poliomyelitis (Wright and Craighead 1922). From 1923 to 1926, Levaditi and colleagues studied the organisms seen by Wright and Craighead, which they named Encephalitozoon cuniculi, recognizing them as Microsporidia and demonstrating their lack of host specificity by transmitting infections from rabbits to mice, rats and dogs (Levaditi et al. 1923). Microsporidia were clearly confirmed of being a cause of human disease in 1959 (Matsubayashi et al. 1959), when they were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 9 year old boy with encephalitis with seizures, coma, and fever lasting about 25 days. Bergquist et al. (1984) reported a 2 year old child with encephalitis and seizures who had Encephalitozoon spores in urine and Margileth et al. (1973) isolated the microsporidium Anncaliia (Nosema) connori from a 4 month old athymic male infant who died with severe diarrhoea and malabsorption. Microsporidia can produce a wide range of clinical diseases. A diarrhoeal syndrome associated with microsporidiosis and HIV infection was reported by Desportes et al. (1985) and the number of articles describing human disease increased rapidly after 1990. In addition to gastrointestinal tract involvement, it has been recognized that Microsporidia can infect virtually any organ system; and patients with encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis, myositis, and disseminated infection are well described in the literature.
15
Stevenson, Leslie. Eighteen Takes on God. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190066109.001.0001.
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This is a compact introduction to a variety of conceptions of God. Part I examines eight theologies: God as an old man in the sky; as an incorporeal person; as a necessary being; as truth, goodness, and beauty; apophatic theology (beyond all words); pantheism; deism; and open theology in which God acts and changes. The discussion shows differences over whether God is a person, whether he (?) is gendered, whether he is simple, whether he changes over time, and whether he can be spoken of at all. Part II reviews five different ways of understanding language about God: instrumentalism, reductionism, postmodernism, relativism, and a Wittgensteinian view. Part III moves closer to religious experience and practice, looking at the views of Otto, Buber, Kant, Tillich, and Quakers. There are also comments and endnotes on such diverse figures as William Blake, Samuel Palmer, Feuerbach, Don Cupitt, Goethe, Kierkegaard, Iris Murdoch, Simone Weil, Abbe Louf, John Gray, and Keith Ward. There is no overall commitment to theism, atheism, or agnosticism. Instead there is a sympathetic account of various views of the divine, combined with critical questioning about their meaning and practical application. In Chapter 18 Quakerism is recommended as one good way.
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Watts, John. The Problem of the Personal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0007.
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This chapter starts by linking corruption with what the author calls the “gray areas of public life” (or the ambiguity between public and private resulting from power-sharing and the competition of personal interests) and explains why they were complicated by the growth of royal government and the rules it produced. The chapter then moves on to describe the two main types of corruption in the period and examines the measures used to address them and how they changed over time. Finally, the chapter argues that corruption crises and the anticorruption measures they engendered were a simplification, at once a reflection of the deep malfunction of the political system and an opportunity to relieve the tensions that threatened political order.
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Gray, Doris H., and Terry C. Coonan. Reframing Gender Narratives Through Transitional Justice in the Maghreb. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.003.0006.
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Chapter 6, by Doris H. Gray and Terry C. Coonan, discusses the role of transitional justice mechanisms in Tunisia in reframing gender narratives. They focus on one mechanism, the national truth commission, and the roles of women in it. Building on in-depth interviews, they identify a range of complex debates regarding the status of women visible in post-revolution Tunisia in the context of debates over Islamism and secularism. They argue that examining transitional justice through the lens of gender is important not only because transitional justice has tended to ignore this dimension, but also because in the case of many abuses which women experience, there is continuity before and after transitions. That is to say, gendered abuses by the state, as well as domestic violence and sexual harassment, are not necessarily altered by political change, or properly addressed by post-transition mechanisms.
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Damon, Cynthia. Writing with Posterity in Mind. Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.43.
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Thucydides and Tacitus are both uncomfortable authors whose unsparing commitment to revealing the truth results in grim depictions of the amoral deployment of political power—power for the sake of power—in idiosyncratic and difficult idioms. However, Tacitus never announces a program of Thucydides-imitation, whether pertaining to methodology or theme. Nor do ancient commentators link Tacitus to his Greek predecessor. Nevertheless, the two are much alike in important aspects of their historiographical achievements. The chapter explores a pair of passages in which the two historians treat one of history’s “repeating events”—defection from an imperial power. In examining the narratives of the Mytilenean and Batavian revolts (Thuc. 3.2–6, 8–18, 23–33, 35–50; Tac. H. 4.12–37, 54–79, 5.14–26), it gives due attention to “each new permutation of circumstances,” the important proviso that Thucydides attaches to his prediction about recurrence (3.82.2).
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Clark, J. P. Military Operations and the Defense Department. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.20.
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This article examines the U.S. military’s plans for carrying out combined joint operations across multiple theaters and domains in the twenty-first century. It summarizes the most likely strategic and operational approaches available to future adversaries, such as anti-access/area denial (A2/AD), gray zone warfare, and other asymmetric methods. The article also considers the respective challenges posed by the two likely catalysts for military operations: contested norms and persistent disorder. The U.S. military response to this strategic context is still forming, but there are common themes among the services: the recognition that future operations will entail greater risk; the need to disperse forces to survive on a more lethal battlefield; a desire to create networked forces attacking with a combination of physical and nonphysical (cyber and electronic warfare); and a rebalancing of force structure in terms of both weapon sophistication and mission type.
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Diffrient, David Scott. Hands, Fingers and Fists: ‘Grasping’ Hong Kong Horror Films. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0008.
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The cultural imaginary of kung-fu cinema has been codified as a physically balletic and graceful, if also violently bloody and brutal, genre defined in part by the persistent presence of deadly, thrusting hands. Of course, hands are also central to another type of cultural production, one that has often incorporated kung-fu action and iconography. This chapter assesses a broad range of motion pictures that showcase hands in thematically complex and symptomatically relevant ways, be they the severed anatomical remnants of long- departed souls sprung back to life in Witch from Nepal (1986) or the skeletal appendages that comically grab the protagonist’s crotch in Encounters of the Spooky Kind (1980). This chapter strives to pin down the powerful forces that lay dormant within the genre, including its tendency to dredge up and display moments of excessive, otherwordly violence for which there is seemingly no “rational” explanation.
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Wickerson, Erica. Performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793274.003.0003.
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Considering moments of theatrical and social performance in narrative is not an obvious way of shedding light on the experience of time. But this chapter suggests that it is a particularly useful theme for consideration because it involves tensions between self and other, between artifice and authenticity. Since we are all always in some sense performing and since performance always involves two distinct yet simultaneous experiences—that of the performer and that of their audience—it poses an interesting challenge for the narration of time. Mann’s The Confessions of Felix Krull, Doctor Faustus, Blood of the Walsungs, and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray are compared in an exploration of the narration of simultaneity, ways in which the changing prioritization of multiple perspectives affects the overall flow of time in a given scene, and the effect on time of moments of sexual performance and performative sexuality.
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McGregor, Laura, Monica N. Gupta, and Max Field. Septic arthritis in adults. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0098.
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Septic arthritis (SA) is a medical emergency with mortality of around 15%. Presentation is usually monoarticular but in more than 10% SA affects two or more joints. Symptoms include rapid-onset joint inflammation with systemic inflammatory responses but fever and leucocytosis may be absent at presentation. Treatment according to British Society of Rheumatology/British Orthopaedic Association (BSR/BOA) guidelines should be commenced if there is a suspicion of SA. At-risk patients include those with primary joint disease, previous SA, recent intra-articular surgery, exogenous sources of infection (leg ulceration, respiratory and urinary tract), and immunosupression because of medical disorders, intravenous drug use or therapy including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Synovial fluid should be examined for organisms and crystals with repeat aspiration as required. Most SA results from haematogenous spread-sources of infection should be sought and blood and appropriate cultures taken prior to antibiotic treatment. Causative organisms include staphylococcus (including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA), streptococcus, and Gram-negative organisms (in elderly patients), but no organism is identified in 43%, often after antibiotic use before diagnosis. Antibiotics should be prescribed according to local protocols, but BSR/BOA guidelines suggest initial intravenous and subsequent oral therapy. Medical treatment may be as effective as surgical in uncomplicated native SA, and can be cost-effective, but orthopaedic advice should be sought if necessary and always in cases of infected joint prostheses. In addition to high mortality, around 40% of survivors following SA develop limitation of joint function. Guidelines provide physicians with treatment advice aiming to limit mortality and morbidity and assist future research.
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Maxwell, Catherine. Dandies and Decadents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701750.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the decadent olfactif as represented by Oscar Wilde and the poet and critic Arthur Symons, who understood how perfume helped shape their identities as dandies and sophisticated men about town, with both of them alluding to new synthetic scents. Wilde’s use of perfume as a sign of decadent sexual identity, explored in Dorian Gray, is rudely interrupted by his imprisonment in 1895, but the idea of perfume abides with him during his incarceration as an important ideal and consolation. In Symons’s poetry and prose strong or recognizable perfumes of the period are evoked for scrutiny or contemplation or permeate the memory, calling attention to themselves as markers of decadent modernity. For Symons, perfume identified with memory does not fade, an idea borne out by his critical appreciation of the perfume of particular literary texts, lyric poetry especially, and celebrated in his own verse.
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Langston, Joy K. Theorizing Authoritarian Party Survival. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0002.
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During democratization, all authoritarian parties confront major issues: the pressures to split and disintegrate, as the former autocrats are ousted and the party loses its internal enforcer; the restructuring of party resources and the identity of internal groups that can grab them; and the struggle to win elections without fraud or violence. Not every nation’s authoritarian parties are able to meet these challenges. In Mexico, the two-tiered electoral system delivered resources to the PRI governors and the central party headquarters. The party’s governors grew more powerful thanks to Mexico’s fiscal paradise: states are legally guaranteed taxes, while state executives could spend as they needed without being audited. The national office enjoyed the generous resources provided by the national electoral institute. Because these two groups had autonomous sources of money and candidacies, they were able to cooperate during the twelve years out of the presidency, while continuing to win legislative elections.
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Malik, Shushma. The Criminal Emperors of Ancient Rome and Wilde’s ‘true historical sense’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789260.003.0018.
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This chapter explores how Wilde uses ‘historic sense’ (the intuition of a learned historian and the antecedent of historical criticism) as a tool with which to analyse the past, particularly the criminal emperors of ancient Rome. In his essay ‘Pen, Pencil, and Poison’, Wilde claims that ‘true historical sense’ in relation to the past allows us to ignore the crimes of Nero and Tiberius, and instead to recognize and appreciate them as artists. His decadent reading of the past is undermined, however, when we compare this version of historically guided intuition with his definition of the phrase in other works. By examining ‘Pen, Pencil, and Poison’ alongside The Picture of Dorian Gray and ‘Epistola: In Carcere et Vinculis’, we can see how Wilde manipulates his readings of the criminal emperors of Rome in order to fit his own changing relationship with Decadence and the (im)morality of crime.
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von Bernstorff, Jochen. “Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0015.
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The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.
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Berrettini, Mark L. Efficiency, Estrangement, and Antirealism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252035951.003.0001.
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This chapter presents a commentary on Hal Hartley's film career. It begins with a biographical sketch based on material included in interviews, reviews, and essays about Hartley's work, and an earlier version of his official website, possiblefilms.com. It then moves on to analyze seven feature films: The Unbelievable Truth (1989), Trust (1990), Simple Men (1992), Amateur (1994), Henry Fool, Fay Grim (2006), and The Book of Life (1998). These films show that efficiency, estrangement, and antirealism allow Hartley to chart the struggles of individuals against the ideological precepts that pertain to public and private behavior, responsible actions, “common sense,” and the cinematic conventions that support such ideologies. (e.g., romantic characters who will live “happily ever after”).These conflicts are often related to the restrictions posed by gender norms and are depicted as conflicts with authority figures. Hartley's male protagonists struggle to live up to popular ideals of heteronormative masculinity, control, and violent mastery of the world around them, while his central female characters break from heteronormative conceptions of women as mothers, caregivers, and/or sexual objects.
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Hough, Susan Elizabeth, and Roger G. Bilham. After the Earth Quakes. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195179132.001.0001.
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Earthquakes rank among the most terrifying natural disasters faced by mankind. Out of a clear blue sky-or worse, a jet black one-comes shaking strong enough to hurl furniture across the room, human bodies out of bed, and entire houses off of their foundations. When the dust settles, the immediate aftermath of an earthquake in an urbanized society can be profound. Phone and water supplies can be disrupted for days, fires erupt, and even a small number of overpass collapses can snarl traffic for months. However, when one examines the collective responses of developed societies to major earthquake disasters in recent historic times, a somewhat surprising theme emerges: not only determination, but resilience; not only resilience, but acceptance; not only acceptance, but astonishingly, humor. Elastic rebound is one of the most basic tenets of modern earthquake science, the term that scientists use to describe the build-up and release of energy along faults. It is also the best metaphor for societal responses to major earthquakes in recent historic times. After The Earth Quakes focuses on this theme, using a number of pivotal and intriguing historic earthquakes as illustration. The book concludes with a consideration of projected future losses on an increasingly urbanized planet, including the near-certainty that a future earthquake will someday claim over a million lives. This grim prediction impels us to take steps to mitigate earthquake risk, the innately human capacity for rebound notwithstanding.
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Broers, Laurence. Armenia and Azerbaijan. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450522.001.0001.
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The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is the longest-running dispute in Eurasia. This study looks beyond tabloid tropes of ‘frozen conflict’ or ‘Russian land-grab’, to unpack both unresolved territorial issues left over from the 1990s and the strategic rivalry that has built up around them since then. Unstable and overlapping conceptions of homeland have characterised the Armenian and Azerbaijani republics since their first emergence in 1918. Seventy years of incorporation into the Soviet Union did not resolve these issues. As they emerged from the Soviet collapse in 1991, Armenians and Azerbaijanis fought for sovereignty over Nagorny Karabakh, leading to its secession from Azerbaijan, the deaths of more than 25,000 people and the forced displacement of more than a million more. Since then, the conflict has evolved into an ‘enduring rivalry’, a particularly intractable form of long-term militarised competition between two states. Combining perspectives rarely found in a single volume, the study shows how these outcomes became intractably embedded within the regime politics, strategic interactions and international linkages of post-war Armenia and Azerbaijan. Far from ‘frozen’, this book demonstrates how more than two decades of dynamic conceptions of territory, shifting power relations, international diffusion and unsuccessful mediation efforts have contributed to the resilience of this stubbornly unresolved dispute – one of the most intractable of our times.
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Tye, Michael. Vagueness and the Evolution of Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867234.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Either consciousness appeared suddenly in living beings so that its appearance is like that of a light switch being turned on or it arose through intermediate stages. On the former view, consciousness is an on/off matter, but once it arose, it became richer and richer through time rather as a beam of light may become brighter and broader in its sweep. On the latter view, consciousness is not an on/off matter. There are shades of gray. Consciousness arose gradually just as life did, becoming richer through time as animal brains became more complex. I argue that both these views encounter insuperable difficulties and thus that a kind of paradox arises. The way out of the paradox is to accept that the various species of consciousness are vague, admitting of borderline cases, and are to be accounted for within a representationalist view of conscious states but that consciousness itself, or rather a central element of consciousness I call “consciousness*”, is sharp. Consciousness*, I claim, is a fundamental feature of micro-reality, and thus it did not evolve, unlike conscious states. The view with which I end up presents novel solutions to three important problems (of undirected consciousness, of combination, and of tiny, psychological subjects). It also takes up the question of how consciousness can be causally efficacious with respect to animal behavior. The final chapter of the book turns to the question of where in the brain macro-consciousness is located and which animal brains so evolved as to support conscious states.
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Prados, John. The US Special Forces. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199354283.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The assassination of Osama bin Laden by SEAL Team 6 in May 2011 will certainly figure among the greatest achievements of US Special Forces. After nearly ten years of searching, they descended into his Pakistan compound in the middle of the night, killed him, and secreted the body back into Afghanistan. Interest in these forces had always been high, but it spiked to new levels following this success. There was a larger lesson here too. For serious jobs, the president invariably turns to the US Special Forces: the SEALs, Delta Force, the Green Berets, and the USAF’s Special Tactics squad. Given that secretive grab-and-snatch operations in remote locales characterize contemporary warfare as much as traditional firefights, the Special Forces now fill a central role in American military strategy and tactics. Not surprisingly, the daring and secretive nature of these commando operations has generated a great deal of interest. The American public has an overwhelmingly favorable view of the forces, and nations around the world recognize them as the most capable fighting units: the tip of the American spear, so to speak. But how much do we know about them? What are their origins? What function do they fill in the larger military structure? Who can become a member? What do trainees have to go through? What sort of missions do Special Forces perform, and what are they expected to accomplish? Despite their importance, much of what they do remains a mystery because their operations are clandestine and the sources elusive. In The US Special Forces: What Everyone Needs to Know, eminent scholar John Prados brings his deep expertise to the subject and provides a pithy primer on the various components of America’s special forces. The US military has long employed Special Forces in some form or another, but it was in the Cold War when they assumed their present form, and in Vietnam where they achieved critical mass. Interestingly, the Special Forces suffered a rapid decline in numbers after that conflict despite the fact that the United States had already identified terrorism as a growing security threat. The revival of Special Forces began under the Reagan administration. After 9/11 they experienced explosive growth, and are now integral to all US military missions. Prados traces how this happened and examines the various roles the Special Forces now play. They have taken over many functions of the regular military, a trend that Prados does not expect will end any time soon. This will be a definitive primer on the elite units in the most powerful military the world has ever known.