Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Thermometer'

Ратніков, К. В. Автоматичний безконтактний електронний термометр : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 171 "Електроніка" / К. В. Ратніков ; керівник роботи А. С. Ревко ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра електроніки, автоматики, робототехніки та мехатроніки. – Чернігів, 2021. – 47 с.
У даному дипломному проекті був розроблений безконтактний інфрачервоний термометр, для використання у громадських місцях. Перевагами даного пристрою є висока швидкість вимірювання температури, автономність, висока точність вимірювання, невеликі розміри та можливість підключення до турнікетів в громадських місцях. Пристрій починає вимірювати температуру після знаходження тіла в зоні вимірювання, після чого за допомогою мікроконтролера оброблює результат та видає результат на дисплей і дозволяє пройти через турнікет, а при перевищенні температури залишає турнікет закритим та видає звуковий сигнал.
In this diploma project, a non-contact infrared thermometer was developed for use in public places. The advantages of this device are high speed temperature measurement, autonomy, high measurement accuracy, small size and the ability to connect to turnstiles in public places. The device starts measuring the temperature after the body is in the measurement area, then uses a microcontroller to process the result and displays the result and allows it to pass through the turnstile, and when the temperature is exceeded leaves the turnstile closed and beeps.

National guidelines for stroke recommend that all patients entering rehabilitation are screened for mood disturbance using a validated measure. The first half of this thesis presents a literature review of 25 self-report screening measures for the detection of post-stroke distress. A total of 26 studies were identified as meeting the search criteria. Fifteen self-report measures met recommended levels of sensitivity (≥0.80) and specificity (≥0.60) when screening for post-stroke depression. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was the only measure to meet recommended levels of accuracy for post-stroke anxiety. At the commencement of this thesis, the Distress Thermometer (DT) had not been validated among stroke survivors despite being recommended by NICE (2009). The study presented in the second half of this thesis investigates the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of the DT and associated Problem List (PL), the Brief Assessment Schedule Cards (BASDEC), and the Yale. Relative to the HADS, the area under the curve (AUC) for the DT was significantly greater than an AUC of 0.50. Cut-off scores of at least 4 and 5 on the DT met recommended levels of sensitivity and specificity when screening for post-stroke depression and anxiety. The accuracy of the BASDEC and Yale was non-significant. Due to a small sample size, these results should be taken with caution. However, this study provides preliminary evidence to support the use of the DT and PL as a holistic and person-centred screening tool for the prevention and recognition of post-stroke distress.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica
Since mercury thermometers were banned due to environmental concerns, hospitals started to use electronic thermometers for measuring body temperature. Body temperature can be measured from different body parts, although the least invasive and quickest is preferred and therefore eardrum measurements are frequently taken. However, lately the staff feels that the taken measurements are not accurate. A new purchasing agreement for the purchase of these devices renders a good opportunity to study further the use of these devices at the wards of the university hospital, study their maintenance process, identify what performance is essential for the clinical usage, the parameters that are essential to measure and also identify ear thermometers in the market that can be used for comparative study. Temperature measurements were taken with the help of an infrared ear thermometer, Covidien Genius2, in its calibration blackbody device at the R&D department of the Huddinge Hospital in order to verify accuracy claims. This data were compared against other studies and measurements of other infrared ear thermometers devices, the Braun ThermoScan Pro 4000 and also a digital contact thermometer, Welch Allyn Suretemp Plus, applied to different body sites. Informal meetings also took place in order to get more information about the devices and to know where they were used and repaired. It was found that Genius2 measured temperature accurately when compared with a blackbody radiator. Regarding the Braun, it showed an accurate estimate of core temperature in comparison to invasive pulmonary artery catheter thermometry. Electronic tympanic thermometers proved to be a good replacement for conventional methods of thermometry. However, preventive maintenance should occur more often, since the devices are very fragile. Tympanic thermometers are generally very accurate instruments. Most likely, problems are not related to the thermometers themselves, they are possibly the result of an inadequate understanding of the limitations of ear thermometry.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, 2015.
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São necessárias iniciativas de segurança do paciente na assistência obstétrica, pois existe uma escassez de dados de segurança e qualidade da assistência nesta área. Esse estudo teve como objetivos: identificar e analisar as abordagens teóricas e propostas processuais utilizadas na adaptação transcultural de instrumentos em estudos desenvolvidos pela enfermagem brasileira; realizar a adaptação transcultural do Maternity Safety Thermometer, para o português do Brasil; e estimar a prevalência instantânea de danos maternos e neonatais e do indicador assistência livre de danos medicante aplicação da versão adaptada transculturalmente do Maternity Safety Thermometer para o português brasileiro (Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade). Para o primeiro objetivo, realizou-se revisão integrativa. Com a busca na PubMed-Medlilne, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of science, LILACS, BDENF e SciELO, incluiu-se 25 artigos, que descreviam o processo de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos usados na prática hospitalar, publicados entre 2005-2014. Para o segundo objetivo, realizou-se pesquisa metodológica de adaptação transcultural, realizando-se os estágios de tradução do instrumento para o português, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, avaliação por um Comitê de 11 experts e o pré-teste. Os dados do pré-teste foram coletados de junho à julho de 2015, mediante entrevista com 30 puérperas e avaliação do instrumento por 40 enfermeiros, em duas maternidades e um Centro de Parto Normal no Rio Grande do Norte. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (valor de referência 0,8) e a média de compreensão global, por meio da Escala de Likert (0 a 2). Para o terceiro objetivo, realizou-se estudo descritivo, quantitativo, nos mesmos locais do pré-teste, com 269 puérperas e 275 neonatos, de julho a agosto de 2015. Os dados foram coletados com o instrumento Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade e analisados por estatística descritiva e cálculo dos indicadores propostos pelo National Health Service. Apresentam-se os resultados em três manuscritos. No manuscrito 1, destacou-se pontos fortes dos estudos: o cumprimentodos estágios do processo, detalhamento dos procedimentos adotados, validação de conteúdo, e avaliação psicométrica. A ausência de informações importantes do processo de adaptação transcultural foi a fragilidade mais encontrada. No manuscrito 2, o Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade, foi julgado pelo Comitê de Experts como equivalente do ponto de vista idiomático, semântico, cultural e conceitual e considerado compreensível ao ser pré-testado com puérperas e enfermeiros. No manuscrito 3, a maioria das mulheres teve parto normal (54,6%) e sofreu traumas perineais (77,3%). A episiotomia foi feita em 32,6% e em 0,7% ocorreram lacerações perineais severas; 3,7% puérperas foram admitidas em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A hemorragia pós-parto ocorreu em 1,5% mulheres e as infecções em 13,0%. Dos neonatos, 1,1% tiveram escore de Apgar no 5º minuto = 6, 14,9% foram transferidos para Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e 1,5% foram natimortos. Das puérperas, 0,7% referiram terem sido separadas do bebê, 3,7% ter sido deixada sozinha quando preocupada por 17,5% não ter sido levada a sério ao expressar preocupações. Conclui-se que a adoção é exequível do Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade pelos serviços de saúde, para produzir indicadores de segurança e qualidade da assistência obstétrica.

Abstract : Initiatives for patient safety in obstetric care are necessary as data on safety and care quality in this area is scarce. The aims of this study were to: identify and analyze the theoretical approaches and procedural proposals used in the cross-cultural adaptation of instruments in studies developed by Brazilian nursing staff; realize the cross-cultural adaptation of the Maternity Safety Thermometer to Brazilian Portuguese; estimate the instantaneous prevalence of maternal and neonatal damage and of the assistance indicator free of injury after application of the cross-culturally adapted version of the Maternity Safety Thermometer to Brazilian Portuguese (Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade). To achieve the first aim, an integrative review was performed. After a search on PubMed-Medlilne, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of science, LILACS, BDENF and SciELO, 25 articles were included which described the process of cross-cultural adaptation of instruments used in hospital practices, published between 2005-2014. For the second objective, methodological research on cross-cultural adaptation was conducted, realizing the stages of translation of the instrument into Portuguese, translation synthesis, back translation, assessment by a Committee of 11 experts and the pilot test. Data from the pilot test was collected between June and July, 2015 through interviews with 30 mothers and assessment of the instrument was carried out by 40 nurses, in two maternity hospitals and a alongside birth center in Rio Grande do Norte. The data was analyzed using the Content Validity Index (reference value 0.8) and the global comprehension average, using the Likert Scale (0 to 2). For the third aim, a descriptive quantitative study was conducted in the same places as the pilot test, with 269 mothers and 275 newborns, from July to August, 2015. The data was collected using the Maternity Safety Thermometer and analyzed by descriptive statistics and calculation of the indicators proposed by the National Health Service. The results are presented in three articles. In article 1, the strengths of the studies are outlined: compliance of the process stages, detailing of the adopted procedures, content validity, and psychometric assessment. The weakness mostencountered during this study was the absence of important information on the cross-cultural adaptation process. In article 2, the Maternity Safety thermometer was deemed equivalent by the Experts committee in the idiomatic, semantic, cultural and conceptual sense and it was considered comprehensible when pre-tested on mothers and nurses. In article 3, the majority of women had a natural birth (54.6%) and suffered perineal trauma (77.3%). An episiotomy was performed on 32.6% and in 0.7% severe perineal tears occurred; 3.7% of mothers were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 1.5% of women and infections occurred in 13.0%. Of newborns, 1.1% had an Apgar score in the 5th minute = 6, 14.9% were transferred to the ICU and 1.5% were stillborn. Of the mothers, 0.7% reported being separated from their baby, 3.7% reported being left alone when worried and 17.5% reported not being taken seriously when expressing concerns. It can be concluded that adoption of the Maternity Safety Thermometer by the health services is advisable in order to produce safety and quality indicators for obstetric care.

A blackbody optical fiber thermometer consists of an optical fiber whose sensing tip is given a metallic coating. The sensing tip of the fiber forms an isothermal cavity, and the emission from this cavity is approximately equal to the emission from a blackbody. Standard two-color optical fiber thermometry involves measuring the spectral intensity at the end of the fiber at two wavelengths. The temperature at the sensing tip of the fiber can then be inferred using Planck's law and the ratio of the spectral intensities. If, however, the length of the optical fiber is exposed to elevated temperatures, erroneous temperature measurements will occur due to emission by the fiber. This thesis presents a method to account for emission by the fiber and accurately infer the temperature at the tip of the optical fiber. Additionally, an estimate of the temperature profile along the fiber may be obtained. A mathematical relation for radiation transfer down the optical fiber is developed. The radiation exiting the fiber and the temperature profile along the fiber are related to the detector signal by a signal measurement equation. Since the temperature profile cannot be solved for directly using the signal measurement equation, two inverse minimization techniques are developed to find the temperature profile. Simulated temperature profile reconstructions show the techniques produce valid and unique results. Tip temperatures are reconstructed to within 1.0%. Experimental results are also presented. Due to the limitations of the detection system and the optical fiber probe, the uncertainty in the signal measurement equation is high. Also, due to the limitations of the laboratory furnace and the optical detector, the measurement uncertainty is also high. This leads to reconstructions that are not always accurate. Even though the temperature profiles are not completely accurate, the tip-temperatures are reconstructed to within 1%—a significant improvement over the standard two-color technique under the same conditions. Improvements are recommended that will lead to decreased measurement and signal measurement equation uncertainty. This decreased uncertainty will lead to the development of a reliable and accurate temperature measurement device.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released heat illness data which highlighted that ~29 heat stress hospitalizations and ~3 heat-related deaths occurred every day during the summer months within the US from years 2000 to 2014. Heatstroke- the most severe form of heat illness which oftentimes lead to death- has been cited to be entirely preventable if a timely intervention is introduced. This dissertation uses microwave radiometric thermometry to perform wireless non-invasive internal body temperature monitoring which can enable intervention methods that help to prevent deaths associated with heat-illness. Overall, this dissertation develops a comprehensive closed-form analytical radiometric model and validates the effectiveness of the comprehensive model through a controlled life-like human body temperature sensing experiment. Wireless sub-skin temperature data is predicted from a human tissue mimicking phantom testbed to within 1%. A generic isolated radiometer system equation is derived for all possible calibration source combinations. The generic isolated radiometer system equation predicts comparable results to that of an ideal simulation. While improved isolation decreases measurement uncertainty, it does not improve the accuracy of estimated noise temperatures using a perfectly-isolated radiometer system equation assumption. A highly reproducible tissue-mimicking biological phantom (bio-phantom) recipe (comprised of urethane, graphite powder, and a solvent) was developed to accurately emulate the electrical properties of actual dry human skin versus frequency up to 18 GHz. The developed solid state skin phantom begins in pourable liquid form and then cures at room temperature into a dry solid state mold. An in-plane electromagnetic bandgap structure was developed and integrated within an on-body inward facing spiral antenna design. The inclusion of the in-plane electromagnetic bandgap structure demonstrated a +2.64dB gain improvement in the antenna broadside and -8dB in the rear gain while in-contact with the body as compared to the conventional spiral antenna. Likewise, the measured main beam efficiency is improved from 54.43% for the conventional antenna to 86.36% for the EBG antenna. Two techniques based on signal-flow graph theory were derived to explain both the non-coherent steady-state radiative transfer and the coherent radiative transfer within multi-layered dielectric media with non-uniform temperatures and any number of stratified layers. Both models allow for the accurate characterization and sensing of the thermal emissions originating from subsurface tissue layers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact white affect toward African Americans has on whites' racial policy opinions. The study also identifies the difficulty of measuring affect in the traditional feeling thermometer. Moreover, the study introduces and tests a new method for measuring affect that improves interpersonal comparability of reported affect by anchoring the respondents' self-placements. The study investigates the changes in the relationship between white affect toward African Americans and racial policy opinions of presidential election years between 1964 and 2008. Furthermore, the study tests a new method for measuring affect by having respondents rate where they believe groups representing points on an ordinal scale would belong on the scale. The method allows for an adjustment of the respondents' self-placement in relation to where the respondent places the group. The findings contained here show that affect can be an important predictor of white racial policy opinion and the strength of affect can vary over time. In addition, the measurement of affect can be improved by utilizing anchoring objects in a survey to clarify the ordering of the scale for the respondents, as well as allowing for a reallocation of scores.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, 2015.
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São necessárias iniciativas de segurança do paciente na assistência obstétrica, pois existe uma escassez de dados de segurança e qualidade da assistência nesta área. Esse estudo teve como objetivos: identificar e analisar as abordagens teóricas e propostas processuais utilizadas na adaptação transcultural de instrumentos em estudos desenvolvidos pela enfermagem brasileira; realizar a adaptação transcultural do Maternity Safety Thermometer, para o português do Brasil; e estimar a prevalência instantânea de danos maternos e neonatais e do indicador assistência livre de danos medicante aplicação da versão adaptada transculturalmente do Maternity Safety Thermometer para o português brasileiro (Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade). Para o primeiro objetivo, realizou-se revisão integrativa. Com a busca na PubMed-Medlilne, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of science, LILACS, BDENF e SciELO, incluiu-se 25 artigos, que descreviam o processo de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos usados na prática hospitalar, publicados entre 2005-2014. Para o segundo objetivo, realizou-se pesquisa metodológica de adaptação transcultural, realizando-se os estágios de tradução do instrumento para o português, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, avaliação por um Comitê de 11 experts e o pré-teste. Os dados do pré-teste foram coletados de junho à julho de 2015, mediante entrevista com 30 puérperas e avaliação do instrumento por 40 enfermeiros, em duas maternidades e um Centro de Parto Normal no Rio Grande do Norte. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o à ndice de Validade de Conteúdo (valor de referência 0,8) e a média de compreensão global, por meio da Escala de Likert (0 a 2). Para o terceiro objetivo, realizou-se estudo descritivo, quantitativo, nos mesmos locais do pré-teste, com 269 puérperas e 275 neonatos, de julho a agosto de 2015. Os dados foram coletados com o instrumento Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade e analisados por estatística descritiva e cálculo dos indicadores propostos pelo National Health Service. Apresentam-se os resultados em três manuscritos. No manuscrito 1, destacou-se pontos fortes dos estudos: o cumprimentodos estágios do processo, detalhamento dos procedimentos adotados, validação de conteúdo, e avaliação psicométrica. A ausência de informações importantes do processo de adaptação transcultural foi a fragilidade mais encontrada. No manuscrito 2, o Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade, foi julgado pelo Comitê de Experts como equivalente do ponto de vista idiomático, semântico, cultural e conceitual e considerado compreensível ao ser pré-testado com puérperas e enfermeiros. No manuscrito 3, a maioria das mulheres teve parto normal (54,6%) e sofreu traumas perineais (77,3%). A episiotomia foi feita em 32,6% e em 0,7% ocorreram lacerações perineais severas; 3,7% puérperas foram admitidas em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A hemorragia pós-parto ocorreu em 1,5% mulheres e as infecções em 13,0%. Dos neonatos, 1,1% tiveram escore de Apgar no 5º minuto = 6, 14,9% foram transferidos para Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e 1,5% foram natimortos. Das puérperas, 0,7% referiram terem sido separadas do bebê, 3,7% ter sido deixada sozinha quando preocupada por 17,5% não ter sido levada a sério ao expressar preocupações. Conclui-se que a adoção é exequível do Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade pelos serviços de saúde, para produzir indicadores de segurança e qualidade da assistência obstétrica.

Abstract : Initiatives for patient safety in obstetric care are necessary as data on safety and care quality in this area is scarce. The aims of this study were to: identify and analyze the theoretical approaches and procedural proposals used in the cross-cultural adaptation of instruments in studies developed by Brazilian nursing staff; realize the cross-cultural adaptation of the Maternity Safety Thermometer to Brazilian Portuguese; estimate the instantaneous prevalence of maternal and neonatal damage and of the assistance indicator free of injury after application of the cross-culturally adapted version of the Maternity Safety Thermometer to Brazilian Portuguese (Termômetro de Segurança na Maternidade). To achieve the first aim, an integrative review was performed. After a search on PubMed-Medlilne, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of science, LILACS, BDENF and SciELO, 25 articles were included which described the process of cross-cultural adaptation of instruments used in hospital practices, published between 2005-2014. For the second objective, methodological research on cross-cultural adaptation was conducted, realizing the stages of translation of the instrument into Portuguese, translation synthesis, back translation, assessment by a Committee of 11 experts and the pilot test. Data from the pilot test was collected between June and July, 2015 through interviews with 30 mothers and assessment of the instrument was carried out by 40 nurses, in two maternity hospitals and a alongside birth center in Rio Grande do Norte. The data was analyzed using the Content Validity Index (reference value 0.8) and the global comprehension average, using the Likert Scale (0 to 2). For the third aim, a descriptive quantitative study was conducted in the same places as the pilot test, with 269 mothers and 275 newborns, from July to August, 2015. The data was collected using the Maternity Safety Thermometer and analyzed by descriptive statistics and calculation of the indicators proposed by the National Health Service. The results are presented in three articles. In article 1, the strengths of the studies are outlined: compliance of the process stages, detailing of the adopted procedures, content validity, and psychometric assessment. The weakness mostencountered during this study was the absence of important information on the cross-cultural adaptation process. In article 2, the Maternity Safety thermometer was deemed equivalent by the Experts committee in the idiomatic, semantic, cultural and conceptual sense and it was considered comprehensible when pre-tested on mothers and nurses. In article 3, the majority of women had a natural birth (54.6%) and suffered perineal trauma (77.3%). An episiotomy was performed on 32.6% and in 0.7% severe perineal tears occurred; 3.7% of mothers were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 1.5% of women and infections occurred in 13.0%. Of newborns, 1.1% had an Apgar score in the 5th minute = 6, 14.9% were transferred to the ICU and 1.5% were stillborn. Of the mothers, 0.7% reported being separated from their baby, 3.7% reported being left alone when worried and 17.5% reported not being taken seriously when expressing concerns. It can be concluded that adoption of the Maternity Safety Thermometer by the health services is advisable in order to produce safety and quality indicators for obstetric care.

Stress is associated with a vast array of negative outcomes for both physical and mental health. Based on evidence that stress influences temperature, and that psychology and physiology influence each other, we investigated the novel possibility that reducing brain temperature reduces stress in a sample of 91 university students. We used head fanning to reduce brain temperature and measured this change with an infrared ear thermometer. Participants were randomly assigned so that the fans faced toward half of the participants (cooling condition) and faced away from the other half (non-cooling control condition). Differences in stress between conditions during the Vandenberg and Kuse (1978) Mental Rotations Test were then examined to test the hypotheses that (a) cooling would buffer stress and (b) that this would be mediated by changes in brain temperature, as indicated by ear temperature. Participants in the cooling condition were less stressed (p = .02) and also performed better (p = .03) during the task but neither of these findings were mediated by ear temperature. Thus, some uncontrolled variable(s), and not changes in temperature, may have been responsible for the effect of cooling on stress. Alternatively, error in measuring brain temperature may have obscured the hypothesised causal relationship between temperature and stress. More research is needed to confirm whether cooling the head is a simple way to manage stress.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-104).
Labeling methods with optical readout are widely used to implement high throughput screens for drug discovery. However, labeling requires assay customization and does not allow examination of the reactants in their native state. The most direct and universal non-labeling method is calorimetry, but current calorimetric techniques are limited in resolution and throughput for pharmaceutical applications. In this thesis, a novel single-reaction microcalorimeter with optical readout, based on liquid expansion, was designed and built. The instrument was first constructed as a miniature liquid-in-glass thermometer in which the meniscus level was read by a Michelson interferometer. Contact angle hysteresis was limited by a wetting film and the low meniscus velocity. The sub-microKelvin resolution achieved was the lowest known for any thermometer above cryogenic temperatures. The thermometer was modified for use as a batch analysis microcalorimeter. Special attention was paid to minimize evaporation of the 1 /L reaction drops. Resolution of approximately 10 pJ was achieved for an acid dilution.
by Robert David.
Ph.D.

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) defines the present S.I.(“System International”) means of measuring temperature. The ITS-90 uses the freezing points of metals to define temperature fixed points. It also uses long-stemplatinum resistance thermometers to interpolate between the fixed points from 660 °Cdown to 84 K (if one includes the Argon triple point). Impurities are a major source of uncertainty in the fixed point temperature (of the order of 1 mK). And a better understanding of the impurity effect is required to improve top-level metrologicalthermometry. Most historical experiments with impurities have worked at a muchhigher levels of impurities – say of the order of 100ppm - and in arrangements that are not used on a day-to-day basis in a metrology laboratory. This thesis describes the deliberate doping of tin and aluminium, each with three different impurities and the effects of these on the temperature of the tin and aluminium liquid-solid phase transitions. The impurities, of the order of 1-30 ppm,were Co, Pb and Sb in the tin and Cu, Si and Ti in the aluminium. The tin and aluminium samples were in the form of ~0.3 kg ingots that would normally be used to realise an ITS-90 fixed point. Measurements were made using equipment normally available in a metrological thermometry laboratory, rather than using specially prepared samples. The samples were chemically analysed (by Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry(GD-MS)) before and after the doping. Using the amount of dopants introduced,and/or the chemical analysis data, the measured temperature changes were compared with those interpolated from the standard text. The experimental undoped liquid-solid transition curves were also compared against theoretical curves (calculated from atheoretical model MTDATA). The results obtained did not disagree with the Hansen interpolated values (though there was considerable uncertainty in some of the measurements (e.g. a factor of 2 ormore) due to the measurement of small changes. Within these uncertainties it indicatesthat the Sum of Individual Estimates (SIE) method of correcting for, at least, metal impurities in otherwise high purity metals remain valid. However the results also showed considerable discrepancies between the initial measured and calculated temperature shifts (based on the pre-existing impurities prior to doping) suggesting that there may be impurities that are not (separately) detected by the GD-MS method. There was evidence that the thermal history of the metal phase transitions can cause considerable segregation of some impurities, particularly those likely to increase the phase transition temperature through a peritectic (“positive” impurities), and that the effects of this segregation can be clearly seen on the shape of the melting curves of thetin doped with Sb. Some of the aluminium doped with Ti freezing curves may also show evidence of a“concave up” shape at the start of the freezing curve, as previously calculated by MTDATA, though the effect is not as pronounced. All individual phase transition measurements - made over tens of hours – were repeated at least three times and found to be reproducible, hence providing a real dataset that can be used for comparison with theoretical models still under development.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Accurate temperature measurement is an essential requirement in modern aircraft data acquisition systems. Both thermocouples and Platinum resistance temperature detectors (RTD) are used for this purpose with the latter being both more accurate and more repeatable. To ensure that only the sensor limits the accuracy of a temperature measurement, end-to-end system accuracy forward of the sensor, should be significantly greater than that of the sensor itself. This paper describes a new digital signal processing (DSP) based system for providing precision RTD based temperature measurements with laboratory accuracy in an aviation environment. Advantages of the new system include, true 3-wire RTD measurement, linear temperature output, on-board ultra-precision resistance standards and transparent dynamic calibration.

This thesis examined the application of psychological principles to stroke care. The literature investigating psychological adjustment post stroke was reviewed and the validity of the Distress Thermometer (DT) and Problem List was investigated in an empirical study. A systematic review focussed on the recently published literature using psychological theory to understand what cognitive factors are protective, or not, in the process of adjustment. Twenty papers were reviewed and nine theoretical models of psychological adjustment used. The most commonly referred to model was the Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Factors found to be associated with positive mood included internal locus of control, finding meaning and satisfaction with treatment. The complex and dynamic nature of adjustment was highlighted by the role of time and individual differences. The results of the review provided support for a recently developed model of adjustment post stroke (Social Cognitive Transition Model for Stroke, SCoTs, Taylor, Todman & Broomfield, 2011). The DT and stroke specific Problem List offers a valuable tool for assessing and understanding distress post stroke. Forty-eight participants completed the DT, Problem List, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, Zigmond & Snaith, 1983), Brief Assessment Schedule Depression Cards (BASDEC; Ashead et al, 1992) and the Visual Analogue Mood Scale Revised (Kontou et al., 2012) at one time point. Correlation coefficients were significant and positive between all measures, supporting concurrent validity. AUC analysis suggested a cut-off of 4.5 on the DT as suitable for the detection of anxiety. Cronbach's alpha found the Problem List to be most reliable when used as one whole scale, however this was most likely because of the large number of items in the overall scale, rather than the items being clearly associated to one another. Bladder and bowel problems were the most commonly reported distressing problem, with fatigue, worry and depression being frequently identified. These findings supported the used of the DT and Problem List in the early stages post stroke.

Fiber optic temperature sensing has become a well-defined field in the past few decades [1] through the use of Fiber Bragg Gratings, Fabry-Perot interferometry, and pyrometry, to list several techniques in use today.  The use of fiber optics offers significant advantages over electronic sensing in terms of size and insensitivity to harsh conditions such as extreme temperatures and corrosive environments.  The availability of optical sapphire materials, including fibers, has allowed the creation of fiber optic sensing elements able to continuously operate at temperatures of 1600"C [2] or more, thus outstripping the abilities of many commonly used thermocouples (excluding platinum types R, S, and B) [3] which will also exhibit a sensitivity to electromagnetic fields.  
In addition to the aforementioned benefits, fiber optic sensing techniques provide a great deal of accuracy in temperature measurement over the entire working range of the sensor.

The work documented in this thesis consists of efforts to minimize the overall footprint of a sapphire based extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry (EFPI) temperature sensing element, as well as strides made in multiplexing the same element and reducing the error potential from cross sensitivity of the thermometer with applied strain.  This work has been variously funded by Pratt & Whitney and the Department of Energy.
Master of Science

These master‘s thesis deals with the issues of contactless temperature measurement, designe and construction of the infrared contactless thermometer. The thesis is concerned with the IR physical magnitudes and laws, methods of measurment and types of detectors, which are used for contactless temperature measurment. In the practical part of the thesis is created system design and block diagram of the IR termometer. In the next part of the thesis is presented system design, drawing of the printed circuit board and software processing of the IR thermometer. In conclusion are summerized our achieved resultes.

Introdução: especula-se que os instrumentos e produtos químicos em cuja composição esteja o mercúrio sejam banidos para o uso comercial ou industrial devido à toxicidade deste metal ao meio ambiente e aos seres vivos. Como no nosso meio usa-se predominantemente o termômetro axilar de mercúrio para aferir a temperatura corporal, se de fato este termômetro deixar de ser usado, precisamos saber qual(is) termômetro(s) poderá(ão) substitui-lo; recentemente foram postos no mercado os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos, como o auricular e o cutâneo frontal e já existia há mais tempo o axilar eletrônico; estes termômetros são confiáveis para substituírem os de mercúrio? Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros eletrônicos axilar e instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) com os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio, este com três e cinco minutos de permanência, na aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de crianças internadas ou em consulta nas áreas pediátricas do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foi aferida a temperatura corporal dos pacientes participantes do estudo com a utilização quase simultânea de cinco tipos de termômetros: axilar de mercúrio, axilar eletrônico, cutâneo frontal eletrônico, auricular eletrônico e termômetro retal eletrônico. O termômetro axilar de mercúrio foi avaliado com tempo de permanência de três e de cinco minutos. Os dados foram sumarizados em média e desvio padrão. Foi empregado o teste de Bland e Altman para avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros. Resultados: foram avaliadas 20 crianças febris e 43 eutérmicas, com idades entre um mês e dois anos incompletos, totalizando 633 aferições da temperatura corporal. A idade média dos participantes foi 7,5 meses (DP 5,7 meses), 55% deles eram do sexo masculino. Nenhuma criança foi rejeitada e também não houve recusa por parte dos responsáveis em autorizar a participação no estudo. O estudo mostrou que houve boa concordância entre os termômetros axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos e axilar eletrônico, com média das diferenças das temperaturas (MDT) de -0,027°C e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de -0,062°C a 0,116°C; entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos, com MDT de 0,096°C e IC95% de -0,175°C a 0,211ºC; e entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos cinco minutos, com MDT de 0,038°C e IC95% de -0,149°C a 0,073°C. Houve apenas concordância parcial entre os termômetros eletrônicos retal e axilar, com MDT de -0,123°C e IC95% de 0,030°C a -0,245°C. Conclusões: os resultados indicaram o termômetro axilar eletrônico como o de melhor concordância nas aferições da temperatura corporal de crianças com hipertermia ou normotermia quando comparado com os termômetros axilar de mercúrio e eletrônico retal. Os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) não mostraram boa concordância com termômetro eletrônico retal nem com o termômetro axilar de mercúrio.
Introduction: It is said that chemical products and instruments whose composition have mercury will be banned for commercial or industrial use due to the toxicity of this metal for the environment and beings. Since in our field the axillary mercury thermometer is mainly used for reading the body temperature, and if this thermometer is really banned, we need to know what thermometer(s) will replace it; recently, we can find instant electronic thermometers such as the ear and frontal ones in the market, and for longer, there have been the axillary electronic thermometer; are these thermometers reliable to replace the mercury one? Objective: to evaluate the agreement of the axillary electronic and instant (ear and frontal) thermometers with the rectal electronic and axillary mercury thermometers, the axillary mercury one staying three to five minutes, when reading the body temperature of children. Method: A transversal study was carried out with convenience sampling of hospitalized children or children with medical appointments in the pediatric areas of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The body temperature of the subject patients was taken with the use, almost simultaneously, of five types of thermometers: axillary mercury, axillary electronic, frontal electronic, ear electronic and rectal electronic. The axillary mercury thermometer was evaluated by staying three to five minutes. The data was stated by average and standard deviation. The Bland-Altman test was applied to evaluate the agreement between the thermometers. Result: 20 feverish children and 43 euthermic children, between the ages of one month to two incomplete years, were evaluated, totaling 633 body temperatures taken. The average age of the subjects was 7.5 months (5.7 standard deviation), 55% were male. No child was rejected and there was also no refusal by the responsible for the children to authorize their participation in the study. The study has shown that there is a good agreement between the axillary mercury thermometer at three minutes and the axillary electronic one, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.027°C and confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) of -0.062°C to 0.116°C; between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at three minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.096°C and 95%CI of -0.175°C to 0.211°C; and between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at five minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.038°C and 95%CI of 0.149°C to 0.073°. There was only partial agreement between the rectal and axillary electronic thermometers, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.123°C and 95%CI of 0.030°C and -0.245°C. Conclusion: the results have shown that the electronic axillary thermometer has the best agreement in reading the body temperature of children with hyperthermia or normothermia when compared with the axillary mercury and electronic rectal thermometers. The instant electronic thermometers (ear and frontal) have not shown good agreement with either the rectal electronic thermometer or the axillary mercury thermometer.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of temperature measuring with the use of contactless thermometer. The thesis examines the physical findings, methods and detectors for contactless temperature measurement. Is then selected a suitable detector, measuring methods and assembled a block diagram of the IR thermometer. The main section is a specific system design. This includes circuit solution, including printed circuit board design and simulation of the functional parts.

Background Based on the writers’ experiences, the ear thermometer is the most common method for temperature measurements, even though patients usually not are asked if they prefer it. No previous research about patients’ experiences of measurements with different thermometers was found.   Aim The aim of the study was to assess and compare patients' inconvenience and expected inconvenience, and preferences of different thermometers, totally and divided by gender and age.   Method A survey with 31 hospitalized patients in Central Sweden was conducted. The questionnaire contained questions about experienced and expected inconveniences from different types of thermometers. Data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney U-test and the results are descriptively presented.   Results Compared to oral and rectal thermometers, the ear thermometer was considered the least unpleasant. It was also the most preferred thermometer. The patients ranked the methods’ correctness as the most important characteristic. Regarding the different methods and also regarding experienced and expected inconveniences there were no statistically significant differences between age groups or between gender.   Conclusion Most participants preferred the ear thermometer before the rectal thermometer and the oral thermometer. The majority wanted a thermometer that was as precise as possible. More studies are needed to investigate differences between expectations and experiences of the thermometers. Studies that will conclude if there is a disparity between different age groups and gender are recommended.
Bakgrund Enligt författarnas erfarenhet är örontermometern idag den mest förekommande mätmetoden, vilken används även om patienterna inte blivit tillfrågade om de föredrar en annan metod. Ingen forskning kring patienternas upplevelser av olika temperaturmätningsmetoder står att finna.   Syfte Syftet var att undersöka patienters upplevda och förväntade obehag samt preferenser av temperaturmätningsmetoder, totalt sett och fördelat på köns- och åldersgrupper.   Metod En enkätstudie med 31 patienter på sjukhus i Mellansverige genomfördes. Enkäten innehöll frågor om bl.a. patientens upplevda och förväntade obehag av olika temperaturmätningsmetoder och om vilka karakteristika som var viktigast vid valet av termometer. Data analyserades med hjälp av Mann Whitney U-test och resultatet presenteras deskriptivt.   Resultat Örontermometer ansågs vara mindre obehaglig än oral och rektal temperaturmätning, och var också den mest föredragna mätmetoden. Patienterna ansåg att den viktigaste karakteristikan hos en mätmetod var att den var korrekt. Det fanns ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan ålders- eller könsgrupperna avseende obehag av de olika mätmetoderna eller mellan de som hade erfarenheter av mätmetoderna och de som skattade förväntat obehag av samma mätmetoder.   Slutsats De flesta patienter föredrog örontermometern framför rektal- och oraltermometern. Majoriteten ville också ha en termometer som är så korrekt som möjligt. Ytterligare studier för att undersöka om det finns en skillnad mellan patienters förväntningar och upplevelser av olika temperaturmätningsmetoder behövs. Även studier som kan utröna om det finns skillnader mellan olika åldersgrupper och mellan kvinnor och män rekommenderas.

This graduation thesis deals with temperature sensors and theirs connection to the microcontroller MCF52233. In the introductory chapters there is description of the principles and characteristics of the heat sensitive elements and theirs abilities of connection to the microcontrollers. Further there is a real proposal and description of the connection realization with sensors DS1620 (intelligent temperature sensor which communicates via serial synchronous link), DS18B20 (intelligent temperature sensor which communicates via 1-Wire bus), LM335 (precise temperature sensor) and KTY81-210 (resistance temperature sensor which is made of silicon). There was a need to create software for the communication between sensors and microcontroller MCF52233. Communication with the superior PC computer was done by USB interface. Software background was created to show temperature readings on the PC computer. Besides the realized USB communication there was done theoretical analysis of the communication via Ethernet bus. On the enclosed CD you can find testing software for the microcontroller and PC computer which allows you to get temperature values from sensors and show them on the screen of the PC computer.

The target of this work is to modernize air-conditioning control of the unit Thermal Chamber. The old air-conditioning unit will be renewed by replacing old one by new one, microcontroller-driven control unit, trough which it will be possible to show the current and desired temperature LCD. Theoretically description of the components and methods of measuring the temperature and environment for the creation of the microcontroller is shown before construction.

The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for Vellagavi since there were no measurements taken on site. Preferably, remediation should take place at the source of the contamination, i.e. the factory site.
Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som reglerade vilka standarder som skulle användas. Resultatet från åtgärdsutredningen var att det fanns flera olika åtgärdsmetoder som skulle kunna användas för att sanera fabriksplatsen. Åtgärdsutredningen för Vellagavi var begränsad eftersom det inte fanns tillräckligt mycket mätdata för området. Företrädesvis bör saneringsåtgärderna vidtas vid föroreningskällan, vilket i detta fall är fabriksplatsen.

Non-intrusive acoustic instruments that measure fluid velocity and temperature have been restricted to low subsonic Mach number applications due to increased complexities associated with acoustic refraction, low signal-to-noise ratios, and a limited range of practical applications. In the current work, the use of acoustics for non-intrusive flow monitoring in compressible flows is explored and a novel sonic anemometry and thermometry (SAT) technique is developed. Using multiple arrangements of SAT equipment, a compressible acoustic tomography technique was also developed to resolve flow non-uniformities. Three validation experiments were used to investigate the novel SAT technique performance, and a fourth validation experiment was used to explore compressible flow tomography capabilities. In the first experiment, an unheated jet was used to verify that the acoustic technique could measure fluid velocities in high subsonic Mach number flows. The application demonstrated velocity root mean square (RMS) errors of 9 m/s in unheated jet flows up to Mach 0.83. Next, a heated jet facility was used to assess the impact of fluid temperature on measurement accuracy. Using jet Mach numbers up to 0.7 and total temperatures up to 700 K, RMS velocity and static temperature errors up to 8.5 m/s (2.4% of maximum jet velocity) and 23.3 K (3.3% of total temperature) were observed. Finally, the acoustic technique was implemented at the exhaust of a JT15D-1A turbofan engine to investigate technique sensitivity to bypass engine conditions. A mass flow rate and thrust estimation approach was developed and RMS errors of 1.1 kg/s and 200 N were observed in conditions up to an exhaust Mach number of 0.48. Since modern acoustic tomography techniques require an incompressible flow assumption for velocity detection, advancements were made to extend acoustic tomography methods to compressible flow scenarios for the final experiment. The approach was tested in the heated jet operating at Mach 0.48 and 0.72 (total temperature of 675 K, approximately 2.25 times the ambient) and numerical simulations were used to identify technique sensitivity to input variables and system design. This research marks the first time an acoustic method has been used to estimate compressible flow velocities and temperatures.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S. in human nutrition)--Washington State University, December 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 8, 2010). "College of Pharmacy." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-101).

Quantifier les variations de température océanique du passé est nécessaire pour comprendre les mécanismes qui régissent l’évolution climatique. Les méthodes de paléo-thermométrie classiques peuvent souffrir de limitation inhérente à l’écologie des organismes et/ou à cause de l’influence d'effets physico-chimiques (salinité, acidité de l’eau de mer…). Ce travail se focalise sur la technique de paléothermométrie Δ47, qui repose sur la mesure du « clumping isotopique » dans les carbonates. Il vise d’abord à établir une calibration appliquée aux foraminifères et ensuite à mettre en œuvre cette calibration pour l’étude des variations climatiques au cours de la transition du Pléistocène moyen (MPT). Notre calibration Δ47-température des foraminifères planctoniques et benthiques, prélevés dans des sédiments modernes, couvre une gamme de température de -2 à 25°C. Les valeurs de Δ47 sur 9 espèces de foraminifères présentent une excellente corrélation avec la température de calcification des organismes, estimée à partir des mesures isotopiques de l’oxygène. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’absence d’effets liés à l’écologie des foraminifères (effets vitaux et de taille des organismes) et démontrent que la salinité n’affecte pas les mesures de Δ47. Cette étude constitue une avancée méthodologique importante pour les futures études paléocéanographiques sur les foraminifères. La MPT correspond à une transition climatique marquée par un changement de fréquence des cycles glaciaires-interglaciaires (de 41 000 à 100 000 ans). La compréhension de cette période est un enjeu scientifique majeur pour appréhender la mise en place du climat actuel. Notre calibration Δ47-température a permis de quantifier les variations de températures au cours de la MPT en mer méditerranée (Section de Montalbano Jonico, sud de l’Italie) et particulièrement des stades isotopiques marins 31 et 19, considérés comme des analogues à l’Holocène. Les résultats indiquent que (i) les températures (Δ47) obtenues sont en adéquation avec les températures obtenues par d’autres paléothermomètres, (2) les températures permettent de retracer les changements de régime océanographique et hydrologique, et (3) la mesure du Δ47 est complément prometteur pour les études multi-méthodes en paléocéanographie
The quantification of past oceanic temperature changes is a critical requirement for understanding the mechanisms which regulate climate variations. Classical methods of paleothermometry could suffer from well-known limitations related to ecology and/or to physico-chemical biases (sea water salinity, acidity…). This work focuses on clumped-isotope carbonate thermometry (Δ47). It aims to establish a calibration of Δ47 foraminifera and use it to study past climatic variations through the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). Our Δ47 calibration in planktonic and benthic foraminifera collected from modern marine sediment covers a temperature range of -2 to 25 °C. The clumped-isotope compositions of 9 species of foraminifera show a robust correlation with the calcification temperature, estimated from the measurements of oxygen-18. These results confirm the absence of bias linked to foraminifer ecology (species-specific and foraminifer size effects) and provide evidence that salinity does not affect the Δ47 thermometer. This study constitutes significant methodological progress for future paleoceanographic applications in foraminifera.The MPT is a climatic transition characterized by a shift in the frequencies of glacial-interglacial cycles (from 41 000 to 100 000 years). Understanding the MPT is a major scientific objective, which underlies our effort to study the establishment of our present climate. Our Δ47 calibration was used to quantify temperature changes through the MPT in the Mediterranea Sea (Montalbano Jonico section, south of Italy), and in particular the marine isotopic stages 31 and 19, which may be described as Holocene analogues. We find that (1) Δ47 temperatures are in good agreement with temperatures reconstructed from other paleothermometers, (2) these results allow reconstructing changes in past oceanographic and hydrologic regime, and (3) Δ47 measurement are a promising component of multi-proxy paleoceanographic studies

Nowadays, the interest in smart appliances, which enable consumption reduction or consumption shifting approach, grows up. Such appliances can react to actual situation in the distributional network. From the energy distributor point of view, the activity of these appliances brings improvement of stability in the distribution network, while for the end customer there is possibility of the saving money. This thesis describes a transformation of standard fridge to smart fridge controlled by microcomputer Raspberry Pi. The smart fridge can communicate with supervisor system and according to its instructions change its behavior (temperature set point). The appliance can be manually controlled by a group of buttons, while its state can be visualized on the alphanumeric display. Last but not least way to control the appliance is through a web interface. The thesis also describes design of printed circuit board (PCB), which is designed for connection of all necessary sensors and actuators to Raspberry Pi. Software equipment is designed in the C++ program language.

Many environmental cues are thought to influence nest site selection by loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, and much debate exists over the possible influence of sand temperature. This study had two primary objectives: (1) to measure thermal differences across transects of a major nesting beach of Casey Key (28.7 N, 82.3 W), Florida and (2) to evaluate thermal pattern variation that influenced nesting patterns of adult female loggerhead sea turtles. A secondary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of infrared thermometers to collect sand surface temperatures in the field. Temperature data were collected from 145 nest events and 8 false crawls in the 2008 and 2009 nesting seasons. Infrared thermometers and thermocouple probes were used to obtain surface temperatures from the water, waterline, beach sand, body pit attempts, nest chamber attempts, eggs, and the surface of the gular skin of the nesting female, within the crawl track created by the female and at one meter adjacent to the crawl track (from undisturbed sand). Weather influences at the time of nesting were recorded, including the presence or absence of rain, wind, or clouds. Beach slope was measured using an angle locator. Temperature data from the infrared thermometer and the thermocouple probe were highly correlated, indicating that an infrared thermometer is an effective measurement tool on a nesting beach. In 2008, there was a significant difference between temperatures collected within the crawl tracks of false crawl events and nest events, indicating a potential for females to use thermal cues in choosing whether to false crawl or nest. In both nesting seasons, the sand temperature in the body pit and the surface of the gular skin of the nesting female were nearly identical, suggesting females may locate a suitable nest site using their skin temperature. Data collected at other loggerhead rookeries in the United States and Australia yielded similar results, however, variability in the use of temperature may arise seasonally, and according to different nesting environments. Rain, wind and cloud cover significantly thermally altered several locations on Casey Key, but it remains unclear if these weather events significant affect turtle nesting behavior. Additionally, crawl distance and beach slope were significantly, positively correlated. Gravid females most likely use multiple environmental cues to select a nest site. Assimilating information from multiple sources allows for the highest degree of adaptability, and future studies should consider implications for climate change and beach renourishment projects.

Content of the Bachelor Thesis covers design and realisation of an unit for multipoint temperature measuring in cooling and freezing equipments in food stores and shops. As a controlling microcomputer is used an Atmel ATMega128, temperature sensors are realised by DS18S20 digital thermometers, connected via 1-wire bus. Unit can read temperature from 32 temperature sensors, includes memory for measured data, real time clock, Ethernet interface and display with buttons for basic user control. Temperatures are measured periodically with user defined interval, values are stored into internal memory and showed on display. Measured data can also be transferred via Ethernet to clinent PC, where can be viewed in form of table and graphs.

As states, districts, and teachers work to make science classes more about doing the work of science and less about remembering science facts, research is needed to show what doing science looks like. This is especially needed for the youngest students, since much of the current research studies examine the upper part of the K-12 grade range. Having been an early elementary science teacher, my work in this dissertation and beyond is focused on making the doing of science accessible to young children. One way to do science is to collect and interpret data – to measure something and make sense of changes in measurement over time. Kindergarten teachers already do this with the weather as called for in math curriculums and science standards, albeit in simplified forms with words like hot, cold, sunny, cloudy, etc. I was curious if the children could understand more complex ways of measuring the weather, using quantitative measurements with the help of a thermometer designed for young children. Over the course of three interviews for each child, I asked six kindergarteners to show illustrate different temperatures, read thermometers, and interpret graphs of changing temperatures. Based on my analysis of the interviews, my findings indicate that the six kindergarteners could all read the specialized thermometer and four of them demonstrated an understanding of how the measurements related to air temperature. This work may help with the planning of future science classes.

Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earth\'s crust, and is an important constituent of many metamorphic rocks. Because of the correlation between the dynamic recrystallization mechanisms and temperature, it is possible to understand the relationship between deformation and metamorphism evolution with the investigation of quartz, its textures, crystallographic orientation and its trace elements composition. Recently, thermometer calibrations were proposed based on the relationship between c-axis fabric open angle. Studies show that trace elements are also reliable indicators for geothermometers, especially on rocks without metamorphic index minerals,, such as in quartzites. With these calibrations it is possible to investigate the metamorphic-deformational evolution and compare to the metamorphic evolution of associated rocks containing diagnostic paragenesis and P-T conditions, allowing the full picture of establishment of the relationship between deformation and metamorphism. The aim of this research is to evaluate the c-axis thermometer, using data from Universal Stage and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), as well as trace elements thermometry, Ti-in-quartz and Zr-in-rutile. The study was conducted on quartzites of the Carrancas Group, on Serra da Estância, Serra do Pombeiro and Serra de Carrancas, which P-T conditions of metamorphism were established with great precision in previous works. The study area is located in the southern region of Minas Gerais, near the cities of Carrancas, Itutinga, Itumirim and Lavras. Temperatures obtained by the c-axis thermometer were confronted with previously processed data and produced different results for each method, Universal Stage and EBSD. The Universal Stage produced a temperature that fits very well with metamorphic peak from previously calculated temperatures, and it seems to be a very reliable, cheap and relatively fast method. The stereograms made with EBSD data produced blurred girdles. It is not clear if the acquired data was either made properly or if this is a result of superimposed events of deformations, as suggested by petrography. The Zr-in-rutile thermometer partially agrees with the thermobarometry results of the literature, because at temperatures below 600 °C, it does not activate the zircon to participate on cation exchange reactions with other minerals, so the Zr concentration on rutile is considered to be from the source rock, and not related to deformation or metamorphism. The Ti-in-quartz was not a reliable thermometer for this case study. The temperatures are higher than the expected and the hypothesis is that the quartz grains might not have enough energy to exchange cations with rutile and zircon during the deformation and metamorphism caused by shear zones on Carrancas klippe. For further investigation, it is interesting to use cathodoluminescence that might map the Ti concentration zones on quartz grains to identify portions with different Ti concentrations and investigate their relationship with possible recrystallization textures.
O quartzo é um dos minerais mais comuns na crosta terrestre e é um constituinte importante de muitas rochas metamórficas. Devido à correlação entre os mecanismos dinâmicos de recristalização e a temperatura, é possível entender a relação entre a deformação e a evolução do metamorfismo com a investigação do quartzo, suas texturas, orientação cristalográfica e sua composição de elementos traços. Recentemente, calibrações de termômetros foram propostas com base na relação entre o ângulo de abertura do eixo-c. Estudos mostram que elementos traços também são indicadores confiáveis para geotermômetros, especialmente em rochas sem índices de minerais metamórficos, como os quartzitos. Com estas calibrações é possível investigar a evolução metamórfico-deformacional e comparar com a evolução metamórfica de rochas associadas contendo paragênese diagnóstica e condições de P-T, permitindo o quadro completo do estabelecimento da relação entre deformação e metamorfismo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar os termômetros de eixo-c, utilizando dados de Platina Universal e de Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), e temperatura de elementos traço, Ti-em-quartzo e Zr-em-rutilo. O estudo foi realizado nos quartzitos do Grupo Carrancas, na Serra da Estância, Serra do Pombeiro e Serra de Carrancas, cujas condições de metamorfismo da P-T foram estabelecidas com grande precisão em trabalhos anteriores. A área de estudo está localizada na região sul de Minas Gerais, próximo às cidades de Carrancas, Itutinga, Itumirim e Lavras. As temperaturas obtidas pelo termômetro do eixo c foram confrontadas com dados previamente processados e produziram resultados diferentes para cada método de Platina Universal e EBSD. Os dados de platina produziram temperaturas que se encaixam muito bem com o pico metamórfico de temperaturas previamente calculadas, e parece ser um método muito confiável, barato e relativamente rápido. Os estereogramas feitos com os dados do EBSD produziram guirlandas pouco nítidas. Não está claro se os dados adquiridos foram feitos adequadamente ou se isso é resultado de eventos sobrepostos de deformações, como sugerido pela petrografia. O termômetro de Zr-em-rutilo concordam parcialmente com os resultados de termobarometria da literatura, porque em temperaturas abaixo de 600 ° C, os minerais de zircão não são ativados para participar de reações de troca de cátions com outros minerais, portanto a concentração de Zr no rutilo é considerada como sendo da rocha fonte, e não relacionadas à deformação ou metamorfismo. O Ti-em-quartzo não foi um termômetro confiável para este estudo de caso. As temperaturas são superiores às esperadas e a hipótese é de que os grãos de quartzo podem não ter energia suficiente para trocar cátions com rutilo e zircão durante a deformação e metamorfismo causados por zonas de cisalhamento na klippe Carrancas. Para investigações posteriores, é interessante utilizar catodoluminescência para que seja possível mapear as zonas de concentração de Ti em grãos de quartzo e assim identificar porções com diferentes concentrações de Ti e investigar sua relação com possíveis texturas de recristalização.

The thesis is structured into two parts: the first is concerning with the methodologies of climatic investigations applied to the historical climatology, while the second part is concerning with methodologies of climatic investigations applied to the site testing for astronomy. The purpose of the first part is to develope methodology guidelines for investigating temperature data to provide a high quality historical reconstruction of present and past climatic conditions locally in Italy and globally in the Mediterranean basin. The potentials and limitations of both documentary proxy data and instrumental observations available for such reconstruction, together with the methodologies used to analyze them, have been presented. Documentary proxies allow to study climate prior to the availability of early instrumental observations allowing the reconstruction of the extreme events. They must be transformed from written documents into numerical index through a calibration and validation approach to exctract the climatic signal related to the temperature variable. In the same way, high quality instrumental time series are achieved only after an enduring and long work of collection, validation, homogenization that makes clear the climatic signal stored into the data. This is the big challenge that we have presented in the first part of the thesis: the methodology to obtain high quality and statistically robust observations supported by the results obtained performing these careful analysis. The obtained results offer an improvement in the Italian and Mediterranean area of both data quality and instrumental data coverage. The reconstructed instrumental observations go back in time up to 360 years ago at the heart of the Little Ice Age, immediately after the invention of the first meteorological instruments covering a time twice respect the results reported in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) report. Moreover, the reconstructed series based on documentary data, extends our knowledge on temperature over the last 500 years. This longer temporal range adds new light especially in relation with the recent global warming. Great attention has been conferred to the early instrumental observations carried out by several Galileo’s followers, that, unexploited over the centuries, are presented here for the first time. This study is concerning with the invention of the first thermometer exploitable for reliable instrumental observations performed under the guidelines of the first meteorological Network existing at world known as ‘Rete Medicea’. Moreover another study that extends back to 1716 the long daily temperature series in Padua with the addition of newly recovered data and the transformation of initially obscure indoor readings into outdoor observations in terms of modern units and observational methodology, is presented here. This early temperature reconstructon is particularly interesting for our Padua’s astronomical observatory because it is the continuation, back in time, of the temperature series carried out at the specula by Toaldo, Chiminello, Busatta, Conti, Santini and Lorenzoni that were directors of the Padua’s astronomical observatory. The second part of the thesis is focused on satellite data and remote sensing technique useful for climatic investigation applied at site testing for astronomy. The use of satellite platforms, at present, is the more effective mean to perform a worldwide survey of different climate parameters because they provide a global coverage useful to monitor the climatic situation around the world in the already active astronomical sites and above all they can reveal new sites appropriate for building astronomical observatories. The aim of this second part is from one hand, to explore the use of other detectors than TOMS-EP (Bertolin, 2005) with improved spatial resolution on board of different satellites for studying the relationship between the aerosol content monitoring and the visual atmospheric extinction in the Roque de Los Muchachos (ORM) astronomical site (Canary Islands, Spain). From the other hand, it is to test and quantitatively evaluate the weight that the satellite spatial resolution hold in site testing analysis. For this reason we handle both high spatial resolution level 2 data and lower resolution level 3 data. Important results are obtained working own with level 3 data, from their analysis in fact we were able to define the main aerosol content features (e.g. aerosol optical depth, height of aerosol layer and single scattering albedo) and the cloud coverage and free-cloud scenes. We performed such analysis on four among the top world’s sites (i.e. La Silla, Paranal (Chile), La Palma and Tenerife (Spain)) and in particular we tested this methodology to study a new exploitable ELT site: Tolonchar. The aim of these comparisons is to verify if the sky quality characteristic are unchanged over time and to search for appropriate techniques able to reveal climatic properties exploitable when looking at new future very large telescopes sites. Here, for the first time a careful satellite monitoring has been performed on a 6-years database on Tolonchar in order to obtain as information as possible from OMI level 3 data for this area that is actually under evaluation as possible ELT site. Our results show very important conclusions. Over this area in fact the cloud presence is extremely limited and for the first time we have detected and studied the aerosol presence. The major evidences concerning with cloud climatology have been achieved both from the climatic point of view of cloud cover percentage and from the astronomical point of view of long-term trend in number of photometric nights. The Wavelet Analysis to search periodicities, performed over a cloud cover satellite dataset of more than 30-year, highlights for La Silla an evident anti-correlation between the increasing in cloud mean fraction and the decreasing in mean Southern Oscillation Index and vice-versa. A similar result is carried out also studying the relationship between change in number of photometric nights occurring between a negative SOI peak and a positive one. The difference in percentage between the best and the worst condition in term of number of photometric nights for La Silla is relevant for the observational purposes. For this reason a further analysis has been carried out to compare the cloud coverage anomaly (i.e. relative deviation of the mean number of photometric nights) in-situ measurements, with the satellite Cloud Cover Anomaly (sat CCA). The objective of such analysis is to analyse the correlation of CCA (in-situ) with the satellite CCA (remote-sensing) in order to assess the usefulness of satellite cloud cover values as a tool to reconstruct a larger time series in term of photometric data. If applicable, this method could be useful to reconstruct longer series of photometric data to best define the observational conditions of those astronomical sites around the world with photometric series of measurements at the beginning.
La tesi è strutturata in due parti ben distinte: la prima, riguarda i metodi di indagine applicati alla climatologia storica, mentre la seconda parte riguarda i metodi di indagine atti alla ricerca, su scala globale, di siti che possiedano le migliori condizioni per le osservazioni astronomiche. Nella prima parte si trattano i metodi per l’analisi e la ricostruzione delle serie storiche di temperatura e si espongono i risultati ottenuti sia localmente, per l’Italia, che su scala globale, per l’area Mediterranea. Nella ricostruzione del clima storico si utilizzano due tipologie di dati: i ‘proxy’ di tipo documentario e gli strumentali. I dati di tipo documentario vengono utilizzati per ricostruire la frequenza di eventi termici estremi nel periodo di tempo antecedente l’invenzione dei primi termometri trasformando le informazioni contenute nei documenti scritti in indici numerici. Tali indici sono definiti sulla base della valutazione della causa fisica e dell’effetto riportato sulla cronaca e statisticamente, con la calibrazione e validazione su un comune periodo di dati strumentali di temperatura. Allo stesso modo, la ricostruzione di una serie strumentale di temperatura necessita di un lungo ed attento lavoro di ricerca, validazione ed analisi statistica delle osservazioni che assicuri l’eliminazione di errori e discontinuità. I risultati ottenuti da queste serie strumentali, statisticamente omogenee e di alta qualità anche dal punto di vista dello studio dei metadati, offrono un notevole miglioramento sia per la qualità del dato presentato sia in termini di copertura temporale che, superando i 360 anni, diviene la più lunga esistente al mondo. Il miglioramento nella conoscenza dell’andamento termico in Italia e nell’area del Mediterraneo risale quindi al 1654, nel mezzo della piccola età glaciale (LIA) ed è notevole se confrontato con l’intervallo temporale presentato nel noto report dell’Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) che si arresta al 1850. Inoltre, se si aggiungono i risultati ottenuti dall’analisi dei dati documentari, i risultati riguardanti l’andamento di temperatura nel Nord-Centro Italia, presentati in questa tesi, arrivano a coprire gli ultmi 500 anni. Questo intervallo temporale plurisecolare aggiunge nuova luce alle attuali conoscenze soprattutto se analizzato in termini di riscaldamento globale. Grande attenzione rivestono in questa prima parte della tesi anche le prime osservazioni strumentali, effettuate dai discepoli di Galileo con il piccolo termometro fiorentino che fu il primo strumento della storia in grado di registrare in modo fisicamente attendibile la temperatura dell’aria. Queste osservazioni, analizzate e presentate qui per la prima volta, nacquero all’interno della Rete Medicea (1654-1670) che fu la prima rete meteorologica esistente al mondo, nata sotto l’egida del Granduca di toscana Ferdinando II. Infine, aggiungendo altri 60 anni di dati di temperatura (1716-1774) alla ricostruzione della serie strumentale storica di Padova, si è ottenuto un risultato particolarmente importante per la storia della nostra specola. Questa serie strumentale, ad oggi ininterrotta, è infatti una delle più lunghe e complete d’Italia, e ci è giunta grazie alle osservazioni effettuate da astronomi quali Toaldo, Chiminello, Santini succedutisi come direttori dell’osservatorio astronomico di Padova. La seconda parte della tesi riguarda l’analisi di dati satellitari e della tecnica in remote sensing per la ricerca di siti che presentino condizioni ottimali per osservazioni astronomiche. Dal punto di vista climatico, l’uso di piattaforme satellitari di tipo sun-syncronous, grazie alla copertura quasi totale della superfice terrestre sono il mezzo attualmente più efficace per il monitoraggio di parametri atmosferici di aree in cui sono presenti osservatori astronomici già attivi da anni e divengono al contempo un mezzo molto potente per rilevare nuovi siti che possiedano le condizioni ottimali richieste dalle osservazioni. Lo scopo di questa seconda parte, è in primis quello di esplorare l’uso di altri rivelatori diversi dal Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer a bordo del satellite Earth Probe (Bertolin, 2005), con una miglior risoluzione spaziale, per studiare la correlazione tra il contenuto di aerosol e l’estinzione atmosferica all’osservatorio Roque de Los Muchachos nell’isola di La Palma (Canarie, Spagna). In secondo luogo, il fine è quello di valutare quanto la risoluzione spaziale degli strumenti satellitari influenzi la qualità del dato utilizzato e conseguentemente i risultati ottenuti per la caratterizzazione di un sito astronomico. Per questo intento si sono utilizzati due tipi di dati: dati di livello 2 ad alta risoluzione e dati di livello 3 a più bassa risoluzione spaziale. Importanti risultati si sono ottenuti dall’analisi di questi ultimi dati. Questo tipo di studio in remote sensing è stato rivolto, parallelamente, su quattro tra i siti astronomici di eccelenza al mondo: La Silla e Paranal in Cile, La Palma e Tenerife nelle isole Canarie ed analogamente è stato testato anche per studiare le caratteristiche di un sito completamente nuovo indicato per poter ospitare il futuro extremely large telescope: Tolonchar. I risultati hanno portato a definire per ogni area presa in esame le principali caratteristiche del contenuto aerosol (profondità ottica degli aerosol, altezza dello strato di particelle aerosol, albedo della singola interazione di diffusione con la particella aerosol) e della copertura nuvolosa. Lo scopo di tale confronto è stato quello di verificare se le caratteristiche di qualità del cielo fossero rimaste inalterate negli anni e di cercare tecniche di analisi appropriate a rivelare le proprietà climatiche delle aree in esame. A questo proposito, per la prima volta è stato effettuato un attento monitoraggio da satellite, su un database di 6 anni per il sito di Tolonchar. I risultati ottenuti hanno presentato conclusioni molto importanti. Sopra quest’area la presenza di nubi infatti si è dimostrata molto limitata e per la prima volta è stato possibile studiare e specificare la presenza e le caratteristiche degli aerosol. I maggiori risultati riguardanti lo studio della nuvolosità sono stati ottenuti sia da un punto di vista climatico, in termini di percentuale di copertura nuvolosa, che da un punto di vista astronomico come trend a lungo termine del numero di notti fotometriche. La ricerca di periodicità, effettuata con la wavelet analysis, su oltre un trentennio di dati satellitari, ha messo in evidenza, per il sito astronomico di La Silla, un’anticorrelazione tra l’aumento medio della frazione di nubi e la diminuzione media del Southern Oscillation Index e viceversa. Un risultato analogo si è raggiunto anche studiando la relazione che intercorre tra la variazione del numero di notti fotometriche ed i picchi positivi e negative del SOI. Come dimostra il caso esemplificativo di La Silla, la differenza percentuale tra le peggiori e migliori condizioni in termini di numero di notti fotometriche è rilevante per le osservazioni astronomiche. Questo fatto ha portato a correlare l’anomalia di copertura nuvolosa (cioè la deviazione relativa del numero medio di notti fotometriche) ottenuto dalle misure in situ con un valore analogo recuperato da misure satellitari. L’obiettivo di tale analisi è la ricerca di una possibile correlazione tra queste due variabili per utilizzare i dati satellitari di percentuale di nuvolosità come mezzo per ricostruire una statistica di dati fotometrici su una scala temporale più ampia. Il metodo testato sull’area di La Silla e Paranal ha alcune limitazioni che non permettono di estenderlo ad altri siti astronomici con informazioni fotometriche per ricostruire in modo più completo l’andamento delle loro condizioni osservative negli anni.

Desde o desenvolvimento do laser pelo norte-americano Theodore Harold Maiman em 1960, inúmeras pesquisas têm sido realizadas com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos sobre os tecidos dentais, principalmente os relacionados com o aumento de temperatura no interior da câmara pulpar. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar a variação de temperatura em amostras de esmalte/dentina e dentina, após irradiação com os lasers de Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) e Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3), através de análise com termômetro de radiação infravermelha. Foram selecionados 110 terceiros molares isentos de cárie, obtidos através do Banco de Dentes Permanentes Humanos que pertence à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo e o projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) com o parecer nº44/03. As coroas foram separadas das raízes por meio de um disco de carborundum e todas as coroas foram totalmente incluídas no interior de um tubo de PVC com resina transparente. Os cortes foram realizados no aparelho de corte Labcut, paralelamente ao longo eixo das coroas, no sentido mésio-distal, para obter 750 amostras, com 5 diferentes espessuras (1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm e 5mm), sendo 350 amostras de esmalte/dentina e 400 amostras de dentina. Foi utilizado um termômetro de radiação infravermelha (MINIRAY 100 XL) para medição da variação de temperatura nos dois lados das amostras (frente e atrás), irradiadas em diferentes condições e parâmetros com os lasers de Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) e Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3). Os resultados obtidos com todos os lasers e parâmetros demonstraram que a associação refrigeração + espessura das amostras foi estatisticamente significante, quanto à redução da variação de temperatura em comparação à associação ausência de refrigeração + espessura das amostras. Houve uma diminuição da variação da temperatura estatisticamente significante de acordo com as espessuras das amostras irradiadas sem refrigeração, porém não o suficiente para evitar grandes elevações de temperatura. No geral, as variações das temperaturas foram sempre maiores no lado da frente das amostras, independente do uso ou não de refrigeração. Para o laser de Nd:YAG, houve menores variações de temperatura, estatisticamente significante, nos grupos irradiados sem contato e sem a presença da tinta nanquim, independente da presença ou não de refrigeração.
The laser was developed in 1960 by Theodore Harold Maiman and many researches have been carried out with the aim to evaluate the effects on the dental tissues, mainly the effects related to the increase of temperature inside the pulp chamber. This research was developed with the purpose of evaluating the variance in temperature of the enamel/dentin and dentin samples after irradiation with Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) and Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3) and an analysis with the infrared radiation thermometer was done. A hundred and ten teeth without dental caries were selected and obtained from the Human Permanent Teeth Bank that belongs to the Odontology College of the University of São Paulo and this research has been approved by the Ethic Research Committee (CEP), as the document n° 44/03 attests. The roots were separated from the crowns with the carburundum disc; all crowns were totally inserted inside a PVC tube with transparent resin and they were cut axially in the Labcut machine, in the mesio-distal way, to obtain 750 samples with five different thickness (1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm e 5mm), 350 enamel/dentin samples and 400 dentin samples. An infrared radiation thermometer (MINIRAY 100XL) was used to measure the variance in temperature in both sides of the samples (front and behind), irradiated in different conditions and parameters with the Nd:YAG, Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser®) and Er:YAG (Kavo KEY Laser® 3). The results showed that the association of the refrigeration + samples’ thickness was statistically significant in the reduction of the variance in temperature when compared to the association of the refrigeration absence + samples’ thickness. There was a statistically significant reduction of the variance in temperature according to the the samples’ thickness irradiated without refrigeration, although it wasn’t enough to avoid high temperature increase. In general, the variance in temperature was always higher in the front of samples, whether there was refrigeration or not. For the Nd:YAG laser, there was a lower variance in temperature, statistically significant, in the groups that were irradiated without contact and black ink, whether there was refrigeration or not.