Journal articles: 'Thermoplastic and thermoset polymers'

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Mihu, Georgel, Sebastian-Marian Draghici, Vasile Bria, Adrian Circiumaru, and Iulian-Gabriel Birsan. "Mechanical Properties of Some Epoxy-PMMA Blends." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.2.5494.

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The thermoset polymers and the thermoplastic polymers matrix composites require different forming techniques due to the different properties of two classes of polymers. While the forming technique for thermoset polymer matrix composites does not require the use of special equipment, the thermoplastic polymer matrix composites imposes the rigorous control of temperature and pressure values. Each type of polymer transfers to the composite a set of properties that may be required for a certain application. It is difficult to design a composite with commonly brittle thermoset polymer matrix showing properties of a viscoelastic thermoplastic polymer matrix composite. One solution may consist in mixing a thermoset and a thermoplastic polymer getting a polymer blend that can be used as matrix to form a composite. This study is about using PMMA solutions to obtain thermoset-thermoplastic blends and to mechanically characterize the obtained materials. Three well known organic solvents were used to obtain the PMMA solutions, based on a previous study concerning with the effect of solvents presence into the epoxy structure.

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Hou, Meng. "Thermoplastic Adhesive for Thermosetting Composites." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2968.

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Technique of including a thermoplastic film as the outermost layer of thermoset composites have been developed as an attempt to join the thermoset composites using fusion bonding methods. Special thermoplastic in the form of film was incorporated onto the surface of thermoset composites during co-curing process. Semi-Interpenetration Polymer Network [s-IPN] was formed between thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The thermoset composites can be fusion bonded using co-consolidation and localized heating through their incorporated thermoplastic surfaces. The mechanical properties of thermoset composites bonded with thermoplastic adhesive were equivalent or superior to the benchmark composites bonded with Cytec FM300K adhesive in terms of lap shear strength, high temperature, low temperature and anti-chemical resistance.

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Chen, Duo, Juanzi Li, Yuhuan Yuan, Chang Gao, Yunguang Cui, Shichao Li, Xin Liu, Hongyu Wang, Cong Peng, and Zhanjun Wu. "A Review of the Polymer for Cryogenic Application: Methods, Mechanisms and Perspectives." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030320.

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Recently, the application of polymer-based composites at cryogenic conditions has become a hot topic, especially in aerospace fields. At cryogenic temperature, the polymer becomes more brittle, and the adverse effect of thermal stress induced by temperature is more remarkable. In this paper, the research development of thermoset and thermoplastic polymers for cryogenic applications are all reviewed. This review considers the literature concerning: (a) the cryogenic performance of modified thermoset polymers and the improving mechanisms of the reported modification methods; (b) the cryogenic application potential of some commercial thermoplastic polymers and the cryogenic performance of modified thermoplastic polymers; (c) the recent advance in the use of polymer for special cryogenic environment-liquid oxygen. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research development of the polymer for cryogenic application. Moreover, future research directions have been proposed to facilitate its practical applications in aerospace.

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McBride, Matthew K., Brady T. Worrell, Tobin Brown, Lewis M. Cox, Nancy Sowan, Chen Wang, Maciej Podgorski, Alina M. Martinez, and Christopher N. Bowman. "Enabling Applications of Covalent Adaptable Networks." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030217.

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The ability to behave in a fluidlike manner fundamentally separates thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Bridging this divide, covalent adaptable networks (CANs) structurally resemble thermosets with permanent covalent crosslinks but are able to flow in a manner that resembles thermoplastic behavior only when a dynamic chemical reaction is active. As a consequence, the rheological behavior of CANs becomes intrinsically tied to the dynamic reaction kinetics and the stimuli that are used to trigger those, including temperature, light, and chemical stimuli, providing unprecedented control over viscoelastic properties. CANs represent a highly capable material that serves as a powerful tool to improve mechanical properties and processing in a wide variety of polymer applications, including composites, hydrogels, and shape-memory polymers. This review aims to highlight the enabling material properties of CANs and the applied fields where the CAN concept has been embraced.

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Mangaraj, D. "Role of Compatibilization in Recycling Rubber Waste by Blending with Plastics." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547895.

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Abstract Blending ground rubber with thermoplastic and thermoset polymers is a very cost effective and efficient method for recycling rubber waste. However it is important for vulcanized rubber particles and the thermoplastic matrix to adhere to each other to form co-continuous type morphology to provide necessary strength properties. The paper discusses the principles underlying compatibilization and discusses the three types, namely mechanical, non-reactive and reactive compatibilization. Past work in compatibilizing ground rubber from tire waste (GRT) with thermoplastics has been reviewed and the use of compatibilized GRT/ plastic products in the preparation of a variety of value-added products, including thermoplastic elastomers has been discussed.

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Sebaey, Tamer A., Mohamed Bouhrara, and Noel O’Dowd. "Fibre Alignment and Void Assessment in Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers Manufactured by Automated Tape Placement." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030473.

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Automated Tape Placement (ATP) technology is one of the processes that is used for the production of the thermoplastic composite materials. The ATP process is complex, requiring multiple melting/crystallization cycles. In the current paper, laser-assisted ATP was used to manufacture two thermoplastic composites (IM7/PEEK and AS4/PA12). Those specimens were compared to specimens that were made of thermoset polymeric composites (IM7/8552) manufactured while using a standard autoclave cycle. In order assess the quality, void content, fibre distribution, and fibre misalignment were measured. After manufacturing, specimens from the three materials were assessed using optical microscopy and computed tomography (CT) scans. The results showed that, as compared to the thermoset composites, thermoplastics that are manufactured by the ATP have a higher amount of voids. On the other hand, manufacturing using the ATP showed an improvement in both the fibre distribution inside the matrix and the fibre misalignment.

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Hameed, N., N. V. Salim, T. R. Walsh, J. S. Wiggins, P. M. Ajayan, and B. L. Fox. "Ductile thermoset polymers via controlling network flexibility." Chemical Communications 51, no. 48 (2015): 9903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc10192h.

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We report the design and synthesis of a polymer structure from a cross-linkable epoxy–ionic liquid system which behaves like a hard and brittle epoxy thermoset, perfectly ductile thermoplastic and an elastomer, all depending on controllable network compositions.

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Minchenkov, Kirill, Alexander Vedernikov, Alexander Safonov, and Iskander Akhatov. "Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020180.

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Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.

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de Carvalho, L. H., A. G. Barbosa de Lima, E. L. Canedo, A. F. C. Bezerra, W. S. Cavalcanti, and V. A. D. Marinho. "Water Sorption of Vegetable Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites." Defect and Diffusion Forum 369 (July 2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.369.17.

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Despite the ever-growing worldwide interest in the use of lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in either thermoset or thermoplastic matrices, the use of these fibers to replace synthetic ones, is limited. The reasons for these limitations are associated with the vegetable fiber’s heterogeneity, lower compatibility to most polymers, inferior durability, flammability, poorer mechanical properties and higher moisture absorption when compared with synthetic fibers. Nevertheless, despite these drawbacks, vegetable fiber reinforced polymer composites are lighter in weight, more sustainable and can be used for non-structural products. Strategies to minimize these drawbacks include fiber and or matrix modification, the use of compatibilizers, fiber drying and the concomitant use of vegetable and synthetic fibers, for the production of hybrid composites, the latter being an unquestionable way to increment overall mechanical and thermal properties of these hybrid systems. Here we present data on the water sorption of polymer composites having thermoset and thermoplastic matrices as a function of vegetable fiber identity, content and hybridization with glass fibers. Our data indicates that, regardless if the matrix is a thermoset of a thermoplastic, water absorption tends to be relatively independent of vegetable fiber identity and to be significantly dependent of its content. Fiber drying prior to composite manufacturing and hybridization with glass fibers leads to lower overall water absorption and higher mechanical properties.

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Ahmadloo, E., AA Gharehaghaji, M. Latifi, H. Saghafi, and N. Mohammadi. "Effect of PA66 nanofiber yarn on tensile fracture toughness of reinforced epoxy nanocomposite." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 2033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218781910.

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Epoxy resin as a thermoset polymer is frequently used in engineering applications. Its nature as a thermoset resin results in brittleness of material structure, which ultimately leads to low toughness; so its modification with thermoplastic polymers is of prime interest. This work aims at studying of tensile properties and morphological characterization of Polyamide 66 (PA66) nanofiber yarn reinforced epoxy nanocomposite. Decrease in elastic modulus and enhancement in tensile toughness were achieved by increasing the nanofiber yarn contents. River pattern, crack branching, and nanofiber yarn pull-out were various toughening mechanisms confirmed via scanning electron microscopic images.

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11

Elliniadis, Stavros, Julia S. Higgins, Riaz A. Choudhery, and Stephen D. Jenkins. "Phase separation in thermoplastic - thermoset polymer blends." Macromolecular Symposia 112, no. 1 (December 1996): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19961120109.

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12

Tsiangou, Eirini, Sofia Teixeira de Freitas, Irene Fernandez Villegas, and Rinze Benedictus. "Ultrasonic welding of epoxy- to polyetheretherketone- based composites: Investigation on the material of the energy director and the thickness of the coupling layer." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 22 (March 5, 2020): 3081–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320910207.

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Ultrasonic welding is a highly promising technique for joining thermoplastic to thermoset composites. A neat thermoplastic coupling layer is co-cured on the surface to be welded to make the thermoset composite ‘weldable’. A reliable bond is attained when miscible thermoplastic and thermoset materials are chosen. For welding carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to thermoset composite samples, a PEEK film is not preferable due to its immiscibility with epoxy resins. On the other hand, polyetherimide is an excellent candidate, since it is known to be miscible to most epoxy systems at high temperatures and PEEK polymers. This study focusses on two main subjects; firstly, the nature of the material of the energy director, i.e. a flat thermoplastic film used to promote heat generation at the interface. In this case, the energy director can be either polyetherimide, as in the coupling layer or PEEK material, as in the matrix of the thermoplastic composite adherend. It was found that both materials can produce welds with similar mechanical performance. This study focusses secondly on the thickness of the coupling layer. Due to the high melting temperature of the PEEK matrix, a 60-µm-thick coupling layer was seemingly too thin to act as a thermal barrier for the epoxy resin for heating times long enough to produce fully welded joints. Such an issue was found to be overcome by increasing the thickness of the coupling layer to 250 µm, which resulted in high-strength welds.

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13

Jansen, Jeffrey. "Comparing Thermoplastic Elastomers and Thermoset Rubber." Plastics Engineering 72, no. 4 (April 2016): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01513.x.

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14

Vazquez-Rodríguez, J. M., P. J. Herrera-Franco, and P. I. Gonzalez-Chi. "Micromechanical Analysis of Thermoplastic– Thermoset Interphase." Macromolecular Symposia 216, no. 1 (September 2004): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200451213.

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15

Lee, Joon Seok, and Jong Won Kim. "Impact Response of Carbon Fibre Fabric/Thermoset-Thermo-Plastic Combined Polymer Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 26, no. 3 (May 2017): 096369351702600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351702600304.

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Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are used in various engineering fields with their excellent mechanical properties and lightweight. However, thermoset epoxy composites with brittle epoxy resin system are leading low fracture toughness that caused deterioration during cyclic loading. In addition, the delamination occurred on the thermoset laminated composite material to impact. In this study, to improve these problems, thermoplastic resin added on the top and bottom of thermoset composites and to impregnate two resins that are not compatible on reinforcement, combined prepregs were manufactured for co-curing process. As a result, the formation of thermoplastic layers on the top and bottom of thermoset composites was not significantly affecting much of impact load. However, this improved greatly the energy absorption so that improved fracture toughness.

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Siddhamalli, Sridhar K. "Thermoset/(Thermoplastic elastomer) blends: Epoxy/EVA." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 6, no. 4 (December 2000): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10255.

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17

Espuche, E., M. Escoubes, J. P. Pascault, and M. Taha. "Transport properties of thermoplastic/thermoset blends." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 37, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990301)37:5<473::aid-polb8>3.0.co;2-r.

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18

Liu, K., and M. R. Piggott. "Shear strength of polymers and fibre composites: 1. thermoplastic and thermoset polymers." Composites 26, no. 12 (December 1995): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90876-2.

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Adumitroaie, Adi, Fedor Antonov, Aleksey Khaziev, Andrey Azarov, Mikhail Golubev, and Valery V. Vasiliev. "Novel Continuous Fiber Bi-Matrix Composite 3-D Printing Technology." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183011.

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A new paradigm in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer fused filament fabrication based on a thermoset-thermoplastic bi-matrix material system is proposed and proved. This totally new 3-D printing concept has the potential to overcome the drawbacks and to combine the advantages of separate thermoset and thermoplastic-based, fused filament fabrication methods and to advance continuous fiber-reinforced polymer 3-D printing toward higher mechanical performances of 3-D printed parts. The novel bi-matrix 3-D printing method and preliminary results related to the 3-D printed composite microstructure and performances are reported.

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20

Li, Guoqiang, Harper Meng, and Jinlian Hu. "Healable thermoset polymer composite embedded with stimuli-responsive fibres." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 77 (August 15, 2012): 3279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0409.

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Severe wounds in biological systems such as human skin cannot heal themselves, unless they are first stitched together. Healing of macroscopic damage in thermoset polymer composites faces a similar challenge. Stimuli-responsive shape-changing polymeric fibres with outstanding mechanical properties embedded in polymers may be able to close macro-cracks automatically upon stimulation such as heating. Here, a stimuli-responsive fibre (SRF) with outstanding mechanical properties and supercontraction capability was fabricated for the purpose of healing macroscopic damage. The SRFs and thermoplastic particles (TPs) were incorporated into regular thermosetting epoxy for repeatedly healing macroscopic damages. The system works by mimicking self-healing of biological systems such as human skin, close (stitch) then heal, i.e. close the macroscopic crack through the thermal-induced supercontraction of the SRFs, and bond the closed crack through melting and diffusing of TPs at the crack interface. The healing efficiency determined using tapered double-cantilever beam specimens was 94 per cent. The self-healing process was reasonably repeatable.

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Bascom, W. D., K.-J. Yon, R. M. Jensen, and L. Cordner. "The Adhesion of Carbon Fibers to Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymers." Journal of Adhesion 34, no. 1-4 (June 1991): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218469108026507.

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Ferreira Batista, Marcelo, Igor Basso, Francisco de Assis Toti, Alessandro Roger Rodrigues, and José Ricardo Tarpani. "Cryogenic drilling of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset polymers." Composite Structures 251 (November 2020): 112625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112625.

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Mukherji, Debashish, and Cameron F. Abrams. "Anomalous ductility in thermoset/thermoplastic polymer alloys." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 11, no. 12 (2009): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b818039c.

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Araya-Hermosilla, Esteban, Alice Giannetti, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Felipe Orozco, Francesco Picchioni, Virgilio Mattoli, Ranjita K. Bose, and Andrea Pucci. "Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030339.

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Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6–7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.

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25

Fine, Thomas, and Jean-Pierre Pascault. "Structured Thermoplastic/Thermoset Blends Using Block Copolymers." Macromolecular Symposia 245-246, no. 1 (December 2006): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200651352.

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Bonnet, A., Y. Camberlin, J. P. Pascault, and H. Sautereau. "Epoxy– diamine thermoset/thermoplastic blends: thermoset reactions and rheological evolutions during curing." Macromolecular Symposia 149, no. 1 (January 2000): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200001)149:1<145::aid-masy145>3.0.co;2-4.

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Boon, Yi Di, Sunil Chandrakant Joshi, and Somen Kumar Bhudolia. "Review: Filament Winding and Automated Fiber Placement with In Situ Consolidation for Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Composites." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121951.

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Fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites are gaining popularity in many industries due to their short consolidation cycles, among other advantages over thermoset-based composites. Computer aided manufacturing processes, such as filament winding and automated fiber placement, have been used conventionally for thermoset-based composites. The automated processes can be adapted to include in situ consolidation for the fabrication of thermoplastic-based composites. In this paper, a detailed literature review on the factors affecting the in situ consolidation process is presented. The models used to study the various aspects of the in situ consolidation process are discussed. The processing parameters that gave good consolidation results in past studies are compiled and highlighted. The parameters can be used as reference points for future studies to further improve the automated manufacturing processes.

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Zanjani, Jamal Seyyed Monfared, and Ismet Baran. "Co-Bonded Hybrid Thermoplastic-Thermoset Composite Interphase: Process-Microstructure-Property Correlation." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020291.

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Co-bonding is an effective joining method for fiber-reinforced composites in which a prefabricated part bonds with a thermoset resin during the curing process. Manufacturing of co-bonded thermoset-thermoplastic hybrid composites is a challenging task due to the complexities of the interdiffusion of reactive thermoset resin and thermoplastic polymer at the interface between two plies. Herein, the interphase properties of co-bonded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic to unsaturated polyester thermoset are investigated for different processing conditions. The effect of processing temperature on the cure kinetics and interdiffusion kinetics are studied experimentally. The interphase thickness and microstructure are linked to the chemo-rheological properties of the materials. The interdiffusion mechanisms are explored and models are developed to predict the interphase thickness and microstructure for various process conditions. The temperature-dependent diffusivities were estimated by incorporating an inverse diffusion model. The mechanical response of interphases was analyzed by the Vickers microhardness test and was correlated to the processing condition and microstructure. It was observed that processing temperature has significant effect on the interdiffusion process and, consequently, on the interphase thickness, its microstructure and mechanical performance.

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Zanjani, Jamal Seyyed Monfared, and Ismet Baran. "Co-Bonded Hybrid Thermoplastic-Thermoset Composite Interphase: Process-Microstructure-Property Correlation." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020291.

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Co-bonding is an effective joining method for fiber-reinforced composites in which a prefabricated part bonds with a thermoset resin during the curing process. Manufacturing of co-bonded thermoset-thermoplastic hybrid composites is a challenging task due to the complexities of the interdiffusion of reactive thermoset resin and thermoplastic polymer at the interface between two plies. Herein, the interphase properties of co-bonded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic to unsaturated polyester thermoset are investigated for different processing conditions. The effect of processing temperature on the cure kinetics and interdiffusion kinetics are studied experimentally. The interphase thickness and microstructure are linked to the chemo-rheological properties of the materials. The interdiffusion mechanisms are explored and models are developed to predict the interphase thickness and microstructure for various process conditions. The temperature-dependent diffusivities were estimated by incorporating an inverse diffusion model. The mechanical response of interphases was analyzed by the Vickers microhardness test and was correlated to the processing condition and microstructure. It was observed that processing temperature has significant effect on the interdiffusion process and, consequently, on the interphase thickness, its microstructure and mechanical performance.

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Mudhukrishnan, M., P. Hariharan, and S. K. Malhotra. "Characterization of Glass Fibre/Carbon Fibre Hybrid Thermoplastics Composite Laminates Fabricated by Film Stacking Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.518.

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The Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites are extensively used for a wide variety of applications in automobile, aerospace, chemical, biomedical and civil engineering fields due to their excellent properties. Composite materials offer significant advantages in strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance over metallic materials. Initially FRP composites were based mainly on thermoset polymers because of the ease of manufacturing. But, recently FRP composites using thermoplastics matrices are gaining importance because of their advantages over thermoset composites. In the present work, FRP laminates were fabricated using glass fabric and carbon fabric as reinforcements and thermoplastic polymer (polypropylene) as matrix. Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics (FRTP) laminates of glass fibre /polypropylene (GF/PP), carbon fibre/ polypropylene (CF/PP) and glass-carbon fibre /polypropylene (GF/CF/PP) hybrid composite laminates were fabricated by film stacking method using hot compression molding press under optimum process parameters (pressure, temperature and dwell time). The fabricated FRTP laminates were tested for various mechanical and physical properties viz., tensile strength/modulus, flexural strength/modulus, izod impact strength, moisture absorption, barcol hardness and density as per relevant ASTM standards. The results of the tests carried out on three materials were compared. It was observed that hybrid laminate (GF/CF/PP) is superior in flexural strength/modulus as compared to GF/PP but the little lower mechanical properties compared to CF/PP laminates. But use of hybrid laminates has great cost advantage compared to CF/PP.

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Elliniadis, Stavros, Julia S. Higgins, Nigel Clarke, Thomas C. B. McLeish, Riaz A. Choudhery, and Stephen D. Jenkins. "Phase diagram prediction for thermoset/thermoplastic polymer blends." Polymer 38, no. 19 (January 1997): 4855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00006-2.

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Simsek, Eren, Oguzhan Oguz, Kaan Bilge, Mehmet Kerem Citak, Oguzhan Colak, and Yusuf Z. Menceloglu. "Poly(propylene)/waste vulcanized ethylene- propylene-diene monomer (PP/WEPDM) blends prepared by high-shear thermo-kinetic mixer." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 6 (November 12, 2017): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244317741759.

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Polypropylene (PP)–waste elastomer blends are particularly attractive as an economical way of producing sustainable materials, relieving the stress on the environment. Although PP is a commodity thermoplastic finding employment in various applications, its relatively low impact strength might be a significant factor limiting the variety of uses in many industries. Extensive consumption of thermoset elastomers has been a worldwide waste disposal problem. Here, we describe a facile, economical method for reuse of waste ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber to produce impact resistant blend materials with the PP via a high-shear thermokinetic mixer. In these blends, waste EPDM was used in various concentrations ranging from 20 to 80 wt%, as the remaining part, PP acts as a carrier matrix or a physical binder depending on the concentration in the blend. Briefly, fivefold increase was achieved in the impact resistance of PP by the addition of 60 wt% EPDM waste. The blend with 80 wt% waste EPDM shows characteristics similar to a thermoplastic elastomer. The conclusion of the study is that the blending method is quite effective to produce high-performance blend materials consisting of high concentrations of thermoset waste which addresses the worldwide disposal problem of waste thermoset rubbers.

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Dubé, M. G., G. L. Batch, J. G. Vogel, and C. W. Macosko. "Reaction injection pultrusion of thermoplastic and thermoset composites." Polymer Composites 16, no. 5 (October 1995): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750160506.

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Middleton, B. "Modelling Cure Times for Thermoset-Thermoplastic Injection Moulding." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 27, no. 2 (May 2011): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776061102700203.

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35

Kunanusont, Nappaphan, Boonchai Sangpetngam, and Anongnat Somwangthanaroj. "Asphalt Incorporation with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymer and Natural Rubber (NR) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs): Effects of TPV Gel Content on Physical and Rheological Properties." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091397.

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Plastic waste has been incorporated with asphalt to improve the physical properties of asphalt and alleviate the increasing trend of plastic waste being introduced into the environment. However, plastic waste comes in different types such as thermoplastic or thermoset, which results in varied properties of polymer modified asphalt (PMA). In this work, four thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) were prepared using different peroxide concentrations to produce four formulations of gel content (with varying extent of crosslinked part) in order to imitate the variation of plastic waste. All four TPVs were then mixed with asphalt at 5 wt% thus producing four formulations of PMA, which went through physical, rheological, and storage stability assessments. PMA with higher gel content possessed lower penetration and higher softening temperature, indicating physically harder appearance of PMA. Superpave parameters remained unchanged among different gel content PMA at temperatures of 64, 70, and 76 °C. PMA with any level of gel content had lower Brookfield viscosity than PMA without gel content at a temperature of 135 °C. Higher gel content resulted in shorter storage stability measured with greater different softening temperatures between top and bottom layers of PMA after 5 days of 163 °C storage. This study shows that asphalt with thermoset plastic waste is harder and easier to pave, thus making the non-recycling thermoset plastic waste more useful and friendly to the environment.

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Wazarkar, Kunal, Mukesh Kathalewar, and Anagha Sabnis. "Reactive Modification of Thermoplastic and Thermoset Polymers using Flame Retardants: An Overview." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 55, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2015.1038839.

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Su, W.-F. A. "Thermoplastic and thermoset main chain liquid crystal polymers prepared from biphenyl mesogen." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31, no. 13 (December 1993): 3251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080311312.

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Choi, Insung, Su-Jin Lee, Dongsig Shin, and Jeong Suh. "Green Picosecond Laser Machining of Thermoset and Thermoplastic Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020205.

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There has been an increase in demand for the development of lightweight and high-strength materials for applications in the transportation industry. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is known as one of the most promising materials owing to its high strength-to-weight ratio. To apply CFRP in the automotive industry, various machining technologies have been reported because it is difficult to machine. Among these technologies, picosecond laser beam-induced machining has attracted great interest because it provides negligible heat transfer and can avoid tool wear. In this work, we conducted and compared machining of 2.15 mm-thick thermoset and 1.85 mm-thick thermoplastic CFRPs by using a green picosecond laser. The optimized experimental conditions for drilling with a diameter of 7 mm led to a small taper angle (average ~ 3.5°). The tensile strength of the laser-drilled specimens was evaluated, and the average value was 570 MPa. Our study indicates that green picosecond laser processing should be considered as a promising option for the machining of CFRP with a small taper angle.

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Ranakoti, Lalit, Pawan Kumar Rakesh, and Brijesh Gangil. "Role of Wood Flour on Physical and Mechanical Properties in Polymer Matrix Composites-A Critical Review." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 31, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/rcma.310203.

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Green and sustainable material is the utmost prerequisite for the advancement of a healthy society and fulfilling the necessary for the improvement in material science. Naturally obtaining wood flour has the competence to be reinforced as a filler substance in the polymer composite. The present article deals with the usage of wood flour as a filler in the polymer composite. The article comprises properties, characteristics, occurrence, the structure of wood, and the techniques implemented in the manufacturing of wood flour polymer composites. In addition, critical parameters and causes that can bring changes in the properties like tensile, flexural, impact and hardness of polymers are also discussed with the addition of wood flour alone and with nanoparticles. The advantages of using wood flour as a filler in the thermoset and thermoplastic polymers discussed, and its hybridization with various natural fibers was also discussed in the present study.

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Hunter, Douglas L., Karl W. Kamena, and Donald R. Paul. "Processing and Properties of Polymers Modified by Clays." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 4 (April 2007): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.230.

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AbstractLayered smectite nanoclays are being developed for incorporation into a variety of host polymer systems. Nanoscopic phase distribution can impart enhanced stiffness at low addition levels and improve barrier and flame-retardant properties. When combined with other inorganic and organic modifiers, nanoclays can provide synergies to generate the desired formulation properties and cost/per form ance characteristics. Developments with existing nanoclay products using conventional amine chemistries are described for thermoplastic, thermoset, and rubber formulations. Nanoclays are demonstrating unique, multidimensional per form ance and proc essing capabilities. Commercial applications are emerging in a variety of diverse markets ranging from automotive to packaging.

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Zhao, Jianqing, Yi Fu, and Shumei Liu. "Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-Modified Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Nanocomposites: A Review." Polymers and Polymer Composites 16, no. 8 (October 2008): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600802.

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Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles have been successfully incorporated into thermoplastic and thermoset polymers via copolymerization, grafting, blending, surface bonding, or other transformations. A great promise in the development of a wide range of POSS-containing nanocomposites with diversely improved properties has been displayed. Thermal properties, viscoelastic properties, mechanical strengths, dielectric constants, surface hydrophobicity and flame-retardancy of the nanocomposites are easily varied to target properties by adjusting POSS structure, crosslink density, processing condition, etc. Investigations on the effects of POSS molecular geometry, composition, and concentration on physical and mechanical properties of resultant POSS-modified thermoplastic and thermosetting nanocomposites have been carefully reviewed in this article.

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Barkane, Anda, Edgars Kampe, Oskars Platnieks, and Sergejs Gaidukovs. "Cellulose Nanocrystals vs. Cellulose Nanofibers: A Comparative Study of Reinforcing Effects in UV-Cured Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071791.

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There is an opportunity to use nanocellulose as an efficient renewable reinforcing filler for polymer composites. There have been many investigations to prove the reinforcement concept of different nanocellulose sources for thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The present comparative study highlighted the beneficial effects of selecting cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) on the exploitation properties of vegetable oil-based thermoset composite materials—thermal, thermomechanical, and structural characteristics. The proposed UV-light-curable resin consists of an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil polymer matrix and two different nanocellulose reinforcements. High loadings of up to 30 wt% of CNFs and CNCs in irradiation-cured vegetable oil-based thermoset composites were reported. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated developed hydrogen-bonding interactions between the nanocellulose and polymer matrix. CNCs yielded a homogeneous nanocrystal dispersion, while CNFs revealed a nanofiber agglomeration in the polymer matrix, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal degradation showed that nanocellulose reduced the maximum degradation temperature by 5 °C for the 30 wt% CNC and CNF nanocomposites. Above the glass transition temperature at 80 °C, the storage modulus values increased 6-fold and 2-fold for the 30 wt% CNC and CNF nanocomposites, respectively. In addition, the achieved reinforcement efficiency factor r value for CNCs was 8.7, which was significantly higher than that of CNFs of 2.2. The obtained nanocomposites with enhanced properties show great potential for applications such as UV-light-processed coatings, adhesives, and additive manufacturing inks.

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Zhang, Juan, Mandy de Souza, Claudia Creighton, and Russell J. Varley. "New approaches to bonding thermoplastic and thermoset polymer composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 133 (June 2020): 105870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105870.

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Abdou-Sabet, S., R. C. Puydak, and C. P. Rader. "Dynamically Vulcanized Thermoplastic Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 476–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538382.

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Abstract Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) exhibit the functional properties of conventional thermoset rubber, yet can be processed on thermoplastic fabrication equipment. The great majority of TPEs have hetero-phase morphology, whether the TPE is derived from block copolymers, rubber-plastic compositions or ionomers. Generally speaking, the hard domains (or the ionic clusters) undergo dissociation at elevated temperatures, thus allowing the material to flow. When cooled, the hard domains again solidify and provide tensile strength at normal use temperatures. The soft domains give the material its elastomeric characteristics. In this review article, the focus is on rubber-plastic polymer compositions as a group of TPEs which have achieved significant growth in the marketplace in the last two decades. The growth has been primarily in the nonpolar (olefinic) elastomer/polyolefin thermoplastic materials because of the wide range of products generated, their performance and their significant acceptance by the automotive sector in applications requiring elastic recovery. The field of TPEs based on polyolefin rubber-plastic compositions has grown along two distinctly different product lines or classes: one class consists of a simple blend and classically meets the definition of a thermoplastic elastomeric olefin (TEO), commonly called a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) in earlier literature. In the other class, the rubber phase is dynamically vulcanized, giving rise to thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), named elastomeric alloys (EAs) in some previous literature. Both the simple blends and the dynamically vulcanized TPEs have found wide industrial application. It is the dynamically vulcanized TPE that has the performance characteristics required for true thermoset rubber replacement applications. The first TPE introduced to the market based on a crosslinked rubber-plastic composition (1972) was derived from W. K. Fisher's discovery of partially crosslinking the EPDM phase of EPDM/polypropylene (PP). Fisher controlled the degree of vulcanization by limiting the amount of peroxide, to maintain the thermoplastic processability of the blend. Crosslinking was performed while mixing, a process known as dynamic vulcanization. It is worth noting, however, that the dynamic vulcanization process and the first crosslinked EPDM/PP composition were discovered independently by Gessler and Haslett and by Holzer, Taurus and Mehnert in 1958 and 1961, respectively. Significant improvement in the properties of these blends was achieved in 1975 by Coran, Das and Patel by fully vulcanizing the rubber phase under dynamic shear while maintaining the thermoplasticity of the blend. These blends were further improved by Abdou-Sabet and Fath in 1977 by the use of phenolic curatives to improve the rubber-like properties and the flow (processing) characteristics.

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Sung, Min Chang, Geun Sung Lee, Seung Yong Lee, Seong Ik Jeon, Cheol Hee Ahn, Ji Ho Youk, Jin Yong Lee, and Woong Ryeol Yu. "Manufacture of Carbon Nanotube-Grafted Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.405.

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Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs) have been used in various high-end industries due to their outstanding specific mechanical properties. Recently, carbon nanotube (CNT)-grafted carbon fibers (CFs) made via direct growth has emerged as an advanced and hierarchical reinforcement that can improve the reinforcing effect of CFs in CFRCs. On the other hand, CF reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPs) have attracted much attention because of their quick and mass production capability, e.g., which is important for automotive part manufacturing. Here, we report on the manufacture of CFRTPs using CNT-grafted CFs and their mechanical properties. First, the interfacial shear strength of CNT-grafted CFs with thermoplastic resins was characterized to demonstrate improved interfacial properties due to the CNTs grafted on CFs. Then, the composites were manufactured in two ways; polymer nanoparticles and in-situ polymerization. Polymer nanoparticles were used to improve the interfacial properties due to their small size and good mechanical locking with CF surfaces. In-situ polymerization was also used to manufacture CFRTPs, i.e., monomers with catalyst were transferred into CNT-grafted CF fabric preform using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding and then polymerized into solid matrix. This in-situ polymerization enabled the manufacture of CNT-grafted CF thermoplastic composites by overcoming the difficulties of filling the surface of CNT-grafted CFs with thermoplastic polymers. Finally, the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and damping properties of CNT-grafted CF thermoplastic composites were characterized and compared with their thermoset composites.

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Cañavate, J., F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, and X. Colom. "Image Analysis of Elastomer Morphology in Toughened Thermoplastic and Thermoset Resins." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 7 (October 2005): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300703.

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A thermoplastic polystyrene-based material with styrene-butadiene-styrene dispersed particles and a thermoset polyester toughened with butadiene-acrylonitrile particles were studied. Photomicrographs of materials that had different proportions of elastomer were processed and the images analysed. The changes in the morphological characteristics were correlated with the fracture toughness and modulus of elasticity.

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Halawani, Nour, RicardoK Donato, Hynek Benes, Jiri Brus, Libor Kobera, Sébastien Pruvost, Jannick Duchet-Rumeau, Jean-François Gérard, and Sébastien Livi. "Thermoset-thermoplastic-ionic liquid ternary hybrids as novel functional polymer materials." Polymer 218 (March 2021): 123507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123507.

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McClory, Caroline, Seow Jecg Chin, and Tony McNally. "Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 8 (2009): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09131.

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The unique geometry and extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal conductivity properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them ideal candidates as functional fillers for polymeric materials. In this paper we review the advances in both thermoset and thermoplastic CNT composites. The various processing methods used in polymer/CNT composite preparation; solution mixing, in-situ polymerization, electrospinning, and melt blending, are discussed. The role of surface functionalization, including ‘grafting to’ and ‘grafting from’ using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), radical addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in aiding dispersion of CNTs in polymers and interfacial stress transfer is highlighted. In addition the effect of CNT type, loading, functionality and alignment on electrical and rheological percolation is summarized. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of both Raman spectroscopy and oscillatory plate rheology as tools to characterize the extent of dispersion of CNTs in polymer matrices. We conclude by briefly discussing the potential applications of polymer/CNT composites and highlight the challenges that remain so that the unique properties of CNTs can be optimally translated to polymer matrices.

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Kresge, E. N. "Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomer Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538564.

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Abstract Thermoplastic elastomers based on blends of polyolefins are an important family of engineering materials. Their importance arises from a combination of rubbery properties along with their thermoplastic nature in contrast to thermoset elastomers. The development of polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer blends follows somewhat that of thermoplastic elastomers based on block copolymers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer and multisegmented polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers which were instrumental in showing the utility of thermoplastic processing methods. Polyoleflns are based on coordination catalysts that do not easily lend themselves to block or multisegmented copolymer synthesis. However, since polyolefins have many important attributes favorable to useful elastomeric systems, there was considerable incentive to produce thermoplastic elastomers based on simple α-olefins by some means. Low density, chemical stability, weather resistance, and ability to accept compounding ingredients without compromising physical properties are highly desirable. These considerations led to the development of polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer blends, and two types are now widely used: blends of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) with polypropylene (PP) and blends of EPDM and PP in which the rubber phase is highly crosslinked. This article reviews the nature of these blends. Both physical and Theological properties are very dependent on the morphology and crosslink density of the blend system. Moreover, the usefulness of practical systems depends extensively on compounding technology based on added plasticizers and fillers.

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Chiefari, John, Buu Dao, Andrew M. Groth, and Jonathan H. Hodgkin. "Water as Solvent in Polyimide Synthesis: Thermoset and Thermoplastic Examples." High Performance Polymers 15, no. 3 (September 2003): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008303015003004.

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A combination of increasingly stringent environmental legislation and economic competition is driving industrial processes further and further towards the three “E”s of chemical manufacture: economy, efficiency and environmental impact. In this paper, we present a novel aqueous method for the synthesis of polyimides. The products resulting from this process perform similarly, through both qualitative and quantitative comparisons, to those conventionally produced using high boiling dipolar aprotic solvent. This highly efficient one-pot method potentially provides economic advantage through low solvent cost and environmental impact benefit from the manageable aqueous waste.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermoplastic and thermoset polymers'

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