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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermometer'
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1
Ravi, Nirmal, Mathura Vithyananthan, and Aisha Saidu. "Are all thermometers equal? A study of three infrared thermometers to detect fever in an African outpatient clinic." PeerJ 10 (June 15, 2022): e13283. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13283.
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Infrared thermometry has certain advantages over traditional oral thermometry including quick, non-invasive administration and an absence of required consumables. This study compared the performance of tympanic, temporal artery and forehead contactless thermometers with traditional oral electronic thermometer as the reference in measuring temperature in outpatients in a Nigerian secondary care hospital. A convenience sample of 100 male and 100 female adult patients (Mean age = 38.46 years, SD = 16.33 years) were recruited from a secondary care hospital in Kano, Nigeria. Temperature measurements were taken from each patient using the tympanic, temporal artery and contactless thermometers and oral electronic thermometer. Data was analyzed to assess bias and limits using scatterplots and Bland-Altman charts while sensitivity analysis was done using ROC curves. The tympanic and temporal artery thermometers systematically gave higher temperature readings compared to the oral electronic thermometer. The contactless thermometer gave lower readings compared to the oral electronic thermometer. The temporal artery thermometer had the highest sensitivity (88%) and specificity (88%) among the three infrared thermometers. The contactless thermometer showed a low sensitivity of 13% to detect fever greater than 38 °C. Our study shows that replacing oral thermometers with infrared thermometers must be done with caution despite the associated convenience and cost savings.
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Hamilton, Patricia A., Rajesh S. Kasbekar, and Robert Monro. "Clinical Performance of Infrared Consumer-Grade Thermometers." Journal of Nursing Measurement 21, no. 2 (2013): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.21.2.166.
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Background and Purpose: Technology of ear infrared (IR) thermometers has improved. This study compared a modern ear thermometer to forehead or temporal artery thermometers. Methods: Temperatures were measured with a heated-tip ear thermometer, a temporal artery thermometer, 3 forehead thermometers, and a thermistor-based reference thermometer in monitor mode. Results: In 171 subjects, mean bias with the forehead thermometers was significantly higher (p< .001) than with the ear thermometer (0.01 °C ± 0.41 °C). In 64 febrile subjects, bias with the ear thermometer was significantly lower than with 3 of the other thermometers. A false-negative reading was less likely with the ear thermometer (8%) versus the others (55%, 56%, 28%, and 47%). Conclusions: Modern ear thermometry provides more precise measurements closer to those of a reference thermometer and is less likely to give false-negative readings than forehead or temporal artery measurements.
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Shrivas, Yogita. "A Review on Various Types of Clinical Thermometers with Respect to Technological Advancements, Pros and Cons, and Accuracy as Crucial Diagnostic Devices." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 16223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.16223ecst.
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Clinical thermometers are considered to bethe most important diagnostic devices in diagnosis of any febrile disorders. The last two decades have witnessed major changes in the clinical thermometry technology after the introduction of various types of modified thermometer for convenient diagnosis. Mercury thermometer stands up as the gold standard method for assessment of body temperature, but they are gradually getting replaced with newer devices that not only offer faster readings but inconvenience to the patients is also minimalized. This review focuses on accuracy, pros and cons of gold standard mercury-in-glass thermometer, and also various technologically advanced thermometers like electronic digital thermometer, tympanic thermometer, non-contact infrared thermometer, liquid crystal skin thermometer, pacifier thermometer, and smart thermometer. Various studies suggest that different factors can cause variation in the accuracy provided by such devices, like physical barriers, and calibration, including the manner in which they are used. The review does not conclude that a particular clinical thermometer has better accuracy and reliability than the other. Rather, there were contradictory findings for all of the clinical thermometers evaluated.
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Mah, Aaron James, Leili Ghazi Zadeh, Mahta Khoshnam Tehrani, Shahbaz Askari, Amir H. Gandjbakhche, and Babak Shadgan. "Studying the Accuracy and Function of Different Thermometry Techniques for Measuring Body Temperature." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121327.
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The purpose of this study was to determine which thermometry technique is the most accurate for regular measurement of body temperature. We compared seven different commercially available thermometers with a gold standard medical-grade thermometer (Welch-Allyn): four digital infrared thermometers (Wellworks, Braun, Withings, MOBI), one digital sublingual thermometer (Braun), one zero heat flux thermometer (3M), and one infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR One). Thirty young healthy adults participated in an experiment that altered core body temperature. After baseline measurements, participants placed their feet in a cold-water bath while consuming cold water for 30 min. Subsequently, feet were removed and covered with a blanket for 30 min. Throughout the session, temperature was recorded every 10 min with all devices. The Braun tympanic thermometer (left ear) had the best agreement with the gold standard (mean error: 0.044 °C). The FLIR One thermal imaging camera was the least accurate device (mean error: −0.522 °C). A sign test demonstrated that all thermometry devices were significantly different than the gold standard except for the Braun tympanic thermometer (left ear). Our study showed that not all temperature monitoring techniques are equal, and suggested that tympanic thermometers are the most accurate commercially available system for the regular measurement of body temperature.
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Rothfuss, D., A. Reiser, A. Fleischmann, and C. Enss. "Noise thermometry at ultra-low temperatures." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2064 (March 28, 2016): 20150051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0051.
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The options for primary thermometry at ultra-low temperatures are rather limited. In practice, most laboratories are using 195 Pt NMR thermometers in the microkelvin range. In recent years, current sensing direct current superconducting quantum interference devices (DC-SQUIDs) have enabled the use of noise thermometry in this temperature range. Such devices have also demonstrated the potential for primary thermometry. One major advantage of noise thermometry is the fact that no driving current is needed to operate the device and thus the heat dissipation within the thermometer can be reduced to a minimum. Ultimately, the intrinsic power dissipation is given by the negligible back action of the readout SQUID. For thermometry in low-temperature experiments, current noise thermometers and magnetic flux fluctuation thermometers have proved to be most suitable. To make use of such thermometers at ultra-low temperatures, we have developed a cross-correlation technique that reduces the amplifier noise contribution to a negligible value. For this, the magnetic flux fluctuations caused by the Brownian motion of the electrons in our noise source are measured inductively by two DC-SQUID magnetometers simultaneously and the signals from these two channels are cross-correlated. Experimentally, we have characterized a thermometer made of a cold-worked high-purity copper cylinder with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 20 mm for temperatures between 42 μ K and 0.8 K. For a given temperature, a measuring time below 1 min is sufficient to reach a precision of better than 1%. The extremely low power dissipation in the thermometer allows continuous operation without heating effects.
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Giuliano, KK, AJ Giuliano, SS Scott, E. MacLachlan, E. Pysznik, S. Elliot, and D. Woytowicz. "Temperature measurement in critically ill adults: a comparison of tympanic and oral methods." American Journal of Critical Care 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2000.9.4.254.
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BACKGROUND: Despite increasing use of tympanic thermometers in critically ill patients who do not have a pulmonary artery catheter in place, variations in measurements obtained with the thermometers are still a problem. OBJECTIVE: To compare the range of variability between tympanic and oral electronic thermometers. METHODS: Subjects were a convenience sample of 72 patients admitted to a 24-bed adult medical-surgical intensive care unit. For each patient, temperatures were measured concurrently (within a 1-minute period) with an oral (Sure Temp 678) thermometer, a pulmonary artery catheter (Baxter VIP Swan-Ganz Catheter), and 2 tympanic (FirstTemp Genius II and ThermoScan Ear Pro-1) thermometers. Each subject was used up to 3 times for data collection. Measurements obtained with the oral and tympanic thermometers were compared with those obtained with the pulmonary artery catheter. Nonparametric analysis of data was used. RESULTS: The magnitude of error for the ThermoScan tympanic thermometer differed significantly from that of the Genius II tympanic thermometer and the SureTemp oral thermometer (P < .001). Application of the Bland and Altman method to frame the data on the basis of an accuracy tolerance zone of +/-0.5 degrees C indicated variability with both the oral and tympanic methods. The overall degree of variability was lower for the oral thermometer. CONCLUSIONS: Oral thermometers provide less variable measurements than do tympanic thermometers. Use of oral thermometry is recommended as the best practice method for temperature evaluation in critical care patients when measurement of core temperature via a pulmonary artery catheter is not possible.
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Van den Bruel, Ann, Jan Verbakel, Kay Wang, Susannah Fleming, Gea Holtman, Margaret Glogowska, Elizabeth Morris, et al. "Non-contact infrared thermometers compared with current approaches in primary care for children aged 5 years and under: a method comparison study." Health Technology Assessment 24, no. 53 (October 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta24530.
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Background Current options for temperature measurement in children presenting to primary care include either electronic axillary or infrared tympanic thermometers. Non-contact infrared thermometers could reduce both the distress of the child and the risk of cross-infection. Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the use of non-contact thermometers with the use of electronic axillary and infrared tympanic thermometers in children presenting to primary care. Design Method comparison study with a nested qualitative study. Setting Primary care in Oxfordshire. Participants Children aged ≤ 5 years attending with an acute illness. Interventions Two types of non-contact infrared thermometers [i.e. Thermofocus (Tecnimed, Varese, Italy) and Firhealth (Firhealth, Shenzhen, China)] were compared with an electronic axillary thermometer and an infrared tympanic thermometer. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was agreement between the Thermofocus non-contact infrared thermometer and the axillary thermometer. Secondary outcomes included agreement between all other sets of thermometers, diagnostic accuracy for detecting fever, parental and child ratings of acceptability and discomfort, and themes arising from our qualitative interviews with parents. Results A total of 401 children (203 boys) were recruited, with a median age of 1.6 years (interquartile range 0.79–3.38 years). The readings of the Thermofocus non-contact infrared thermometer differed from those of the axillary thermometer by –0.14 °C (95% confidence interval –0.21 to –0.06 °C) on average with the lower limit of agreement being –1.57 °C (95% confidence interval –1.69 to –1.44 °C) and the upper limit being 1.29 °C (95% confidence interval 1.16 to 1.42 °C). The readings of the Firhealth non-contact infrared thermometer differed from those of the axillary thermometer by –0.16 °C (95% confidence interval –0.23 to –0.09 °C) on average, with the lower limit of agreement being –1.54 °C (95% confidence interval –1.66 to –1.41 °C) and the upper limit being 1.22 °C (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.34 °C). The difference between the first and second readings of the Thermofocus was –0.04 °C (95% confidence interval –0.07 to –0.01 °C); the lower limit was –0.56 °C (95% confidence interval –0.60 to –0.51 °C) and the upper limit was 0.47 °C (95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.52 °C). The difference between the first and second readings of the Firhealth thermometer was 0.01 °C (95% confidence interval –0.02 to 0.04 °C); the lower limit was –0.60 °C (95% confidence interval –0.65 to –0.54 °C) and the upper limit was 0.61 °C (95% confidence interval 0.56 to 0.67 °C). Sensitivity and specificity for the Thermofocus non-contact infrared thermometer were 66.7% (95% confidence interval 38.4% to 88.2%) and 98.0% (95% confidence interval 96.0% to 99.2%), respectively. For the Firhealth non-contact infrared thermometer, sensitivity was 12.5% (95% confidence interval 1.6% to 38.3%) and specificity was 99.4% (95% confidence interval 98.0% to 99.9%). The majority of parents found all methods to be acceptable, although discomfort ratings were highest for the axillary thermometer. The non-contact thermometers required fewer readings than the comparator thermometers. Limitations A method comparison study does not compare new methods against a reference standard, which in this case would be central thermometry requiring the placement of a central line, which is not feasible or acceptable in primary care. Electronic axillary and infrared tympanic thermometers have been found to have moderate agreement themselves with central temperature measurements. Conclusions The 95% limits of agreement are > 1 °C for both non-contact infrared thermometers compared with electronic axillary and infrared tympanic thermometers, which could affect clinical decision-making. Sensitivity for fever was low to moderate for both non-contact thermometers. Future work Better methods for peripheral temperature measurement that agree well with central thermometry are needed. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15413321. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 53. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Maita, Hiroki, Tadashi Kobayashi, Takashi Akimoto, Hiroshi Osawa, and Hiroyuki Kato. "Pseudo-fever caused by predictive electronic thermometers: A case report." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2211297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221129772.
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A 33-year-old man was referred to our hospital with chief complaints of fever, dizziness, and headache. Although he had recurring fever and dizziness for 7 months, neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, electrocardiograms, and blood tests were normal. He was diagnosed with functional hyperthermia, cervical vertigo, and tension headache and was treated with oral medication and physical therapy. After treatment, the dizziness and headache resolved; however, the fever and anxiety did not. During follow-up, he noticed differing results from different electronic thermometers. The physician decided to use an accurate analog thermometer, a gallium thermometer, in combination with the other thermometers. The results differed significantly among the thermometers, and the electronic thermometer readings were found to be inappropriately high. The physician made a diagnosis of pseudo-fever, and the patient recognized that the gallium thermometer’s results were the most accurate reflection of his physical condition, resolving his anxiety.
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Dolibog, Patrycja, Barbara Pietrzyk, Klaudia Kierszniok, and Krzysztof Pawlicki. "Comparative Analysis of Human Body Temperatures Measured with Noncontact and Contact Thermometers." Healthcare 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020331.
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Body temperature measurement is one of the basic methods in clinical diagnosis. The problems of thermometry—interpretation of the accuracy and repeatability of various types of thermometers—are still being discussed, especially during the current pandemic in connection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for causing the COVID-19 disease. The aim of the study was to compare surface temperatures of the human body measured by various techniques, in particular a noncontact thermometer (infrared) and contact thermometers (mercury, mercury-free, electronic). The study included 102 randomly selected healthy women and men (age 18–79 years). The Bland–Altman method was used to estimate the 95% reproducibility coefficient, i.e., to assess the degree of conformity between different attempts. Temperatures measured with contact thermometers in the armpit are higher than temperatures measured without contact at the frontal area of the head. The methods used to measure with contact thermometers and a noncontact infrared thermometer statistically showed high measurement reliability. In order to correctly interpret the result of measuring human body temperature, it is necessary to indicate the place of measurement and the type of thermometer used.
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Potter, Patricia, Marilyn Schallom, Susan Davis, Carrie Sona, and Maryellen McSweeney. "Evaluation of Chemical Dot Thermometers for Measuring Body Temperature of Orally Intubated Patients." American Journal of Critical Care 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2003.12.5.403.
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• Background Recent research indicates that oral measurement of body temperature is a reliable option in orally intubated patients. In situations such as protective isolation, where dedicated electronic thermometers are not available, are single-use chemical dot thermometers an acceptable alternative?• Objective To determine the accuracy of single-use chemical dot thermometers in orally intubated adult patients.• Methods Subjects included a convenience sample of 85 adult patients admitted to 1 of 2 intensive care units (surgical trauma and neuroscience). For each patient, oral temperatures were measured concurrently (within 5 minutes) with a chemical dot thermometer and an electronic thermometer. The sequence of temperature measurements was alternated with each subsequent patient. Both thermometers were placed in the same posterior sublingual pocket opposite the side of the endotracheal tube.• Results Measurements obtained with electronic and single-use chemical dot thermometers correlated strongly (r = 0.937). With the chemical dot thermometer, body temperature was overestimated in 11.8% of the measurements and underestimated in 10.8% of the measurements by 0.4°C or more. The difference between oral temperatures measured with the 2 different thermometers was not related to the patient’s age, sex, or sublingual pocket location or to the order of thermometer use.• Conclusion The chemical dot thermometer is useful and reliable for measuring body temperature of orally intubated patients. When measurements of body temperature have important consequences for decisions about treatment, clinicians should use an electronic thermometer to confirm measurements made with a chemical dot thermometer.
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FENG, YAOHUA, and CHRISTINE M. BRUHN. "Motivators and Barriers to Cooking and Refrigerator Thermometer Use among Consumers and Food Workers: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-245.
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ABSTRACT Temperature control prevents the rapid growth of foodborne pathogens during food storage and assures adequate heating to destroy pathogens prior to consumption. The use of thermometers is a recognized best practice among consumer and food worker guidelines; however, compliance with this recommendation is quite low. Eighty-five studies from the past 21 years were reviewed and an analyzed for the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with thermometer use and the motivators and barriers to cooking and refrigerator thermometer use among consumers and food workers. Barriers to thermometer were categorized into two major groups: “the belief that a thermometer is not necessary” and “the difficulty of selecting and using a thermometer.” Each group has its unique aspects. Four barriers were recognized in the “not necessary” group: (i) preference for alternative techniques, (ii) mainstream media and food professionals seldom serve as role models and often negate the need for food thermometers, (iii) limited awareness of potential health issues associated with current practices, and (iv) limited knowledge and awareness related to thermometer usage for specific food groups. Six barriers were recognized in the “difficult to select and use” group: (i) difficulties in selecting the type of food thermometers, (ii) availability of food thermometers, (iii) lack of skills related to the usage of food thermometers, (iv) limited knowledge related to endpoint temperatures, (v) inability to calibrate food thermometers, and (vi) lack of knowledge about food thermometer cleaning and sanitation. These findings will facilitate the development and adoption of effective strategies to increase thermometer use and increase food safety education efficacy with a positive impact on public health.
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Yazar, Abdullah, and Esra Türe. "How Should We Measure Body Temperature in the Pediatric Emergency Department? Which One Is the Most Accurate?" Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 14, no. 03 (January 25, 2019): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677766.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate temperature measurement methods in children. Body temperatures of 3 to 18 years old patients were measured with a tympanic infrared thermometer, a noncontact infrared skin thermometer and with a temporal artery thermometer. While the specificity of temporal artery and noncontact thermometers were good in determination of temperatures above 37.5°C, their sensitivities were low. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value for both thermometers were sufficient. Both specificity and sensitivity of both thermometers were determined to be good at temperature values above ≥ 38°C. It is thought that noncontact and temporal artery thermometers can be used for screening in pediatric emergency departments.
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Pearce, Jonathan V., Paul Bramley, and David Cruickshank. "Development of a driftless Johnson noise thermometer for nuclear applications." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022503001.
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Existing temperature sensors such as thermocouples and platinum resistance thermometers suffer from calibration drift, especially in harsh environments, due to mechanical and chemical changes (and transmutation in the case of nuclear applications). A solution to the drift problem is to use temperature sensors based on fundamental thermometry (primary thermometers) where the measured property is related to absolute temperature by a fundamental physical law. A Johnson noise thermometer is such a sensor and uses the measurement of the extremely small thermal voltage noise signals generated by any resistive element to determine temperature using the Johnson-Nyquist equation. A Johnson noise thermometer never needs calibration and is insensitive to the condition of the sensor material, which makes it ideally suited to long-term temperature measurement in harsh environments. These can include reactor coolant circuits, in-pile measurements, nuclear waste management and storage, and severe accident monitoring. There have been a number of previous attempts to develop a Johnson noise thermometer for the nuclear industry, but none have achieved commercialization because of technical difficulties. We describe the results of a collaboration between the National Physical Laboratory and Metrosol Limited, which has led to a new technique for measuring Johnson noise that overcomes the previous problems that have prevented commercialization. The results from a proof-of-principle prototype that demonstrates performance commensurate with the needs of nuclear applications is presented, together with details of progress towards the commercialization of the technology. The development partners have effected a step change in the application of primary thermometry to industrial applications and seek partners for field trials and further exploitation.
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Rahman, Nilufar, Fouzia Binte Kasem, Md Reazul Islam, Md Rafiqul Islam, Rezina Sultana, and Abdul Matin. "Comparison Between Mercury and Liquid Crystal Forehead Thermometers for Measurment of Body Temperature." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 4, no. 2 (April 3, 2013): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v4i2.14421.
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Background: Body temperature is a measure of the body's ability to generate and get rid of heat. For recording of body temperature several different types of thermometers are available, such as mercury thermometers, digital thermometer, liquid crystal forehead thermometer, and infrared tympanic thermometer are used. The accuracy of the device is to record and grade temperature is uncertain. Objective: The study was carried out the recordings of normal body temperature using liquid crystal forehead thermometer and compare with gold standard oral mercury thermometer. Methodology: Simultaneous recording were made using the two devise in randomly enrolled 150 apparently healthy medical student eighteen (18) to twenty (20) years age of either sex. Written & verbal consent was taken from the students without any coercion. Oraltemperature was recorded with Chinese made mercury thermometer and the forehead temperature was recorded using liquid crystal (Boots, UK) thermometer. Results: No statistical significant difference existed between the recordings of two devices. The mean difference was 0.8 degree. Liquid crystal forehead thermometer recorded higher temperatures. Both the devices recorded temperature within normal range. Conclusions: Sensitivity of liquid-crystal thermometer to detect body temperature is comparable with that of mercury thermometer. It is a good device for home use but health providers should not use it. Mercury thermometer remains the gold standard. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v4i2.14421 J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2012;4(2):60-61
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LANDO, AMY M., and CARY C. CHEN. "Trends in Ownership and Usage of Food Thermometers in the United States, 1998 through 2010." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-314.
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Food safety research has shown that the use of a food thermometer is the best way to ensure that meat, poultry, and other foods reach an internal temperature sufficient to destroy foodborne pathogens. The 1998, 2001, 2006, and 2010 Food Safety Surveys were used to analyze changes in food thermometer ownership and usage for roasts, chicken parts, and hamburgers in the United States. A probit regression model was used to evaluate differing trends in ownership across demographic subgroups, and probit models with sample selection were used to evaluate differing trends in food thermometer usage for roasts, chicken parts, and hamburgers. The Food Safety Surveys are nationally representative telephone surveys tracking consumers' food safety attitudes and behaviors. Findings from these surveys indicate that the percentage of consumers who own food thermometers has increased from 49% in 1998 to 70% in 2010 (P < 0.05). The use of food thermometers has also increased over this time period but varies by food type. Of those who own food thermometers, a higher percentage reported using thermometers for roasts (76% in 1998 and 82% in 2010, P < 0.05) than for chicken parts (33% in 1998 and 53% in 2010, P < 0.05) and hamburgers (14% in 1998 and 23% in 2010, P < 0.05). The results also show that men, non-Hispanic whites, those with some college education or higher, those with higher incomes, and those 65 years and older were more likely to own food thermometers. After controlling for food thermometer ownership, those aged 18 to 29 years were more likely to use a food thermometer for roasts and chicken parts than those aged 65 to 101 years. The results suggest that educational programs encouraging food thermometer usage should focus first on food thermometer ownership.
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Van Nieuwenhove, R., and L. Vermeeren. "Nuclear heating measurements by gamma and neutron thermometers." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022504003.
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A gamma thermometer suitable for very high gamma heating levels (up to 20 W/g) has been designed and modelled by means of detailed finite element calculations. Based on a sensitivity analysis, the predicted accuracy of this gamma thermometer is better than 5 %. A novel miniaturized gamma thermometer is proposed in which a single thermocouple is used as the gamma absorption element, allowing a reduction of the sensor diameter down to 3 mm. Monte Carlo calculations (by MCNP) have been performed to assess the relative contribution of neutrons to the nuclear heating in a gamma thermometer. Calculations have been performed for gamma thermometers with an inner body made of various materials, such as stainless steel, tungsten, molybdenum and rhodium. By using gamma thermometers made of different materials, it will be possible to deduce the nuclear heating rates in these materials and also to separate out the neutron and gamma heating contributions. The Monte Carlo calculations show that nuclear heating of rhodium is mainly due to neutrons, converting the rhodium gamma thermometer effectively in a neutron thermometer. The sensitivities of the gamma thermometers with W, Mo or Rh as heated materials have been modelled by finite element calculations. It is found that both the Mo and the Rh based sensor have a very linear response up to a nuclear heating of 20 W/g.
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Goh, Nicholas Wei-Jie, Jun-Jie Poh, Joshua Yi Yeo, Benjamin Jun-Jie Aw, Szu Cheng Lai, Jayce Jian Wei Cheng, Christina Yuan Ling Tan, and Samuel Ken-En Gan. "Design and Development of a Low Cost, Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer with Range Compensation." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113817.
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Fever is a common symptom of many infections, e.g., in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, keeping monitoring devices such as thermometers in constant demand. Recent technological advancements have made infrared (IR) thermometers the choice for contactless screening of multiple individuals. Yet, even so, the measurement accuracy of such thermometers is affected by many factors including the distance from the volunteers’ forehead, impurities (such as sweat), and the location measured on the volunteers’ forehead. To overcome these factors, we describe the assembly of an Arduino-based digital IR thermometer with distance correction using the MLX90614 IR thermometer and HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors. Coupled with some analysis of these factors, we also found ways to programme compensation methods for the final assembled digital IR thermometer to provide more accurate readings and measurements.
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Chen, Hsuan-Yu, Andrew Chen, and Chiachung Chen. "Investigation of the Impact of Infrared Sensors on Core Body Temperature Monitoring by Comparing Measurement Sites." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 2885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102885.
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Many types of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Infrared thermometers (IRT) are fast, convenient and ease to use. Two types of infrared thermometers are uses to measure body temperature: tympanic and forehead. With the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus, forehead temperature measurement is used widely to screen people for the illness. The performance of this type of device and the criteria for screening are worth studying. This study evaluated the performance of two types of tympanic infrared thermometers and an industrial infrared thermometer. The results showed that these infrared thermometers provide good precision. A fixed offset between tympanic and forehead temperature were found. The measurement values for wrist temperature show significant offsets with the tympanic temperature and cannot be used to screen fevers. The standard operating procedure (SOP) for the measurement of body temperature using an infrared thermometer was proposed. The suggestion threshold for the forehead temperature is 36 °C for screening of fever. The body temperature of a person who is possibly ill is then measured using a tympanic infrared thermometer for the purpose of a double check.
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Kunkle, Gail A., Constance F. Nicklin, and Deborah L. Sullivan-Tamboe. "Comparison of Body Temperature in Cats Using a Veterinary Infrared Thermometer and a Digital Rectal Thermometer." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0400042.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if the temperatures obtained using a veterinary infrared (IR) thermometer agreed with a digital rectal thermometer in a group of research cats, half of which had transient fevers. The thermometers were weakly correlated (r=0.62). The mean difference was 0.13°F (0.07°C), and the limits of agreement were 2.6°F (1.43°C) and −2.5°F (−1.36°C), which were unacceptable for clinical purposes. The results of this study indicate that, while the IR thermometer was easy to use, it cannot be used interchangeably with the rectal thermometer.
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van Zundert, Andre, Tonchanok Intaprasert, Floris Wiepking, and Victoria Eley. "Are Non-Contact Thermometers an Option in Anaesthesia? A Narrative Review on Thermometry for Perioperative Medicine." Healthcare 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020219.
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Measurement of core body temperature—clinical thermometry—provides critical information to anaesthetists during perioperative care. The value of this information is determined by the accuracy of the measurement device used. This accuracy must be maintained despite external influences such as the operating room temperature and the patient’s thermoregulatory defence. Presently, perioperative thermometers utilise invasive measurement sites. The public health challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, has highlighted the use of non-invasive, non-contact infrared thermometers. The aim of this article is to review common existing thermometers used in perioperative care, their mechanisms of action, accuracy, and practicality in comparison to infrared non-contact thermometry used for population screening during a pandemic. Evidence currently shows that contact thermometry varies in accuracy and practicality depending on the site of measurements and the method of sterilisation or disposal between uses. Despite the benefits of being a non-invasive and non-contact device, infrared thermometry used for population temperature screening lacks the accuracy required in perioperative medicine. Inaccuracy may be a consequence of uncontrolled external temperatures, the patient’s actions prior to measurement, distance between the patient and the thermometer, and the different sites of measurement. A re-evaluation of non-contact thermometry is recommended, requiring new studies in more controlled environments.
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Fallis, Wendy M., Kathy Hamelin, Xikui Wang, and Jackie Symonds. "A Multimethod Approach to Evaluate Chemical Dot Thermometers for Oral Temperature Measurement." Journal of Nursing Measurement 14, no. 3 (December 2006): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnm-v14i3a001.
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Limited research has explored the accuracy of chemical dot thermometers for oral temperature measurement in adults. This study was undertaken to assess the agreement between oral temperatures taken with an electronic thermometer and single-use chemical dot thermometers in healthy women undergoing surgical delivery. During operative delivery, oral temperatures taken every 15 minutes with both the reference electronic thermometer (ETT) and a Tempa. DOT (TDT) chemical dot thermometer were compared. Data were analyzed using paired t tests, the Bland and Altman plot, and the concordance correlation coefficient. The total number of paired observations for the 62 subjects was 212. The mean difference between the two measurements was 0.35 ± 0.32 °C (p < .0001, 95% CI 0.31, 0.40). Additional analysis indicated a serious undermeasurement by TDT of ETT temperatures. Data from multiple methods of analysis indicate that the Tempa. DOT chemical dot thermometer significantly undermeasures ETT and is not a reliable indicator of oral temperature.
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TAKEUCHI, MASAMI T., MIRIAM EDLEFSEN, SANDRA M. McCURDY, and VIRGINIA N. HILLERS. "Educational Intervention Enhances Consumers' Readiness To Adopt Food Thermometer Use When Cooking Small Cuts of Meat: An Application of the Transtheoretical Model." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1874–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.9.1874.
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An intervention to promote use of food thermometers when cooking small cuts of meat was conducted using the Transtheoretical Model. Objectives were to (i) increase use of food thermometers by home food preparers, (ii) improve consumers' attitudes regarding use of a food thermometer, and (iii) examine relationships between stages of change and decisional balance, self-efficacy, and processes of change. A randomly selected group of residents of Washington and Idaho (n = 2,500) were invited to participate in the research; 295 persons completed all phases of the multistep intervention. Following the intervention program, there was a significant increase in food thermometer use when cooking small cuts of meat (P < 0.01); those persons classified in action and maintenance stages increased from 9 to 34%. Ownership of thermometers also significantly increased (P < 0.05). The three constructs related to the Transtheoretical Model that were used in the study (decisional balance, self-efficacy, and processes of change) were very useful for examining differences among people at different stages of change because the responses for each set of questions differed positively and significantly (P < 0.01) as stages of change classifications advanced from precontemplation (no interest in thermometer use) to action and maintenance (individuals who use food thermometers). Additional educational campaigns designed to increase use of food thermometers are needed. Because most consumers are currently in the precontemplation stage, food thermometer campaigns will be most effective when they are focused on raising awareness of the food safety risks and the benefits of using food thermometers when cooking small cuts of meat.
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Hayward, Gail, Jan Y. Verbakel, Fatene Abakar Ismail, George Edwards, Kay Wang, Susannah Fleming, Gea A. Holtman, et al. "Non-contact infrared versus axillary and tympanic thermometers in children attending primary care: a mixed-methods study of accuracy and acceptability." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 693 (March 23, 2020): e236-e244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x708845.
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BackgroundGuidelines recommend measuring temperature in children presenting with fever using electronic axillary or tympanic thermometers. Non-contact thermometry offers advantages, yet has not been tested against recommended methods in primary care.AimTo compare two different non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) to axillary and tympanic thermometers in children aged ≤5 years visiting their GP with an acute illness.Design and settingMethod comparison study with nested qualitative component.MethodTemperature measurements were taken with electronic axillary (Welch Allyn SureTemp®), electronic tympanic (Braun Thermoscan®), NCIT Thermofocus® 0800, and NCIT Firhealth Forehead. Parents rated acceptability and discomfort. Qualitative interviews explored parents’ experiences of the thermometers.ResultsIn total, 401 children were recruited (median age 1.6 years, 50.62% male). Mean difference between the Thermofocus NCIT and axillary thermometer was −0.14°C (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.21 to −0.06°C); lower limit of agreement was −1.57°C (95% CI = −1.69 to −1.44°C) and upper limit 1.29°C (95% CI = 1.16 to 1.42°C). A second NCIT (Firhealth) had similar levels of agreement; however, the limits of agreement between tympanic and axillary thermometers were also wide. Parents expressed a preference for the practicality and comfort of NCITs, and were mostly negative about their child’s experience of axillary thermometers. But there was willingness to adopt whichever device was medically recommended.ConclusionIn a primary care paediatric population, temperature measurements with NCITs varied by >1°C compared with axillary and tympanic approaches. But there was also poor agreement between tympanic and axillary thermometers. Since clinical guidelines often rely on specific fever thresholds, clinicians should interpret peripheral thermometer readings with caution and in the context of a holistic assessment of the child.
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RUOPSA, N., S. KUJALA, O. KAARELA, P. OHTONEN, and J. RYHÄNEN. "Wireless Infrared Thermometer in the Follow-Up of Finger Temperatures." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 4 (April 24, 2009): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193409102456.
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After replantation surgery it is helpful to use temperature monitoring in order to detect vascular problems early. One of the methods currently employed is to use a thermometer with a wired probe attached to the tissue being monitored. An infrared wireless thermometer, commonly used in industry, measures temperatures of surfaces without actually touching them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of infrared wireless thermometer technology for monitoring finger temperature. Finger temperatures of 38 volunteers were measured using the infrared wireless thermometer. A traditional wired thermometer was used as control. The measurements of both thermometers were similar when the temperature was 31.5° and over, with no statistical differences (mean difference 0.06°, P=0.521). At lower temperatures, however, the wireless infrared thermometer showed slightly lower temperature values (mean difference 1.01°, P<0.001). There was no difference between the finger temperatures of smokers and non-smokers. There is potential for the wireless infrared thermometer to be used as an easier alternative to the traditional wired thermometer in monitoring temperatures of revascularised or replanted parts including digital replants. Further clinical studies would be warranted.
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Ackley, Sarah F., Sarah Pilewski, Vladimir S. Petrovic, Lee Worden, Erin Murray, and Travis C. Porco. "Assessing the utility of a smart thermometer and mobile application as a surveillance tool for influenza and influenza-like illness." Health Informatics Journal 26, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 2148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458219897152.
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Kinsa Inc. sells Food and Drug Administration–cleared smart thermometers, which synchronize with a mobile application, and may aid influenza forecasting efforts. We compare smart thermometer and mobile application data to regional influenza and influenza-like illness surveillance data from the California Department of Public Health. We evaluated the correlation between the regional California surveillance data and smart thermometer data, tested the hypothesis that smart thermometer readings and symptom reports provide regionally specific predictions, and determined whether smart thermometer and mobile application improved disease forecasts. Smart thermometer readings are highly correlated with regional surveillance data, are more predictive of surveillance data for their own region and season than for other times and places, and improve predictions of influenza, but not predictions of influenza-like illness. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that smart thermometer readings and symptom reports reflect underlying disease transmission in California. Data from such cloud-based devices could supplement syndromic influenza surveillance data.
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M, Srinidhi, Ranganath K. R, and Roshni Jennifer. "Comparison of Axillary Digital and Infrared Forehead Thermometer." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i01.013.
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Introduction: Although digital thermometers have made the temperature recording easy, quick and safe, with the risk of mercury completely excluded, there is still a risk of transmission of infection from one individual to another. Infrared thermometers offer a non-touch, rapid and convenient method of temperature recording, with virtually no risk of disease transmission. We conducted a study to assess and compare temperature recordings from an infrared forehead thermometer and axillary digital thermometer during fever, and once the fever subsides. Methods: Hundred patients attending the out-patient department of Department of Pediatrics at Dr.B.R Ambedkar medical college and hospital from September 2019 to December 2019, or those admitted in the wards with a complaint of fever were screened using two techniques – Axillary temperature recording using a digital thermometer and a forehead temperature was recorded using a non-contact infrared forehead thermometer. Patients were given antipyretics to treat the fever and temperature was again recorded once the fever subsided using the same method. Two medical personnel were trained to screen and record the respective findings from each method and they were blinded from the other outcome of other recording. Results: The mean IFR temperature measured in the febrile phase was 100.85 (± 0.76), which was significantly higher than the mean AD temperature, 100.21 (± 0.74). (p-value <.0001). In the afebrile phase as well, the mean IFR temperature was significantly higher than the mean AD temperature. Conclusion: IFR thermometers do provide an advantage of no-touch technique over the digital thermometer. However, as the results showed a weak correlation between IFR and axillary digital recordings, it is suggested that IFR thermometers be used for screening of children for fever as it decreases the contact and reduces the infection.
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Taler, Dawid, Tomasz Sobota, Magdalena Jaremkiewicz, and Jan Taler. "Influence of the Thermometer Inertia on the Quality of Temperature Control in a Hot Liquid Tank Heated with Electric Energy." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154039.
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This paper presents the medium temperature monitoring system based on digital proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. For industrial thermometers with a complex structure used for measuring the temperature of the fluid under high pressure, the accuracy of the first-order model is inadequate. A second-order differential equation was applied to describe a dynamic response of a temperature sensor placed in a heavy thermowell (industrial thermometer). The quality of the water temperature control system in the tank was assessed when measuring the water temperature with a jacketed thermocouple and a thermometer in an industrial casing. A thermometer of a new design with a small time constant was also used to measure temperature. The quality of water temperature control in the hot water storage tank was evaluated using a classic industrial thermometer and a new design thermometer. In both cases, there was a K-type sheathed thermocouple inside the thermowell. Reductions in the time constant of the new thermometer are achieved by means of a steel casing with a small diameter hole inside which the thermocouple is precisely fitted. The time constants of the thermometers were determined experimentally with a jump in water temperature. A digital controller was designed to maintain the preset temperature in an electrically heated hot water tank. The function of the regulator was to adjust the power of the electrical heater to maintain a constant temperature of the liquid in the tank.
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Carleton, Erica, Brenda Fry, Ashlee Mulligan, Ali Bell, and Cory Brossart. "Temporal artery thermometer use in the prehospital setting." CJEM 14, no. 01 (January 2012): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/8000.2011.110484.
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ABSTRACTObjectives:Prehospital vital signs are an important and required component of patient assessment. We compared the temporal artery thermometer (TAT) to the digital thermometer currently used in our emergency medical service (EMS) system and then to the digital thermometer used in the emergency department. The primary objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the TAT in the prehospital setting. Other outcomes of interest included whether extraneous factors or cold ambient temperatures affected the TAT readings and paramedic satisfaction with the TAT.Methods:This was a prospective, observational study. Patient temperature was taken by EMS personnel with both the digital thermometer and the TAT, and a chart review was conducted on a sample of these patients to compare the TAT to the emergency department digital thermometer.Results:A total of 818 patients had their temperatures taken with both thermometers in the prehospital setting. The relationship between the TAT and digital thermometer measurement was positive and moderate; however, there was poor agreement between the two devices. Sixty-nine charts were reviewed, and a positive correlation was found between the TAT and the emergency department digital thermometer, with good agreement between the two devices. No extraneous factors were found to have a noticeable effect on the temperature measurements; the TAT performed well in cold weather, and the EMS personnel reported it to be easy to use.Conclusion:The TAT appears to be a suitable alternative to digital thermometers currently used in many EMS systems. The paramedics involved in this study liked the TAT better than the in-ambulance digital thermometer and believed it to be more accurate. Further research on this topic is required.
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Bolton, Sarah, Elizabeth Latimer, and Daniel Clark. "Temporal artery and non-contact infra-red thermometers: is there sufficient evidence to support their use in secondary care?" Global Clinical Engineering Journal 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31354/globalce.v2i2.67.
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Abstract
Background and Objective
Accurate measurement of body temperature is a key part of patient observations and can influence important decisions regarding tests, diagnosis and treatment. For routine measurements in hospitals, non-invasive thermometers such as tympanic infra-red ear thermometers are very widely used even though non-invasive thermometers are not as accurate as core thermometry. However, there are known issues regarding the accuracy of these thermometers due to user errors including dirty probe covers and not straightening the ear canal. We were therefore keen to understand if there was evidence to support the use of alternative non-tympanic, non-invasive thermometer that could be easily and widely deployed across Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust.
Material and Methods
A search of the published literature via the NICE HDAS was undertaken to identify the evidence on the use of temporal artery (TAT) or non-contact infra-red forehead (NCIT) thermometers compared to a core body temperature thermometer in a clinical setting. The relevant literature was identified, appraised and summarised.
Results
15 papers described the use of TAT but only 5 reported results that were considered within clinically acceptable limits of which 2 included febrile patients. Nine of the 10 studies where TAT was considered not to be within acceptable limits included febrile patients. For the NCIT, 3 studies were identified but only 1 reported results within acceptable limits and this did not include febrile patients.
Conclusion
A review of the literature for both TAT and NCIT has indicated that neither is currently suitable as a replacement for tympanic IR ear thermometers in clinical practice. In particular, the evidence suggests that they are not acceptable methods for detecting temperatures outside the normothermic range and do not detect fever accurately. In addition, the potential for user error with TAT is considered unacceptable.
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Cywiak, David, Daniel Cárdenas-García, and Hugo Rodriguez-Arteaga. "Influence of Size of Source Effect on Accuracy of LWIR Radiation Thermometers." Metrology and Measurement Systems 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2016-0050.
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Abstract Determining the size of source effect of a radiation thermometer is not an easy task and manufacturers of these thermometers usually do not indicate the deviation to the measured temperature due to this effect. It is one of the main uncertainty components when measuring with a radiation thermometer and it may lead to erroneous estimation of the actual temperature of the measured target. We present an empiric model to estimate the magnitude of deviation of the measured temperature with a long-wavelength infrared radiation thermometer due to the size of source effect. The deviation is calculated as a function of the field of view of the thermometer and the diameter of the radiating source. For thermometers whose field of view size at 90% power is approximately equal to the diameter of the radiating source, it was found that this effect may lead to deviations of the measured temperature of up to 6% at 200ºC and up to 14% at 500ºC. Calculations of the temperature deviation with the proposed model are performed as a function of temperature and as a function of the first order component of electrical signal.
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Thomas, Harel Thomas, Haritabh Rana, and Anju Mishra. "Applicability of garnet-cordierite (Gt-Crd) geothermometer." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 60 (September 16, 2020): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v60i0.31271.
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The garnet-cordierite pairs are commonly found in the assemblages of granulites and hence are suitable for estimating equilibrium temperature of these metamorphic rocks. At present, there are many calibrations of garnet - cordierite (Gt-Crd) thermometer that may confuse geologists in choosing a reliable thermometer. To test the accuracy of the garnet - cordierite thermometers, we have applied eleven models formulated by a number of researchers since (1976) till date. We have collected 70 samples from the literature all over the world, which has been processed through “Gt-Crd.EXE” software. Based on the present study, we have identified a set of the best among all the eleven models which were considered under this comparative study. We have concluded that the five garnet-cordierite thermometers are the most valid and reliable of this kind of thermometer (Holdaway and Lee, 1977; Perchuk et al. 1985; Thompson, 1976; Wells,1979 and Aranovich and Podlesskii ,1989).
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Periasami, Venkatesh, Sridevi A. Naaraayan, and Seetha Vishwanathan. "Diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer compared to mercury in glass thermometer for measuring temperature in children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20172689.
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Background: A wide variety of devices are available to record temperature from skin, oral or rectal mucosa and the tympanic membrane. The accuracy of different devices is varied and the primary objective of this study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer against mercury in glass thermometer in children. The secondary objective was to determine the average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a pediatric ward at Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai. In all 92 febrile children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted in the ward, temperature was measured at the time of admission using both digital and mercury in glass thermometers placed in each axilla after obtaining informed consent. Concordance and discordance of both measurements were determined using Pearson Correlation coefficient and Bland altman plot. Average time taken by digital thermometer to record temperature was noted.Results: There was a good correlation between mercury and digital thermometer recordings (r=0.976, p<0.001). The Bland-Altman test showed that almost all residual values (estimated-observed) are random and the fall within the 95% confidence interval. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature was 88.03 seconds (95% CI-54.58 to 121.49).Conclusions: Digital thermometer is as accurate as mercury in glass thermometer in recording temperature. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record temperature is 88.03 ±17.07 seconds.
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Kelechi, Teresa J., Yvonne Michel, and Jan Wiseman. "Are Infrared and Thermistor Thermometers Interchangeable for Measuring Localized Skin Temperature?" Journal of Nursing Measurement 14, no. 1 (January 2006): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnum.14.1.19.
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Localized skin temperature must be measured by accurate and reliable thermometers to effectively evaluate treatment outcomes, monitor changes, and predict potential complications. This study compared localized skin temperature measurements with a contact thermistor thermometer used as a reference standard and a noncontact infrared (IR) skin thermometer to determine their interchangeability with calculated Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Fifty-five adults ages 50 to 89 participated in the study in which data were collected in a climate-controlled room over 3 measurement periods, 1 week apart. The thermistor and IR thermometers were interchangeable with a limit of agreement of ± 1.5°C. This limit of agreement is acceptable as a reference standard for IR thermometers to measure localized skin temperature in clinical settings.
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Schmid, Simone M., Wolfgang Büscher, and Julia Steinhoff-Wagner. "Suitability of Different Thermometers for Measuring Body Core and Skin Temperatures in Suckling Piglets." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041004.
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Monitoring the temperature of piglets after birth is critical to ensure their well-being. Rectal temperature measurement is time-consuming, requires fixation of the animal and is stressful for piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermometry and thermography as compared to rectal temperatures. We investigated digital thermometers for rectal measurements, infrared ear thermometers, infrared forehead thermometers, infrared laser thermometers and an infrared camera during field trials with piglets aged 1–13 days. Temperatures differed between the left and right ear and ear base (p < 0.01), but not between temples. Three forehead and laser devices yielded different temperatures (p < 0.01). Temperatures assessed with a laser thermometer decreased with distance from the target (p < 0.01). The highest correlation observed was between the rectal and tympanic temperatures (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). For temperatures assessed with the camera, inner thigh and abdomen correlated most closely to core temperature (0.60 ≤ r ≤ 0.62; p < 0.01). Results indicate that infrared ear thermometry commonly used in humans is also suited for assessing temperature in piglets. The inner thigh and abdomen seem promising locations for estimating core temperature with an infrared camera, but this approach needs to be adapted to reduce time exposure and stress for the piglets to be used under practical conditions.
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Kolesnikov, Ilya E., Elena V. Afanaseva, Mikhail A. Kurochkin, Elena I. Vaishlia, Evgenii Yu Kolesnikov, and Erkki Lähderanta. "Dual-center co-doped and mixed ratiometric LuVO4:Nd3+/Yb3+ nanothermometers." Nanotechnology 33, no. 16 (January 28, 2022): 165504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac49c3.
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Abstract During last decade luminescence thermometry has become a widely studied research field due to its potential applications for real time contactless temperature sensing where usual thermometers cannot be used. Special attention is paid to the development of accurate and reliable thermal sensors with simple reading. To address existing problems of ratiometric thermometers based on thermally-coupled levels, LuVO4:Nd3+/Yb3+ thermal sensors were studied as a proof-of-concept of dual-center thermometer obtained by co-doping or mixture. Both approaches to create a dual-center sensor were compared in terms of energy transfer efficiency, relative sensitivity, and temperature resolution. Effect of excitation mechanism and Yb3+ doping concentration on thermometric performances was also investigated. The best characteristics of S r = 0.34% K−1@298 K and ΔT = 0.2 K were obtained for mixed phosphors upon host excitation.
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Gota, Chie, Kohki Okabe, Takashi Funatsu, Yoshie Harada, and Seiichi Uchiyama. "Hydrophilic Fluorescent Nanogel Thermometer for Intracellular Thermometry." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 8 (March 4, 2009): 2766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807714j.
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Wen, Xin, Sheng Lin Yang, and Guang Li. "On-Line Measurement of Fiber Temperature in the Melt-Spinning Processes." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.149.
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The online temperature detections of fiber along the spinning line should be the important means for the precise controlling of fiber higher order structures as well as fiber-final performance. In this paper, a method of measurement fiber temperature has been introduced which mainly use the instrument of monochromatic infrared thermometer to measure fiber temperature in the melt-spinning processes. Due to the probe field of view of monochromatic infrared thermometer being much larger than the fiber diameter, monochrome infrared thermometers can't be used to measure temperature of fibers directly, the measurement results is an average between the fiber and backgrounds, which can't be used to indicate the temperature of fibers directly and have to calibrated. The calibrated results of monochromatic infrared thermometer are compared to the measurement results of infrared thermography. It has been found that the on-line measurement with infrared thermometer could promise high-speed and highly reliable temperature testing for the fibers.
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Tetra Putra, Moch Prastawa Assalim, Levana Forra Wakidi, Tri Bowo Indrato, Ram Gopal, and Anita Nurliana. "Non-Body Contact Thermometer with Voice Output Via Wireless Communication." Jurnal Teknokes 15, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jteknokes.v15i2.245.
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Currently, thermometer has been widely used by the public. In general, thermometers are designed for people who have normal physical conditions, especially in the ability to see. Disabled people, especially blind people, will find it difficult to use the existing thermometer, especially with the current pandemic situation, which is likely to spread COVID-19 quickly. In connection with this problem, non-contact body temperature measurement is needed with sound output and a wireless system so that there is less possibility of exposure to disease. Therefore, this study describes a non-body contact thermometer with sound output via wireless. The purpose of this study concludes that Non-Body Contact Thermometers can be made with Voice Output Via Wireless to determine normal or hyper and hypo human body temperatures. Thus, this thermometer make it easier for those who have limitations to see and reduce exposure to covid-19 between patients and users. The method in this study employed MLX90614 as a sensor whose output is in the form of digital data, HC-SR04 as a trigger on the MLX90614 sensor, and DF player as a reader on data that have been recorded via Google and stored on the SD card, and XBEE module as transceivers of data to pc. Temperature testing was further conducted by comparing the module with a standard tool, that is a digital thermometer. The error obtained from the module at normal temperature is 0.98%, while the smallest error is 0.1%. Furthermore, in terms of the hypo temperature, the largest error is 1.80%, while the smallest error is 0.42%. Last, at hyper temperature, the largest error is 1.75%, while the smallest error is 0.10%.
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Miller, Aaron, Inder Singh, Sarah Pilewski, Vladimir Petrovic, and Philip M. Polgreen. "691. Real-Time Local Influenza Forecasting Using Smartphone-Connected Thermometer Readings." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.698.
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Abstract Background Information regarding influenza activity can inform clinical and public health activities. However, current surveillance approaches induce a delay in influenza activity reports (typically 1–2 weeks). Recently, we used data from smartphone connected thermometers to accurately forecast real-time influenza activity at a national level. Because thermometer readings can be geo-located, we used state-level thermometer data to determine whether these data can improve state-level surveillance estimates. Methods We used temperature readings collected by the Kinsa smart-thermometer and mobile device app to develop state-level forecasting models to predict real-time influenza activity (1–2 weeks in advance of surveillance reports). We used state-reported influenza-like illness (ILI) to represent state influenza activity for 48 US states with sufficient surveillance data. Counts of temperature readings, fever episodes and reported symptoms were computed by week. We developed autoregressive time-series models and evaluated model performance in an adaptive out-of-sample manner. We compared baseline time-series models containing lagged state-reported ILI activity to models incorporating exogenous thermometer readings. Results A total of 10,262,212 temperature readings were recorded from October 30, 2015 to March 29, 2018. In nearly all of the 48 states considered, weekly forecasts of ILI activity improved considerably when thermometer readings were incorporated. On average, state-level forecasting accuracy improved by 23.9% compared with baseline time-series models. In many states, such as PA, New Mexico, MA, Virginia, New York and SC, out-of-sample forecast error was reduced by more than 50% when thermometer data were incorporated. In general, forecasts were most accurate in states with the greatest number of device readings. During the 2017–2018 influenza season, the average improvement in forecast accuracy was 24.4%, and thermometer readings improved forecasting accuracy in 41, out of 48, states. Conclusion Data from smart thermometers accurately track real-time influenza activity at a state level. Local surveillance efforts may be improved by incorporating such information. Such data may also be useful for longer-term local forecasts. Disclosures I. Singh, Kinsa Inc.: Board Member, Employee and Shareholder, equity received and Salary. S. Pilewski, Kinsa Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, equity received and Salary. V. Petrovic, Kinsa Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, equity received and Salary.
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Pradeep Kumar, S., N. Shanmugasundaram, and E. N. Ganesh. "Measurement of thermometer using automated system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (March 19, 2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10430.
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Calibration of thermometers is time- consuming process that requires short-term temperature stability during multiple measurements at given temperature points. In most laboratories, thermometer calibration process is not automated, requiring the presence of the laboratory assistant during the calibration and for the subsequent calculation of the measurement uncertainty. In this paper, an automated system for calibration of thermometers is presented. The system enables the entire calibration process to be computer driven, after setting calibration parameters. The details are presented on an example of a furnace for temperatures up to 1 000 ° C. The review of the metrology software is given
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Huang, Yaoying, Tong Xie, Chunguang Li, and Xiaohui Yin. "Optimization Analysis of the Position of Thermometers Buried in Concrete Pouring Block Embedded with Cooling Pipes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5256839.
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The measured temperature of a concrete pouring block depends strongly on the position of the buried thermometer. Only when the temperature measured by the thermometer accurately reflects the actual temperature of the concrete pouring block do reasonable temperature-control measures become possible. However, little research has been done on how to determine the proper position of thermometers buried in a concrete pouring block embedded with cooling pipes. To address this situation, we develop herein a method to determine the position of thermometers buried in a concrete pouring block. First, we assume that the design temperature-control process line characterizes the average-temperature history of the concrete pouring block. Under this assumption, we calculate the average-temperature history of the concrete pouring block by using the water-pipe-cooling FEM, following which the temperature history of an arbitrary point in the concrete pouring block is obtained by interpolating the shape function. Based on the average-temperature history of the concrete pouring block and the temperature history of the arbitrary point, we build a mathematical model to optimize the buried position of the thermometer and use the optimization algorithm to determine this position. By using this method, we establish finite-element models of concrete prisms with four typical water-pipe spacing cases for concrete-dam engineering and obtain the geometric position of the thermometers by using the optimization algorithm. By burying thermometers at these positions, the measured temperature should better characterize the average-temperature history of the concrete pouring block, which can provide useful information for regulating the temperature of concrete pouring blocks.
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Brethauer, Andreas, Thomas Fröhlich, and Elmar Engels. "Untersuchung des dynamischen Verhaltens von Berührungsthermometern unter realen Bedingungen." tm - Technisches Messen 85, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0101.
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Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung des dynamischen Verhaltens von Berührungsthermometern existieren standardisierte Messvorrichtungen. Die auf diese Weise ermittelten Thermometerkennwerte ermöglichen den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Thermometer. Mit dem Ansprechverhalten unter realen Einbaubedingungen haben die so ermittelten Kennwerte jedoch oft wenig zu tun. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das dynamische Verhalten unterschiedlicher Berührungsthermometer in unterschiedlichen Einbausituationen miteinander verglichen. Dabei kommen ein Temperatursprung an der Thermometer-Außenseite, sowie ein sogenannter Loop-Current-Step-Response-Test (LCSR-Test) zum Einsatz. Der LCSR-Test kann hier gerade unter Einbaubedingungen eine Aussage über das Ansprechverhalten eines Thermometers liefern.
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Teixeira, Ricardo João, José C. Machado, Sara Faria, Sónia Remondes-Costa, Tânia Brandão, Margarida Branco, Sara Moreira, and M. Graça Pereira. "Brief emotional screening in oncology: Specificity and sensitivity of the emotion thermometers in the Portuguese cancer population." Palliative and Supportive Care 18, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951519000208.
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AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the cutoff and the specificity and sensitivity of the Emotion Thermometers (ET) in a Portuguese sample of cancer patients.MethodA total of 147 patients (mean age = 49.2;SD= 12.6) completed the ET, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the Subjective Experiences of Illness Suffering Inventory. Data were collected in a cancer support institution and in a major hospital in the North of Portugal.ResultThe optimal cutoff for the Anxiety Thermometer was 5v6 (until 5 and 6 or more), which identified 74% of the BSI-anxiety cases and 70% of noncases. The Depression Thermometer cutoff was 4v5 (until 4 and 5 or more), which identified 85% of BSI-depression cases and 82% of noncases. Cutoff for the Anger Thermometer was 4v5 (until 4 and 5 or more), which identified 83% of BSI-hostility cases and 73% of noncases; for the Distress Thermometer, the optimal cutoff was 4v5 (until 4 and 5 or more), which identified 84% of the suffering cases and 73% of noncases. Finally, for the Help Thermometer, it was 3v4 (until 3 and 4 or more), which helped to identify 93% of the suffering cases and 64% of noncases.Significance of resultsResults supported the Portuguese version of the ET as an important screening tool for identifying the emotional distress in cancer patients.
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Shibahara, A., O. Hahtela, J. Engert, H. van der Vliet, L. V. Levitin, A. Casey, C. P. Lusher, J. Saunders, D. Drung, and Th Schurig. "Primary current-sensing noise thermometry in the millikelvin regime." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2064 (March 28, 2016): 20150054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0054.
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The use of low-temperature platforms with base temperatures below 1 K is rapidly expanding, for fundamental science, sensitive instrumentation and new technologies of potentially significant commercial impact. Precise measurement of the thermodynamic temperature of these low-temperature platforms is crucial for their operation. In this paper, we describe a practical and user-friendly primary current-sensing noise thermometer (CSNT) for reliable and traceable thermometry and the dissemination of the new kelvin in this temperature regime. Design considerations of the thermometer are discussed, including the optimization of a thermometer for the temperature range to be measured, noise sources and thermalization. We show the procedure taken to make the thermometer primary and contributions to the uncertainty budget. With standard laboratory instrumentation, a relative uncertainty of 1.53% is obtainable. Initial comparison measurements between a primary CSNT and a superconducting reference device traceable to the PLTS-2000 (Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000) are presented between 66 and 208 mK, showing good agreement within the k =1 calculated uncertainty.
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Jagatha, Maha Lakshmi, Preethi Tamilarasan, and Kuppusamy Krishnamurthy. "Measuring temperature in children, conveniently and accurately: a comparative study on different modalities of thermometry." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20214149.
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Background: Fever is one of the most common complaints in children in day-to-day practice. The pattern and grade of fever provide some evidence in determining the etiology of fever. Equally important is the identification and documentation of hypothermia in neonates. Hence there is need for an accurate thermometry mode, which should also be convenient to use in children.Methods: This was a cross-sectional observation study on all the neonates and children satisfying the inclusion criteria. Infrared forehead thermometer and digital axillary thermometer were used to record temperature and compared with Infrared tympanic temperature which was taken as gold standard.Results: A total of 240 neonates and children were evaluated. Strong positive correlation was observed between Means of Forehead Thermometer (FT) and Ear Thermometer (ET) with correlation coefficient of 0.777 and p value <0.001. Similar correlation was also observed with Axillary Temperature (AT) with correlation coefficient of 0.944 and p<0.001.Conclusions: Non-contact Infrared thermometer may be used in neonates and children without causing discomfort. It gives instant and comparable readings which are especially significant in the current coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic setting.
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Uchida, Hiroshi, Toshiya Nakano, Jun Tamba, Januarius V. Widiatmo, Kazuaki Yamazawa, Satoshi Ozawa, and Takeshi Kawano. "Deep Ocean Temperature Measurement with an Uncertainty of 0.7 mK." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 11 (November 2015): 2199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0013.1.
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AbstractThe uncertainty of deep ocean temperature (~1°C) measurement was evaluated. The time drifts of six deep ocean standards thermometers were examined based on laboratory calibrations as performed by the manufacturer in triple point of water (TPW) cells and gallium-melting-point (GaMP) cells. The time drifts ranged from −0.11 to 0.14 mK yr−1. Three of the six thermometers were evaluated at the National Metrology Institute of Japan in five TPW cells and a GaMP cell, and the temperature readings agreed with the realized temperature of the national standard cells of Japan within ±0.14 and ±0.41 mK for TPW and GaMP, respectively. The pressure sensitivities of the deep ocean standards thermometers were estimated by comparison with conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) thermometers in the deep ocean, and no notable difference was detected. Pressure sensitivities of the two CTD thermometers were examined by laboratory tests, and the results suggest that the deep ocean standards thermometers have no pressure sensitivity, at least up to 65 MPa. The position and attitude motion of the CTD system can affect temperature and salinity data quality. The overall expanded uncertainty of the deep ocean temperature measurement (up to 65 MPa) by the CTD thermometer calibrated in reference to the deep ocean standards thermometer is estimated to be 0.7 mK.
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Yatsyshyn, S., and Kh Melnyk. "Inertia of liquid microthermometer readings." Metrology and instruments, no. 4 (September 7, 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(4)2019.39-43.
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Currently the need for micro thermometers with low inertia and accordingly with the small diameter of the capillary is increasing, and information about their inertia, which is necessary, in particular, for medicine, becomes insufficient. Micro thermometers with liquid-phase sensitive elements are made on the basis of capillaries filled with liquid. Important is the type of liquid (water, alcohol, mercury, etc.), the angle of inclination of the thermometer capillary, and its internal diameter. The time of their thermal inertia is rather small, since the thermal equilibrium of the thermometer and the controlled object is set extremely fast. However, in reality, the movement of a liquid in a capillary of a thermometer, which determines the readout of the temperature value, due to the change in the thermodynamic conditions during the measurement, is not so rapid to satisfy the metrology. The experience of studying the spontaneous penetration of liquids in porous micro and nano channels of natural structures is limited mainly by works that capture the significance of the influence of initial conditions. The features of filling capillaries of different internal diameters at different angles of inclination are considered in the paper. It enables us to work out the technology of manufacturing and application of these thermometers, and thus to predict the duration of setting the micro thermometers’ indications not limited by thermal inertia. For this purpose, the Washburn’s and Bosanquet equations are considered. Rate of filling the capillary is affected by fluid viscosity, surface tension, length of the filled capillary, and its diameter. Since the viscosity of the liquid increases slightly with pressure and decreases exponentially with temperature, it is inversely proportional to the rate of liquid penetration or to the rate of moving meniscus. We have analyzed the impact of these factors on the micro thermometers’ performance that promotes their efficient production and application.
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PALM, E. C., T. P. MURPHY, S. W. TOZER, and S. T. HANNAHS. "RECENT ADVANCES IN LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOMETRY IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 20n22 (August 30, 2002): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202014504.
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The accurate determination of the temperature of an experiment at low temperatures in high magnetic fields is difficult. We present the results of measurements made using a number of new techniques developed over the last few years. In particular we discuss the results of measurements made using a unique capacitor made with Kapton and copper in a cylindrical geometry.1 This capacitance thermometer, dubbed the "Kapacitor", is different from other low temperature thermometers in that the minimum in capacitance vs. temperature can be moved to lower temperatures (to below 20 mK) by changing the construction technique. In addition, we discuss measurements on Coulomb blockade thermometers (CBT's) that offer the possibility of true primary thermomemtry at low temperatures without any magnetic field dependence. Both of these new techniques will be compared to the standard technique of resistance thermometry using RuO chip resistors. The crucial issues of accuracy and precision, usefulness for control, and noise sensitivity will be discussed for each of these technologies. In addition, recent measurements on the magnetic behavior of RuO thermometers at low temperatures and its relationship to anomalous low field peaks in the resistance that develop at temperatures below 50 mK are also presented.
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Muhammed, Mera Usman, Mayaki Abubakar Musa, and Gambo Abdulrahman Abdullahi. "COMPARISON BETWEEN RECTAL AND BODY SURFACE TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY DIGITAL AND NON-CONTACT INFRARED THERMOMETER IN SOME LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.639.
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This study was carried out to compare the digital rectal (DR) thermometer with non-contact infrared thermometer (IRT) measurements at two locations on the face in some large animal species. Two hundred and forty (240) animals comprising of equal numbers of three species (cattle, camel and horses) of varying age and either sex was used. The IR temperature was taken from two sites [frontal (FIRT) and temporal (TIRT) region] on the animal face. The mean IR temperatures (FIRT and TIRT) were higher than the RT in all the animal species. The two thermometers correlate poorly in all the animal species. Bland-Altman analysis showed high biases and limits of agreement not acceptable for clinical purposes. In conclusion, IRT seems to offer a quick and easy way to determine the animal temperature but clinically it cannot be used interchangeably with DR thermometer at the moment for body temperature measurement in these animal species.
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KOSA, KATHERINE M., SHERYL C. CATES, SHAWN KARNS, SANDRIA L. GODWIN, and DELORES CHAMBERS. "Consumer Home Refrigeration Practices: Results of a Web-Based Survey." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1640.
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To reduce bacterial growth and to ensure the quality and safety of food products, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration advise consumers to clean their refrigerators regularly, use a refrigerator thermometer, and keep refrigerator temperatures at 40°F (4.4°C) or below. We conducted a nationally representative Web-enabled survey (n = 2,060) to collect data on refrigerator thermometer ownership, home refrigerator temperatures, and the frequency of home refrigerator cleaning. We stratified the sample to provide results for pregnant women, older adults (60 years or older), and the remaining population. About half of all respondents had cleaned their refrigerators at least 1 month before the survey. Only 11% of all respondents had a thermometer in their refrigerator before the survey. Older adults (77.5%) were more likely than the remaining population (70.4%) to have their refrigerators at the recommended temperature (P < 0.01). Older adults who were not married and who lived alone were less likely to have refrigerator thermometers and to have their refrigerators at a recommended temperature (P < 0.05). For all respondents, those who had previously owned a refrigerator thermometer were more likely to have their refrigerators at the recommended temperature than were respondents who did not previously own a thermometer (P < 0.01). Food safety educators can use the survey findings and results of previous research to target educational materials and help consumers, especially those at risk for listeriosis, to safely store refrigerated foods at home.