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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Roffael, Edmone, Brigitte Dix, and Thomas Schneider. "Thermomechanical (TMP) and Chemo-Thermomechanical Pulps (CTMP) for Medium Density Fibreboards (MDF)." Holzforschung 55, no. 2 (2001): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.035.

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Summary Thermomechanical (TMP) and chemo-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP) were prepared from spruce under different pulping conditions. The fibres were dried at 70 °C and medium density fibreboards (MDF) were made therefrom in pilot plant scale using urea-formaldehyde resins as a binder. The results of testing the physical-mechanical properties reveal that the pulping temperature has a significant influence on the thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards. MDF prepared from fibres produced at high pulping temperature (180 °C) generally show lower thickness swelling and water absorptio

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2

Solala, Iina, Toni Antikainen, Mehedi Reza, Leena-Sisko Johansson, Mark Hughes, and Tapani Vuorinen. "Spruce fiber properties after high-temperature thermomechanical pulping (HT-TMP)." Holzforschung 68, no. 2 (2014): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0083.

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Abstract Spruce was submitted to high-temperature (150°C–170°C) refining for 2 or 5 min to produce thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibers with decreased electrical energy consumption. The pulp was characterized in terms of specific energy consumption as well as tensile and surface properties. The fibers from high-temperature TMP contained more surface lignin even if all sample types usually broke at the S1–S2 cell wall region. They also produced significantly weaker paper sheets, whereas their dry zero-span strength did not suffer substantial losses, indicating decreased fiber-fiber bonding. Tensi

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3

Dollié, Lucas, Gérard Mortha, and Nathalie Marlin. "Modeling kraft cooking kinetics of fiber mixes from TMP and unbleached kraft pulps for assessment of old corrugated cardboard delignification." Holzforschung 72, no. 8 (2018): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0197.

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AbstractKraft cooking kinetics of three different lignocellulosic substrates have been investigated, namely fibers from unbleached kraft pulp (UBKP from Pinus radiata), fibers from softwood unbleached thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and wood chips for TMP production. UBKP and TMP were considered to be representative of a fiber mixture obtained after the pulping and cleaning of old corrugated cardboards (OCC). The characteristic parameters for fitting a mathematical model for kraft pulping were estimated. Based on the results, a “fiber mixture cooking model” was developed to predict the cooking ki

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4

Zheng, M. R., and B. Q. Liao. "Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors for Thermomechanical Pulping Pressate Treatment." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 5 (2016): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0183.

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Abstract A comparative study on the treatment of thermomechanical pulping (TMP) pressate between thermophilic (55 °C) and mesophilic (30 °C) membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) was conducted under different cycle lengths (CLs) for over 114 days. The performance of the MABRs was evaluated in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biofilm detachment. With a total influent COD of 3,700–4,100 mg/L, the soluble COD removal efficiency of thermophilic MABR (40–65 %) was slightly lower than that of mesophilic MABR (50–80 %) under different CLs. The level of effluent suspended

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5

HU, THOMAS Q., MICHELLE ZHAO, SURJIT JOHAL, BERNARD YUEN, and PAUL WATSON. "Effects of Mountain Pine Beetle Grey-Stage Infestation and Chip Moisture Content on TMP Pulping of Lodgepole Pine." May 2009 8, no. 5 (2009): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.5.11.

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We performed pilot-plant thermomechanical pulping on green and dry, mountain pine beetle-infested, grey-stage lodgepole pine sapwood chips with different moisture contents. The energy requirements and the tensile strength of the thermomechanical pulps (TMPs) from the dry, early-grey-stage chips were similar to those from the green chips, but there were indications of slightly higher energy requirements and lower tensile strength for the pulps from the late-grey-stage chips. The late- or early-grey-stage TMP had lower sheet density (because of the lower chip moisture content), lower ISO brightn

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6

Li, Bin, Haiming Li, Quanqing Zha, Rohan Bandekar, Ahmed Alsaggaf, and Yonghao Ni. "Review: Effects of wood quality and refining process on TMP pulp and paper quality." BioResources 6, no. 3 (2011): 3569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.li.

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For the thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process both wood chip quality and the refining process have important effects on the resulting pulp and paper quality. Properties of wood raw material give a framework for final pulp properties. During TMP refining the specific energy consumption and refining intensity strongly impact fibre and pulp qualities. Increasing specific energy consumption benefits the development of fibres and improves their properties. However, high intensity refining tends to shorten the fibres and produces more fines content when compared with low intensity refining. This re

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7

Jahren, Sigrun J., and Hallvard Ødegaard. "Treatment of Thermomechanical Pulping (TMP) Whitewater in Thermophilic (55°C) Anaerobic-Aerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (1999): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0391.

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Thermomechanical pulping whitewater was treated in an anaerobic followed by an aerobic Kaldnes moving bed biofilm reactor at 55°C. The anaerobic reactor was mixed by gas circulation and the aerobic reactor was mixed by aeration. The anaerobic reactor was started with mesophilic inoculum, while the aerobic reactor was started without inoculation. The reactors were operated on molasses water for one and a half years before the experiment was started. Total biomass concentrations (suspended and attached) were 3.3 g VSS/L in the anaerobic reactor and 1.6 g VSS/L in the aerobic reactor when startin

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8

Muguet, Marcelo Coelho dos Santos, Fernando José Borges Gomes, Kyösti Ruuttunen, et al. "Pulping-tailored fiber properties from a novel Brazilian Eucalyptus hybrid." Holzforschung 68, no. 3 (2014): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0114.

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Abstract The chemical composition and morphology of pulp fibers have a significant impact on the properties of fiber products. Pulp samples from a novel unique Eucalyptus triple hybrid [Eucalyptus grandis × (Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus globulus)] were obtained by various pulping processes – kraft, soda-anthraquinone (NaOH-AQ), and thermomechanical pulping (TMP). The chemical composition of the fiber surfaces was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface lignin content of NaOH-AQ pulp fibers was lower than that of the kraft counterpart. However, kraft pulp handsheet

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9

Langevin, S. P., and B. Q. Liao. "Treatment of thermomechanical pulping condensate using thermophilic and mesophilic sequencing batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 11 (2010): 2527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.939.

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In-mill thermophilic treatment of individual wastewater streams to achieve water system closure has received much attention in pulp and paper mills. Aerobic biological treatment of thermomechanical pulping (TMP) condensate was conducted using thermophilic (55°C) and mesophilic (35°C) sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for a period of 143 days at a cyclic time of 6, 8 and 12 h. A soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal efficiency of 77 to 91% was achieved, given an organic loading rate of 0.7–1.3 kg/m3 d. The COD removal efficiency of the thermophilic SBR was slightly lower than that of the

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10

Jahren, Sigrun J., and Jukka A. Rintala. "The closure of water circuits by internal thermophilic (55 and 70°C) anaerobic treatment in the thermomechanical pulping process." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0480.

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The suitability of an internal thermophilic anaerobic treatment system for closing the water circuits in thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production was studied. The dissolution of wood organics in the water circuit was simulated by hot disintegration of TMP pulp, while the water system closure was simulated by repeated hot disintegration of TMP pulp with recirculated water. The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were started at 55 and 70°C with mesophilic inoculum, and stable performances were established within 60 days at both temperatures. Closing the water circuits without internal

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11

Gao, Jiyang, D. Mark Martinez, and Jams Olson. "Characterizing latency removal in mechanical pulping processes part I: Kinetics." February 2016 15, no. 2 (2016): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.2.69.

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Latency removal in the mechanical pulping process occurs in a continuous stirred-tank reactor and non-ideal mixing lowers the performance. In order to optimize the latency removal process and reduce the energy consumption in the operation, a kinetic study was carried out. In the study, the phenomenon of latency and knowledge related to latency removal were critically reviewed and discussed. Latency removal was characterized by the change of Canadian Standard Freeness (or freeness), and its dependences on treatment conditions, i.e., disintegration temperature, power input, pulp consistency and

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12

Bicho, Paul, Elmer Portillo, Bernard Yuen, Dongbo Yan, and Doug G. Pitt. "Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 5 – Kraft and Thermomechanical pulping and pulp quality." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 04 (2013): 490–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-090.

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Forty-eight years after application, three nominal precommercial thinning (PCT) spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared to an unthinned control in six replicate, balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands. Following the clearcut harvest of three of these replicates in 2008, chips produced from sawmilling trials (slab-wood) and from the top logs of the sampled trees (top-log) were kraft and thermomechanically (TMP) pulped. In general, top-log chips took longer to kraft pulp, had lower yields, and produced pulps with shorter, finer fibres than the corre

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13

Chambers, Paul GS, and Nuno MG Borralho. "A simple model to examine the impact of changes in wood traits on the costs of thermomechanical pulping and high-brightness newsprint production with radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (1999): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-127.

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A number of functions were investigated that related the costs of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and high-brightness newsprint production, using Pinus radiata D. Don, to important pulp and paper quality (breeding objective) variables, including specific energy consumption and pulp handsheet tear and tensile strength, brightness, and opacity. Pulp handsheet quality traits were considered to be reasonable two-dimensional predictors of paper quality traits in this context. A specific production process that requires the use of a reinforcement kraft pulp and an artificial clay filler to improve the q

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14

Rintala, J. "High-Rate Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (1991): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0011.

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Anaerobic mesophilic treatment of synthetic (a mixture of acetate and methanol) and thermomechanical pulping (TMP) wastewater was studied in laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors and filters with emphasis on the process start-up. The reactors were inoculated with nongranular sludge. The start-up of mesophilic and thermophilic processes inoculated with mesophilic granular sludge was investigated in UASB reactors fed with diluted vinasse. The start-up proceeded faster in the filters than in the UASB reactors with TMP and synthetic wastewater. Loading rates of over 15 k

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15

Hu, Thomas Q., Michelle Zhao, Paul Bicho, and Pierre Losier. "A method for estimating wood chip brightness and its applications1This article is a contribution to the series The Role of Sensors in the New Forest Products Industry and Bioeconomy." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 11 (2011): 2114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-059.

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Methods for estimating wood chip brightness are important in classifying wood chips in chip piles, stabilizing chip brightness in the pulping process, and reducing bleaching chemical consumption in pulp mills. They also allow us to understand and control factors including outdoor storage in the summer that affect chip and pulp brightness. An accurate off-line method for estimating wood chip brightness has been developed. The method involves a two-stage grinding of air-dried wood chips to powders with small particle sizes and narrow size distributions and measurement of ISO (International Stand

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16

Kantardjieff, A., and J. P. Jones. "Practical experiences with aerobic biofilters in TMP (thermomechanical pulping), sulfite and fine paper mills in Canada." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0525.

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An industrial aerobic biofilter technology has been piloted extensively in Canada on several types of pulp and paper mill effluents, resulting in one full scale operational facility at one Canadian fine paper mill. In addition two industrial scale pilot plant tests were performed with the same technology, one in an integrated sulfite pulp and paper mill and one in a TMP mill. In the case of the fine paper mill, the full scale plant has two cells (8 m × 8 m × 6 m height of the media) and treats an unclarified but screened effluent with a loading of 3500 kg BOD/d. The system produces low quantit

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17

Wu, Shuai, Xiaojuan Ma, Shilin Cao, Lihui Chen, Liulian Huang, and Fang Huang. "Application of enzymes for the reduction of PFI revolutions in the secondary pulping process and characteristics of thermomechanical pulp." BioResources 15, no. 4 (2020): 7487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.7487-7502.

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Three enzymes, mannanase, xylanase, and cellulase, were applied for hydrolysis of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) primary discharge prior to PFI refining, aiming to study the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the required number of PFI revolutions. The quantity of reducing sugar was used as an indicator for enzyme hydrolysis efficiency. Then, under the optimized enzyme loading, treated and un-treated pulp were refined with different PFI revolutions. Subsequent fiber characteristics, such as fiber length and fines content were examined. Under the optimized enzyme loadings and a given 20000 PFI revo

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18

Jahren, Sigrun J., Jukka A. Rintala, and Hallvard Ødegaard. "Anaerobic Thermophilic (55°C) Treatment of TMP Whitewater in Reactors Based on Biomass Attachment and Entrapment." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (1999): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0696.

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Thermomechanical pulping (TMP) whitewater was treated in thermophilic (55°C) anaerobic laboratory-scale reactors using three different reactor configurations. In all reactors up to 70% COD removals were achieved. The anaerobic hybrid reactor, composed of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and a filter, gave degradation rates up to 10 kg COD/m3d at loading rates of 15 kg COD/m3d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.1 hours. The anaerobic multi-stage reactor, consisting of three compartments, each packed with granular sludge and carrier elements, gave degradation rates up to 9 kg COD/m

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19

Zasadowski, Dariusz, Anders Strand, Anna Sundberg, Håkan Edlund, and Magnus Norgren. "Selective purification of bleached spruce TMP process water by induced air flotation (IAF)." Holzforschung 68, no. 2 (2014): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0045.

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Abstract The environmentally benign closure of water systems in paper mills leads to the problem of accumulation of dissolved and colloidal wood substances (DCS) in process water. Notably, pitch affects the pulp and paper production negatively and increases the demand for additional treatment of the process water. In the present article, the purification of thermomechanical pulping process water from the alkaline peroxide bleaching stage has been investigated, with the induced air flotation (IAF) in focus. The following parameters were considered concerning the IAF efficiency to remove detrime

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20

Cave, Germaine, and Pedram Fatehi. "Adsorption optimization of a biomass-based fly ash for treating thermomechanical pulping (TMP) pressate using definitive screening design (DSD)." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 96, no. 8 (2018): 1663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23128.

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21

Rintala, J., J. L. Sanz Martin, and G. Lettinga. "Thermophilic Anaerobic Treatment of Sulfate-Rich Pulp and Paper Integrate Process Water." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0471.

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Anaerobic treatment of sulfate - rich (COD/SO4 ratio 1.4-2.1) clarified Whitewater from a thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process was studied in three laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors at 55°C and in batch digesters at 55° and 65°C. Different seed materials were used in the UASB reactors. The highest COD removal efficiency (effluent sulfide stripped) achieved was approximately 65 % in the UASB reactors. About 55 % COD removal efficiency was obtained at a loading rate of about 41 kgCODm−3d−1 in the UASB reactor seeded with thermophilic sludge cultivated with volati

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22

Lin, H. J., W. J. Gao, K. T. Leung, and B. Q. Liao. "Characteristics of different fractions of microbial flocs and their role in membrane fouling." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 2 (2011): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.047.

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Characteristics of different fractions (small flocs vs. large flocs) of sludge flocs from a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating thermomechanical pulping (TMP) whitewater were determined using various analytic techniques, including extraction and chemical analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particle size analyzer, and polymer chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that the fraction of smaller flocs contained a higher level of bound EPS and had a higher fractal dimension as compared to the fraction of larger flocs. P

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23

Fernando, Dinesh, Dino Muhić, Per Engstrand, and Geoffrey Daniel. "Fundamental understanding of pulp property development under different thermomechanical pulp refining conditions as observed by a new Simons’ staining method and SEM observation of the ultrastructure of fibre surfaces." Holzforschung 65, no. 6 (2011): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.076.

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AbstractThe morphological and chemical characteristics of cell walls govern the response of wood fibre to mechanical pulping processes and thereby influence the energy efficiency of the process and determine most pulp and paper properties. A study has been carried out at the microstructural/ultrastructural level of fibre cell walls by means of a newly developed Simons’ staining (SS) method and scanning electron microscopy to characterize thermomechanical pulps (TMPs) produced under different refining conditions. The SS method allows assessment and quantification of pulp fibre development durin

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24

Lepistö, Raghida, and Jukka Rintala. "The effect of extreme temperatures (70–80°C) on the effluent quality and sludge characteristics of UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (1997): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0607.

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The study focused on the effluent quality and sludge characteristics during the start-up and operation of extreme thermophilic (70 to 80°C) upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors, inoculated with mesophilic and thermophilic granular sludge and fed with acetate, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and thermomechanical pulping (TMP) whitewater. Low effluent quality and long start-up periods were observed during the start-up of the 70 to 76°C, VFA-fed UASB reactors inoculated with mesophilic granulae, while better effluent quality and considerably shorter start-up periods were observed when thermoph

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25

Börås, Linda, and Paul Gatenholm. "Surface Properties of Mechanical Pulps Prepared under Various Sulfonation Conditions and Preheating Time." Holzforschung 53, no. 4 (1999): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.071.

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Summary In this study, the mechanical pulps were prepared under different preheating time and sulfonation conditions. The pulping conditions chosen yield a gradient of pulps ranging from thermomechanical pulp (TMP) through chemithermomechnical pulp (CTMP) with a low degree of sulfonation to CTMP with a high degree of sulfonation. The increase of the sodium sulfite charge resulted in a gradient of sulfur content which was shown to be related to the introduction of strong acidic groups as well as to the decrease of the carbohydrate content at the surface revealed by Electron Spectroscopy for Che

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26

FERNANDO, DINESH, and GEOFFREY DANIEL. "Characterization of spruce thermomechanical pulps at the fiber cell wall level: a method for quantitatively assessing pulp fiber development using Simons’ stain." October 2010 9, no. 10 (2010): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.10.47.

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Fiber development of mechanical pulps is normally assessed by a combination of conventional numerical analyses of fiber features using FiberMaster, PulpEye, and Kajaani instruments. When observed, changes in fiber morphology are normally subjective with use of light- and electron microscopy observations of representative fibers. Thus, visualization and quantification of changes in the fiber cell wall, like delaminaton/internal fibrillation (D/IF) induced during processing, would offer a great advantage. Here, we developed a method using Simons’ stain (SS) that allows quantification of pulp fib

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27

Salmén, Lennart, Jasna S. Stevanic, and Anne-Mari Olsson. "Contribution of lignin to the strength properties in wood fibres studied by dynamic FTIR spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)." Holzforschung 70, no. 12 (2016): 1155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0050.

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Abstract A deeper insight into the molecular interactions in the highly intermixed structure of the wood cell wall, from the point of view of both basic and applied science, is necessary. In particular, the role of the different matrix materials within the cell wall needs to be better understood, especially concerning how lignin contributes to the mechanical properties. In the present paper, the mechanical properties of spruce wood have been studied on a molecular scale by means of dynamic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To this purpose, native spruce wood was subjected to chem

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28

Puke, Maris, Daniela Godina, Mikelis Kirpluks, Janis Rizikovs, and Prans Brazdausks. "Residual Birch Wood Lignocellulose after 2-Furaldehyde Production as a Potential Feedstock for Obtaining Fiber." Polymers 13, no. 11 (2021): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111816.

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From birch wood, it is possible to obtain both acetic acid and 2-furaldehyde as valuable value-added products. The main objective of this study was to develop a new wasteless technology for obtaining 2-furaldehyde, acetic acid, and lignocellulose (LC) residue usable as feedstock in further processing such as thermomechanical (TMP), alkaline peroxide mechanical (APMP), and sulfate pulping processes. To achieve this objective several screening tests were performed, and a further experimental plan was developed using DesignExpert11. Process yields were analyzed both in terms of total yield and at

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29

Rudolph, Gregor, Herje Schagerlöf, Kristian Morkeberg Krogh, Ann-Sofi Jönsson, and Frank Lipnizki. "Investigations of Alkaline and Enzymatic Membrane Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled by Thermomechanical Pulping Process Water." Membranes 8, no. 4 (2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8040091.

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The pulp and paper industry is one of the most important industrial sectors worldwide, and has considerable potential for the sustainable fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to provide valuable compounds. Ultrafiltration (UF) is a suitable separation technique for the profitable production of hemicelluloses from process water from thermomechanical pulping (ThMP), but is limited by membrane fouling. Improvements in cleaning protocols and new alternative cleaning agents are required to ensure a long membrane lifetime, and thus a sustainable process. This study, therefore, focuses on the cle

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Shu, Zhengyu, Jiguang Wu, De Chen, et al. "Optimization of Burkholderia sp. ZYB002 lipase production for pitch control in thermomechanical pulping (TMP) processes." Holzforschung 66, no. 3 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.152.

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AbstractProduction and process optimization of a thermostable lipase fromBurkholderiasp. ZYB002 and the application potential of this lipase for pitch control of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) has been investigated. The optimized physical and nutritional factors ofBurkholderiasp. ZYB002 were found to be (all units in%, w v-1): 0.5 peptone, 0.025 urea, 0.5 glycerol, 0.1 NaHCO3, 0.2 K2HPO4, 1.5 Tween 80, 1.1 olive oil, four inoculum volume, and initial pH 8.5. The lipase production process was carried out at 30°C at 250 rpm for 36 h in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 35 ml fermentation medium a

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Cave, Germain, Weijue Gao, and Pedram Fatehi. "Coagulation Efficiency of Biomass Fly Ash Leachate in Thermomechanical Pulping (TMP) Pressate." Waste and Biomass Valorization, January 18, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01335-4.

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32

"Treatment of thermomechanical pulping (TMP) whitewater in thermophilic (55 �C) anaerobic-aerobic moving bed biofilm reactors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1223(99)00612-5.

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33

"Practical experiences with aerobic biofilters in TMP (thermomechanical pulping), sulfite and fine paper mills in Canada." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1223(96)00935-3.

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34

Fernando, Dinesh, and Geoffrey Daniel. "Exploring Scots pine fibre development mechanisms during TMP processing: Impact of cell wall ultrastructure (morphological and topochemical) on negative behaviour." Holzforschung 62, no. 5 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.089.

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Abstract A study was carried out aiming at understanding the fundamental reasons for different fibre behaviour exhibited by Norway spruce and Scots pine causing large energy consumption differences during thermomechanical pulping (TMP). Ultrastructural characterization of TMP fibres and shives, which were sampled from the two wood species after primary refining, was performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TEM-immunogold labelling for their morphological and topochemical properties. As expected, pine wood chips needed higher electrical energy con

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35

Agarwal, Umesh P., and Sally A. Ralph. "Determination of ethylenic residues in wood and TMP of spruce by FT-Raman spectroscopy." Holzforschung 62, no. 6 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.112.

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Abstract A method based on FT-Raman spectroscopy is proposed for determining in situ concentrations of ethylenic residues in softwood lignin. Raman contributions at 1133 and 1654 cm-1, representing coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol structures, respectively, were used in quantifying these units in spruce wood with subsequent conversion to concentrations in lignin. For coniferaldehyde units, the intensity of the 1133 cm-1 peak was measured in the difference spectrum obtained by subtracting the bleached-wood spectrum from that of the unbleached. In the case of coniferyl alcohol residues, the

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36

Fernando, Dinesh, Dino Muhić, Per Engstrand, and Geoffrey Daniel. "Surface and internal micro/ultrastructure of TMP fibres produced during high-intensity refining elucidate the development of pulp and paper properties." Holzforschung 66, no. 4 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.175.

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AbstractRefining during mechanical pulping causes delamination and internal fibrillation (D/IF) of the fibre wall and changes the surface ultrastructure. Fundamental knowledge about these phenomena at the fibre cell wall level helps our understanding of the development of pulp and paper properties, which in turn facilitates the optimization of processes, helping to save energy and improve the characteristics of final products. In the present study, pulps were produced by double-disc (DD) refined thermomechanical processes (DD-TMP) and have been characterized at the fibre cell wall micro/ultras

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