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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermotropic materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Ruhmann, Ralf, Arno Seeboth, Olaf Muehling, and Detlef Loetzsch. "Thermotropic Materials for Adaptive Solar Control." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.124.

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Thermotropic materials offer an immense potential in adaptive solar control. They combine specific optical properties like absorbance and reflection, and high stability against solar radiation and heat with technology compatible processing capacities. Therefore, they represent perfect energy efficient materials. In detail, polymer blends, polymer-based hydrogels, casting resins, and thermoplastic films with a reversible temperature-dependent switching behavior have been investigated. Here a comparative evaluation of the different concepts with a view to their application in adaptive solar control is presented. Own current results exploit the well-known phase change materials and describe its use for adaptive solar control with extruded films or highly stable casting resins with thermotropic properties. Therewith, the status has changed from diffuse sunblind systems to intrinsic solar energy reflecting materials and a first smart window system based on phase change materials has now commercialized [1]. In summary: It is amazing that the solar energy itself is used as a promoter against solar heat.

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2

Seeboth, A., and H. R. Holzbauer. "Thermotrope Materialien für den Einsatz in „intelligenten Fenstern" / Thermotropic materials for application in "intelligent windows"." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5309.

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Abstract Thermotropic materials as integrated part of „intelligent windows" based on polymer gel networks are developed. Systems change the transparency in dependence on temperature. These windows are able to protect buildings against superheating by sunshine. The aim of this work is the formation of a thermotropic material which operates like a heat filter. The effect is based on reproducible reversible phase transitions in the material. A decisive aspect is the adjustment of these transitions between the optical clear or opaque state of the windows, controled by the solar energy, to the perception of the human eye.

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3

Mulder, D. J., A. P. H. J. Schenning, and C. W. M. Bastiaansen. "Chiral-nematic liquid crystals as one dimensional photonic materials in optical sensors." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 33 (2014): 6695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00785a.

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4

Schneider, J., and A. Seeboth. "Natural Thermotropic Materials For Solar Switching Glazing." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 32, no. 3 (March 2001): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4052(200103)32:3<231::aid-mawe231>3.0.co;2-n.

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5

Harjung, Marc D., Christopher P. J. Schubert, Friederike Knecht, Jan H. Porada, Robert P. Lemieux, and Frank Giesselmann. "New amphiphilic materials showing the lyotropic analogue to the thermotropic smectic C* liquid crystal phase." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 30 (2017): 7452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02030a.

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6

Reyes-Mayer, A., B. Alvarado-Tenorio, A. Romo-Uribe, O. Flores, B. Campillo, and M. Jaffe. "Fracture behavior of heat treated liquid crystalline polymers." MRS Proceedings 1485 (2012): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.282.

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ABSTRACTThermotropic polymers are thermally treated in air at temperatures Ta, where ΔT =Ta- Ts→n=40°C, and Ts→n is the solid-to-nematic transition. Samples are extruded thin films of a series of thermotropic random copolyesters termed B-N, COTBP and RD1000. The thermal treatment produces a second endotherm without changing Ts→n for B-N and RD1000. However, for COTBP Ts→n is significantly increased. Regardless of the complex thermal behavior exhibited by the thermotropes, the thermal treatment produces a significant increase in Young's modulus, more than 30% for B-N and over 100% for COTBP. The increase in mechanical modulus is correlated with a thermally-induced fiber-like morphology.

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7

Lin, Chang-Gen, Wei Chen, Solomon Omwoma, and Yu-Fei Song. "Covalently grafting nonmesogenic moieties onto polyoxometalate for fabrication of thermotropic liquid-crystalline nanomaterials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 1 (2015): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc02142h.

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8

YAO, JIAN, and CHENG-WEN YAN. "DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL KIND OF SMART THERMOTROPIC MATERIAL." Functional Materials Letters 03, no. 02 (June 2010): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604710001081.

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Thermally induced switching temperature and spectral transmittance of a novel kind of smart thermotropic material developed by a different mixing proportion of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium chloride ( NaCl ) and pure water was measured. Radiation transmittance measurements were carried out on a thermotropic double glazing window sample, a double glazing window and a low-E double glazing window. Results show that the thermotropic double-glazed window with optimum mixing proportion of HPMC, NaCl and pure water of 2:10:100 by mass-reduces radiation transmittance at fully turbid state by up to 72% and 32% respectively, compared to the ordinary double-glazed window and low-E double-glazed window which do not have adjustable radiation transmittance; its radiation transmittance changed from transparent state to light scattering state up to 60%, indicating a high performance on switching solar radiation and a great potential for energy efficient windows.

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9

Therrien, Bruno. "Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Materials Based on Supramolecular Coordination Complexes." Inorganics 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8010002.

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Liquid crystals are among us, in living organisms and in electronic devices, and they have contributed to the development of our modern society. Traditionally developed by organic chemists, the field of liquid-crystalline materials is now involving chemists and physicists of all domains (computational, physical, inorganic, supramolecular, electro-chemistry, polymers, materials, etc.,). Such diversity in researchers confirms that the field remains highly active and that new applications can be foreseen in the future. In this review, liquid-crystalline materials developed around coordination complexes are presented, focusing on those showing thermotropic behavior, a relatively unexplored family of compounds.

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10

Bubnov, Alexej, Miroslav Kašpar, Věra Hamplová, Ute Dawin, and Frank Giesselmann. "Thermotropic and lyotropic behaviour of new liquid-crystalline materials with different hydrophilic groups: synthesis and mesomorphic properties." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (February 25, 2013): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.45.

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Several new calamitic liquid-crystalline (LC) materials with flexible hydrophilic chains, namely either hydroxy groups or ethylene glycol units, or both types together, have been synthesized in order to look for new functional LC materials exhibiting both, thermotropic and lyotropic behaviour. Such materials are of high potential interest for challenging issues such as the self-organization of carbon nanotubes or various nanoparticles. Thermotropic mesomorphic properties have been studied by using polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering. Four of these nonchiral and chiral materials exhibit nematic and chiral nematic phases, respectively. For some molecular structures, smectic phases have also been detected. A contact sample of one of the prepared compounds with diethylene glycol clearly shows the lyotropic behaviour; namely a lamellar phase was observed. The relationship between the molecular structure and mesomorphic properties of these new LCs with hydrophilic chains is discussed.

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11

Praefcke, Klaus. "Thermotropic biaxial nematics: [1] highly desirable materials, still elusive?" Brazilian Journal of Physics 32, no. 2b (June 2002): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-97332002000300017.

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12

Ogawa, Makoto, Takanori Igarashi, and Kazuyuki Kuroda. "Thermotropic Behavior of the Silica−Alkyltrimethylammonium Chloride Mesostructured Materials." Chemistry of Materials 10, no. 5 (May 1998): 1382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm970770i.

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13

Kim, Seong Hun, Dong Keun Lim, Sung Chul Yi, and Kyung Wha Oh. "Thermotropic liquid crystal polymer fabric reinforced polyimide composite materials." Polymer Composites 21, no. 5 (October 2000): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10235.

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14

Alder, P., and J. G. Dolden. "Design, Preparation and Characterization of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polyamides." High Performance Polymers 8, no. 3 (September 1996): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/8/3/008.

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There are few examples of thermotropic polyamides reported in the literature due to the strong tendency for hydrogen bonding between polymer chains. The vast majority of reported liquid crystalline (LC) polyamides are aromatic, highly crystalline and consequently infusible— and can only exhibit LC behaviour in solution (lyotropic behaviour). In this paper, the authors set out to synthesize novel amorphous wholly aromatic and semi-aromatic thermotropic polyamides. As crystalline aromatic polyamides are normally infusible, it was necessary to ensure that the target polyamides were amorphous with a definable softening point below their temperature of decomposition. The ‘Symmetry Index’ approach first developed by Dolden was used to ensure that the chosen monomer compositions were able to produce amorphous polyamides. Aharoni has reported that three amide linked aromatic rings is the minimum unit size needed to obtain mesogenic polyamides. Building on this principle, a new empirical predictive technique called the ‘Mesogenic Index’ is introduced and combined with the Symmetry Index to predict polyamides which are both amorphous and thermotropic. This approach was validated by the preparation of a whole new series of thermotropic amorphous polyamides which were based on 3,3′-dimethoxy benzidine, and the acid chlorides of terephthalic, isophthalic and adipic acids. Furthermore, this led on to the preparation of two more series of amorphous polyamides, believed by the authors to be the first wholly aromatic thermotropic polyamides to be reported, based on 3,3′-dimethoxy and 3,3′-dimethyl benzidine in conjunction with a variety of aromatic and cyclic diacids.

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15

Ibidapo, T. Adesanya. "Thermotropic liquid crystalline halatopolymers." Polymer Engineering and Science 30, no. 18 (September 1990): 1146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760301806.

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16

REY, BELÉN DEL, M. VICTORIA MARTÍNEZ-DÍAZ, JOAQUÍN BARBERÁ, and TOMÁS TORRES. "Synthesis and thermotropic properties of hydroxy and silyloxy axially substituted phthalocyanines." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 04, no. 05 (August 2000): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1409(200008)4:5<569::aid-jpp273>3.0.co;2-o.

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Novel boron(III) subphthalocyanines 5-8 with six lipophilic alkylthio chains at the peripheral sites, bearing hydroxy or triethylsilyloxy groups in the axial position, have been synthesized and their thermotropic properties have been studied. These compounds are gelatinous materials at room temperature and gradually soften as the temperature is raised up to a point at which high fluidity typical of classical liquids is observed. By the usual techniques employed for the study of thermotropic behaviour (polarizing microscopy, DSC and X-ray diffraction), no liquid crystalline properties have been found. Instead, the compounds have an amorphous structure (i.e. behave as isotropic materials) throughout the temperature range studied. They could be designated as liquid subphthalocyanines.

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17

Lai, Y. C., B. T. Debona, and D. C. Prevorsek. "Thermotropic polyester carbonates. III. Thermotropic polyester carbonates as self-reinforced plastics." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 36, no. 4 (August 5, 1988): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070360407.

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18

Milburn, G. H. W., C. Campbell, A. J. Shand, and A. R. Werninck. "Thermotropic diacetylenic liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 8, no. 5 (November 1990): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678299008047376.

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19

RUDNICKA, IWONA, and ZYGFRYD WITKIEWICZ. "Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers." Polimery 31, no. 08 (August 1986): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1986.291.

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20

Percec, Virgil, Peihwei Chu, and Masaya Kawasumi. "Toward "Willowlike" Thermotropic Dendrimers." Macromolecules 27, no. 16 (August 1994): 4441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00094a005.

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21

Wang, Yong-Lei, Bin Li, and Aatto Laaksonen. "Coarse-grained simulations of ionic liquid materials: from monomeric ionic liquids to ionic liquid crystals and polymeric ionic liquids." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 35 (2021): 19435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02662c.

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A novel coarse-grained model for ethyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids were developed to study thermotropic phase behaviors of monomeric ionic liquids and to explore ion association structures and ion transport quantities in polymeric ionic liquids with different architectures.

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22

Spontak, Richard J., and Alan H. Windle. "Imaging of crystalline structure in thermotropic copolymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100174266.

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Electron-diffraction analysis and dark-field (DF) imaging of crystalline structure in highly-oriented polymers have been used effectively to discern structure-property relationships in these materials. Diffraction patterns of some thermotropic copolyesters, such as those composed of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (B) and 2,6-hydroxynaphthoic acid (N) or those from N and terephthalic acid/hydroxyaniline (TA), exhibit sharp equatorial reflections, suggestive of finite intermolecular ordering, and aperiodic meridional maxima, indicative of random intramolecular sequencing (see inset of Fig. 1). However, diffraction analysis of a related thermotropic copolymer, composed of B and isophthalic acid/hydroquinone (IQ), reveals periodic meridional maxima and ill-defined equatorial reflections. DF imaging in conventional transmission electron microscopy is utilized here to permit accurate assessment of the crystallite morphologies in these two chemically-related families.Samples of the B-N and N-TA materials were provided by the Hoechst-Celanese Corporation, and the B-IQ copolymer was supplied by ICI Advanced Materials. Electron-transparent films were produced by first heating a small chunk of each material on freshly-cleaved rocksalt to a predesignated temperature. The samples were then quickly sheared with a razor blade, and the resultant films were quenched on an aluminum block.

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23

Şahan, Nurten, Daniel Nigon, Susan C. Mantell, Jane H. Davidson, and Halime Paksoy. "Encapsulation of stearic acid with different PMMA-hybrid shell materials for thermotropic materials." Solar Energy 184 (May 2019): 466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.04.026.

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24

Feng, Yuchen, Huijuan Yu, Dexun Xie, Yi Zhu, Xinhao Zhong, Chengjun Pan, and Guang Shao. "Preparation of Luminescent Thermotropic Liquid Crystal from Benzodiathiazole Derivatives." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121919.

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Luminescent liquid crystal materials (LLCMs) have been a hot research topic in the field of fluorescent materials. In this study, we successfully designed and synthesized an intense fluorescence thermotropic liquid crystal material with a fluorescence quantum yield (Φ) of 0.26 in the solid state. Moreover, the alkyl chain attached to the terminus of the chromophore was able to promote the stability of electrochemical and thermal properties, which was beneficial to the device fabrication reproducibility and stability of the device performance.

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25

Pereña, J. M., M. M. Marugán, A. Bello, and E. Pérez. "Viscoelastic relaxations in thermotropic polybibenzoates." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 131-133 (June 1991): 891–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(91)90698-6.

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26

Seeboth, Arno, Ralf Ruhmann, and Olaf Mühling. "Thermotropic and Thermochromic Polymer Based Materials for Adaptive Solar Control." Materials 3, no. 12 (December 6, 2010): 5143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma3125143.

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27

Gladen, Adam C., Jane H. Davidson, and Susan C. Mantell. "Selection of thermotropic materials for overheat protection of polymer absorbers." Solar Energy 104 (June 2014): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.10.026.

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28

Lin, Pengcheng, Zhan Wei, Qi Yan, Ying Chen, Minghui Wu, Jiajin Xie, Minxiang Zeng, Wei Wang, Jinliang Xu, and Zhengdong Cheng. "Blue phase liquid crystal microcapsules: confined 3D structure inducing fascinating properties." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 16 (2019): 4822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05879b.

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29

Saliba, Sarmenio, Christophe Mingotaud, Myrtil L. Kahn, and Jean-Daniel Marty. "Liquid crystalline thermotropic and lyotropic nanohybrids." Nanoscale 5, no. 15 (2013): 6641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr01175e.

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30

Klemenčič, Eva, and Mitja Slavinec. "Liquid Crystals as Phase Change Materials for Thermal Stabilization." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1878232.

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Thermal stabilization exploiting phase change materials (PCMs) is studied theoretically and numerically. Using the heat source approach in numerical simulations, we focus on phase change temperature as a key factor in improving thermal stabilization. Our focus is to analyze possible mechanisms to tune the phase change temperature. We use thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) as PCMs in a demonstrative system. Using the Landau-de Gennes mesoscopic approach, we show that an external electric field or appropriate nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in LCs can be exploited to manipulate the phase change temperature.

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31

Ward, Sandra, Oliver Calderon, Ping Zhang, Matthew Sobchuk, Samantha N. Keller, Vance E. Williams, and Chang-Chun Ling. "Investigation into the role of the hydrogen bonding network in cyclodextrin-based self-assembling mesophases." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 25 (2014): 4928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00448e.

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32

Navarro, Fernando, and José Luis Serrano. "Thermotropic aromatic copolyesters of catechol." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30, no. 9 (August 1992): 1789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300902.

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33

Monfort, Olivier, Tomas Roch, Maros Gregor, Leonid Satrapinskyy, Tomas Plecenik, Andrej Plecenik, and Gustav Plesch. "Formation of Vanadium Oxide Thin Films Prepared from Aqueous Sol-Gel System." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.79.

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Vanadium oxide thin films are promising materials for various applications. Much attention has been devoted to thermotropic VO2(M/R) films which exhibit semiconductor-conductor phase transition at 67 °C making them excellent materials for switching applications. Non-thermotropic VO2(B) films are semiconducting and have layered structure which makes them interesting for gas sensing applications. Vanadium pentoxide films are also of great interest for photocatalytic production of H2by H2O decomposition as well as for gas sensing. In this paper the preparation of vanadium oxide thin films by using the spin coating of V2O5·nH2O aqueous gel on Si/SiO2and lime-glass substrates is reported. The as-deposited films were annealed in either air or H2/Ar atmosphere at normal or low pressure in order to prepare V2O5and VO2thin films. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD and SEM.

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34

Chuealee, Rabkwan, Timothy S. Wiedmann, and Teerapol Srichana. "Thermotropic behavior of sodium cholesteryl carbonate." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 1 (January 2009): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0027.

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Sodium cholesteryl carbonate ester (SCC) was synthesized, and its phase behavior was studied. The chemical structure was assessed by solid-state infrared spectroscopy based on vibration analysis. The wave number at 1705 and 1276 cm−1 corresponds to a carbonyl carbonate and O–C–O stretching of SCC, respectively. Molecular structure of SCC was further investigated with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift, for the carbonyl carbonate resonance appeared at 155.5 ppm. A molecular mass of SCC was at m/z of 452. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), video-enhanced microscopy (VEM) together with polarized light microscopy, and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to characterize the phase behavior as a function of temperature of SCC. Liquid crystalline phase was formed with SCC. Based on the thermal properties and x-ray diffraction, it appears that SCC forms a structure analogous to the type II monolayer structure observed with cholesterol esters.

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35

Cretu, C., A. A. Andelescu, A. Candreva, A. Crispini, E. I. Szerb, and M. La Deda. "Bisubstituted-biquinoline Cu(i) complexes: synthesis, mesomorphism and photophysical studies in solution and condensed states." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 37 (2018): 10073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02999g.

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New ionic Cu(i) coordination complexes with 4,4′-bisubstituted-2,2′-biquinolines showing low temperature lamello-columnar and columnar hexagonal thermotropic mesomorphism, depending on the substituents, are synthesized and characterized.

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36

Nitz, Peter, and Helge Hartwig. "Solar control with thermotropic layers." Solar Energy 79, no. 6 (December 2005): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.12.009.

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37

Irwin, R. S. "Chain folding in thermotropic polyesters." Macromolecules 26, no. 26 (December 1993): 7125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00078a003.

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38

Singler, Robert E., Reginald A. Willingham, Claudine Noel, Claude Friedrich, Louis Bosio, and Edward Atkins. "Thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(organophosphazene)." Macromolecules 24, no. 2 (March 1991): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00002a026.

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39

Ilincă, Theodora A., Iuliana Pasuk, and Viorel Cîrcu. "Bis-imidazolium salts with alkyl sulfates as counterions: synthesis and liquid crystalline properties." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 19 (2017): 11113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj02561k.

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40

Mates, T. E., and C. K. Ober. "New thermotropic polyesters from distyrylbenzene bisphenols." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters 28, no. 11 (October 1990): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1990.140281103.

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41

Jin, Jung-Il, E.-Joon Choi, and Ki-Young Lee. "Miscibility of Main-Chain Thermotropic Polyesters." Polymer Journal 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.18.99.

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42

Liu, Huizhong, Ling Wang, Yuanyuan Hu, Ziang Huang, Ying Sun, Shuli Dong, and Jingcheng Hao. "DNA thermotropic liquid crystals controlled by positively charged catanionic bilayer vesicles." Chemical Communications 56, no. 24 (2020): 3484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00980f.

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43

Ujiie, Seiji, Eri Kurosawa, and Masaya Moriyama. "Thermotropic liquid crystalline amphiphilic materials with hydrophilic groups at both terminals." Thin Solid Films 517, no. 4 (December 2008): 1362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.09.037.

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44

Li, Hongguang, Martin J. Hollamby, Tomohiro Seki, Shiki Yagai, Helmuth Möhwald, and Takashi Nakanishi. "Multifunctional, Polymorphic, Ionic Fullerene Supramolecular Materials: Self-Assembly and Thermotropic Properties." Langmuir 27, no. 12 (June 21, 2011): 7493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la2015176.

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45

Bi, Jingze, Hao Wu, Zhenhu Zhang, Ao Zhang, Huanzhi Yang, Yuwen Feng, Yi Fang, et al. "Correction: Highly ordered columnar superlattice nanostructures with improved charge carrier mobility by thermotropic self-assembly of triphenylene-based discotics." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 45 (2019): 14394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc90228g.

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Correction for ‘Highly ordered columnar superlattice nanostructures with improved charge carrier mobility by thermotropic self-assembly of triphenylene-based discotics’ by Jingze Bi et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 12463–12469.

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46

Kutsumizu, S. "The thermotropic cubic phase: a curious mesophase." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6, no. 6 (December 2002): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(03)00008-1.

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47

Carfagna, C., E. Amendola, G. Mensitieri, and L. Nicolais. "Gas sorption in thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers." Journal of Materials Science Letters 9, no. 11 (November 1990): 1280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00726519.

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48

Sawyer, Linda C. "Structure-property relations of liquid crystalline polymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127013.

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Recent liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) research has sought to define structure-property relationships of these complex new materials. The two major types of LCPs, thermotropic and lyotropic LCPs, both exhibit effects of process history on the microstructure frozen into the solid state. The high mechanical anisotropy of the molecules favors formation of complex structures. Microscopy has been used to develop an understanding of these microstructures and to describe them in a fundamental structural model. Preparation methods used include microtomy, etching, fracture and sonication for study by optical and electron microscopy techniques, which have been described for polymers. The model accounts for the macrostructures and microstructures observed in highly oriented fibers and films.Rod-like liquid crystalline polymers produce oriented materials because they have extended chain structures in the solid state. These polymers have found application as high modulus fibers and films with unique properties due to the formation of ordered solutions (lyotropic) or melts (thermotropic) which transform easily into highly oriented, extended chain structures in the solid state.

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49

Mitchell, G. R., and A. H. Windle. "Diffraction from thermotropic copolyester molecules." Colloid & Polymer Science 263, no. 3 (March 1985): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01415509.

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Kocer, Hasan B., Idris Cerkez, and Royall M. Broughton. "Annealing studies on a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester meltblown fabric." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 8 (January 24, 2016): 1656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716629139.

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Abstract:

Meltblown fabrics composed of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester were subjected to heat conditioning at various temperatures. Physical effect of the treatment was investigated by tensile testing of the fabrics and the individual fibers. The fabrics exhibited increased tensile strength by more than 100% after the heat conditioning due to inter-fiber bonding in the fabric structure and morphological reorganization of the thermotropic polymer. The calorimetric behavior of the polymer was further investigated to obtain information about the internal structure. Structural change during the annealing was also visually observed under a polarized light microscope.

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