Relevant bibliographies by topics / Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature"

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Zelle, Hein, Gerrian Appeldoorn, Gerrit Burgers, and Geert Jan van Oldenborgh. "The Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature and Thermocline Depth in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2523.1.

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Abstract The time dependence of the local relation between sea surface temperature (SST) and thermocline depth in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is analyzed for the period 1990–99, using subsurface temperature measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Array/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) buoy array. Thermocline depth anomalies lead SST anomalies in time, with a longitude-dependent delay ranging from 2 weeks in the eastern Pacific to 1 year in the central Pacific. The lagged correlation between thermocline depth and SST is strong, ranging from r > 0.9 in the east to r ≈ 0.6 at 170°W. Time-lagged correlations between thermocline depth and subsurface temperature anomalies indicate vertical advection of temperature anomalies from the thermocline to the surface in the eastern Pacific. The measurements are compared with the results of forced OGCM and linear model experiments. Using model results, it is shown that the delay between thermocline depth and SST is caused mainly by upwelling and mixing between 140° and 90°W. Between 170°E and 140°W the delay has a different explanation: thermocline depth anomalies travel to the eastern Pacific, where upwelling creates SST anomalies that in turn cause anomalous wind in the central Pacific. SST is then influenced by these wind anomalies.
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Gemmrich, Johannes, and Adam Monahan. "Covariability of Near-Surface Wind Speed Statistics and Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Fluctuations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 3 (March 2018): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0177.1.

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AbstractThe atmospheric (ABL) and ocean (OBL) boundary layers are intimately linked via mechanical and thermal coupling processes. In many regions over the world’s oceans, this results in a strong covariability between anomalies in wind speed and SST. At oceanic mesoscale, this coupling can be driven either from the atmosphere or the ocean. Gridded SST and wind speed data at 0.25° resolution show that over the western North Atlantic, the ABL mainly responds to the OBL, whereas in the eastern North Pacific and in the Southern Ocean, the OBL largely responds to wind speed anomalies. This general behavior is also verified by in situ buoy observations in the Atlantic and Pacific. A stochastic, nondimensional, 1D coupled air–sea boundary layer model is utilized to assess the relative importance of the coupling processes. For regions of little intrinsic SST fluctuations (i.e., most regions of the world’s oceans away from strong temperature fronts), the inclusion of cold water entrainment at the thermocline is crucial. In regions with strong frontal activities (e.g., the western boundary regions), the coupling is dominated by the SST fluctuations, and the frontal variability needs to be included in models. Generally, atmospheric and ocean-driven coupling lead to an opposite relationship between SST and wind speed fluctuations. This effect can be especially important for higher wind speed quantiles.
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Chowdary, J. S., Anant Parekh, G. Srinivas, C. Gnanaseelan, T. S. Fousiya, Rashmi Khandekar, and M. K. Roxy. "Processes Associated with the Tropical Indian Ocean Subsurface Temperature Bias in a Coupled Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 2863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0245.1.

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AbstractSubsurface temperature biases in coupled models can seriously impair their capability in generating skillful seasonal forecasts. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), coupled model, which is used for seasonal forecast in several countries including India, displays warm (cold) subsurface (surface) temperature bias in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), with deeper than observed mixed layer and thermocline. In the model, the maximum warm bias is reported between 150- and 200-m depth. Detailed analysis reveals that the enhanced vertical mixing by strong vertical shear of horizontal currents is primarily responsible for TIO subsurface warming. Weak upper-ocean stability corroborated by surface cold and subsurface warm bias further strengthens the subsurface warm bias in the model. Excess inflow of warm subsurface water from Indonesian Throughflow to the TIO region is partially contributing to the warm bias mainly over the southern TIO region. Over the north Indian Ocean, Ekman convergence and downwelling due to wind stress bias deepen the thermocline, which do favor subsurface warming. Further, upper-ocean meridional and zonal cells are deeper in CFSv2 compared to the Ocean Reanalysis System data manifesting the deeper mixing. This study outlines the need for accurate representation of vertical structure in horizontal currents and associated vertical gradients to simulate subsurface temperatures for skillful seasonal forecasts.
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Wilson, Earle A., Stephen C. Riser, Ethan C. Campbell, and Annie P. S. Wong. "Winter Upper-Ocean Stability and Ice–Ocean Feedbacks in the Sea Ice–Covered Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 4 (April 2019): 1099–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0184.1.

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AbstractIn this study, under-ice ocean data from profiling floats, instrumented seals, and shipboard casts are used to assess wintertime upper-ocean stability and heat availability in the sea ice–covered Southern Ocean. This analysis reveals that the southern Weddell Sea, which features a weak upper-ocean stratification and relatively strong thermocline, is preconditioned for exceptionally high rates of winter ventilation. This preconditioning also facilitates a strong negative feedback to winter ice growth. Idealized experiments with a 1D ice–ocean model show that the entrainment of heat into the mixed layer of this region can maintain a near-constant ice thickness over much of winter. However, this quasi-equilibrium is attained when the pycnocline is thin and supports a large temperature gradient. We find that the surface stress imparted by a powerful storm may upset this balance and lead to substantial ice melt. This response can be greatly amplified when coincident with anomalous thermocline shoaling. In more strongly stratified regions, such as near the sea ice edge of the major gyres, winter ice growth is weakly limited by the entrainment of heat into the mixed layer. Thus, the thermodynamic coupling between winter sea ice growth and ocean ventilation has significant regional variability. This regionality will influence the response of the Southern Ocean ice–ocean system to future changes in ocean stratification and surface forcing.
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Doney, Scott C., Steve Yeager, Gokhan Danabasoglu, William G. Large, and James C. McWilliams. "Mechanisms Governing Interannual Variability of Upper-Ocean Temperature in a Global Ocean Hindcast Simulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1918–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3089.1.

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Abstract The interannual variability in upper-ocean (0–400 m) temperature and governing mechanisms for the period 1968–97 are quantified from a global ocean hindcast simulation driven by atmospheric reanalysis and satellite data products. The unconstrained simulation exhibits considerable skill in replicating the observed interannual variability in vertically integrated heat content estimated from hydrographic data and monthly satellite sea surface temperature and sea surface height data. Globally, the most significant interannual variability modes arise from El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean zonal mode, with substantial extension beyond the Tropics into the midlatitudes. In the well-stratified Tropics and subtropics, net annual heat storage variability is driven predominately by the convergence of the advective heat transport, mostly reflecting velocity anomalies times the mean temperature field. Vertical velocity variability is caused by remote wind forcing, and subsurface temperature anomalies are governed mostly by isopycnal displacements (heave). The dynamics at mid- to high latitudes are qualitatively different and vary regionally. Interannual temperature variability is more coherent with depth because of deep winter mixing and variations in western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that span the upper thermocline. Net annual heat storage variability is forced by a mixture of local air–sea heat fluxes and the convergence of the advective heat transport, the latter resulting from both velocity and temperature anomalies. Also, density-compensated temperature changes on isopycnal surfaces (spice) are quantitatively significant.
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Zhang, Yu, and Geoffrey K. Vallis. "Ocean Heat Uptake in Eddying and Non-Eddying Ocean Circulation Models in a Warming Climate." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 2211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-078.1.

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Abstract Ocean heat uptake is explored with non-eddying (2°), eddy-permitting (0.25°), and eddy-resolving (0.125°) ocean circulation models in a domain representing the Atlantic basin connected to a southern circumpolar channel with a flat bottom. The model is forced with a wind stress and a restoring condition for surface buoyancy that is linearly dependent on temperature, both being constant in time in the control climate. When the restore temperature is instantly enhanced regionally, two distinct processes are found relevant for the ensuing heat uptake: heat uptake into the ventilated thermocline forced by Ekman pumping and heat absorption in the deep ocean through meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Temperature increases in the thermocline occur on the decadal time scale whereas, over most of the abyss, it is the millennial time scale that is relevant, and the strength of MOC in the channel matters for the intensity of heat uptake. Under global, uniform warming, the rate of increase of total heat content increases with both diapycnal diffusivity and strengthening Southern Ocean westerlies. In models with different resolutions, ocean responses to uniform warming share similar patterns with important differences. The transfer by mesoscale eddies is insufficiently resolved in the eddy-permitting model, resulting in steep isopycnals in the channel and weak lower MOC, and this in turn leads to weaker heat uptake in the abyssal ocean. Also, the reduction of the Northern Hemisphere meridional heat flux that occurs in a warmer world because of a weakening MOC increases with resolution. Consequently, the cooling tendency near the polar edge of the subtropical gyre is most significant in the eddy-resolving model.
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Carpenter, J. R., and M. L. Timmermans. "Does Rotation Influence Double-Diffusive Fluxes in Polar Oceans?" Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-098.1.

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Abstract The diffusive (or semiconvection) regime of double-diffusive convection (DDC) is widespread in the polar oceans, generating “staircases” consisting of high-gradient interfaces of temperature and salinity separated by convectively mixed layers. Using two-dimensional direct numerical simulations, support is provided for a previous theory that rotation can influence DDC heat fluxes when the thickness of the thermal interface sufficiently exceeds that of the Ekman layer. This study finds, therefore, that the earth’s rotation places constraints on small-scale vertical heat fluxes through double-diffusive layers. This leads to departures from laboratory-based parameterizations that can significantly change estimates of Arctic Ocean heat fluxes in certain regions, although most of the upper Arctic Ocean thermocline is not expected to be dominated by rotation.
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Di Lorenzo, Emanuele, Arthur J. Miller, Niklas Schneider, and James C. McWilliams. "The Warming of the California Current System: Dynamics and Ecosystem Implications." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 336–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-2690.1.

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Abstract Long-term changes in the observed temperature and salinity along the southern California coast are studied using a four-dimensional space–time analysis of the 52-yr (1949–2000) California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) hydrography combined with a sensitivity analysis of an eddy-permitting primitive equation ocean model under various forcing scenarios. An overall warming trend of 1.3°C in the ocean surface, a deepening in the depth of the mean thermocline (18 m), and increased stratification between 1950 and 1999 are found to be primarily forced by large-scale decadal fluctuations in surface heat fluxes combined with horizontal advection by the mean currents. After 1998 the surface heat fluxes suggest the beginning of a period of cooling, consistent with colder observed ocean temperatures. Salinity changes are decoupled from temperature and appear to be controlled locally in the coastal ocean by horizontal advection by anomalous currents. A cooling trend of –0.5°C in SST is driven in the ocean model by the 50-yr NCEP wind reanalysis, which contains a positive trend in upwelling-favorable winds along the southern California coast. A net warming trend of +1°C in SST occurs, however, when the effects of observed surface heat fluxes are included as forcing functions in the model. Within 50–100 km of the coast, the ocean model simulations show that increased stratification/deepening of the thermocline associated with the warming reduces the efficiency of coastal upwelling in advecting subsurface waters to the ocean surface, counteracting any effects of the increased strength of the upwelling winds. Such a reduction in upwelling efficiency leads in the model to a freshening of surface coastal waters. Because salinity and nutrients at the coast have similar distributions this must reflect a reduction of the nutrient supply at the coast, which is manifestly important in explaining the observed decline in zooplankton concentration. The increased winds also drive an intensification of the mean currents of the southern California Current System (SCCS). Model mesoscale eddy variance significantly increases in recent decades in response to both the stronger upwelling winds and the warmer upper-ocean temperatures, suggesting that the stability properties of the SCCS have also changed.
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Kako, Shin’ichiro, Tomofumi Nakagawa, Katsumi Takayama, Naoki Hirose, and Atsuhiko Isobe. "Impact of Changjiang River Discharge on Sea Surface Temperature in the East China Sea." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 6 (June 2016): 1735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0167.1.

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AbstractThis study investigated how the Changjiang River discharge (CRD) emptying into the East China Sea (ECS) affects the upper-ocean stratification [hence, sea surface temperature (SST) changes], based on ocean general circulation modeling with and without CRD. A new finding in this study is that CRD contributes significantly to a reduction in summer SST in the ECS. Comparison between the two model runs revealed that vertical one-dimensional processes contribute considerably to SST warming in the ECS, while horizontal advection plays an important role in lowering SST in summer. The results of a particle-tracking experiment suggested that the cold water mass formed along the Chinese coast during the previous winter contributes to the SST reduction in the following summer. From the end of the summer monsoon season, the less saline CRD advected toward the Chinese coast generates a shallow mixed layer (ML), which inhibits heat exchange between the ML and thermocline. In winter, heat loss of the ML through the sea surface results in a reduction in SST over a broad region. Water exchange through the bottom of the ML is relatively suppressed by robust stratification, which prevents cooling of the thermocline and leads to a temperature inversion. The northeastward ocean current associated with the summer monsoon carries the cold water mass in the ML across the ECS; therefore, SST decreases during the following season. These results suggest that CRD has a critical role on both the ocean circulation system and the coupled air–sea interactions in the ECS.
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Laurian, Audine, Alban Lazar, and Gilles Reverdin. "Generation Mechanism of Spiciness Anomalies: An OGCM Analysis in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 1003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3896.1.

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Abstract Oceanic teleconnections between the low and midlatitudes are a key mechanism to understanding the climate variability. Spiciness anomalies (density-compensated anomalies) have been shown to transport temperature and salinity signals when propagating along current streamlines in the subtropical gyres of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The generation mechanism of spiciness anomalies in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is investigated using an analytical model based on the late-winter subduction of salinity and temperature anomalies along isopycnal surfaces. The keystone of this approach is the change of the coordinates frame from isobaric to isopycnic surfaces, suited for subduction problems. The isopycnal nature of spiciness anomalies and the use of a linear density equation allows for the analytical model to depend only upon surface temperature and salinity anomalies, the mean thermocline currents, and the surface density ratio. This model clarifies and above all quantifies the mechanism by which surface temperature and salinity anomalies are modulated by density ratios to produce fully different isopycnal temperature and salinity anomalies. A global run from the ocean GCM (OGCM) Océan Parallélisé (OPA) over the period 1948–2002 provides the reference data in which the North Atlantic subtropical thermocline spiciness variability is analyzed. Two EOF modes are sufficient to explain half of the low-frequency variability in the OGCM: one is maximum over the northeastern subtropics, and the other is in the central basin. The analytical model reproduces well the spatial pattern, amplitude, and sign of these two main modes. It confirms that the two centers of action of the anomalies are conditioned by the surface density ratio, the first corresponding to null salinity gradients and the second to near-density-compensated temperature gradients. Considering that the analytical model has good skills at reproducing the decadal variability of the OGCM spiciness anomalies in the permanent thermocline, it is believed that this is an interesting tool to understand and forecast the ventilation of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre at this time scale.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature"

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Walker, Nan Delene. "Sea surface temperature-rainfall relationships and associated ocean-atmosphere coupling mechanisms in the southern African region." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32830668.html.

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Ruiz, Jose Eric Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Integrating subsurface ocean temperatures in the statistical prediction of ENSO and Australian rainfall & streamflow." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23433.

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As a global climate phenomenon, the El Ni??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) involves the coupling of the ocean and the atmosphere. Most climate prediction studies have, by far, only investigated the teleconnections between global climatic anomalies and the ???surface??? predictors of ENSO. The prediction models resulting from these studies have generally suffered from inadequate, if not the lack of, skill across the so-called boreal ???spring barrier???. This is illustrated in the first part of this thesis where the applicability of the SOI phase for long-lead rainfall projections in Australia is discussed. With the increasing availability of subsurface ocean temperature data, the characteristics of the Pacific Ocean???s heat content and its role in ENSO are now better understood. The second part of this thesis investigated the predictability of ENSO using the thermocline as a predictor. While the persistence and SST-based ENSO hindcasts dropped in skill across the spring barrier, the thermocline-based hindcasts remained skillful even up to a lag of eighteen months. Continuing on the favorable results of ENSO prediction, the third part of this thesis extended the use of the thermocline in the prediction of Australia???s rainfall and streamflow. When compared to models that use ???surface??? predictors, the model that incorporated thermocline information resulted in more skillful projections of rainfall and streamflow especially at long lead-times. More importantly, significant increases in skill of autumn and winter projections demonstrate the ability of the subsurface ocean to retain some climatic memory across the predictability barrier. This resilience can be attributed to the high persistence of the ocean heat content during the first half of the year. Based on weighting, the model averaging exercise also affirmed the superiority of the ???subsurface??? model over the ???surface??? models in terms of streamflow projections. The encouraging findings of this study could have far-reaching implications not only to the science of ENSO prediction but also to the more pragmatic realm of hydrologic forecasting. What this study has demonstrated is an alternative predictor that is suitable for the long range forecasting of ENSO, rainfall and streamflow. With better hydrologic forecasting comes significant improvement in the management of reservoirs which eventually leads to an increase in the reliability and sufficiency of water supply provision.
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Chen, Chia-Jeng. "Hydro-climatic forecasting using sea surface temperatures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48974.

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A key determinant of atmospheric circulation patterns and regional climatic conditions is sea surface temperature (SST). This has been the motivation for the development of various teleconnection methods aiming to forecast hydro-climatic variables. Among such methods are linear projections based on teleconnection gross indices (such as the ENSO, IOD, and NAO) or leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). However, these methods deteriorate drastically if the predefined indices or EOFs cannot account for climatic variability in the region of interest. This study introduces a new hydro-climatic forecasting method that identifies SST predictors in the form of dipole structures. An SST dipole that mimics major teleconnection patterns is defined as a function of average SST anomalies over two oceanic areas of appropriate sizes and geographic locations. The screening process of SST-dipole predictors is based on an optimization algorithm that sifts through all possible dipole configurations (with progressively refined data resolutions) and identifies dipoles with the strongest teleconnection to the external hydro-climatic series. The strength of the teleconnection is measured by the Gerrity Skill Score. The significant dipoles are cross-validated and used to generate ensemble hydro-climatic forecasts. The dipole teleconnection method is applied to the forecasting of seasonal precipitation over the southeastern US and East Africa, and the forecasting of streamflow-related variables in the Yangtze and Congo Rivers. These studies show that the new method is indeed able to identify dipoles related to well-known patterns (e.g., ENSO and IOD) as well as to quantify more prominent predictor-predictand relationships at different lead times. Furthermore, the dipole method compares favorably with existing statistical forecasting schemes. An operational forecasting framework to support better water resources management through coupling with detailed hydrologic and water resources models is also demonstrated.
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Marble, Douglas Craig. "A model analysis of potential vorticity on isopycnal surfaces for the global ocean." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA275047.

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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1993.
Thesis advisor(s): Semtner, Albert J. "September 1993." Bibliography: p. 33-35. Also available online.
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Strauhs, Hilbert. "A numerical modeling study for the Japan/East Sea (JES) seasonal circulation and thermohaline structure." Thesis, access online version, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA374405.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1999.
"September, 1999." Includes abstract. DTIC report no.: ADA374405. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79). Full text available online from DTIC.
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Páramo, Pedro. "Seismic studies of continental rupture and ocean finestructure in the Gulf of California." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1144186761&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Wainman, Carl Kevin. "Estimating the upper ocean vertical temperature structure from surface temperature as applied to the southern Benguela." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10915.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Underwater Sound Velocity Profiles (SVP) are used throughout the world by their respective navies for submarine and surface vessel strategic operations and exercises. Together with the sonar equations, the sound velocity profiles are of paramount importance to solve underwater sound detectability problems as they provide insight into the highly variable sound transmission loss. Oceanographic records of sea temperature-depth profiles are ordinarily incorporated into a sonar propagation model to determine the sound level at any point (range and depth). The ability to predict these environmental conditions with a defined level of confidence and accuracy significantly increases the situational awareness to in-theatre naval operators and fleet planners. The hypothesis in this thesis is that thermal characteristics of the water column in the southern Benguela can be numerically modeled and deduced from a single Sea Surface Temperature (SST) value, if provided with sufficient historic temperature-depth profiles for that region. For operational use, the SST would ideally be provided from near real time remotely sensed satellite derived data.
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Mitchell, Douglas A. "Upper current structure and variability in the southwestern Japan/East Sea /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3112121.

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Weaver, Andrew John. "Numerical and analytical modelling of oceanic/atmospheric processes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27560.

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Two problems in oceanic/atmospheric modelling are examined in this thesis. In the first problem the release of fresh water from a midlatitude estuary to the continental shelf is modelled numerically as a Rossby adjustment problem using a primitive equation model. As the initial salinity front is relaxed, a first baroclinic mode Kelvin wave propagates into the estuary, while along the continental shelf, the disturbance travels in the direction of coastally trapped waves but with a relatively slow propagation speed. When a submarine canyon extends offshore from the estuary, the joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief provides forcing for barotropic flow. The disturbance now propagates along the shelf at the first coastally trapped wave mode phase speed, and the shelf circulation is significantly more energetic and barotropic than in the case without the canyon. For both the experiments with and without a canyon an anticyclonic circulation is formed off the mouth of the estuary, generated by the surface outflow and deeper inflow over changing bottom topography. As the deeper inflow encounters shallower depth, the column of fluid is vertically compressed, thereby spinning up anticyclonically due to the conservation of potential vorticity. This feature is in qualitative agreement with the Tully eddy observed off Juan de Fuca Strait. A study of the reverse estuary (where the estuarine water is denser than the oceanic water) shows that this configuration has more potential energy available for conversion to kinetic energy than the normal estuary. Bass Strait may be considered as a possible reverse estuary source for the generation of coastally trapped waves. Model solutions are compared with field observations in the Bass Strait region and with the results of the Australian Coastal Experiment. The effects of a wider shelf and a wider estuary are examined by two more experiments. For the wider shelf, the resulting baroclinic flow is similar to that of the other runs, although the barotropic flow is weaker. The wide estuary model proves to be the most dynamic of all, with the intensified anticyclonic circulation now extending well into the estuary. In the second problem the effect of the horizontal structure of midlatitude oceanic heating on the stationary atmospheric response is examined by means of a continuously stratified model and a simple two level model, both in the quasigeostrophic β-plane approximation. Solutions are obtained for three non-periodic zonal heating structures (line source, segmented cosine, and segmented sine). Little difference is observed between the solutions for these two different models (continuously stratified and two level). There are two cases which emerge in obtaining analytic solutions. In case 1, for large meridional wavenumbers, there exists a large local response and a constant downstream response. In case 2, for small meridional wavenumbers, the far field response is now sinusoidal. A critical wavenumber separating these two cases is obtained. The effect of oceanic heating on the atmosphere over the Kuroshio region is examined in an attempt to explain the large correlations observed between winter Kuroshio oceanic heat flux anomalies, and the winter atmospheric surface pressure and 500 & 700 mb geopotential heights, both upstream and downstream of the heating region. In both models, the response is consistent with the observed correlations. When western North Pacific heating and eastern North Pacific cooling are introduced into the models, a large low pressure response is observed over the central North Pacific. This feature is in excellent agreement with the observed correlations. A time dependent, periodic, two level model (with and without surface friction) is also introduced in order to study the transient atmospheric response to oceanic heating. The height at which the thermodynamic equation is applied is found to be crucial in determining the response of this model. When the heating is entered into the model near to the surface, unstable modes are prevalent sooner than they would be when the heat forcing is applied at a higher level. As in the steady state models, two cases dependent on the meridional wavenumber ɭ emerge in the analysis. For small scale meridional heating structures (large ɭ), the response consists of an upper level high and a lower level low which propagate eastward with time. For large scale meridional heating structures (small ɭ) the response essentially consists of a wavenumber 3-4 perturbation superimposed on the solution for large ɭ.
Science, Faculty of
Mathematics, Department of
Graduate
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10

Kosempa, Michael. "Southern Ocean Transport by Combining Satellite Altimetry and Temperature/Salinity Profile Data." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6658.

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Zonal geostrophic velocity fields above 1975 dbar have been estimated for the Southern Ocean from 2004 to 2014 based on sea surface topography observed by Jason altimetry and temperature/salinity measured by Argo autonomous floats. The velocity at 1000 dbar estimated has been validated against Argo drift trajectory at the same pressure level available from the Asia Pacific Data Research Center (APDRC). Errors in mapping of dynamic ocean topography, temperature, and salinity have been quantified using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE). Analysis of errors reveals significant correlations between depth-dependent and –independent contributions to the integrated transport. Further analysis revealed optimal locations of historical ship casts to compliment the transport time series as observed by Argo. Quantifying the error associated with the historical hydrographic section indicated little benefit in combining hydrographic data obtained from ships. The anticorrelation between depth-dependent and – independent contributions was again significant in sampling by ships. The proposed explanation of the anticorrelation in error is underestimation of reference velocity by attenuation and overestimation of depth-dependent transport by attenuation of the velocity shear.
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Books on the topic "Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature"

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Donoso, Maria C. Upper ocean thermal structure of the eastern tropical Pacific. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 1994.

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2

Zhang, Jubao. Impacts of double-diffusive processes on the thermohaline circulation. Woods Hole, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, 1998.

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Zhang, Jubao. Impacts of double-diffusive processes on the thermohaline circulation. Woods Hole, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, 1998.

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Andrii͡a︡novich, Kuzʹmin Vitaliĭ, and Tikhookeanskiĭ okeanologicheskiĭ institut (Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR), eds. Tikhookeanskiĭ subarkticheskiĭ front: Struktura, dinamika, modelirovanie. Vladivostok: DVO AN SSSR, 1990.

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Liu, Cheng-yü. Time-dependent ventilated thermocline. Woods Hole, Mass: WHOI, 1991.

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Liu, Cheng-yü. Time-dependent ventilated thermocline. Woods Hole, Mass: WHOI, 1991.

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Stommel, Henry M. Collected works of Henry M. Stommel. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1995.

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Ladd, Carol A. Retrospective analysis of sea surface temperature in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Seattle, WA: United States Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2009.

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Ladd, Carol A. Retrospective analysis of sea surface temperature in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Seattle, WA: United States Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 2009.

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Zhongguo jin hai hai yang: Wu li hai yang yu hai yang qi xiang. Beijing Shi: Hai yang chu ban she, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature"

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Pinardi, N., S. Masina, A. Navarra, K. Miyakoda, and E. Masetti. "Global ocean data assimilation of temperature data: preliminary results." In Elsevier Oceanography Series, 395–400. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0422-9894(97)80048-7.

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"Island in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump." In Island in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump, edited by Richard Legeckis and Paul Chang. American Fisheries Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569230.ch3.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The animation of daily composites of sea surface temperatures (SST) from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) provides a new method for the detection of dynamics at the surface of the ocean. By rapidly viewing the daily SST composites of hourly images, it is possible for the human eye to separate the fast moving residual clouds from the slowly moving SST patterns associated with ocean currents, eddies, and upwelling. Although each individual daily composite is still partly cloud covered, the rapid display provides the appearance of continuity of the SST patterns. The GOES SST animations were used during 1998 and 1999 to monitor the time dependent deflection of the Gulf Stream due to a rise in bottom topography southeast of Charleston, South Carolina, locally known as the Charleston Bump. Examples of the sea surface temperature animations of the Gulf Stream appear at the website: http:// www. goes .noaa.gov
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Conference papers on the topic "Thermoclines (Oceanography) Ocean temperature"

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Shih, H. H., James Sprenke, David Trombley, John Cassidy, and Tom Mero. "Real-Time Current and Wave Monitoring Using Acoustic and Iridium Satellite Links." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79660.

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The U.S. National Ocean Service (NOS) of NOAA maintains and operates a Physical Oceanography Real Time System (PORTS®) in the Nation’s major ports, harbors and bays. The traditional method of obtaining real-time data from bottom mounted instruments is via underwater cable link. However, this is vulnerable to damage and costly to install and maintain. This paper describes an approach utilizing acoustic and Iridium satellite links to report in real-time wave and current data. The system consists of an ocean bottom instrumentation platform and a U.S. Coast Guard Aid-to-Navigation buoy for data relay. The bottom platform contains a Nortek 1 MHz Acoustic Wave and Current profiler (AWAC) with an integrated Nortek Internal Processor (NIP), a LinkQuest omni-directional UWM2000H underwater acoustic transmitting modem, an ORE acoustic release-based recovery component, and a Teledyne-Benthos UAT-376/EL acoustic transponder. The surface buoy supports an omni-directional UWM2000H receiving modem, an Iridium antenna, and an electronic box containing an Iridium modem, a controller, battery packs, and temperature and voltage sensors. The AWAC measures current profiles along the vertical water column at 30-minute intervals and surface waves at hourly intervals. The NIP processes a set of user selected wave and current parameters and sends these data to the controller on the surface buoy through acoustic modems. The data are then transmitted via Iridium satellite to remote offices in real-time. Sample measurement results and reference data from a near-by Datawell’s Waverider directional wave buoy are presented. The Waverider is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Several unique system design features and interesting wave phenomenon observed at the measurement site are discussed. The goal of this project is to demonstrate the performance of AWAC, NIP, shallow water acoustic modems, and Iridium satellite in real-time data telemetry.
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