Academic literature on the topic 'Thermodynamic cycles'

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Journal articles on the topic "Thermodynamic cycles"

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Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina. "Teaching Reitlinger Cycles To Improve Students' Knowledge And Comprehension Of Thermodynamics." MECHANICS, MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING JOURNAL. - ISSN 2412-5954 2016, no. 1 (2016): 78–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3367256.

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The second law of thermodynamics puts a limit on the thermal efficiency of heat engines. This limit value is the efficiency of the ideal reversible engine represented by the Carnot cycle. During the lectures on physics, the emphasis on this cycle is generally so strong that students could be induced to consider the Carnot cycle as the only cycle having the best thermal efficiency. In fact, an entire class of cycles exists possessing the same maximum efficiency: this class is that of the regenerative Reitlinger cycles. Here we propose to teach also these cycles to the engineering students of ph
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Bryant, Samuel J., and Benjamin B. Machta. "Energy dissipation bounds for autonomous thermodynamic cycles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 7 (2020): 3478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915676117.

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How much free energy is irreversibly lost during a thermodynamic process? For deterministic protocols, lower bounds on energy dissipation arise from the thermodynamic friction associated with pushing a system out of equilibrium in finite time. Recent work has also bounded the cost of precisely moving a single degree of freedom. Using stochastic thermodynamics, we compute the total energy cost of an autonomously controlled system by considering both thermodynamic friction and the entropic cost of precisely directing a single control parameter. Our result suggests a challenge to the usual unders
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Rashkovskiy, S. A. "Hamiltonian Thermodynamics." Nelineinaya Dinamika 16, no. 4 (2020): 557–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd200403.

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It is believed that thermodynamic laws are associated with random processes occurring in the system and, therefore, deterministic mechanical systems cannot be described within the framework of the thermodynamic approach. In this paper, we show that thermodynamics (or, more precisely, a thermodynamically-like description) can be constructed even for deterministic Hamiltonian systems, for example, systems with only one degree of freedom. We show that for such systems it is possible to introduce analogs of thermal energy, temperature, entropy, Helmholtz free energy, etc., which are related to eac
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Silva, Jojomar Lucena, and José Raimundo Novaes Chiappin. "A geometria como instrumento heurístico da reformulação da termodinâmica na representação de ciclos para a de potenciais." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 21, no. 3 (2018): 291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2017v21n3p291.

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History shows that up to 1870’s, the thermodynamic cycles, particularly Carnot’s cycle, were the most important heuristic instruments as much to formulate the general laws of physics as well to deduce the experimental laws. From this moment on, this instrument falls into disuse with surprising rapidity. At the end of this decade emerges a new thermodynamic formulation, proposed by Gibbs, the thermodynamics of the potentials. This sudden transition from thermodynamic of cycles to potentials was triggered by the difficult to approach the emergence of the phase transition phenomena with the diagr
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Tozer, R. M., and R. W. James. "Cold Generation Systems: A Theoretical Approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 209, no. 4 (1995): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_008_01.

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The objective of this study was to derive the thermodynamic formulae for ideal combined driving and cooling cycles when the objective of the overall cycle is to produce cooling by using a high-temperature heat source. For this it has been necessary to investigate absorption cooling thermodynamics and to focus on the analysis of one-, two- and three-stage cycles and multi-stage cycles in general. This paper has investigated the absorption thermodynamic principles involved to obtain simple formulae, in a similar way to the Carnot cycle. The first driving cycle considered has a high-temperature s
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Knight, Randall D. "Exploring counterclockwise thermodynamic cycles." American Journal of Physics 92, no. 7 (2024): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0152547.

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A common belief is that any closed, counterclockwise cycle on a pV diagram represents a refrigerator or heat pump. It has been established that this is not the case, but previous papers on this topic have made unnecessary assumptions about the temperatures of the energy reservoirs and about how the system exchanges energy with the reservoirs. Relaxing these assumptions leads to a wide array of unexpected behaviors. In some cases, the same pV cycle can be a heat pump, a cold pump, or a Joule pump simply by changing how the system is connected to the reservoirs. This paper explores the strange w
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Włodarczyk, Julia. "Comparative Analysis of the Course of Business Cycles and Thermodynamic Cycles." Equilibrium 6, no. 1 (2011): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.007.

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Mainstream economics tends to perceive economic systems in a mechanistic way, which makes it impossible to grasp the notion of the irreversibility of real economic process­es and thus encourages referring to the achievements of thermodynamics.Although economic equivalents of thermodynamic quantities have been discussed for more than a hundred years, a sig­nificant development of thermodynamic techniques of modeling economic phenomena, that could complement standard econometric methods, has not been observed.It seems that a comparative analysis of the course of thermodynamic and business cycles
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Chuvilin, E. M., T. Ebinuma, Y. Kamata, et al. "Effects of temperature cycling on the phase transition of water in gas-saturated sediments." Canadian Journal of Physics 81, no. 1-2 (2003): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p03-028.

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Experimental results on hydrate- and ice-formation conditions in the pores of sandy sediments that have undergone temperature cycles are presented. Thermodynamic parameters of gas hydrate and ice formation in porous space were determined for CH4 and CO2 saturated sandy sediments. The experiments indicate that temperature and freezing cycles affect the thermodynamics of hydrate and water–ice in gas-saturated sediments. Temperature cycles increased the hydrate accumulation in the pore space of sediments and reduce the freezing temperature of the remaining pore water. PACS Nos.: 91.60Hg, 92.40Sn
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Rivera, Wilfrido, Karen Sánchez-Sánchez, J. Alejandro Hernández-Magallanes, J. Camilo Jiménez-García, and Alejandro Pacheco. "Modeling of Novel Thermodynamic Cycles to Produce Power and Cooling Simultaneously." Processes 8, no. 3 (2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030320.

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Thermodynamic cycles to produce power and cooling simultaneously have been proposed for many years. The Goswami cycle is probably the most known cycle for this purpose; however, its use is still very limited. In the present study, two novel thermodynamic cycles based on the Goswami cycle are presented. The proposed cycles use an additional component to condense a fraction of the working fluid produced in the generator. Three cycles are modeled based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics: Two new cycles and the original Goswami cycle. The results showed that in comparison with the orig
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Gawthrop, Peter J., and Edmund J. Crampin. "Energy-based analysis of biochemical cycles using bond graphs." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2171 (2014): 20140459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0459.

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Thermodynamic aspects of chemical reactions have a long history in the physical chemistry literature. In particular, biochemical cycles require a source of energy to function. However, although fundamental, the role of chemical potential and Gibb's free energy in the analysis of biochemical systems is often overlooked leading to models which are physically impossible. The bond graph approach was developed for modelling engineering systems, where energy generation, storage and transmission are fundamental. The method focuses on how power flows between components and how energy is stored, transm
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thermodynamic cycles"

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Walters, Joseph D. "Optimization and Thermodynamic Performance Measures of a Class of Finite Time Thermodynamic Cycles." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1186.

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Modifications to the quasistatic Carnot cycle are developed in order to formulate improved theoretical bounds on the thermal efficiency of certain refrigeration cycles that produce finite cooling power. The modified refrigeration cycle is based on the idealized endoreversible finite time cycle. Two of the four cycle branches are reversible adiabats, and the other two are the high and low temperature branches along which finite heat fluxes couple the refrigeration cycle with external heat reservoirs. This finite time model has been used to obtain the following results: First, the performance of
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Moran, Alan Mark. "Micro-CHP Modeling and Simulation using Thermodynamic Cycles." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11102006-003810/.

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This thesis discusses the thermoeconomic modeling and simulation of micro-CHP systems powered by various prime movers. Micro Cooling, Heating, and Power (micro-CHP) is becoming an increasingly important energy option as the demand for electrical power as well as heating and cooling for buildings increases worldwide. Micro-CHP has the potential to increase the total energy efficiency for cooling, heating, and powering residences, offices, and other relatively small buildings by using waste thermal energy from electricity production to deliver heating and cooling. Calculation methodologies are p
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SHEIKH, ABUBAKR AYUB. "Advanced carbon dioxide thermodynamic cycles for power production." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11379/563080.

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I cicli termodinamici dell'anidride carbonica per la produzione di energia sono una nuova tecnologia in fase di ricerca e sviluppo in vari gruppi di ricerca in tutto il mondo. Le principali caratteristiche attrattive dei cicli ad anidride carbonica sono una maggiore efficienza del ciclo, un ingombro ridotto e la loro capacità di integrazione con diverse fonti di calore. Tuttavia, ci sono alcune sfide specifiche dell'applicazione di tali cicli di alimentazione, tra cui una minore efficacia di recupero del calore, un lavoro specifico per il ciclo inferiore e la necessità di schemi di ciclo compl
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Yang, Chen. "Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide as Working Fluid : CO2 transcritical power cycle study." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50261.

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The interest in utilizing the energy in low‐grade heat sources and waste heat is increasing. There is an abundance of such heat sources, but their utilization today is insufficient, mainly due to the limitations of the conventional power cycles in such applications, such as low efficiency, bulky size or moisture at the expansion outlet (e.g. problems for turbine blades). Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been widely investigated for use as a working fluid in refrigeration cycles, because it has no ozonedepleting potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP). It is also inexpensive, non‐explosi
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Herrmann, Stephan Roland [Verfasser]. "Innovative Thermodynamic Cycles for Renewable Energy Supply / Stephan Roland Herrmann." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176251015/34.

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Thonger, J. C. T. "Stirling engine heat exchanger characteristics." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374702.

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Dadd, M. W. "Stirling engine thermometry and heat transfer." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380107.

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Tecco, D. G. "Thermal cycles and HAZ characteristics of single pass welds in HSLA steels." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356254.

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El-Gizawy, I. G. S. "Measurement of thermodynamic properties of oxides of nitrogen in relation to power cycles." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355946.

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Li, Liang. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of CO2 trans-critical power cycles and R245fa organic Rankine cycles for low-grade heat to power energy conversion." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14766.

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Globally, there are vast amounts of low-grade heat sources from industrial waste and renewables that can be converted into electricity through advanced thermodynamic power cycles and appropriate working fluids. In this thesis, experimental research was conducted to investigate the performance of a small-scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system under different operating conditions. The experimental setup consisted of typical ORC system components, such as a turboexpander with a high speed generator, a scroll expander, a finned-tube condenser, an ORC pump, a plate evaporator and a shell and tube
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Books on the topic "Thermodynamic cycles"

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Hoyle, Russell. Thermodynamic cycles and processes. U.M.I., 1988.

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Wu, Chih. Gas closed system cycles. Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Invernizzi, Costante Mario. Closed Power Cycles: Thermodynamic Fundamentals and Applications. Springer London, 2013.

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K, Kamilov I., and Fatakhov M. M, eds. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov po termodinamicheskim t︠s︡iklam Ibadullaeva. Nauka, 2008.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. ANL-RBC: A computer code for the analysis of Rankine bottoming cycles, including system cost evaluation and off-design performance. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. ANL-RBC: A computer code for the analysis of Rankine bottoming cycles, including system cost evaluation and off-design performance. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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J, Bitteker L., Jones J. E, and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. Prospects for nuclear electric propulsion using closed-cycle magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 2001.

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Y, Hwang S., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Cyclic creep analysis from elastic finite-element solutions. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. "Composites research in support of the NASP Institute for composites (NIC)": NCC3-218 period covered, June 1, 1991 through August 31, 1994. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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H, Levack Daniel J., Nixon Robert F, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Advanced low-cost O₂/H₂ engines for the SSTO application. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Thermodynamic cycles"

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Zohuri, Bahman, and Patrick McDaniel. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Combined Cycle Driven Efficiency for Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70551-4_3.

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Zohuri, Bahman. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Combined Cycle Driven Efficiency for Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15560-9_3.

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Schmidt, Achim. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Technical Thermodynamics Workbook for Engineers. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50172-2_6.

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Cornetti, Giorgio. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91593-3_4.

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Fink, Johannes Karl. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Physical Chemistry in Depth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01014-9_9.

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Nandagopal, PE, Nuggenhalli S. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Fluid and Thermal Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93940-3_17.

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Zohuri, Bahman. "Thermodynamic Cycles." In Heat Pipe Applications in Fission Driven Nuclear Power Plants. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05882-1_4.

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Gistau Baguer, Guy. "Basic Thermodynamic Cycles." In Cryogenic Helium Refrigeration for Middle and Large Powers. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51677-2_3.

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Gistau Baguer, Guy. "Special Thermodynamic Cycles." In Cryogenic Helium Refrigeration for Middle and Large Powers. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51677-2_4.

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Schmidt, Achim. "Components and Thermodynamic Cycles." In Technical Thermodynamics for Engineers. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20397-9_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Thermodynamic cycles"

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Srivastava, Mayank, Jahar Sarkar, and Arnab Sarkar. "DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION USING THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES: OPTIONS AND CHALLENGES." In 10th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC). Begellhouse, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1615/tfec2025.fnd.055831.

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Guan, Zhong. "Does the thermodynamic arrow reverse—total entropy changes in cosmic space to be zero: infinite thermodynamic cycles." In 5th International Conference on Physics and Engineering Mathematics, edited by Alam Md Mahbub. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3064955.

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Kortleven, A. "Thermodynamic Cycles with FBC." In Advanced Course in Fluidized Bed Combustion. Begellhouse, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1986.advcoursefluidbedcomb.100.

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Kerber, Eva, Bernhard Weigand, Florian Schmidt, and Stephan Staudacher. "Second Law Analysis of Thermodynamic Cycles for Aero Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43295.

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This paper presents an evaluation of thermodynamic cycles with the help of second law thermodynamics. In common studies thermodynamic cycles are analyzed and judged mostly just by thermal efficiency and specific power output. Another way to describe the efficiency of a cycle and to identify the potential is the analysis of the entropy production of the system. In a previous study a general investigation of thermodynamic cycles was carried out [1]. The promising technologies identified were isothermal compression and expansion, internal heat transfer and constant-volume heat addition. Based on
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Sands, D., J. Dunning-Davies, Richard L. Amoroso, Peter Rowlands, and Stanley Jeffers. "Entropy, Reversibility, Irreversibility And Thermodynamic Cycles." In SEARCH FOR FUNDAMENTAL THEORY: The VII International Symposium Honoring French Mathematical Physicist Jean-Pierre Vigier. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3536427.

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Saha, B. B., A. Akisawa, and T. Kashiwagi. "Thermodynamic analysis of adsorption refrigeration cycles." In IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203). IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecec.1997.661949.

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Shnaid, Isaac. "Thermodynamic Optimization of Reheat Gas Turbine Cycles Combined With Bottoming Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0156.

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In this work, thermodynamic optimization of reheat gas turbine cycles (without intercooling and recuperative heat exchange) combined with bottoming cycles, is done. Thermodynamic conditions ensuring the combined cycle engine maximal specific work and thermal efficiency are formulated for a general case of arbitrary number of reheat stages with different inlet gas temperatures and isentropic efficiencies. Parametric analyses show that application of reheat cycles brings significant improvement of gas turbine and combined cycle specific work and efficiency in comparison with a case of a simple c
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Kaiser, Sascha, Arne Seitz, Patrick Vratny, and Mirko Hornung. "Unified Thermodynamic Evaluation of Radical Aero Engine Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56313.

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The Joule-/Brayton thermodynamic cycle is the base cycle of all major contemporary aero engines. Over the decades, the achievement of further significant improvements has become progressively challenging, and the increase of efficiency approaches physical limitations. In order to meet the ambitious long-term emission reduction targets, the introduction of radical new propulsion system concepts is indispensable. Various cycles promising significant efficiency improvements over the conventional Joule-/Brayton-cycle are being examined by the engine community. However, as no clear favorite has eme
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Gambini, M., G. L. Guizzi, and M. Vellini. "H2/O2 Cycles: Thermodynamic Potentialities and Limits." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40128.

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In this paper, the thermodynamic potentialities and limits of the H2/O2 cycles are investigated. Starting from the conventional gas turbine and steam turbine technology, the paper qualitatively tackles problems related to a change of oxidizer and fuel: from these considerations, an internal combustion steam cycle (ICSC) is analyzed where steam, injected in the combustion chamber together with oxygen and hydrogen, is produced in a regenerative way and plays the important role of inert. A proper parametric analysis is then performed in order to evaluate the influence of the main working paramete
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Nikpey, Homam, Mohammad Mansouri Majoumerd, Mohsen Assadi, and Peter Breuhaus. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Innovative Micro Gas Turbine Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26917.

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The growing global energy demand has been faced with increasing concerns about climate change over recent decades. In order to cover the additional demand and to mitigate CO2 emissions, one option is to utilize renewable energies such as solar and wind power. These energy sources are, however, intermittent by nature. Therefore, it is inevitable that a quick balancing and back-up power should be available to maintain grid stability at a certain level. Gas turbine (GT) technology could certainly be one alternative for back-up/balancing power and could be utilized to complement renewable energy i
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Reports on the topic "Thermodynamic cycles"

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D. Yogi Goswami. Development of New Thermodynamic Cycles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/803214.

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Walters, Joseph. Optimization and Thermodynamic Performance Measures of a Class of Finite Time Thermodynamic Cycles. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1185.

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Judkins, R. (Materials and thermodynamic cycles of coal conversion processes). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6797911.

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Ashish Gupta. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AMMONIA-WATER-CARBON DIOXIDE MIXTURES FOR DESIGNING NEW POWER GENERATION CYCLES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836708.

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Bajwa, Abdullah, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R02 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured Engine Parameters. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011558.

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Gas exchange processes in two-stroke internal combustion engines, commonly referred to as scavenging, are responsible for removing the exhaust gases in the combustion chamber and preparing the combustible fuel-oxidizer mixture that undergoes combustion and converts the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical work. Scavenging is a complicated phenomenon because of the simultaneous introduction of fresh gases into the engine cylinder through the intake ports, and the expulsion of combustion products from the previous cycles through the exhaust ports. A non-negligible fraction of the gaseous
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Yoshimura, A. S. Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis Program (TCAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481552.

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Jonas, Otakar, and Howard J. White. Chemical thermodynamics in steam power cycles data requirements :. National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3205.

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Carlson, Matthew D., Timothy A. Shedd, and Gerald E. Kashmerick. Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison of the K6 Cycle. SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-32-0600.

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Brown, J. S., R. Brignoli, and P. A. Domanski. CYCLE_D-HX: NIST vapor compression cycle model accounting for refrigerant thermodynamic and transport properties, version 1.0, user's guide. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1974.

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Brown, J. Steven, Riccardo Brignoli, Piotr A. Domanski, and Young Jin Yoon. CYCLE_D-HX: NIST Vapor Compression Cycle Model Accounting for Refrigerant Thermodynamic and Transport Properties; Version 2, User's Guide. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2134.

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