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Wanis, Paul. "Thermocouple Measurements without Custom Electronics." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604537.
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ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaThermocouple measurements require “cold junction” compensation in order to obtain a correct reading. This compensation has traditionally been done with custom circuitry. In flight test applications where volume and power are at a premium (e.g. weapons flight test) it is desirable to have a more flexible solution that uses standard analog data acquisition channels already available as part of the encoder circuitry and performs compensation with remote software. This can be done via digital compensation, but certain measures must be taken to maintain accuracy and minimize noise. This paper describes some of these techniques and their performance tradeoffs.
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Kar, K. C. "Three-thermocouple technique for fluctuating temperature measurement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403757.
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Hung, P. C. F. "Two-thermocouple based sensor characterisation and temperature reconstruction." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426790.
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MONTEIRO, MARCELO DOS SANTOS. "METROLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF THERMOELECTRIC STABILITY IN AUPT THERMOCOUPLE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3668@1.
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Em 1990, com a adoção da Escala Internacional de
Temperatura de 1990, o termopar de platina e platina/ródio
deixou de ser o instrumento de interpolação entre 630 graus Celsius e
1064 graus Celsius, em virtude de sua pouca estabilidade, sendo a
partir daí utilizados o termômetro de resistência de
platina de alta temperatura (TRPAT) e o termômetro de
radiação. Este estudo realiza uma investigação prática das
características de um termopar de ouro e platina, ambos com
pureza superior a 99,999 por cento, no que diz respeito à sua
estabilidade termoelétrica e à homogeneidade de seus
termoelementos, questionando a possibilidade de seu uso
como alternativa ao emprego do TRPAT em processos de
medição que exijam grande exatidão com custo mais baixo.
Neste trabalho, o termopar estudado foi submetido a
temperaturas próximas ao seu limite máximo de operação, que
é de 1000 graus Celsius, por mais de 1500 horas, sendo avaliadas a sua
estabilidade e a sua homogeneidade em função do tempo de
uso, com o auxílio de uma célula de ponto fixo da prata do
Inmetro, que é um padrão primário de temperatura.In 1990, with the adoption of the International Temperature Scale of 1990, the platinum/platinum-rhodium thermocouple was removed as the interpolation instrument between 630 graus Celsius and 1064 Celsius degrees, due its low stability, in favor of the high temperature standard platinum resistance thermometer (HTSPRT) and the radiation thermometer. In this work, it is performed a practical investigation of the characteristics of a 99,999 percent purity gold-platinum thermocouple, concerning its thermoelectric stability and homogeneity of its thermoelements, questioning the possibility of its use as an alternative to the HTSPRT in measurement processes requiring high accuracy with lower costs. In this work, the test thermocouple was exposed to temperatures close to its upper limit (1000 Celsius degrees) for more than 1500 hours, being its stability and homogeneity evaluated as function of time, with aid of a silver fixed point cell from Inmetro, that is a temperature primary standard.
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Vedula, Ramakrishna. "Materials for High Temperature Thin Film Thermocouple Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46493.
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The thermocouple systems used for the measurement of surface temperature in high temperature applications such as advanced aerospace propulsion systems and diesel engine systems are expected to perform in rapidly fluctuating and extremely high heat fluxes corresponding to high temperatures (in excess of 1400 K) and high speed flows. Traditionally, Pt/Pt-Rh based thin film thermocouples have been used for surface temperature measurements. However, recent studies indicated several problems associated with these thermocouples at temperatures exceeding 1000 K, some of which include poor adhesion to the substrate, rhodium oxidation and reaction with the substrate at high temperatures. Therefore, there is an impending demand for thermoelectric materials that can withstand severe environments in terms of temperature and heat fluxes.
In this study, thin films of titanium carbide and tantalum carbide as well as two families of conducting perovskite oxides viz., cobaltites and manganates (La(1-x)SrxCoO3, M(1-x)Cax MnO3 where, M=La,Y) were investigated for high temperature thin film thermocouple applications as alternate candidate materials. Thin films of the carbides were deposited by r.f. sputtering while the oxide thin films were deposited using pulsed laser ablation. Sapphire (1102) was used as substrate for all the thin film depositions. All the thin films were characterized for high temperature stability in terms of phase, microstructure and chemical composition using x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis respectively. Electrical conductivity and seebeck coefficients were measured in-situ using a custom made device.
It was observed that TiC/TaC thin film thermocouples were stable up to 1373 K in vacuum and yield high and fairly stable thermocouple output. The conducting oxides were tested in air and were found to be stable up to at least 1273 K. The manganates were stable up to 1373 K. It was observed that all the oxides studied crystallize in a single phase perovskite structure. This phase is stable up to annealing temperatures of 1373 K. The predominant electrical conduction mechanism was found to be small polaron hopping. Stable and fairly high electrical conductivities as well as seebeck coefficients accompanied with phase, structure, composition and microstructure stability indicate that these materials hold excellent promise for high temperature thin film thermocouple applications.Master of Science
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Ongrai, Oijai. "New approaches to improve thermocouple thermometry to 2000°C." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556493.
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Thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors and convenient high temperature transfer standards. However, the achievable accuracy is limited by the effects of inhomogeneity, drift and contamination. The work reported in this thesis focuses on approaches to reduce the uncertainty of temperature measurement with thermocouples up to 2000 QC. These approaches are qualification of new thermocouple types and the investigation of two approaches to self-calibration at high temperatures utilising recently developed high temperature fixed points whose transition temperatures are in excess of the Cu fixed point (1084 QC). Robust high performance elemental thermocouples (Pt/Pd) have been developed and a comparative study performed relative to more conventional types to quantitatively demonstrate the enhanced performance of the new thermocouple. It was found that the Pt/Pd thermocouple showed substantially better stability and lower homogeneity than the two type R thermocouples during a 500 h ageing programme at 1350 QC. The special type R thermocouple, which was given the same preparatory treatment as the Pt/Pd thermocouple, showed better stability and homogeneity than the normal type R thermocouple, The development of in-situ calibration methods is described. The initial development of the "integrated cell" method where the mini-fixed point cells are integrated and formed into a measurement junction was investigated. Four fixed point materials were investigated; Ag (962 QC) and the metal-carbon eutectic fixed point cells of Co-C (1324 QC), Fe-C (1153 QC) and Pd-C (1492 QC). It was found that this approach is significantly influenced by the thermal gradient within the furnace. Nonetheless, the experimental results show good repeatability of melting plateaux for monitoring calibration drift of the sensor in-situ. Because this approach is restricted to bare wire thermocouples it cannot be easily used above 1500 QC hence a different "immersion cell" approach was followed. In order to extend the possibility of self-calibration above 1500 QC, "immersion cells", for the in-situ calibration of mineral insulated metal sheathed WIRe thermocouples (type C), were developed. The refractory metal W/Re thermocouple, is widely used to at least 2300 QC in industry and hence an appropriate subject for study. The development and construction of immersion cells made from metal-carbon eutectic fixed points; Co-C (1324 QC), Pd-C (1492 QC), and Ru-C (1954 QC) is discussed. A multi-mini cell for the WIRe thermocouple was also trialled. Given the significant drift observed with WIRe thermocouples it is clear that the immersion cell is required to reduce thermocouple temperature measurement uncertainty at high temperatures. These developments were supported by appropriate thermal modelling. This is described at the appropriate part of the relevant chapters.
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SOUZA, CESAR LEOPOLDO DE. "METROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THERMOELECTRIC STABILITY OF TYPE K THERMOCOUPLE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4386@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA presente Dissertação de Mestrado, intitulada Avaliação metrológica da estabilidade termoelétrica do termopar tipo K, refere-se à verificação de desvios de estabilidade da força eletromotriz induzidos pelo uso de termopares tipo k com isolação mineral de 3mm de diâmetro. Foram analisadas oito amostras de quatro fabricantes nacionais de termopares, após sua exposição a um campo de temperatura de 995 diferente de 0,5 graus Celsius, portanto próximo ao seu limite de aplicabilidade (1070 graus Celsius), simulando uma condição de uso em regime contínuo. As amostras foram recozidas a uma temperatura de 1000 graus Celsius para regularizar o estado de tensão antes dos ensaios realizados e suas condições físico-químicas avaliadas antes dos experimentos, com base em analises química e metalográficas. As variações da força eletromotriz, induzidas pelo uso, foram avaliadas com base em calibrações que antecederam e sucederam a exposição das amostras ao campo de temperatura previamente determinado, realizadas contra temperaturas de referência obtidas pelo uso de seis células de pontos fixos (Ag, Al, Zn, Sn, In e Ga). Como contextualização, a dissertação também apresenta um breve histórico relacionado à medição da temperatura e ao uso de termopares tipo K, além de fundamentar a teoria que sustenta o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, suas conclusões, estabelecendo, assim, as bases para recomendações de novos trabalhos neste campo. Como resultado central da investigação conduzida, comprovou- se que, para as condições de trabalhos impostas (calibração em células de ponto fixo e exposição à temperatura de 995 graus Celsius em regime contínuo), todas as amostras apresentaram desvios nas suas curvas de calibração que variam na faixa de 0,2 a 4,0 graus Celsius, explicitando intervalos superiores às expectativas dos usuários. O período de vida dos experimentos completou-se com um intervalo de tempo de 134 h de submissão ao campo de temperatura. A pesquisa é de relevância no contexto industrial e científico pelo fato de o termopar tipo K representar cerca de 70 por cento do mercado brasileiro de termopares, e ser uma expectativa e recomendação do Instituto Nacional de Metrologia do Brasil, o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO).
The present masters dissertation entitled Metrological Assessment of Thermoelectric Stability of Type K Thermocouple, refers to the verification of stability deviations in the electromotive force induced by the use of type K thermocouple with 3mm diameter mineral insulation. Eight samples from four national thermocouples manufacturers were analyzed, after their exposure to a 995 different to 0,5 temperature field, thus very close to its applicability threshold (1070 Celsius degree), simulating a continuous regime condition of use. The samples were annealed at 1000 Celsius degree to regulate the strain state before the tests; their physical-chemical conditions were assessed before the essays based on chemical and metallographic analyses. The variations in electromotive forces induced by use were assessed based on calibrations made before and after the exposure of the samples to the temperature field previously determined,performed against reference temperatures obtained with the use of six fixed- point cells (Ag, Al, Zn, Sn, In and Ga). The dissertation also presents a brief history on temperature gauging and the use of type K thermocouples, in addition to showing the basis of the theory that supports research development, its conclusions, thus establishing the basis for recommendations of new research in this field. The main result of the research carried out enabled us to prove that, for the imposed working conditions (calibration on fixed-point cells and exposure to temperatures of 995 Celsius degree under a continuous regime), all the samples presented deviations in their calibration curves which varied from 0.2 to 4.0 Celsius degree, which made explicit higher intervals than those expected by the users. The test s lifetime was completed with a 134 hour time interval submission to the temperature field. The research is relevant in the industrial and scientific context because type K thermocouples represent approximately 70percent of the Brazilian thermocouple market, and because it is an expectation and a recommendation of the National Metrology Institute of Brazil - the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia,Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO).
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Brown, Colin. "System identification applied to dual-thermocouple transient temperature measurement." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517017.
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Genix, Michaël. "Mesures thermiques locales par thermocouple intrinsèque en modes contact et non contact." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA2005.
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Cette thèse, au sein du département Micro Nano Sciences et Systèmes du laboratoire FEMTO-ST, s'inscrit dans le développement de la microscopie thermique. Nous avons proposé d'étudier la mesure locale par thermocouple intrinsèque en modes contact et non contact. L'originalité de ces méthodes est qu'elles font intervenir l'échantillon conducteur comme l'un des éléments du couple thermoélectrique. La première partie de ces travaux a consisté à concevoir, réaliser et mesurer des étalons thermiques indispensables au développement d'un principe de mesure thermique. La seconde partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à la conception et à la réalisation de sondes locales spécifiquement dédiées à la mesure par thermocouple intrinsèque. Plusieurs architectures différentes ont été proposées et nous avons montré les résultats de caractérisation obtenus ainsi que les limitations de cette méthode intrinsèque. Enfin, la dernière partie de ces travaux a été dédiée à la mise en place d'un microscope à forces électrostatiques. Celui-ci permet la quantification de la Différence de Potentiel de Contact sans contact entre la sonde et l'échantillon de test. Celui-ci a permis de présenter les premières mesures de la variation de l'énergie de surface en fonction de la températureThis thesis has been carried out at the department MN2S of the laboratory FEMTO-ST. It has been devoted to the study of thermal microscopy. We have investigated local measurement methods by intrinsic thermocouple in contact mode and non contact mode. The originality of these methods is the fact that the conductive device under test acts as an element of the thermoelectric couple. The first part of this work was to design, implement and calibrate thermal standards necessary in order to develop a thermal metrology principle. The second part of this thesis was dedicated to design and fabricate special probes to investigate the intrinsic thermocouple method. We have proposed different probe designs and complete measurement results, as well as the limitations of this intrinsic method. Eventually, the third part has dealt with assembling an electrostatic force microscope. This microscope allows the quantification of the Contact Potential Difference without contact between the probe and the device under test. The first experimental results are described showing the temperature dependence of the surface energy
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Holmström, Marcus. "Design of a Carbon Fiber Thermocouple for Elevated Temperature Measurements." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279105.
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Thermocouples are one of the most commonly used instruments for thermometry at elevated temperatures. As of today, there are only a few types of thermocouples that are built to withstand a temperature beyond 1600 °C,however they usually have a temperature measurement uncertainty of around 1% at these high temperatures. Beyond the 1600 °C temperature span, most high temperature thermocouples tend to drift in the measurements, causing it to output a faulty and inaccurate read of the actual temperature. This thesis explores the usage of carbon fibers as a material to be used in thermocouples, by the combination of two dissimilar carbon fibers. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and rayon based fibers were used up to a temperature of 200 °C, where the output voltage of the thermocouple was logged. The study shows a promising and stable linear output of the electromotive force for this type of thermocouple using commercially available carbon fibers at lower temperatures. A comparison is made between the commonly used thermocouples type K and S, results shows that the carbon thermocouple have around 21% of the thermoelectrical efficiency of that of a type K or S thermocouple at 25 °C. For the case of its functionality at higher temperatures, similar graphite material has been studied through literature and found a potential increase in the thermoelectrical stability at higher temperatures beyond 2000 °C, which show that carbon-based thermocouples are well suited for high temperature measurements.Termoelement är ett av de mest använda instrumenten för temperaturavläsning vid upphöjda temperaturer. Idag finns det bara några få typer av termoelement som är byggda för temperaturer över 1600 ℃, däremot innehar dom vanligtvis en temperaturmätnings osäkerhet på cirka 1% vid dessa höga temperaturer. Över 1600 ℃ temperaturintervallet har de flesta högtemperatur termoelement en tendens att skifta i mätningarna vilket orsakar en felaktig och inexakt mätning av den faktiska temperaturen. Denna avhandling undersöker användningen av kolfiber som ett material för användning i termoelement, genom kombinationen av två olika grafitfibrer. Polyacrylonitrile- (PAN) och Rayon-baserade fibrer användes i en sammansatt kombination upp till en temperatur av 200 ℃, där spänningen mättes mot temperaturen. Studien visar en lovande och stabil linjär effekt av dess elektromotoriska spänning för denna typ av termoelement med kommersiellt tillgängliga kolfibrer vid lägre temperaturer. En jämförelse görs mellan de vanliga termoelementen av typ K och S vid rumstemperaturer, resultaten visar att grafittermoelementen har cirka 21% av den termoelektriska effektiviteten hos den för en typ K eller S termoelement vid 25 ℃. När det gäller dess funktionalitet vid högre temperaturer har liknande grafitmaterial studerats och funnit en potentiell ökning av den termoelektriska stabiliteten vid högre temperaturer över 2000 ℃, vilket visar att grafitbaserade termoelement gör sig väl lämpade för högtemperaturmätningar.
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Scattergood, Thomas R. "A dual-junction thermocouple probe for compensated temperature measurement in reacting flows." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040304/.
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Weckmann, Stephanie. "Dynamic Electrothermal Model of a Sputtered Thermopile Thermal Radiation Detector for Earth Radiation Budget Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37014.
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The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a program sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aimed at evaluating the global energy balance. Current scanning radiometers used for CERES consist of thin-film thermistor bolometers viewing the Earth through a Cassegrain telescope.
The Thermal Radiation Group, a laboratory in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, is currently studying a new sensor concept to replace the current bolometer: a thermopile thermal radiation detector. This next-generation detector would consist of a thermal sensor array made of thermocouple junction pairs, or thermopiles. The objective of the current research is to perform a thermal analysis of the thermopile. Numerical thermal models are particularly suited to solve problems for which temperature is the dominant mechanism of the operation of the device (through the thermoelectric effect), as well as for complex geometries composed of numerous different materials. Feasibility and design specifications are studied by developing a dynamic electrothermal model of the thermopile using the finite element method. A commercial finite element-modeling package, ALGOR, is used.Master of Science
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Klug, Jeferson Leandro. "Crystallisation control for fluorine-free slags using the single hot thermocouple technique." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61400.
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Patel, Zaheed. "Heat transmission along the surface of dental implant." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5032_1310989960.
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Objectives: Temperature changes along an implant body have not been widely studied. The objectives of this in vitro study were (i) to establish if the temperature of the abutment influences the temperature of the implant surface, (ii) to establish the temperature transmission from abutment to implant body, and (iii) to establish for what abutment temperature the critical time/temperature threshold of 47oC for 1 minute at implant level is reached.
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Johnson, August Nathan Fletcher. "CORRECTION OF TRANSIENT SOLID-EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLE DATA WITH APPLICATION TO INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION." MSSTATE, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04072005-104434/.
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The current research investigates the use of solid-embedded thermocouples for determining accurate transient temperature measurements within a solid medium, with emphasis on measurements intended for use in inverse heat conduction problems. Metal casting experiments have been conducted to collect internal mold temperatures to be used, through inverse conduction methods, to estimate the heat exchange between a casting and mold. Inverse conduction methods require accurate temperature measurements for valid boundary estimates. Therefore, various sources of thermocouple measurement uncertainty are examined and some suggestions for uncertainty reduction are presented. Thermocouple installation induced bias uncertainties in experimental temperature data are dynamically corrected through the development and implementation of an embedded thermocouple correction (ETC) transfer function. Comparisons of experimental data to dynamically adjusted data, as well as the inverse conduction estimates for heat flux from each data set, are presented and discussed.
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Kassim, Hamida Omowunmi. "The development of simulation models for food process operations." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245061.
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The development of a simulation strategy and modelling algorithm with potential application to a variety of food process operations, particularly to thermal processing of canned foodstuffs has been undertaken. A review of published work identified previous efforts in the development of mathematical models for thennal process operations, including their limitations. The review showed that Finite Difference methods have found wide application in modelling conduction heating of canned foods. A similar model would be a useful numerical yardstick for validating any developments in this work. The great diversity of food handling operations have been grouped into a more manageable small number of classes. Such classification recognised that sets of related operations share common characteristics and functions which are the basis for the development of mathematical models for each class of operations. The strategy developed involved hierarchical decomposition of unit operations into assemblies of basic modules and mathematical modelling of these basics. A model of the operation can then be constructed simply by selecting and arranging the required basic units with due consideration to the boundary conditions of the physical problem. For transient operations with positional variation, these elementary modules have been termed "zones". The range of basic zones to model representative units have been identified. This hierarchical zone-model simulation has been demonstrated for heat transfer in a cylindrical container and for batch retort operation. The repeated use of the same unit modules for different operations makes this a flexible and robust strategy. The mathematics of zone-modelling has been developed for heat conduction in foodstuffs in cylindrical containers. To ensure accuracy, the numerical integration steps were rigorously monitored using mathematical procedures well-established for this purpose. The validity of the model has been tested against the analytical and implicit finite difference solutions. Generally, zone models agreed within 1 % of these standard yardsticks with the difference becoming negligible when sufficiently small integration steps or zone sizes were used. The effectiveness of zone-modelling as a simulation tool has been established using experimental data and the various sources of discrepancy between the model and experimental data accounted for. Thermocouple measurement errors have been found to have contributed most significantly to this discrepancy. Detailed analysis and modelling of thermocouple measurement errors has been carried out using zone-modelling to simulate the true experimental system which accounted for the presence of a thermocouple. The result has been an improved agreement between experiment and the zonemodel, and it also demonstrated the flexibility of the modelling technique. Further resuhs have shown that the discrepancy varied with thermocouple size and type. The contributions to error of temperature variability of, and of uncertainty in, thermophysical properties of the food were discussed. , The flexibility and robustness of zone-modelling have been further demonstrated using some practical situations including heat transfer to foodstuff in flexible packaging - such as sausage rolls, heat transfer in a food container with varying headspaces and the consequence of steam interruption during processing. Examples have been discussed of other transient processes that could similarly be modelled using this technique. The main achievements of this work include the application of hierarchical simulation and zonemodelling techniques to food processing and the development of a novel mathematical modelling technique which is more flexible than finite differences. Moreover, the applications of zonemodelling to the study of thermocouple errors, to the study of the consequences of steam interruption during thermal processing, and to heat transfer in foods in flexible containers, are developments of interest in food processing. It is concluded that the hierarchical simulation and zone modelling algorithm are robust and flexible techniques with potential applications in food process simulation .
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Campello, Damien. "Développement d'essais de ballonnement instrumentés pour la caractérisation et la simulation du fluage secondaire de gaines en Zr-4 dans des conditions thermo-mécaniques représentatives d'un APRP." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI138/document.
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L'étude réalisée au cours de cette thèse s'intéresse au fluage secondaire de gainages de Zircaloy-4 détendu dans des conditions représentatives d'un Accident de Perte de Réfrigérant Primaire (APRP) dans le circuit primaire d'un réacteur à eau pressurisée. Elle s'intègre dans le cadre du projet ANR PERFROI. Ce travail s'articule autour de trois axes que sont la conception d'essais de fluage à haute température et en pression interne sur des gaines, leur réalisation et exploitation, la modélisation de ces essais et la caractérisation du comportement au fluage secondaire de cet alliage, et l'étude du fluage secondaire d'éprouvettes de Zr-4 pré-oxydées. Le banc d'essai est conçu pour induire un chargement thermique hétérogène le long des éprouvettes tubulaires testées en utilisant un chauffage par induction. Le fluage à haute température des métaux est très dépendant de la température. Ce gradient thermique couplé à une pression interne mène alors à une déformation hétérogène de l'éprouvette dans l'axe du tube. En réalisant plusieurs chargements en pression interne, plusieurs conditions thermo-mécaniques sont appliquées en un seul essai. Les essais sont instrumentés de manière à mesurer les distributions cinématique et thermique dans une région de 20 mm située entre les spires de l'inducteur. Deux méthodes d'analyse d'images numériques sont adaptées dans ce but et ont été validées par des essais dédiés. Les essais sont modélisés sous le logiciel commercial ABAQUS6.11-2. Un recalage d'une loi de fluage secondaire est réalisé, par des calculs éléments finis intégrés dans un solveur de Gauss-Newton. Cette démarche est validée avec un essai virtuel puis appliquée à 9 essais réalisés sur des échantillons de Zr-4 vierge. Les résultats permettent de déterminer à la fois l'influence de la température et du chargement mécanique de manière fine pour la gamme de température et pression souhaitée. Ils mettent en évidence un changement brutal de comportement à une température de 810 °C, correspondant au début de la transition de la phase alpha vers un matériau biphasé. De plus, les exposants de Norton identifiés dans le domaine alpha pour des contraintes inférieures à 25 MPa sont de l'ordre de l'unité, et entre 4 et 5 pour les contraintes supérieures. Ces ordres de grandeurs sont respectivement associés dans la littérature à des mécanismes de fluage par diffusion et dislocation. Au-dessus de 810 °C, les caractéristiques associées dans la littérature à la superplasticité sont mis en évidence : l'exposant de Norton est compris entre 2,5 et 3,5 et l'énergie d'activation est supérieure à 300 kJ/mol. Des essais sont enfin menés sur des éprouvettes seulement pré-hydrurées, puis pré-oxydées et pré-hydrurées. Les mesures réalisées pendant ces essais sont associées à des métallographies pour mettre en évidence l'effet des couches de zircone et de phase alpha enrichie en oxygène sur la déformation de la gaine à 800 °CThe present work investigates the steady-state creep behavior of Stress Relieved Annealed Zircaloy-4 claddings under thermo-mechanical conditions simulating a Loss-Of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) in a primary loop of Pressurized Water Reactors. It is part of the PERFROI project focusing on the flow blockage within fuel rods bundle and its potential impact on the cool ability of a nuclear core reactor. The present work includes three main elements that are (a) the design, the performance and the processing of an innovative experiment, (b) the modeling of the tests and the determination of steady-state creep constitutive laws at temperatures ranging from 750 to 850 °C and (c) the preliminary study of the corrosion effect on the Zr-4 claddings creep behavior. An experiment addressing to heterogeneous thermal conditions was designed using an induction heating device. The creep behavior of metals at high temperatures is known to be very sensitive to the temperature. Under an internal pressurization of the cladding this thermal gradient induces its heterogeneous deformation. Using this configuration and three successive internal pressure loadings with a single experiment a lot of thermal mechanical conditions are available. Both thermal and kinematics full field measurements are performed into a 20 mm gauge length located between the induction coils using respectively near infra-red thermography and two dimensional digital image correlation. These two key digital image methods are assessed using dedicated experiments. The tests are modeled using the ABAQUS commercial software. The expected creep behavior law is updated using finite element model calculations included into a Gauss-Newton solver. The method was validated using virtual experiments and then applied to the actual tests. A high consistency between the experiments is obtained and is in agreement with available literature data. Norton exponent and activation energy maps are plotted into the thermal mechanical condition range of interest. These parameters highlight changes of dominant deformation mechanisms in the alpha-phase domain at a 26 MPa von Mises stress and of micro-structure at an 810 °C temperature (at which phase transformation is expected). In the mixed phase domain, the material parameters are similar to those associated in the literature data with super plasticity deformation mechanism. Finally, experiments are performed on pre-oxidized samples at 800 °C. The rupture of the outer zirconia and oxygen enriched alpha layers is observed during the test at a 1.1\% hoop strain
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Johansson, Anton, and Martin Drangel. "Measurements and Modelling for Heat Transfer Corrected Exhaust Gas Temperatures in a Gasoline Engine." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157637.
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This thesis is treating the modelling of a thermocouple (tc) to compensate forheat transfers due to convection, radiation and conduction when performingtemperature measurements in an SI-engine. An experiment plan was developedwhich covered experiments in an stc-rig and on a 4-cylinder SI-engine. The measurementsin the stc-rig was mainly to develop the model, while the measurementsin the engine lab was mainly to examine the characteristics of the engineand evaluate the modelled tc.Measurements with an exposed thin tip tc in the stc-rig showed a symmetricaltemperature profile in the pipe. By examining how the 1.5 mm tc behaved inthis environment with known gas temperature profile, the obtained knowledgecould be applied to cross-sectional measurements in the SI-engine. It was foundthat the temperature profile in the engine deviated from the temperature profilemeasured in the stc-rig. The temperature was higher near the top of the pipethan in the center and lower part. In the horizontal direction, the temperaturewas found to be constant.Conclusions drawn from measurements in the engine lab points to that the crosssectionaltemperature and mass flow profiles have a strong connection with theengine’s operation point. The cross-sectional profiles, along with respective profileover time, is crucial when estimating the energy content of an exhaust gaspulse.The inverted sensor model with optimized parameters could estimate the meanvalue of the measured gas temperature during stationary runs within 6 degC.
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Hizli, Cem. "Thermal Optimization of Veo+ Projectors (thesis work at Optea AB) : Trying to reduce noise of the Veo+ projector by DOE (Design of Experiment) tests to find anoptimal solution for the fan algorithm while considering the thermal specifics of the unit." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10382.
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The Veo+ projector is using a cooling system that consists of fan and blowers. This system is cooling the electronic components of the device and the lamp of the projector, however extracting a high noise. To lower this noise the rpm speeds (rotational speed) of the fan and blowers should be decreased. Thus, lowering the speed will result in higher temperature values in whole system (inside the device). While lowering the speed, the higher temperature values should be kept within the thermal design specifications of the electronic components. The purpose of this thesis work is to find an optimal solution with lower rpm speeds of the fan and blowers while keeping the temperatures of the various components of the device (touch temperature of the enclosure and electronic components) within the temperature design limits. Before testing the device to find the optimum state, the design limits of the device are determined. Then, by using the design of experiment methods like Taguchi, the optimum state for the device within the design specifications is obtained. Finally, additional tests are applied within the optimum state to demonstrate a fan algorithm as a final solution. While doing the experiments thermocouples are used for measuring the component temperatures.
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Reardon, Jonathan Paul. "Computational Modeling of Radiation Effects on Total Temperature Probes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64518.
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The requirement for accurate total temperature measurements in gaseous flows was first recognized many years ago by engineers working on the development of superchargers and combustion diagnostics. A standard temperature sensor for high temperature applications was and remains to be the thermocouple. However, this sensor is characterized by errors due to conduction heat transfer from the sensing element, as well as errors associated with the flow over it. In particular in high temperature flows, the sensing element of the thermocouple will be much hotter than its surroundings, leading to radiation heat losses. This in turn will lead to large errors in the temperature indicated by the thermocouple. Because the design and testing of thermocouple sensors can be time consuming and costly due to the many parameters that can be varied and because of the high level of detail attainable from computational studies, the use of advanced computational simulations is ideally suited to the study of thermocouple performance.
This work sought to investigate the errors associated with the use of total temperature thermocouple probes and to assess the ability to predict the performance of such probes using coupled fluid-heat transfer simulations. This was done for a wide range of flow temperatures and subsonic velocities. Simulations were undertaken for three total temperature thermocouple probe designs. The first two probes were legacy probes developed by Glawe, Simmons, and Stickney in the 1950's and were used as a validation case since these probes were extensively documented in a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) technical report. The third probe studied was developed at Virginia Tech which was used to investigate conduction errors experimentally. In all cases, the results of the computational simulations were compared to the experimental results to assess their applicability. In the case of the legacy NACA probes, it was shown that the predicted radiation correction compared well with the documented values. This served as a validation of the computational method. Next the procedure was extended to the conduction error case, where the recovery factor, a metric used to relate the total temperature of the flow to the total temperature indicated by the sensor, was compared. Good agreement between the experimental results was found. The effects of radiation were quantified and shown to be small. It was also demonstrated that computational simulations can be used to obtain quantities that are not easily measured experimentally. Specifically, the heat transfer coefficients and the flow through the vented shield were investigated. The heat transfer coefficients were tabulated as Nusselt numbers and were compared to a legacy correlation. It was found that although the legacy correlation under-predicted the Nusselt number, the predicted results did follow the same trend. A new correlation of the same functional form was therefore suggested. Finally, it was found that the mounting strut had a large effect on the internal flow patterns and therefore the heat transfer to the thermocouple. Overall, this work highlights the usefulness of computational simulations in the design and analysis of total temperature thermocouple sensors.Master of Science
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Kastner, Jakub. "Rozšíření senzorů kotle na biomasu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240889.
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Goal of this work is design and create extension data acquisition unit for existing system of heating boiler. Work is divided to theoretical and practical part. In theoretical part is mentioned methods of measuring temperature. Methods of measuring flue gas and placement of boilers into different classes according to standard ČSN EN 303-5:2013. The practical part deals with the design of schematic circuit for measuring the required parameters (lambda probe, thermocouple, measuring the light intensity using the photo-resist). Mechanical cover, testing created board under real conditions and the involvement of extension board into existing system of boiler. When commissioning the first version of the board appeared errors that were removed in the second version. In attempts to improve the operations of two boilers were found errors leading to the impossibility of any improvements.
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Parra, Fernando Trevisan Saez. "Fabricação e caracterização de termopares Cu/CuNixPy obtidos por deposição eletroquímica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-25092008-140736/.
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Neste trabalho foram estudadas deposições químicas de ligas CuNixPy e foram fabricados termopares Cu/CuNixPy sobre superfícies de lâminas de silício. Inicialmente, as superfícies foram pré-ativadas em uma solução diluída de ácido fluorídrico contendo PdCl2. Em seguida, foi empregado um banho químico alcalino diluído em água deionizada contendo 15 g/l NiSO4.6H2O; 0,1 a 0,3 g/l CuSO4.5H2O; 15 g/l Na2HPO2.H2O e 60 g/l Na3C6H5O7.2H2O na temperatura de 80OC sendo que NH4OH foi adicionado até que o pH do banho atingisse o valor de 8,0. Verificamos que a concentração do sal de cobre na solução de deposição afeta substancialmente a quantidade de cobre nos depósitos de CuNixPy. As concentrações planares e as composições dos filmes depositados foram obtidas através da técnica de espectrometria de retroespalhamento de Rutherford (RBS) e a morfologia superficial foi caracterizada através da técnica de microscopia de força atômica (AFM). A solução: 15 g/l NiSO4.6H2O + 0,3 g/l CuSO4.5H2O + 15 g/l Na2HPO2.H2O + 60 g/l Na3C6H5O7.2H2O + NH4OH (pH 8.0) na temperatura de 80OC foi a escolhida na obtenção da liga CuNiP0,5 para a construção de termopares Cu/CuNiP0,5 os quais apresentaram potência termoelétrica de aproximadamente (866) V/oC semelhante aos valores típicos apresentados na literatura para Cu/CuNi.In this work, it was studied chemical depositions of CuNixPy alloys and it was fabricated Cu/CuNixPy thermocouples onto silicon wafer surfaces. Initially, surfaces were pre-activated in a diluted hydrofluoric acid solution containing PdCl2. Following, it was used a de-ionizedwater- diluted alkaline chemical bath containing 15 g/l NiSO4.6H2O; 0,1-0,3 g/l CuSO4.5H2O; 15 g/l Na2HPO2.H2O and 60 g/l Na3C6H5O7.2H2O at temperature of 80OC where NH4OH was added until ph was 8.0. The concentration of copper salt in the deposition solution greatly affected the Cu content of the CuNixPy deposits. Areal concentration and composition were measured by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and surface morphology was characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The solution: 15 g/l NiSO4.6H2O; 0.3 g/l CuSO4.5H2O; 15 g/l Na2HPO2.H2O; 60 g/l Na3C6H5O7.2H2O; NH4OH (pH 8.0) at the temperature of 80OC was chosen to obtain the CuNiP0.5 alloy to fabricate Cu/CuNiP0.5 thermocouples with thermoelectric power of about (866) V/oC, which is similar to the typical values reported in literature for Cu/CuNi.
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Mentré-Le, Sant Véronique. "Amelioration des methodes de mesure du flux par la technique des temperatures superficielles." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066416.
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Probleme de la variation des caracteristiques thermiques des materiaux avec la temperature et des effets de la geometrie de la maquette lors de dla determination des flux thermiques par convection en soufflerie hypersonique. Presentation de la technique utilisee pour l'etalonnage thermique et de differentes methodes numeriques de depouillement adaptees aux conditions d'essai
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Toullier, Sebastien. "Developpement de Sondes Thermoelectriques pour applications de type champ Proche." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613255.
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L'évolution vers le monde des nanotechnologies croît actuellement très rapidement. Ces technologies sont présentes dans de nombreux secteurs d'activités allant de l'automobile à la recherche, mais sont encore bien méconnues dans leurs aspects fondamentaux du domaine industriel et scientifique. Nombreux sont les process industriels faisant appel à la température : chauffage, cuisson, traitement thermique, fusion, etc. Les procédés mis en œuvre pour la contrôler et la réguler forment un ensemble complet, la chaîne de mesure thermique. En première ligne, au cœur du process, le capteur constitue l'élément sensible de cette chaîne. Depuis un demi siècle, les techniques de microscopies évoluent pour caractériser la matière et comprendre les phénomènes locaux. Afin de mieux maîtriser cette compréhension les microscopies thermiques ont vu le jour pour déterminer également à l'échelle locale la température afin de connaître le niveau d'énergie. La sonde utilisée est également au cœur du problème. La conception jusqu'au développement de cette nouvelle sonde s'appuie sur des technologies hybrides basées sur des techniques de dépôts en salles blanches ainsi que sur des techniques classiques d'élaboration de thermocouples. La sonde réalisée, certes intrusive, permet d'allier la mesure de températures aux contacts de matériaux et d'offrir la possibilité d'être une sonde active. Elle pourra notamment compléter les sondes actuellement proposées en microscopie de champ proche.
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McCauley, Jason. "Route 33 flexible pavement instrumentation project: Structural performance of a flexible pavement due to various bases." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1179256950.
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McEachern, Travis. "DETERMINING HEAT PRODUCTION OF BLACK SOLDERI FLY LARVAE, HERMETIA ILLUCENS, TO DESIGN REARING STRUCTURES AT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/62.
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Due to their small size and ectothermic biology, the heat production of insects and insect larvae is hard to quantify. However, knowing the amount of heat production, as well as ammonia production of insects may be beneficial for commercial production of valuable insect species. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are of interest in the agricultural industry because they quickly consume organic waste and have high amounts of protein and fat in their bodies. It has been proposed that BSFL be used to manage livestock waste, while serving as a high-protein feed source for livestock animals. To efficiently rear BSFL, it is necessary to design rearing facilities, which maintain optimal conditions for the larvae. To design such a facility, it is necessary to know the amount of heat and ammonia that BSFL produce.
A gradient calorimeter was used to measure the heat and ammonia production rates of black soldier fly larvae. The study determined that BSFL heat production changes significantly with the age and weight of the larvae. Aggregations produce the most total heat when larvae are older and larger. The study also found that larvae produce less heat per individual and per gram of body weight as they grow. Larvae also produce significantly different amounts of heat depending on the size of the groups they are in, and do not produce consistent amounts of heat per individual or per gram of body weight, even if maintained at a consistent population density. Larvae in group sizes of 100, 300, and 500 produced an average and standard deviation of 0.00107±0.000295, 0.00067±0.00014, and 0.00049±0.00020 W/larva, respectively. Likewise, larvae in groups of 100, 300 and 500 produced an average of 0.01826±0.00010, 0.01023±0.00565, and 0.00575±0.00371 W/g, respectively. The differences in heat produced per individual and per gram is troublesome when trying to estimate a total heat production for large populations.
The largest heat production rate observed in this study was 0.407 W, and was produced by a group of 500 BSFL. Frass analysis indicated that between 4.80 and 7.79 lbs of ammoniacal-nitrogen is emitted for every ton of frass produced. These data could be used to estimate the total heat and ammonia produced from a larger population of BSFL being reared inside a closed facility, allowing engineers to design HVAC systems to keep the larvae at their optimal growing condition year-round. Placing BSFL rearing accommodations at livestock facilities could be beneficial to livestock, poultry, and fishery producers, because BSFL can be used to dispose of animal wastes and are also a good source of protein-rich animal feed.
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Stránský, Marek. "Měření povrchových teplot ve strojírenství." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231656.
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This work deals with contact and non-contact methods of surface temperature measurement. The work contains a list and formulations of basic terms and laws of thermodynamics. Furthermore, the work deals with the description and comparison of the properties and use of certain devices for contact and non-contact surface temperature measurement. The experimental part is focused on dependence of the turning speed on the turning knife thermal stress. Subsurface thermocouples, surface thermocouples and thermovision were used for the temperature detection. The subsurface temperatures were afterwards used (as data inputs) for the inverse calculation of surface temperatures. All results obtained were then compared to each other.
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Zhang, Yanli [Verfasser], Robert [Gutachter] Vaßen, and Detlev [Gutachter] Stöver. "Development of embedded thermocouple sensors for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by a laser cladding process / Yanli Zhang. Gutachter: Robert Vaßen ; Detlev Stöver." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110905128X/34.
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Assaf, Farouk A. Amin. "The detection of acoustically-induced cavitation in water, blood plasma and whole blood in vitro, by means of a heated thermocouple array." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020511.
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My thesis is composed of two parts. A method for the detection of bubbles using thermal sensors was developed and tested in the first part, and the measurement of intensity thresholds for cavitation in liquids is emphasized in the second. A heated thermocouple array for use as a bubble detector has been developed in this study. The array is a multi-junction probe with a heater situated close to the array. When the heated thermocouple array is placed in a sonicated liquid at a temperature below that of the array, heat losses from the sensor will be modified (increased or decreased) by the presence of gas bubbles close to the site of an individual junction by virtue of the different thermal conductivities of gases and liquids, and because of ultrasound scattering by the bubbles. The sudden appearance of gas bubbles in a liquid close to a heated thermocouple junction should therefore lead to temperature fluctuations whose magnitude will depend on the size and position of the bubbles relative to the ultrasound transducer and to the detector. The output of each thermocouple was fed to an amplifier. This circuit also compensated for room temperature changes and processed the sensor signal to give a digital reading of temperature on digital display. This detecting circuit also called a multi-point sensor was constructed by Assaf, Watmough and Robertson (1986). The heated thermocouple array was first tested in liquid flowing down a pipe which demonstrated its ability to detect single bubbles over a range of sizes. Bubbles generated by ultrasound in liquids (water, blood plasma, and whole blood) were detected by the means of the heated thermocouple array. The intensity thresholds for cavitation in liquids in vitro has been measured using the heated probe and also by a doppler probe for comparison. The dependence of the intensity thresholds in dissolve gases has been considered. The construction of multi-junction probes by argon arc welding is also described.
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Takeyama, Mao. "Convective heat transfer of saturation nucleate boiling induced by single and multi-bubble dynamics." Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/261621.
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Diefenderfer, Brian Keith. "Moisture Content Determination and Temperature Profile Modeling of Flexible Pavement Structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27492.
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A majority of the primary roadways in the United States are constructed using hot-mix asphalt (HMA) placed over a granular base material. The strength of this pavement system is strongly influenced by the local environmental conditions. Excessive moisture in a granular base layer can cause that layer to lose its structural contribution by reducing the area over which loading may be distributed. Excessive moisture and fine particles can be transported by hydrostatic pressure to the surface layers, thus reducing the strength of the overlying HMA by contamination. Moisture in the surface HMA layers can cause deterioration through stripping and raveling. In addition, as HMA is a viscoelastic material, it behaves more as a viscous fluid at high temperatures and as an elastic solid at low temperatures. Between these two temperature extremes, a combination of these properties is evident. Thus, understanding the environmental effects on flexible pavements allows better prediction of pavement performance and behavior under different environmental conditions.
As part of the ongoing pavement research at the Virginia Smart Road, instrumentation was embedded during construction to monitor pavement response to loading and environment; moisture content of the granular base layers and temperature of the HMA layers were among the responses monitored. The Virginia Smart Road, constructed in Blacksburg, Virginia, is a pavement test facility is approximately 2.5km in length, of which 1.3km is flexible pavement that is divided into 12 sections of approximately 100m each. Each flexible pavement section is comprised of a multi-layer pavement system and possesses a unique structural configuration. The moisture content of aggregate subbase layers was measured utilizing two types of Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) probes that differed in their mode of operation. The temperature profile of the pavement was measured using thermocouples.
Data for the moisture content determination was collected and results from two probe types were evaluated. In addition, the differences in the moisture content within the aggregate subbase layer due to pavement structural configuration and presence of a moisture barrier were investigated. It was shown that the two TDR probe types gave similar results following a calibration procedure. In addition to effects due to pavement structure and subgrade type, the presence of a moisture barrier appeared to reduce the variability in the moisture content caused by precipitation. Temperature profile data was collected on a continuous basis for the purpose of developing a pavement temperature prediction model. A linear relationship was observed between the temperature given by a thermocouple near the ground surface and the pavement temperature at various depths. Following this, multiple-linear regression models were developed to predict the daily maximum or minimum pavement temperature in the HMA layers regardless of binder type or nominal maximum particle size. In addition, the measured ambient temperature and calculated received daily solar radiation were incorporated into an additional set of models to predict daily pavement temperatures at any location. The predicted temperatures from all developed models were found to be in agreement with in-situ measured temperatures.Ph. D.
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Hibshman, Randolph Joell II. "An Experimental Study of Soot Formation in Dual Mode Laminar Wolfhard-Parker Flames." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46521.
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An experimental study of sooting characteristics of laminar underventillated ethylene non-premixed flames in hot vitiated environments was performed using a modified Wolfhard-Parker co-flowing slot burner. The burner could be operated in "single mode" with a cold air/oxygen mixture as the oxidizer for the non-premixed flame or in varying degrees of "dual mode" where the products of lean premixed hydrogen/air/oxygen flames were used as the oxidizer for the non-premixed flame. Premixed flame stoichiometries of 0.3 and 0.5 were considered for the dual mode cases. Dual mode operation of the burner was intended to simulate the conditions of fuel rich pockets of gas burning in the wake of previously burned fuel/air mixture as typically found in real nonpremixed combustion devices.
Dual mode operation introduced competing thermal and chemical effects on soot chemistry. Experimental conditions were chosen to match peak nonpremixed flame temperatures among the cases by varying oxidizer inert (N2) concentration to minimize the dual mode thermal effect. In addition the molecular oxygen (post premixed flame for dual mode cases) and ethylene fuel flow rates were held constant to maintain the same overall equivalence ratio from case to case.
Thermocouple thermometry utilizing a rapid insertion technique and radiation corrections yielded the gas temperature field. Soot volume fractions were measured simultaneously with temperature using Thermocouple Particle Densitometry (TPD). Soot volume fraction, particle size and particle number density fields were measured using laser light scattering and extinction. Gas velocities were measured using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) on the non-premixed flame centerline by seeding the ethylene flow and calculated in the oxidizer flow stream. Porous sinters in the oxidizer slots prevented oxidizer particle seeding required for PIV measurements.
In general as the degree of dual mode operation was increased (i.e. increasing stoichiometry of the premixed flames) soot volume fractions decreased, particle sizes increased and soot particle number densities decreased. This trend is suspected to be result of water vapor elevating OH concentrations near the flame front in dual mode operation reducing soot particle nucleation early in the flame by oxidizing soot precursors. The larger particle sizes measured at later stages of dual mode flames are suspected to be the result of lower competition for surface growth species for the lower particle number densities in those flames. Integrated soot volume fraction and particle number fluxes at various heights in the flame decreased with increasing degree of dual mode operation.Master of Science
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Lundh, Joel. "Simulation and Evaluation of Two Different Skin Thermocouples : A Comparison made with Respect to Measured Temperature." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8519.
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The demand for more accurate measurements is increasing in today’s industry. One reason for this is to optimize production and thus maximize profits. Another reason is that in some cases government regulations dictate that supervision of certain parameters must be followed. At Preemraff Lysekil there are basically four reasons for measuring skin temperatures inside fired process heaters, namely; because of government regulations, in order to estimate the load of the fired process heater, to estimate the lifetime of the tubes inside the fired process heater and finally, to determine the need of decoking. However, only the first three of these reasons are applied to H2301/2/3. The current skin thermocouple design has been in use for many years and now the question of how well it measures surface temperature has risen. Furthermore a new weld-free design is under consideration to replace the old skin thermocouple design. Another question is therefore how well the new design can measure the surface temperature under the same operating conditions as the old one. In order to evaluate this, three–dimensional computer simulations were made of the different designs. As this thesis will show, the differences in calculated skin thermocouple temperature and calculated surface temperature is about the same for the two designs. However, the current design will show a lower temperature than the surface temperature, while the new design will show a higher temperature. Regarding the core of the skin thermocouple designs, namely the thermocouple, no hard conclusions can be drawn, although the industry appears to favor type ’N’ over type ’K’.
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Alanazi, Mohammed Awwad. "Non-invasive Method to Measure Energy Flow Rate in a Pipe." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103179.
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Current methods for measuring energy flow rate in a pipe use a variety of invasive sensors, including temperature sensors, turbine flow meters, and vortex shedding devices. These systems are costly to buy and install. A new approach that uses non-invasive sensors that are easy to install and less expensive has been developed. A thermal interrogation method using heat flux and temperature measurements is used. A transient thermal model, lumped capacitance method LCM, before and during activation of an external heater provides estimates of the fluid heat transfer coefficient h and fluid temperature. The major components of the system are a thin-foil thermocouple, a heat flux sensor (PHFS), and a heater. To minimize the thermal contact resistance R" between the thermocouple thickness and the pipe surface, two thermocouples, welded and parallel, were tested together in the same set-up. Values of heat transfer coefficient h, thermal contact resistance R", time constant �[BULLET], and the water temperature �[BULLET][BULLET], were determined by using a parameter estimation code which depends on the minimum root mean square RMS error between the analytical and experimental sensor temperature values. The time for processing data to get the parameter estimation values is from three to four minutes. The experiments were done over a range of flow rates (1.5 gallon/minute to 14.5 gallon/minute). A correlation between the heat transfer coefficient h and the flow rate Q was done for both the parallel and the welded thermocouples. Overall, the parallel thermocouple is better than the welded thermocouple. The parallel thermocouple gives small average thermal contact resistance average R"=0.00001 (m2.�[BULLET][BULLET]/W), and consistence values of water temperature and heat transfer coefficient h, with good repeatability and sensitivity. Consequently, a non-invasive energy flow rate meter or (BTU) meter can be used to estimate the flow rate and the fluid temperature in real life.MS
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Nguyen, Tran Phong. "Progrès en thermométrie quantitative aux échelles micro et nanométriques par microscopie thermique à balayage (SThM)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD010/document.
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Les caractérisations thermiques à l'échelle nanométrique restent un défi depuis l'émergence de dispositifs nano structurés. Ayant des avantages en termes de résolution latérale par rapport aux techniques de champ lointain, la microscopie thermique à balayage est devenue un outil essentiel pour la caractérisation locale des propriétés thermiques des matériaux. Dans le cadre du projet européen « Quantiheat », plusieurs laboratoires ont travaillé ensemble pour essayer de comprendre et d'obtenir des mesures quantitatives couvrant les échelles spatiales allant du micro au nanomètre.Ce document contient six chapitres avec quatre parties principales, dans lesquelles des sondes SThM à thermocouples microfilaires ont été utilisées pour améliorer nos connaissances en thermométrie quantitative à cette échelle. Ce type de sonde a été développé et amélioré pendant plusieurs années. Nous démontrons qu'il est adapté pour mesurer la température d’échantillons actifs ainsi que la conductivité thermique d’échantillons passifs.Grâce à la thèse, la dernière version du microscope (matériel, logiciel) et la conception de la sonde sont présentés. Fixé sur un diapason en quartz, la force de contact pointe-échantillon peut être quantifiée. Placé dans une chambre à vide, ce système permet un contrôle complet des paramètres prédominants sur la mesure, tels que la pression de l'air et la force de contact. Les mesures en modes actif et passif ont pu être menées grâce aux échantillons fournis par les partenaires du projet « Quantiheat » afin de démontrer que des mesures quantitatives sont envisageables. En changeant les conditions ambiantes allant du vide primaire à la pression ambiante, les mécanismes de transfert de chaleur de l'échantillon-pointe ont été analysés en détail pour mettre en évidence le rôle prépondérant de l'air et des conductions de contact solide-solideThermal characterizations at nano-scale remain a challenge since the emergence of nano-structured devices. Having advantages in term of lateral resolution compared to far field techniques, the scanning thermal microscopy has become an essential tool for local materials heat transport characterization. In the frame of the European Quantiheat Project, several laboratories have worked together trying to figure out and to obtain quantitative thermal measurements covering spatial scales from the micrometre to the nanometre.This document contains six chapters with four main parts, in which micro-wire thermocouple based SThM probes have been used to enhance our knowledge in quantitative thermometry at this scale. This kind of probe has been developed and improved for several years. We demonstrate that it is adapted for measuring temperature of active samples as well as thermal conductivity of passive samples.Through the dissertation, the last version of the microscope (hardware, software) and probe design are presented. Attached on a quartz tuning fork, the tip-sample contact force can be quantified. Placed in a vacuum chamber, this system permits a full control of predominant parameters on the measurement such as air pressure and contact force. Thanks to samples provided by Quantiheat partners, measurements in active and passive modes have been performed to demonstrate that quantitative measurements are feasible. By changing ambient conditions from primary vacuum to ambient pressure, the tip-sample heat transfer mechanisms have been analysed in detail to reveal the preponderant role of air and solid-solid contact conductions
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Ahn, Hee Seok. "Heat transfer enhancement in single-phase forced convection with blockages and in two-phase pool boiling with nano-structured surfaces." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5869.
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The first study researched turbulent forced convective heat (mass) transfer down-
stream of blockages with round and elongated holes in a rectangular channel. The
blockages and the channel had the same cross section, and a distance equal to twice
the channel height separated consecutive blockages. Naphthalene sublimation experiments were conducted with four hole aspect ratios (hole-width-to-height ratios) and
two hole-to-blockage area ratios (ratios of total hole cross-sectional area to blockage
area). The effects of the hole aspect ratio, for each hole-to-blockage area ratio, on the
local heat (mass) transfer distribution on the exposed primary channel wall between
consecutive blockages were examined. Results showed that the blockages with holes
enhanced the average heat (mass) transfer by up to 8.5 and 7.0 times that for fully
developed turbulent flow through a smooth channel at the same mass flow rate, respectively, in the smaller and larger hole-to-blockage area ratio (or smaller and larger
hole diameter) cases. The elongated holes caused a higher average heat (mass) transfer and a larger spanwise variation of the local heat (mass) transfer on the channel
wall than did the round holes.
The second study explored the heat transfer enhancement for pool boiling on
nano-structured surfaces. Experiments were conducted with three horizontal silicon surfaces, two of which were coated with vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with heights of 9 and 25 ùm, respectively, and diameters between
8 and 15 nm. The MWCNT arrays were synthesized on the two silicon wafers using
chemical vapor deposition. Experimental results were obtained over the nucleate boiling and film boiling regimes under saturated and sub-cooled (5ñC and 10ñC) boiling
conditions. PF-5060 was the test fluid. Results showed that the MWCNT array with
a height of 25 ùm enhanced the nucleate and film boiling heat fluxes on the silicon
surface by up to 380% and 60%, respectively, under saturated boiling conditions, and
by up to 300% and 80%, respectively, under 10ñC sub-cooled boiling conditions, over
corresponding heat fluxes on a smooth silicon surface. The MWCNT array with a
height of 9 ùm enhanced the nucleate boiling heat flux as much as the taller array,
but did not significantly enhance the wall heat flux in the film boiling regime.
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Bednár, Anton. "Využití bezdrátového měření teploty pro řízení rotační pece." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230894.
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This project tries to find out the possible solution for temperature measurement and control on the rotary calcinations kiln at PRECHEZA company, by using of new wirelessHART temperature transmitters.
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Larass, Nikos. "Caractérisation expérimentale des champs thermiques et dynamiques de la combustion dans une chaudière domestique modèle." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES004.
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Le but de cette étude expérimentale est la caractérisation détaillée de la combustion dans une chaudière modèle fonctionnant au gaz naturel. La température a été déterminée par thermocouples à fil fin, compensés numériquement pour les pertes par rayonnement et l'inertie du fil fin. Les thermocouples ont été protégés contre l'écoulement réactif à l'aide d'un revêtement d'oxydes inertes. Les mesures de vitesse ont été réalisées par la technique de vélocimétrie par images de particules. La précision de cette technique a été améliorée grâce a un post-traitement tenant compte des zones sans particules présentes dans un écoulement laminaire. Les champs thermiques et dynamiques obtenus ont permis de caractériser et de comparer différentes structures de flammes. Plusieurs flammes ont été étudiées : des flammes bidimensionnelles de type Bunsen partiellement et totalement prémélangées ainsi qu'une flamme en V. L'influence de la composition du prémélange et des conditions thermiques et dynamiques initiales a été mise en évidence. De plus, une analyse des fluctuations présentes dans l'écoulement a été réalisée. Enfin, l'effet de thermophorèse a été estimé pour différentes conditions et son influence sur les mesures de vitesse a été quantifiée.
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Vera-Sorroche, Javier. "Thermal homogeneity and energy efficiency in single screw extrusion of polymers : the use of in-process metrology to quantify the effects of process conditions, polymer rheology, screw geometry and extruder scale on melt temperature and specific energy consumption." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13965.
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Polymer extrusion is an energy intensive process whereby the simultaneous action of viscous shear and thermal conduction are used to convert solid polymer to a melt which can be formed into a shape. To optimise efficiency, a homogeneous melt is required with minimum consumption of process energy. In this work, in-process monitoring techniques have been used to characterise the thermal dynamics of the single screw extrusion process with real-time quantification of energy consumption. Thermocouple grid sensors were used to measure radial melt temperatures across the melt flow at the entrance to the extruder die. Moreover, an infrared sensor flush mounted at the end of the extruder barrel was used to measure non-invasive melt temperature profiles across the width of the screw channel in the metering section of the extruder screw. Both techniques were found to provide useful information concerning the thermal dynamics of the extrusion process; in particular this application of infrared thermometry could prove useful for industrial extrusion process monitoring applications. Extruder screw geometry and extrusion variables should ideally be tailored to suit the properties of individual polymers but in practise this is rarely achieved due the lack of understanding. Here, LDPE, LLDPE, three grades of HDPE, PS, PP and PET were extruded using three geometries of extruder screws at several set temperatures and screw rotation speeds. Extrusion data showed that polymer rheology had a significant effect on the thermal efficiency on the extrusion process. In particular, melt viscosity was found to have a significant effect on specific energy consumption and thermal homogeneity of the melt. Extruder screw geometry, set extrusion temperature and screw rotation speed were also found to have a direct effect on energy consumption and melt consistency. Single flighted extruder screws exhibited poorer temperature homogeneity and larger fluctuations than a barrier flighted screw with a spiral mixer. These results highlighted the importance of careful selection of processing conditions and extruder screw geometry on melt homogeneity and process efficiency. Extruder scale was found to have a significant influence on thermal characteristics due to changes in surface area of the screw, barrel and heaters which consequently affect the effectiveness of the melting process and extrusion process energy demand. In this thesis, the thermal and energy characteristics of two single screw extruders were compared to examine the effect of extruder scale and processing conditions on measured melt temperature and energy consumption. Extrusion thermal dynamics were shown to be highly dependent upon extruder scale whilst specific energy consumption compared more favourably, enabling prediction of a process window from lab to industrial scale within which energy efficiency can be optimised. Overall, this detailed experimental study has helped to improve understanding of the single screw extrusion process, in terms of thermal stability and energy consumption. It is hoped that the findings will allow those working in this field to make more informed decisions regarding set conditions, screw geometry and extruder scale, in order to improve the efficiency of the extrusion process.
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Dilhac, Jean-Marie. "Evaluation des traitements thermiques rapides infrarouges en microelectronique silicium." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30164.
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Le contenu de ce memoire porte sur la mise en oeuvre du recuit thermique rapide infrarouge au silicium. Apres un rappel de l'evolution des moyens de recuit en general, les aspects materiels de cette technique sont tout d'abord presentes. Les problemes de mesure et de controle de la temperature sont developpes: utilisation des thermocouples sous vide, influence de la convection, utilisation des pyrometres optiques a basse temperature. Deux exemples d'application sont ensuite abordes: le recuit post-implantation et l'oxydation rapide. Enfin, les utilisations futures possibles du recuit rapide sont discutees
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Gao, Yibin. "Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Se3 and Copper-Nickel Alloy." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420629394.
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Perůtka, Martin. "Mikroprocesorem řízený regulátor teploty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217258.
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The aim of the work was to design and carry out a microprocessor driven temperature controller which will be operated by PC or immediately by its own control panel. The controller should serve, for example, as a regulation of temperatures in rooms, in ovens where electrical energy is used for heat production. This controller is able to measure temperature through connected temperature sensors, which means a thermistor PT1000 and a thermocouple type K, and to regulate temperature by the help of a heating body connected to the power output part of the controller.In this piece of work there is an issue of temperature measuring by the help of thermocouples and thermistors analysed, there are also mentioned the means of controlling and switching of alternating electrical tension for power operating and analysis of an issue of device connection and communication by the help of RS232 interface and USB with PC. The work also deals with a design of PSD controller with its subsequent realisation. The controller is tested on a micro-condensational siccative oven developed for the UTB research in Zlín.
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Mužák, Jaroslav. "Měření teploty brzdového kotouče za jízdy vozidla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228259.
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Subject of this diploma work is to complete preliminary report of possibilities and problems with brake disks monitoring on moving vehicle. A vital condition is to choose appropriate temperature sensor as well as assembling complete measuring set and it’s fastening to the vehicle. Temperature readings from driving tests, after specific brake maneuvers, will be evaluate and according to them a sensor will be determined as appropriate or inappropriate for this kind of tests.
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Moreau, Jean-Alain. "Mesures par thermocouple de la temperature superficielle d'un materiau semi transparent soumis a un environnement naturel. Developpement d'un modele analogique applique a la correctin de ces mesures." Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0023.
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L'application d'un thermocouple a la surface d'un materiau semi transparent soumis a un environnement naturel ne va pas sans poser de difficultes. Ces dernieres sont dues a la modification des echanges aussi bien radiatifs, convectifs que conductifs au niveau de cette surface, mais aussi a l'interaction de ce capteur thermometrique dans son ensemble avec le milieu environnant. La temperature de surface ainsi mesuree est alors erronee. Un modele correctif a donc ete developpe par nos soins pour prendre en compte l'ensemble de ces echanges, et notamment ceux qui prennent naissance au niveau du thermocouple, pour lequel nous avons considere simultanement sa partie sensible et les fils de sa liaison materielle. Ce modele est base sur une analogie electrique. Une cellule type piece d'habitation nous a permis d'utiliser en configuration reelle un echantillon de polymethylmethacrylate (pmma), et ainsi de relever sa temperature de surface pour diverses conditions meteorologiques. Son mode de fabrication (polymerisation a froid d'une resine) autorise l'intrusion de trois thermocouples suivant son epaisseur. Combines avec un modele purement conductif decrivant les phenomenes de transport en son sein, ils fournissent l'expression complete du champ de temperature, qui apres extrapolation, donne la temperature de surface dite vraie. Les possibilites de correction de ce modele analogique sont ensuite envisagees par une comparaison entre la temperature de surface experimentale corrigee par le modele et la temperature de surface vraie. Celui-ci s'avere tout-a-fait adapte a une telle entreprise, puisqu'il permet, dans la grande majorite des cas, de retrouver cette derniere temperature a l'erreur de mesure pres
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Nowicki, Luiz Sérgio. "Uso de tecnologia de redes de sensores sem fio para levantamento do perfil de temperaturas em um forno tipo túnel experimental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-24092014-143134/.
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Atualmente as indústrias alimentícias brasileiras estão trabalhando para a conservação de energia, principalmente no setor industrial, com o uso de tecnologias mais eficientes voltadas para esta necessidade. Nesse sentido, a reestruturação tecnológica traz o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, reduzindo os gastos com energia e os impactos ambientais associados ao interesse dos consumidores na garantia e qualidade dos alimentos. No que se referem a alimentos assados, muitas indústrias usam forno tipo túnel. Sendo assim, entender o comportamento térmico de tais fornos é crucial para os programas que visam aperfeiçoar o controle dos gastos com energia, tanto quanto avaliar os impactos ambientais associados ao consumo dela e assim garantir a competitividade, cujo principal requisito é a produção de alimentos com qualidade de maneira sustentável. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo monitorar o perfil de temperatura em um forno tipo túnel de uma mini linha experimental de produção de biscoitos em tempo real, utilizando sensores de temperatura acoplados a um sistema de comunicação sem fio. A metodologia desenvolvida usa um sistema de aquisição de dados, no qual seis sensores termopar tipo K foram distribuídos em três zonas de aquecimento do forno. Estes termopares foram conectados a um dispositivo eletrônico denominado AD595 que fez o condicionamento do sinal e a saída do mesmo, a qual estava conectada a um sistema de transmissão que usa o protocolo Zigbee. Este protocolo Zigbee foi controlado por um software na linguagem Visual Basic versão 6.0. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que tal metodologia permitiu monitorar as temperaturas em tempo real das seis diferentes zonas de aquecimento do forno, permitindo assim obter o perfil ideal para cozimento.Currently Brazilian food industries are working to conserve energy, especially in the industrial sector with the use of more efficient technologies for this need. In this sense, the technological restructuring brings the development of new products, reducing energy costs and environmental impacts associated with consumer interest in quality assurance and food. As they relate to baked goods, many industries use tunnel kiln type. Therefore, to understand the thermal behavior of such furnaces is crucial for programs aimed at improving the control of energy expenditure as much as evaluating the associated environmental impacts her consumption and thus ensure competitiveness whose main requirement is the production of quality food sustainably. Within this context, this study aimed to monitor the temperature profile in an oven of an experimental mini biscuit production line in real time, using temperature sensors coupled to a wireless communication system type tunnel. The methodology developed uses a data acquisition system, in which six K-type thermocouple sensors were divided into three heating zones of the furnace. These thermocouples were connected to an electronic device called AD595 which made the signal conditioning and output the same, which was connected to a transmission system that uses the Zigbee protocol. This Zigbee protocol was controlled by software in visual basic language version 6.0. The results obtained showed that this methodology allowed monitor the temperatures in real time the six different heating zones of the furnace, thus allowing optimal for cooking profile.
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Masquère, Mathieu. "Etude du transfert d'énergie entre un arc électrique et un matériau." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30220.
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Pour de nombreuses applications industrielles (découpage, soudage) ainsi que dans de multiples situations où un arc électrique est créé (disjoncteurs haute et basse tension), la compréhension des mécanismes entrant en jeu lors de l'interaction arc – matériau occupe une place prépondérante qui conditionne l'efficacité des procédés. L'étude et la quantification du transfert d'énergie s'avèrent essentielles. Des travaux expérimentaux ont été menés sur une configuration d'arc transféré avec deux objectifs : (1) Etudier le transfert d'énergie arc – matériau, (2) valider les modèles décrivant l'interaction. Il a donc été mis en place une méthode inverse permettant, à partir de quelques points de température relevés à l'intérieur du matériau, de remonter au flux de chaleur transféré par l'arc à l'anode, ainsi qu'au champ de température dans le matériau. Ces résultats ont été complétés par des mesures spectroscopiques permettant d'obtenir le champ de température dans le plasmaIn some industrial uses (cutting out, soldering) as well as in many situations in which an electric arc is created (high/low-voltage circuit breaker). The understandings of the mechanisms which are involved during the interaction arc – material have a dominating role which affects the efficiency of the systems. Therefore, the analysis and the quantification of the energy transfer turn out to be essential. So, experimental works have been carried out on a transferred arc configuration. They have two goals: (1) Studying the heat transfer: arc – materials, (2) ratifying the patterns describing the interaction. All along this study, an inverse method has been elaborated. It permits, from a few points of temperature collected inside the material, to come back both to the heat flux transferred by the plasma to the anode and the temperature field inside the material. These results have been complemented by some spectroscopic measurements which permit to get the plasma temperature field
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Scervini, Michele. "Materials for thermocouples." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610862.
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Hennion, Françoise. "Etude des fluctuations des signaux des capteurs thermohydrauliques dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10126.
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Determination des frequences propres des fluctuations de pression par une representation acoustique du circuit primaire. Modelisation des fluctuations de temperature des thermocouples coeur par une methode de monte carlo
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Stojan, Radek. "Zařízení pro kontrolu velmi nízkých teplot při detekci defektů solárních článků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218375.
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This work deals with measuring of very low temperatures during the detection defects of solar cells by photoluminescence method. Liquid nitrogen is used to cooling solar cells. Properties of liquid nitrogen and safety of handling are described in this work. Themperature in cryo area is measured by the thermocouple senzors. A main part of this work was to concept and creation of equipment for themperature controling in cryo technique. This equipment signalling danger scorch in low temperatures. The device was created to complement work place for the detection defects of solar cells by photoluminescence method.
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Murphy, Thomas Joseph. "An analysis of the costs and benefit in improving the T56-A-427 interconnector harness end and mating thermocouple end connector under the aircraft engine Component Improvement Program (CIP)." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA284526.
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