Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Thermonuclear fusion by magnetic confinement'
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Geulin, Eléonore. "Contribution to the modeling of pellet injection : from the injector to ablation in the plasma." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AIXM0066.
Full textThe preferred method of fueling fusion device is the use of D and/or T pellets injected into the plasma. They are currently used, but the results cannot be extrapolated to future larger reactors where the design of the injection system and the construction of scenarios will be mainly based on simulations. It is therefore important to fill in the gaps in the existing models from the manufacture of pellets to the deposition of material in the plasma. Two lacks of knowledge appear: the modeling of the pellet transport in the injection pipe and the validation of the ablation process. This work aims to fill these gaps and consists of 3 parts.- Describe the physics of material deposition, then the state of the art of the main results and finally the description of the pellet injection systems planned for the next machines.- Model the transport of the pellet in the injection pipe. The effects taken into account in the model are the weakening of the ice during rebounds, the increase in its temperature and its erosion. The model gives in particular the slowing down and the loss of mass of the pellet during the journey, as well as the stored elastic energy linked to its integrity on leaving the tube.- Contribute to the validation of the HPI2 ablation code, by comparing its predictions to data measured in ablation clouds. The method used is a calculation of synthetic data sets from simulations and comparing them to measurements. This method made it possible to validate the assumptions and approximations of the ablation model
Louzguiti, Alexandre. "Magnetic screening currents and coupling losses induced in superconducting magnets for thermonuclear fusion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0574.
Full textTokamaks aim at producing energy by thermonuclear fusion heating a hydrogen plasma up to 150 million K and confining it with an intense magnetic field created by magnets carrying important currents. Superconductivity is a very valuable asset in this field since it allows to reduce the size of the magnets and their energy consumption in exchange for cooling them down to cryogenic temperatures. However, in tokamaks, magnetic field variations occur (e.g. due to the central solenoid discharge) and generate induction losses in the magnets. If their temperature increases too much, they lose their superconducting properties in a brutal transition called "quench": to protect their integrity, they are then discharged and the magnetic confinement of the plasma is lost. We have therefore focused on the modeling of these losses - more precisely on the “coupling losses” - since their knowledge is crucial to safely adapt the cryogenic cooling of the magnets and predict the operating limits of the tokamak. In order to both enhance the physical understanding of this complex phenomenon and provide simple but realistic solutions that can easily be integrated in multiphysics platforms already heavily solicited by the modeling of other effects, we have chosen to adopt an analytical approach on this problem. The cables commonly considered for tokamaks presenting a rather complex architecture (several hundreds of strands twisted together in specific patterns), we have carried out analytical and experimental studies at the different scales of the cable; we then compare the results of our approach to other existing ones (e.g. numerical models) and, when possible, to the experiment
Louzguiti, Alexandre. "Magnetic screening currents and coupling losses induced in superconducting magnets for thermonuclear fusion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0574.
Full textTokamaks aim at producing energy by thermonuclear fusion heating a hydrogen plasma up to 150 million K and confining it with an intense magnetic field created by magnets carrying important currents. Superconductivity is a very valuable asset in this field since it allows to reduce the size of the magnets and their energy consumption in exchange for cooling them down to cryogenic temperatures. However, in tokamaks, magnetic field variations occur (e.g. due to the central solenoid discharge) and generate induction losses in the magnets. If their temperature increases too much, they lose their superconducting properties in a brutal transition called "quench": to protect their integrity, they are then discharged and the magnetic confinement of the plasma is lost. We have therefore focused on the modeling of these losses - more precisely on the “coupling losses” - since their knowledge is crucial to safely adapt the cryogenic cooling of the magnets and predict the operating limits of the tokamak. In order to both enhance the physical understanding of this complex phenomenon and provide simple but realistic solutions that can easily be integrated in multiphysics platforms already heavily solicited by the modeling of other effects, we have chosen to adopt an analytical approach on this problem. The cables commonly considered for tokamaks presenting a rather complex architecture (several hundreds of strands twisted together in specific patterns), we have carried out analytical and experimental studies at the different scales of the cable; we then compare the results of our approach to other existing ones (e.g. numerical models) and, when possible, to the experiment
Knutsson, Adam. "Modelling magnetic confinement of plasma in toroidal fusion devices." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199337.
Full textAlessi, Edoardo. "Measurement and transmission of electrical and magnetic quantities in magnetic confinement fusion devices." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426452.
Full textMcCollam, Karsten James. "Investigation of magnetic relaxation in coaxial helicity injection /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9741.
Full textBarnard, Harold Salvadore. "External proton beam analysis of plasma facing materials for magnetic confinement fusion applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58385.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-137).
A 1.7MV tandem accelerator was reconstructed and refurbished for this thesis and for surface science applications at the Cambridge laboratory for accelerator study of surfaces (CLASS). At CLASS, an external proton beam set-up was designed and constructed to perform in-air ion beam analysis on plasma facing divertor tiles from the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. A Particle Induced Gamma Emission (PIGE) technique was developed for boron depth profiling. In addition, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was implemented and used for a comprehensive study of poloidal tungsten migration in the C-Mod divertor. A novel PIGE technique was developed for measuring depth profiles of boron deposition on C-Mod tile surfaces. Boron (B) is regularly deposited on C-Mod tiles to improve plasma performance. This technique is therefore useful for studying the interaction of B with plasma facing components (PFC) to develop a better understanding of the effects of B in Alcator C-Mod. The technique involves taking multiple PIGE yield measurements of a single sample while changing the beams path-length through the air to vary the energy of the beam incident on the sample. A numerical code was written to deconvolve boron depth profiles from these gamma yields by exploiting the sharply peaked cross section of the '0B(p, ay)7Be resonance reaction. Simulations demonstrate that this code converges to the expected results. Preliminary measurements of C-Mod tiles were performed using the external proton beam to induce 429keV gamma emission from the 10B(p, ay)7Be reaction which was measured, using a Sodium Iodide (Nal) scintillation detector.
(cont.) These preliminary results verified the feasibility of this technique. An external PIXE ion beam analysis study was conducted to measure campaign integrated, poloidal tungsten (W) migration patterns in the C-Mod divertor. Eroded W from a toroidally continuous row of W tiles near the outer divertor strike point was used as a tracer to map W erosion and redeposition onto a set of Mo and W tiles that covered the poloidal extent of the C-Mod lower divertor which were removed following the 2008 experimental campaign. These tiles were examined for W using external Particle Induced X-ray emission (X-PIXE) analysis; a highly W sensitive ion beam analysis (IBA) technique in which a characteristic x-ray emission is induced from a material surface as it is exposed to an external proton beam, produced by the electrostatic tandem accelerator. With a set of systematic high spacial resolution measurements (~ 3mm resolution), complete poloidal profiles of W redeposition have been constructed. These profiles indicate W transport and redeposition of up to 1.5 x 102 atoms/m 2 (14nm of equivalent W thickness) in several regions including the outer divertor, the inner divertor, and inside the private flux region. In addition to the W results, PIXE allowed for indirect measurements of spatially resolved boron profiles and direct measurements of titanium, chromium, and iron. A comprehensive description and explanation these PIGE and PIXE studies and their results are presented.
by Harold Salvadore Barnard.
S.M.
Samulski, Camille Clement. "Deceleration Stage Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Relevant Configurations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103703.
Full textMaster of Science
The direction for the future of renewable energy is uncertain at this time; however, it is known that the future of human energy consumption must be green in order to be sustainable. Fusion energy presents an opportunity for an unlimited clean renewable energy source that has yet to be realized. Fusion is achieved only by overcoming the earthly limitations presented by trying to replicate conditions at the interior of stellar structures. The pressures, temperature, and densities seen in the interior of stars are not easily reproduced, and thus human technology must be developed to reach these difficult stellar conditions in order to harvest fusion energy. There are two main branches of developmental technology geared towards achieving the difficult conditions controlled nuclear fusion presents, magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF)[17]. Yet in both approaches barriers exist which have thwarted the efforts toward reaching fusion ignition which must be addressed through scientific discovery. Successfully reaching ignition is only the first step in the ultimate pursuit of a self sustaining fusion reactor. This work will focus on the experimental ICF configuration, and on one such inhibitor toward achieving ignition, the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability. The RT instability develops on the surfaces of the fusion fuel capsules, targets, and causes nonuniform compression of the target. This nonuniform compression of the target leads to lower pressures and densities through the material mixing of fusion fuel and the capsule shell, which ultimately leads to challenges with reaching fusion ignition. The work presented here was performed utilizing the University of Chicago's FLASH code, which is a state-of-the-art open source radiation magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) code used for plasma and astrophysics computational modeling [11]. Simulations of the RT instability are performed using FLASH in planar and cylindrical geometries to explore fundamental Rayleigh-Taylor instability evolution for these two different geometries. These geometries provide easier access for experimental diagnostics to probe RT dynamics. Additionally, the impact of externally applied magnetic fields are explored in an effort to examine if and how the detrimental instability can be controlled.
Riquier, Raphaël. "Magnetic field in laser plasmas : non-local electron transport and reconnection." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX004/document.
Full textIn the framework of the inertial confinement fusion, a pellet filled with the deuterium-tritium fuel is imploded, either through laser irradiation (direct drive, laser – low atomic number target interaction) or by the black body radiation from a cavity converting the laser radiation (indirect drive, laser – high atomic number target interaction).In both cases, a correct modeling of the electron transport is of first importance in order to have predictive hydro-radiative simulations. Nonetheless, it has been shown early on that the hypothesis of the linear transport are not valid in the framework of a solid target irradiated by a high power laser (I~1014 W/cm²). This is due in part to very steep temperature gradients (kinetic effects, so-called « non-local ») and because of a magnetic field self-generated through the thermo-electric effect. Finally, the heat flux and the magnetic field are strongly coupled through two mecanisms: the advection of the field with the heat flux (Nernst effect) and the rotation and inhibition of the heat flux by the plasma's magnetization (Righi-Leduc effect).In this manuscript, we will first present the various electron transport models, particularly the non-local with magnetic field model included in the hydro-radiative code FCI2. Following, in order to validate this model, we will compare it first against a kinetic code, and then with an experiment during which the magnetic field has been probed through proton radiography. Once the model validated, we will use FCI2 simulations to explain the source and transport of the field, as well as its effect on the interaction.Finally, the reconnection of the magnetic field, during the irradiation of a solid target by two laser beams, will be studied
Meireni, Mutia. "Spectroscopic diagnostic of magnetic fusion plasmas : application to ITER." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0218.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the modeling of the atomic line radiation emitted by magnetic fusion plasmas for diagnostic purposes. An improvement of the accuracy of diagnostics is proposed, in order to have a better characterization of runaway electrons in the context of ITER preparation. In the first chapter, we discuss about fusion reaction, about how it is produced in tokamak machines, and we discuss about the disruptions, which are a consequence of instabilities. They are one cause of runaway electrons. In the second chapter, the formalism used in spectral line broadening models is introduced based on quantum mechanics and statistical physics. Numerical calculations are also presented. They are done for applications to synthetic diagnostics in tokamak divertor plasma conditions. Hydrogen Balmer lines with a moderate principal quantum number are considered. In the third chapter, we discuss the physics underlying Langmuir waves. This includes the Landau damping process and its inverse counterpart, the plasma-beam instability mechanism. It is possible to calculate the magnitude of the electric field which is created by a beam of electrons using the quasilinear theory. We present this theory and we present a generalization to strongly nonlinear regimes for which the Langmuir waves are coupled with the ion sound and electromagnetic waves. Finally, we discuss this model and, next, apply the formalism for different beam densities in tokamak edge plasmas and we examine the possibility for making a diagnostic of runaway electrons based on atomic spectroscopy in the fourth chapter
Sheeba, Roshin Raj. "Synthetic diagnostics for plasma spectroscopy of magnetic fusion devices." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/201217_SHEEBA_753c513mttwj498soje466ehx_TH.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis, a numerical tool is elaborated by combining a Stark lineshape code with another code developed for the calculation of the recombination continuum due to bound-free and free-free transitions. The tool is intended to model whole Balmer spectra emitted by hydrogen or deuterium atoms for tokamak divertor plasma conditions with a focus on recombining plasmas (detachment regime). In addition to Stark line broadening, the plasma environment affects hydrogen atoms by lowering the ionization potential leading to the advance of the continuum. For hydrogen emission, these statistical plasma effects are retained using the dissolution factor approach which allows the modeling of the gradual line merging into the continuum. In this approach, bound levels are considered as free levels beyond a critical level depending on the plasma parameters. The approach is implemented by extending the continuum beyond the theoretical series limit and transforming bound levels to free ones. For simplicity, beyonf the Inglis-Teller limit, the profiles of the Balmer lines are extrapolated from that of the last resolved line. For low electron densities, the line intensities are calculated using a collisional-radiative model. The numerical tool was checked by comparison with an experimental spectrum from literature. The numerical tool was applied to predict synthetic spectra for WEST using spatial distributions of the hydrogen density and of the plasma parameters simulated along viewing chords by the transport code SOLEDGE2D-EIRENE. This approach of synthetic diagnostics of plasma spectroscopy, can easily be extended for efficient predictions for future fusion devices like ITER and DEMO
Morales, Mena Jorge. "Confined magnetohydrodynamics applied to magnetic fusion plasmas." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995867.
Full textKumar, Neeraj. "Analysis of turbulent transport in the central part of high-confinement tokamak plasmas." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0038.
Full textTurbulent transport is investigated in the central region of the high-β JET hybrid H-mode discharge 75225 by means of linear and non-linear gyro-kinetic (GK) simulations using the GK code GKW in the local approximation limit. Compared to previous work, the analysis is extended towards the magnetic axis, ρ > 0.3, where the turbulence characteristics remain an open question. In contrast to the region ρ > 0.3 where Ion Temperature Gradient modes are the most unstable modes, the linear stability analysis indicates that Kinetic Ballooning Modes (KBM) dominate in the central region. A dedicated analysis performed at ρ=0.15 reveals that the main parameters responsible for the destabilisation of KBMs in these hybrid H-modes are the high β and low magnetic shear values. The KBMs are driven by the main ion pressure gradient with little influence of the electron temperature gradient. Including fast-ions as a kinetic species in the simulations has a slight stabilising effect. The study is then extended to the non-linear regime. It is found that the turbulence induced by these KBMs drives a significant ion and electron heat flux. Interestingly, linearly stable micro-tearing-modes (MTM) are excited non-linearly and drive a sizeable magnetic flutter electron heat flux. Standard quasi-linear models are compared to the non-linear results. The standard reduced quasi-linear models work reasonably well for the E x B fluxes, but fail to capture magnetic flutter contribution to the electron heat flux induced by the non-linear excitation of the MTMs. An extension of the quasi-linear models is proposed allowing to better capturing the magnetic flutter flux
Bailly-Grandvaux, Mathieu. "Laser-driven strong magnetic fields and high discharge currents : measurements and applications to charged particle transport." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0557/document.
Full textThe problem of strong quasi-static magnetic field generation is a challenge in laser-plasma interaction physics. Proposed 30 years ago, the use of the laser-driven capacitor-coil scheme, which stands out for its compact design while not needing any additional pulsed power source besides the laser power, only recently demonstrated its potential.This thesis work aims at characterizing the underlying physics and at developing this scheme. We demonstrated the generation of strong quasi-static magnetic fields by laser (500 J, 1 ns-duration and ~10^17 W/cm^2 intensity) of several hundreds of Teslas and duration of 2-3 ns. The B-field space- and time-evolutions were characterized using three independent diagnostics: B-dot probes, Faraday rotation and proton-deflectometry). The characterization of the underlying physical processes involved also X-ray diagnostics of the laser-irradiated zone and optical shadowgraphy of the coil rod expansion.A novel application of externally applied magnetic fields to guide relativistic electron beam in dense matter has been carried out and the obtained results set the ground for improved high-energy-density transport in matter. Indeed, allowing sufficient time for the dense target magnetization, a factor 5 improvement of the electron energy-density flux at 50µm-depth was evidenced.Besides, the generation of high discharge currents consecutive to short laser pulse irradiation (50 J, <1 ps-duration and ~10^19 W/cm^2 intensity) was also pointed out. Proton imaging of the discharge permitted to measure the propagation of an electromagnetic wave at a velocity close to the speed of light. This wave, of ~40ps-duration, was used as an electromagnetic lens to focalize and energy-select a narrow energy range within a multi-MeV proton beam (up to 12 MeV) passing through the coil.All-above experimental measurements and application results were thoroughly compared to both computer simulations and analytic modeling.The applications of this thesis work in a near future will concern:- inertial confinement fusion, by guiding relativistic electron beams up to the dense core nuclear fuel, and by confining particles depositing their energy in it, or even those resulting from the fusion reactions;- laboratory planetology and astrophysics, by generating secondary sources of energetic particles and radiation to reach the warm-dense-matter state or by magnetizing plasmas to reproduce astrophysical phenomena in scaled experiments;- and finally, the control of charged particle beams in vacuum, useful in particular for the development of laser-driven sources for distant applications in science, industry or even medecine
Sommariva, Cristian. "Test particles dynamics in 3D non-linear magnetohydrodynamics simulations and application to runaway electron formation in tokamak disruptions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0512/document.
Full textIn view of better understanding Runaway Electron (RE) generation processes during tokamak disruptions, this work investigates test electron dynamics during a JET disruption simulated with the JOREK code. For this purpose, a JOREK module computing relativistic test particle orbits in the simulated fields has been developed and tested. The study shows that a significant fraction of pre-disruption thermal electrons remain confined in spite of the magnetic chaos characterizing the Thermal Quench (TQ) phase. This finding, which is related to the prompt reformation of closed flux surfaces after the TQ, supports the possibility of the so-called “hot tail” RE generation mechanism. In addition, it is found that electrons may be significantly accelerated during the TQ due to the presence of strong local electric field (E) fluctuations related to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity. This phenomenon, which has virtually been ignored so far, may play an important role in RE generation. In connection to this modelling work, an experimental study on ASDEX Upgrade disruptions has been performed, suggesting that strong MHD activity reduces RE production
Gallo, Alberto. "Impact of the plasma geometry on the divertor power exhaust in a magnetic fusion reactor." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0001.
Full textA deep understanding of plasma transport at the edge of a magnetically confined fusion device is mandatory for a sustainable and controlled handling of the power exhaust. In the next-generation fusion device ITER, technological limits constrain the peak heat flux on the divertor. For a given exhaust power the peak heat flux is determined by the extent of the plasma footprint on the wall. Heat flux profiles at the divertor targets of X-point configurations can be parametrized by using two length scales for the transport of heat in SOL. In this work, we challenge the current interpretation of these two length scales by studying the impact of divertor geometry modifications on the heat exhaust. In particular, a significant broadening of the heat flux profiles at the outer divertor target is diagnosed while increasing the length of the outer divertor leg. Modelling efforts showed that diffusive simulations well reproduce the experimental heat flux profiles for short-legged plasmas. Conversely, the broadening of the heat flux for a long divertor leg is reproduced by a turbulent model, highlighting the importance of turbulent transport not only in the main SOL but also in the divertor. These results question the current interpretation of the heat flux width as a purely main SOL transport length scale. In fact, long divertor leg magnetic configurations highlighted the importance of asymmetric divertor transport. We therefore conclude that main SOL and divertor SOL transport cannot be arbitrarily disentangled and we underline the importance of the divertor magnetic geometry in enhancing asymmetric turbulent transport with the potential benefit of an unexpected power spreading
Sommariva, Cristian. "Test particles dynamics in 3D non-linear magnetohydrodynamics simulations and application to runaway electron formation in tokamak disruptions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0512.
Full textIn view of better understanding Runaway Electron (RE) generation processes during tokamak disruptions, this work investigates test electron dynamics during a JET disruption simulated with the JOREK code. For this purpose, a JOREK module computing relativistic test particle orbits in the simulated fields has been developed and tested. The study shows that a significant fraction of pre-disruption thermal electrons remain confined in spite of the magnetic chaos characterizing the Thermal Quench (TQ) phase. This finding, which is related to the prompt reformation of closed flux surfaces after the TQ, supports the possibility of the so-called “hot tail” RE generation mechanism. In addition, it is found that electrons may be significantly accelerated during the TQ due to the presence of strong local electric field (E) fluctuations related to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity. This phenomenon, which has virtually been ignored so far, may play an important role in RE generation. In connection to this modelling work, an experimental study on ASDEX Upgrade disruptions has been performed, suggesting that strong MHD activity reduces RE production
Ivanova, Darya. "Plasma-Facing Components in Tokamaks : Material Modification and Fuel Retention." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fusionsplasmafysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105099.
Full textQC 20121116
Gallo, Alberto. "Impact of the plasma geometry on the divertor power exhaust in a magnetic fusion reactor." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0001/document.
Full textA deep understanding of plasma transport at the edge of a magnetically confined fusion device is mandatory for a sustainable and controlled handling of the power exhaust. In the next-generation fusion device ITER, technological limits constrain the peak heat flux on the divertor. For a given exhaust power the peak heat flux is determined by the extent of the plasma footprint on the wall. Heat flux profiles at the divertor targets of X-point configurations can be parametrized by using two length scales for the transport of heat in SOL. In this work, we challenge the current interpretation of these two length scales by studying the impact of divertor geometry modifications on the heat exhaust. In particular, a significant broadening of the heat flux profiles at the outer divertor target is diagnosed while increasing the length of the outer divertor leg. Modelling efforts showed that diffusive simulations well reproduce the experimental heat flux profiles for short-legged plasmas. Conversely, the broadening of the heat flux for a long divertor leg is reproduced by a turbulent model, highlighting the importance of turbulent transport not only in the main SOL but also in the divertor. These results question the current interpretation of the heat flux width as a purely main SOL transport length scale. In fact, long divertor leg magnetic configurations highlighted the importance of asymmetric divertor transport. We therefore conclude that main SOL and divertor SOL transport cannot be arbitrarily disentangled and we underline the importance of the divertor magnetic geometry in enhancing asymmetric turbulent transport with the potential benefit of an unexpected power spreading
Rosenberg, Michael Jonathan. "Studies of ion kinetic effects in shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA and the NIF and magnetic reconnection using laser-produced plasmas at OMEGA." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95853.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Studies of ion kinetic effects during the shock-convergence phase of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions and magnetic reconnection in strongly-driven, laser-produced plasmas have been facilitated by the use of shock-driven ICF implosions and diagnosed using both mature and newly-developed nuclear diagnostics. Ion kinetic effects that are likely to be significant early in ICF implosions, as strong shocks create a high-temperature, moderate-density plasma with an ion mean free path approximately the size of the fuel region, have, for the first time, been explored in a comprehensive experimental campaign. These experiments at the OMEGA laser facility, in which the ion mean free path was systematically varied in a series of shock-driven implosions, have demonstrated that measured fusion yields are increasingly discrepant relative to the predictions of hydrodynamic codes with increasing ion mean free path. The enhanced transport of fuel ions out of the hot plasma region and the reduction in fusion reactivity due to the depletion of high-energy tail ions are responsible. These effects have also been inferred in shock-driven implosions at the National Ignition Facility. The universal plasma phenomenon of magnetic reconnection has been explored in strongly-driven, high-[beta] laser-produced plasmas, driving reconnection in a regime relevant to astrophysical environments, such as the Earth's magneto-pause. Using shock-driven ICF implosions as a proton source to probe magnetic fields, the first systematic laboratory experiments to study asymmetric magnetic reconnection have been conducted. These experiments have shown that the rate of reconnection in this strongly flow-driven system is dictated by the flow velocity and is largely insensitive to initial asymmetries in density, ram pressure, and geometry. Related experiments have probed the collision of parallel magnetic fields to assess the effect of strong flows on magnetic fields in the absence of reconnection. Experiments using high-resolution proton radiography have revealed small-scale electron jets that demonstrate the importance of two-fluid effects in permitting a fast reconnection even when reconnection is driven by strong plasma flows. This work has improved understanding and spurred further experimental and theoretical inquiry into kinetic ion behavior in ICF implosions and magnetic reconnection in regimes rarely accessed in the laboratory.
by Michael Jonathan Rosenberg.
Ph. D.
Bykov, Igor. "Experimental studies of materials migration in magnetic confinement fusion devices : Novel methods for measurement of macro particle migration, transport of atomic impurities and characterization of exposed surfaces." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fusionsplasmafysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145045.
Full textQC 20140508
Levy, Yoann. "Etude numérique et modélisation des instabilités hydrodynamiques dans le cadre de la fusion par confinement inertiel en présence de champs magnétiques auto-générés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00742130.
Full textOlofsson, K. Erik J. "Nonaxisymmetric experimental modal analysis and control of resistive wall MHD in RFPs : System identification and feedback control for the reversed-field pinch." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fusionsplasmafysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-94096.
Full textQC 20120508
Floyd, John-Patrick. "Evolution of edge pedestal transport between ELMs in DIII-D." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53079.
Full textFridström, Richard. "Tearing mode dynamics in the presence of resonant magnetic perturbations." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Fusionsplasmafysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-180058.
Full textQC 20160111
Beaucourt-Jacquet, Céline. "Étude expérimentale du guidage du faisceau d’électrons dans le cadre de l’allumage rapide de cibles de fusion." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14741/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is realised in the framework of the fast ignition of inertial confinement fusion for energy production. In this scheme the compression and the ignition phases are decoupled. During the second phase, the electron beam must cross over 300 µm in the dense fuel to deposit its energy in the dense core and ignite the fusion reactions.The major problem of the scheme is related to the divergence of the electron beam while it crosses the dense matter. Among the different propositions to inhibit the electron divergence we consider here the schemes without cone that are based on the effect of magnetic collimation. In particular, A.P.L. Robinson and his co-authors [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 025002, 2008] suggested a simple way to control the electron beam divergence by using a sequence of two laser pulses. The first one creates a magnetic background favourable for the confinement of the second electron beam resulting from the second interaction. The validation of this scheme is the major goal of this thesis.We present the results of experimental sudies and numerical modeling of the electron beam guiding with help of two consequent laser pulses. The experiment was performed on the Vulcan facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory at Didcot in UK, based on the proposal submitted by an international group of scientists in the framework of the European project for inertial fusion energy HiPER. This experiment allowed us to define a combination of laser and target parameters where the electron beam guiding takes place. The analysis of experimental data and numerical modelling is realised with the hydrodynamic code CHIC coupled to the charged particules transport module M1. The interpretation of the experimental results allowed us to explain the experimental data and the physical basis of guiding and to define the magnetic conditionflavourable to the electron beam guidance
Mao, Rui. "Simulation de l’extraction de puissance dans un tokamak à configuration divertor alternative avec le code SOLEDG2D." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDM0011.
Full textPower exhaust is one of the critical issue toward the elaboration of a magnetic confinement fusion reactor. Magnetic confinement is responsible for an extremely localized plasma bombardment on plasma facing components, requiring strong volume dissipation in a dedicated plasma volume called divertor. ITER exhaust strategy relies on a standard closed divertor geometry designed from smaller scale experiments and plasma simulations. Until conclusions from ITER results, current experimental trends however suggest that such divertor concept has to be improved for dealing with power exhaust constraints imposed by a larger reactor like DEMO. This PhD project aimed at studying the potential benefit of divertor configurations alternative to the one of ITER, as targeted in the new Chinese tokamak HL-2M. A particular interest was devoted to so-called snowflake configurations, consisting in two neighbor X-points on the divertor magnetic field. For the first time, these geometries have been fully simulated with the SOLEDGE2D-EREINE code, consisting in a fluid solver for the plasma particle, momentum and energy conservation, coupled to a Monte Carlo solver for neutral dynamics. In a staged approach, SOLEDG2D simulations were first applied to the more conventional divertor geometry of the WEST tokamak, aiming for a direct comparison with experimental results. A set of synthetic diagnostics have been developed from SOLEDGE simulations to mimic a broad set of experimental diagnostics. Density ramps were simulated, featuring divertor detachment in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Then, snowflake geometries of HL2M were addressed. First, magnetic geometries were constructed with a magnetic equilibrium solver, optimizing current distribution in poloidal field coils. Mesh were generated on these magnetic maps for the SOLEDGE plasma solver. To tackle the large number of mesh elements required by the snowflake geometry, a coarse-graining convergence technique was developed, providing a speed up of the convergence time of SOLEDGE simulations by a factor of about 10. Three configurations have been generated: standard single null (SN), snowflake plus (SF+), snowflake minus (SF-). Detachment of the outer target is studied in these configurations during plasma density ramps, at constant input power and constant radial transport coefficients. Some typical characteristics of detachment, like threshold, depth and upstream window of detachment are investigated. In the three geometries, detachment onset and evolution with upstream plasma density is characterized by the gradual displacement of a radiation front from the outer target to the main X-point, as observed in experiments. It is found that, whatever the detachment in terms of particle, momentum or power dissipation, the detachment threshold is dominated primarily by the geometrical structure of divertor plate and it does not exhibit dependence on the magnetic configuration of the diverted plasma volume. In particular, the parallel connection length in the divertor is not found to affect the detachment threshold, in contrast with expectations from the 2-point model, but in agreement with experimental findings. These simulation results are a first step necessary toward the ambitious objective of predicting the benefit of alternative configuration for DEMO size conditions. It rather evidences the necessity of addressing this complex issue with a global approach coupling experimental tests, reduced model development and simulations results from complex numerical tools
Crosatti, Lorenzo. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal performance of gas-cooled divertor modules." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24717.
Full textCommittee Co-Chair: Minami Yoda, Co-Advisor; Committee Co-Chair: Said I. Abdel-Khalik; Committee Member: Donald R. Webster; Committee Member: Narayanan M. Komerath; Committee Member: S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan; Committee Member: Yogendra Joshi
Vauzour, Benjamin. "Étude expérimentale du transport d'électrons rapides dans le cadre de l'allumage rapide pour la fusion inertielle." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14496/document.
Full textThe framework of this PhD thesis is the validation of the fast ignition scheme for the nuclear fusion by inertial confinement. It consists in the experimental study of the various processes involved in fast electron beams propagation, produced by intense laser pulses (10^{19} W.cm-2), through dense matter either solid or compressed. In this work we present the results of three experiments carried out on different laser facilities in order to generate fast electron beams in various conditions and study their propagation in different states of matter, from the cold solid to the warm and dense plasma.The first experiment was performed with a high intensity contrast on the UHI100 laser facility (CEA Saclay). The study of fast electron energy deposition inside thin aluminium targets highlights a strong target heating at shallow depths, where the collectivs effects are predominant, thus producing a steep temperature profile between front (300eV) and rear (20eV) sides over 20µm thickness. A numerical simulation of the experiment shows that this temperature gradient induces the formation of a shock wave, breaking through the rear side of the target and thus leading to increase the thermal emission. The experimental chronometry of the shock breakthrough allowed validating the model of the collective transport of electrons.Two other experiments were dedicated to the study of fast electron beam propagation inside compressed targets. In the first experiment on the LULI2000 laser facility, the plane compression geometry allowed to precisely dissociate the energy losses due to resistive effects from those due to the collisional ones. By comparing our experimental results with simulations, we observed a significative increase of the fast electron beam energy losses with the compression and the target heating to temperatures close to the Fermi temperature. The second experiment, performed in a cylindrical geometry, demonstrated a fast electron beam guiding phenomenon due to self-generated magnetic fields in presence of sharp radial resistivity gradients. Furthermore, in the temperature and density conditions achieved here, the increase of collisional energy losses with density is compensated by the decreasing resistive energy losses due to the transition of the conductivity into the high-temperatures Spitzer regime
Addab, Younes. "Formation, caractérisation et bombardements ioniques de films minces de WO3 d'intérêt pour la fusion magnétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4765/document.
Full textAs part of laboratory studies devoted to magnetic fusion we have investigated the thermal stability and the effects of helium and deuterium plasma irradiation on tungsten oxide thin films. The objective is to predict the consequences of the oxidation of the W plasma facing component (divertor) for plasma wall interactions.To this aim, we have synthesized WO3 films by thermal oxidation of W substrates at 400°C and we have characterized the effects of the W substrate, the oxygen pressure and the oxidation duration on the structure and the thickness of the oxide films. The sample crystalline structure (monoclinic nanocrystalline), defects and morphologies were characterized before and after treatment using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, Raman microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Heating under vacuum up to 800°C leads to changes in the film structure and composition which results in the formation of WO2. D+ bombardment (11 eV) leads to D+ diffusion throughout the oxide film and to an electrochromic effect, here observed for the first time under plasma irradiation. This effect - which turned out to be reversible - is related to the formation of W bronzes (DxWO3) and to a phase transition of the oxide toward a hexagonal structure. Helium bombardments (20 eV) have then been performed to unravel physical and chemical processes at play. He+ bombardment at room temperature causes slight structural and morphological changes. On the contrary, He+ bombardment at 400°C leads to a significant erosion of the oxide film, accompanied by a colour change, the surface amorphisation and the formation of bubbles at the W / WO3 interface
Talami, Matteo. "Modeling of the Toroidal Field Insert coil for the ITER Project." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12916/.
Full textLaribi, Elias. "Modélisation numérique de l'impact de la géométrie magnétique sur le plasma de bord des tokamaks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0298.
Full textThis phD work has shown that, in a limiter configuration, the elongation of magnetic surfaces has a stabilizing effect with respect to the edge plasma turbulence. This leads to a reduction of the edge plasma width when the elongation increases. Regarding triangularity, this phD work revealed that its effects on the edge plasma were weaker than those of elongation. A better understanding of these trends has been possible thanks to a theoretical work on a simplified interchange model. This work has also revealed the importance of the magnetic field spatial variability on the poloidal size of turbulent structures and therefore on the radial turbulent fluxes. In a second step, the study of a divertor configuration with one X point has shown that the the magnetic field spatial variability was so important that it could be one of the reasons that explain the enhancement of the low field side ballooned nature of edge plasma turbulence in a divertor geometry. Still concerning the divertor geometry, this phD also revealed that the internal material receives more heat compared to the external material when the toroidal magnetic field is oriented in the direct direction (= magnetic drift of the ions pointing towards the X point). A possible explanation of this observation is the existence of a significant plasma circulation from the low field side to the high field side at the X point that we observed in this configuration. Finally, we were able to confirm that one way to improve this heat flux distribution on the walls was to merge two X points perfectly (= ideal snowflake proposed in 2007 by Ryutov and Sukhanovsky)
Grosjean, Alex. "Impact of geometry and shaping of the plasma facing components on hot spot generation in tokamak devices." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0556.
Full textThis PhD falls within ITER project support, aiming to study the thermal behavior of ITER-like PFC prototypes in two superconducting tokamaks: EAST (Hefei) and WEST (Cadarache). These prototypes correspond to castellated tungsten monoblocks placed along a cooling tube with small gaps (0.5 mm) between them, called plasma-facing units, to extract the heat from the components. The introduction of gaps between monoblocks (toroidal) and plasma-facing units (poloidal), to relieve the thermomechanical stresses in the divertor, implies that poloidal leading edges may be exposed to near-normal incidence angle. A local overheating is expected in a thin lateral band at the top of each monoblocks, which can be enhanced when the neighboring components are misaligned. In this work, we propose to study the impact of two geometries (sharp and chamfered LEs) of these components, as well as their misalignments on local hot spot generation, by means of embedded diagnostics (TC/FBG), and a submillimeter infrared system (~0.1 mm/pixel), whose emissivity varies with wavelength, and the temperature, but above all, the surface state of the component, which evolves under plasma exposure, during the experimental campaigns. The divertor Langmuir probes measure the plasma temperature, and thus estimate the ion Larmor radius that may play a role in the local heat flux distribution around poloidal and toroidal edges. The results presented in this thesis, confirming the modelling predictions by experimental measurements, support the final decision by ITER to include 0.5 mm toroidal beveling of monoblocks on the vertical divertor targets to protect poloidal leading edges from excessive heat flux
Fil, Nicolas. "Caractérisation et modélisation des propriétés d’émission électronique sous champ magnétique pour des systèmes RF hautes puissances sujets à l’effet multipactor." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0025/document.
Full textSpace communication payload as well as magnetic confinement fusion devices, among other applications, are affected by multipactor effect. This undesirable phenomenon can appear inside high frequency (HF) components under vacuum and lead to increase the electron density in the vacuum within the system. Multipactor effect can thus disturb the wave signal and trigger local temperature increases or breakdowns. This PhD research aims to improve our understanding and the prediction of the multipactor effect. The multipactor phenomenon is a resonant process which can appear above a certain RF power threshold. To determine this power threshold, experimental tests or/and simulations are commonly used. We have made a study to evaluate the multipactor power threshold sensitivity to the TEEY. Two particular critical parameters have been found: first cross-over energy and the energies between the first cross-over and the maximum energies. In some situations, the HF components are submitted to DC magnetic fields which might affect the electron emission properties and hence the multipactor power threshold. Current multipactor simulation codes don’t take into account the effect of the magnetic field on the TEEY. A new experimental setup specially designed to investigate this effect was developed during this work. Our new experimental setup and the associated TEEY measurement technique were analysed and optimized thanks to measurements and SPIS simulations. We used the setup to study the influence of magnetic field perpendicular to the sample surface on the TEEY of copper. We have demonstrated that the magnetic field affects the copper TEEY, and hence multipactor power threshold
Solminihac, Florence de. "Effets de perturbations magnétiques sur la dynamique de la barrière de transport dans un Tokamak : modélisation et simulations numériques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4743/document.
Full textIn this PhD thesis we study the impact of resonant magnetic perturbations on the transport barrier dynamics in a tokamak. In this goal we have performed turbulence tridimensional numerical simulations in the edge plasma of a tokamak, which reproduced the experimental results observed in different tokamaks. In the improved confinement regime (H mode), the transport barrier is not stable : it does relaxation oscillations, which share common features with the ``Edge Localized Modes'' (ELMs). These ELMs both have advantages and drawbacks. On the one hand, they enable to push away the impurities present in the plasma core. But on the other hand, the thermal load induced on the wall during an ELM can damage the first wall materials. For this reason, they must be controlled. This PhD thesis belongs to the frame of the ITER project, which is today in construction in France. On ITER the ELMs control will be compulsory due to the quantity of energy released. Among the different ways of controlling the ELMs, the resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) seem promising. These resonant magnetic perturbations are created by external coils. We consider the TEXTOR tokamak case and we consider two configurations for the external coils : first, a resonant magnetic perturbation with several harmonics, which enables to have a stochastic zone at the plasma edge when the magnetic island chains overlap ; then, a resonant magnetic perturbation with a single harmonic, which therefore creates a single magnetic island chain. In this PhD thesis, we focus on the non-axisymmetric equilibrium created in the plasma by the resonant magnetic perturbation
Hägg, Linus. "Plasma diagnostics for particle confinement studies in magnetic fusion devices." Thesis, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-365739.
Full textFusionsvetenskap strävar efter att producera en ny, effektiv energikälla. I och med den ökande energikonsumtionen får fusionsvetenskap en allt viktigare roll i samhället. Kärnfusion har stor potential som energikälla, men att utvinna dess energi kommer med lika stora tekniska utmaningar. I det här projektet tacklas en av dessa utmaningar; att mäta elektrontätheten och joniseringshastigheten i ett plasma. Detta utfördes på EXTRAP T2R, ett magnetiskt inneslutningssystem för plasma på Alfvén laboratoriet, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm. Projektet behandlar två olika mätinstrument: En interferometer som mäter elektrontätheten i plasmat och en H-alphaexperimentuppställning som mäter joniseringshastigheten i plasmat. Interferometern har uppgraderats och justerats för att ge mer tillförlitliga mätningar. Den behöver förbättras ytterligare men kan ger nu tillförlitliga täthetsmätningar i början av plasma-skott. H$\alpha$-experimentuppställningen har karakteriserats och kalibrerats. Genom att mäta elektrontätheten och joniseringshastigheten kan partikelinneslutningstiden uppskattas. Partikelinneslutningstiden är den genomsnittliga tiden innan en partikel lämnar plasmat via en av många processer. Denna uppskattning baserades på två möjliga täthetsprofiler i plasmat eftersom en fullständig mätning skulle kräva flera interferometrar. Trots detta så stämmer uppskattningen väl överens med tidigare studier.
Hollis, Kendall J. "Diagnostic development and process correlation of the plasma spray process for magnetic confinement fusion applications." 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33329977.html.
Full textTypescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-244).
Hayes, Paul Michael. "Use of a Press-Fit Grip Sleeve for Cable-In-Conduit Superconductor Integration: Effects of Tensile and Fatigue Loading." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/806.
Full textNulty, Stuart. "Investigation of a Magnetically Enhanced Inductively Coupled Negative Ion Plasma Source." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148842.
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