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1
Bliss, Ricki, and Graham Priest. The Geography of Fundamentality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0001.
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The dominant view amongst contemporary analytic metaphysicians working on notions of metaphysical dependence and the overarching structure of reality is one according to which that reality is hierarchically structured (the hierarchy thesis), well-founded (the fundamentality thesis), populated by merely contingent fundamentalia (the contingency thesis), and consistent (the consistency thesis). The introduction to this volume addresses the reasons commonly offered in defence of these theses and evaluates their merits. If it is correct that these are the core commitments of the metaphysical foundationalist, then it is proposed that the view is not nearly on such firm footing as one might suppose. The chapter also argues that the alternatives to this view—metaphysical infinitism and metaphysical coherentism—ought to be taken more seriously.
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Scott, Allen J. Geography and Economy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199284306.001.0001.
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Focusing on the theme of the mutually constitutive relations between geographic space and the economic order, Allen J. Scott discusses the problems of the location of economic activities, learning and innovation in industrial systems, and economic development. These problems are dealt with in both theoretical and empirical terms.
3
Publicover, Laurence. Dramatic Geography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806813.001.0001.
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Focusing on early modern plays that stage encounters between peoples of different cultures, this book asks how a sense of geographical location was created in early modern theatres that featured minimal scenery. While previous studies have stressed these plays’ connections to a historical Mediterranean in which England was increasingly involved, this book demonstrates how their dramatic geography was shaped through a literary and theatrical heritage. Reading canonical plays including The Merchant of Venice, The Jew of Malta, and The Tempest alongside lesser-known dramas such as Soliman and Perseda, Guy of Warwick, and The Travels of the Three English Brothers, Dramatic Geography illustrates, first, how early modern dramatists staging foreign worlds drew upon a romance tradition dating back to the medieval period, and second, how they responded to one another’s plays to create an ‘intertheatrical geography’. These strategies, the book argues, shape the plays’ wider meanings in important ways, and could only have operated within the theatrical environment peculiar to early modern London: one in which playwrights worked in close proximity, in one instance perhaps even living together while composing Mediterranean dramas, and one where they could expect audiences to respond to subtle generic and intertextual negotiations. In reassessing this group of plays, the book brings into conversation scholarship on theatre history, cultural encounter, and literary geography; it also contributes to current debates in early modern studies regarding the nature of dramatic authorship, the relationship between genre and history, and the continuities that run between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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Foley, Richard. The Geography of Insight. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865122.001.0001.
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This book, based on a philosopher’s experiences as dean over almost two decades, argues it is appropriate for the sciences and humanities to have different aims and for the values informing their inquiries also to be different. It maintains there are four core differences: (1) it is proper for the sciences but not the humanities to seek insights not limited to particular locations, times, or things; (2) the sciences but not the humanities value findings as independent as possible of the perspectives of the inquirers; (3) the sciences should be wholly descriptive while the humanities can also be concerned with prescriptive claims, which give expression to values; and (4) the sciences are organized to increase collective knowledge, whereas in the humanities individual insight is highly valued independently of its ability to generate consensus. Associated with these differences are secondary distinctions: different attitudes about an endpoint of inquiry; different notions of intellectual progress; different roles for expertise; different assumptions about simplicity and complexity; and different approaches to issues associated with consciousness. Taken together these distinctions constitute an intellectual geography of the humanities and sciences: a mapping of key features of their epistemology. In addition, the book discusses the role of universities in an era attached to sound bites and immediately useful results, and the importance of there being a healthy culture of research for both the sciences and humanities, one that treasures long-term intellectual achievements and whose presiding value is that with respect to many issues it ought not to be easy to have opinions.
5
Lewis, Maxine. Gender, Geography, and Genre. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768098.003.0006.
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This chapter offers a new reading of Catullus’ Lesbia by examining the poet’s spatial poetics. These poetics play a crucial role in shaping the worlds created in the poems. Catullus’ collection features three distinct poetics of place: topical, neoteric, and abstracted, clustered in specific groups of poems: the polymetrics, the carmina maiora, and the elegiac epigrams, respectively. As Lesbia is the only character (apart from the ‘Catullus’ persona) who appears in each group, she presents the ideal subject for examining how Catullus’ distinct poetics of place shape characterization in different genres of poetry. Furthermore, as a woman whose gender is frequently thematized, Lesbia presents a fulcrum for investigating how gendered ideologies of certain spaces might have shaped Catullus’ spatial poetics. This chapter offers close readings of three ‘Lesbia’ poems: 37, 68b, and 70, to highlight the importance of place and space to Lesbia’s role in each poem.
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Phelps, Nicholas A. Human Geography and Interplaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668229.003.0002.
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This chapter sets an analysis of the economy of interplaces in the context of broader debates and developments in human geography scholarship of the past four decades or so. In particular, it argues that the study of interplaces and their economies suggests the value of recovering older relational human geographical approaches with their twin emphasis on place and space. It also argues that there is an enduring need in economic geography to generate a limited but adequate variety of geographical concepts with which to analyse contemporary phenomena. Recent tendencies for the place/space debate to collapse into oppositions between scale or networks have been unhelpful. The author’s preference is for a limited set of concepts—some of which themselves lie somewhere between scalar or territorial metaphors on the one hand and network or topological metaphors on the other.
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Woodward, Jamie, ed. The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.001.0001.
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This volume explores the climates, landscapes, ecosystems and hazards that comprise the Mediterranean world. It traces the development of the Mediterranean landscape over very long timescales and examines modern processes and key environmental issues in a wide range of settings. The Mediterranean is the only region on Earth where three continents meet and this interaction has produced a very distinctive Physical Geography. This book examines the landscapes and processes at the margins of these continents and the distinctive marine environment between them. Catastrophic earthquakes, explosive volcanic eruptions and devastating storms and floods are intimately bound up within the history and mythology of the Mediterranean world. This is a key region for the study of natural hazards because it offers unrivalled access to long records of hazard occurrence and impact through documentary, archaeological and geological archives. The Mediterranean is also a biodiversity hotspot; it has been a meeting place for plants, animals and humans from three continents throughout much of its history. The Quaternary records of these interactions are more varied and better preserved than in any other part of the world. These records have provided important new insights into the tempo of climate, landscape and ecosystem change in the Mediterranean region and beyond. The region is unique because of the very early and widespread impact of humans in landscape and ecosystem change - and the richness of the archaeological and geological archives that chronicle this impact. This book examines this history and these interactions and places current environmental issues in long term context.
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Calhoun, Cheshire. Geographies of Meaningful Living. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0002.
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Where in our conceptual geography is “meaningful” best located and what conceptual work should it do? Agent-independent and agent-independent-plus conceptions of meaningfulness locate “meaningful” within the conceptual geography of agent-independent evaluative standards and assign “meaningful” to the work of commending lives. The chapter argues that the not wholly welcome implications of these more dominant approaches to meaningfulness make it plausible to locate “meaningful” on an alternative conceptual geography—that of agents as end-setters and of agent-dependent value assessments—and to assign it to the task of picking out lives whose time expenditures are valuable to the agent. The chapter develops a normative outlook conception of meaningful living and responds to the challenge confronting any subjectivist conception of meaningfulness that it is overly permissive.
9
Aldenderfer, Mark, and Herbert D. G. Maschner, eds. Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085754.001.0001.
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Major advances in the use of geographic information systems have been made in both anthropology and archaeology. Yet there are few published discussions of these new applications and their use in solving complex problems. This book explores these techniques, showing how they have been successfully deployed to pursue research previously considered too difficult--or impossible--to undertake. Among the projects described here are studies of land degradation in the Peruvian Amazon, settlement patterns in the Pacific northwest, ethnic distribution within the Los Angeles garment industry, and prehistoric sociopolitical development among the Anasazi. Following an introduction that discusses the theory of geographic information systems in relation to anthropological inquiry, the book is divided into sections demonstrating actual applications in cultural anthropology, archaeology, paleoanthropology, and physical anthropology. The work will be of much interest within all these communities.
10
Phelps, Nicholas A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668229.003.0012.
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This book has argued the value of refocusing economic geography towards the economy apparent in between cities and nations. It has also suggested a limited arsenal of concepts that might be deployed when analysing the economy of interplaces. Nevertheless, this chapter concludes the book by noting some of the themes and issues omitted in its preceding discussions. It goes on to offer a critical discussion of the normative agendas associated with intermediaries, agglomerations, enclaves, networks, and arenas. It briefly notes some departure points for future economic geography research raised as a result of this consideration of the economy of interplaces.
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Phelps, Nicholas A. Policy Mobility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668229.003.0007.
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This chapter teases out some of the economic implications of the economy in between cities and nations associated with policy mobility. The subject of policy mobility is one that signals a relational economic geography. It embodies the tension between the fixity and mobility of capital, between sedentarist and nomadic perspectives in geography. Yet it cannot be reduced to one or other in these sets of antimonies. The chapter charts some of the history of policy mobility before noting the importance of the transnational economic actors and interests that drive contemporary policy mobility. It considers the nature of policy mobility in strong and weak forms of inter-urban competition.
12
Bhushan, Nalini, and Jay L. Garfield. Reform Movements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457594.003.0006.
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This chapter contrasts a number of different accounts of that in which Indian national identity consists that were advanced in the colonial period. It considers criteria of identity based in geography, culture, political history, art and religion, and show how each of these contributed to the development of national consciousness.
13
Foster, Susan A., and John A. Endler, eds. Geographic Variation in Behavior. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195082951.001.0001.
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Studies of animal behavior often assume that all members of a species exhibit the same behavior. Geographic Variation in Behavior shows that, on the contrary, there is substantional variation within species across a wide range of taxa. Including work from pioneers in the field, this volume provides a balanced overview of research on behavioral characteristics that vary geographically. The authors explore the mechanisms by which behavioral differences evolve and examine related methodological issues. Taken together, the work collected here demonstrates that genetically based geographic variation may be far more widespread than previously suspected. The book also shows how variation in behavior can illuminate both behavioral evolution and general evolutionary patterns. Unique among books on behavior in its emphasis on geographic variation, this volume is a valuable new resource for students and researchers in animal behavior and evolutionary biology.
14
De Romanis, Federico. The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842347.001.0001.
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This book offers an interpretation of the two fragmentary texts of the P. Vindobonensis G 40822, now widely referred to as the Muziris papyrus. Without these two texts, there would be no knowledge of the Indo-Roman trade practices. The book also compares and contrasts the texts of the Muziris papyrus with other documents pertinent to Indo-Mediterranean (or Indo-European) trade in ancient, medieval, and early modern times. These other documents reveal the commercial and political geography of ancient South India; the sailing schedule and the size of the ships plying the South India sea route; the commodities exchanged in the South Indian emporia; and the taxes imposed on the Indian commodities en route from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. When viewed against the twin backdrops of ancient sources on South Indian trade and of medieval and early modern documents on pepper commerce, the two texts become foundational resources for the history of commercial relationships between South India and the West.
15
Thomas, Emily. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0001.
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Absolute Time: Rifts in Early Modern British Metaphysics explores the development of absolute time during one of Britain’s richest metaphysical periods, from the 1640s to the 1730s. This study is the first of its kind, although it connects to several existing bodies of literature. The Introduction places Absolute Time in the existing literature, and details it scope with regard to geography, historical period, and topic. The Introduction also sets out Absolute Time’s general developmental theses. First, the complexity of positions on time (and space) defended during this period is under-appreciated. Second, three distinct kinds of absolutism appeared during this wedge of philosophical history: Morean, Gassendist, and Newtonian. Finally, the Introduction provides an overview of the coming chapters.
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Stock, Paul. Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.001.0001.
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Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760–1830 seeks to establish what literate British people understood by the word ‘Europe’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It achieves this objective through detailed analysis of nearly 350 geographical reference works, textbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopaedias. Largely neglected by historians, these materials were widely read by contemporaries and can reveal the formative ideas about Europe circulating in Britain. The book therefore traces the history of ideas in non-elite contexts; it moves away from an approach to intellectual history concerned predominantly with prominent thinkers. The opening two chapters outline the characteristics and popularity of geography books and explain how they structure geographical knowledge. The remaining chapters explore eight themes which frame how Europe is understood in British culture. A chapter each is devoted to religion; the natural environment; race and other theories of human difference; the state; borders; the identification of the ‘centre’ and ‘edges’ of Europe; commerce and empire; and ideas about the past, progress, and historical change. Each chapter shows how geographical texts use these intricate concepts to communicate and construct widely understood ideas about the European continent. Is Europe unified by shared religious heritage? Where are the edges of Europe? Is Europe primarily a commercial network or are there common political practices too? Is Britain itself a European country? By showing how these and other questions were discussed in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British culture, the book provides a thorough and much-needed historical analysis of Britain’s enduringly complex intellectual relationship with Europe.
17
Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Scotland’s Population. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0001.
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Scotland’s population history since the middle of the nineteenth century has too often been written either at a national level or as if what happened in a particular area was unique. There has been too much focus on losses, failings, or crises, and too little on successes and improvements in people’s experiences of life. There were multiple demographic Scotlands, linked to the diversity of the country’s economy, geography, and cultures, and many successes as well as failures. The book sets Scottish demography in a wider British and Western European framework and shows how patterns and trends from the past influence the present and the future demography of the country. Scotland’s outstandingly detailed published reports, many hitherto hardly used, are briefly described
18
Greyser, Naomi. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460983.003.0001.
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Critics have defined sentimentalism as a stylized genre that represents and cultivates sympathy and tears. On Sympathetic Grounds demonstrates that sentimentalists evoked sympathy to express a desire for a place that was territorial and emotional, what Greyser calls an affective geography. Affective geographies describe a sense of intimacy across distance that defies linear cartography. This introduction offers affective geographies as a method for analyzing sentimentalism and its place in the production of space. Whether through true friendship, deep understanding, or the power of sympathy to heal social violence, sentimentalists experienced, and mapped, an array of transcendent connections. These spatial arrangements have enriched conditions for living and have also mercilessly enlisted some bodies and lives as the grounds for others’ well-being.
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Olivelle, Patrick. Ascetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0019.
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Asceticism lies at the very heart of the Dharmaśāstra project. This chapter explores the various holy modes of life discussed in the Dharmaśāstras, especially the gṛhastha, householder, who is also an ascetic of a sort. The focus of the chapter, however, is the two strictly ascetic institutions: the wandering mendicant (pravrajita) and the forest hermit (vānaprastha). The Dharmaśāstras contain some of the earliest descriptions of these two kinds of ascetics: lifestyle, practices, clothing, food, and penances. The forest hermit is defined by his leaving the human-civilized geography and living a life in the wild, eating uncultivated food and wearing clothes from forest material. The wandering mendicant lives without a fixed abode, possessions, or fire. He is a beggar, obtaining his meager requirements of food and clothing from people in villages. The Dharmaśāstras also present subclassifications of these two often related to the manner in which they obtain their food.
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Crevels, Mily, and Pieter Muysken, eds. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001.
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How did languages spread across the globe? Why do we sometimes find large language families, distributed over a wider area, and sometimes clusters of very small families or language isolates (i.e. languages without known relatives)? What was the role of agriculture in language spread? What do different language ideologies and patterns of ethnic identity formation contribute? What influence do geography and climate have?The availability of increasingly large databases and new analytical research techniques make it possible to provide new answers to these long standing questions. This book focuses on patterns of language dispersal, diversification, and contact in a global perspective by comparing the complex language and population histories of Island Southeast Asia/Oceania, Africa, and South America in terms of history and patterns of settlement, conceptions of ethnicity, and communication strategies. These three regions were selected because they show interesting contrasts in the distribution of languages and language families.
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Lawson, Anna, and Lucy Series. United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786627.003.0014.
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This chapter explores how courts in the United Kingdom have used and interpreted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) by analysing the seventy-five cases mentioning the CRPD prior to June 2016. These cases are unevenly spread—in geography and in subject matter. In a significant number of these cases, civil society organisations and equality bodies supported disabled litigants (eg through third party interventions). The Public Sector Equality Duty has been construed as giving judges very little power to use the CRPD to hold public sector bodies to account. The CRPD was used as an interpretive aid only in connection with understanding how ECHR and EU law should be understood in the domestic context—suggesting that, were ECHR and EU law no longer to be part of United Kingdom law, the CRPD would play a greatly diminished role in guiding case law in the United Kingdom.
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Makse, Todd, Scott Minkoff, and Anand Sokhey. Politics on Display. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190926311.001.0001.
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Political yard signs are one of the most conspicuous features of American political campaigns, yet they have received little attention as a form of political communication or participation. In a climate in which the American public is highly polarized, these symbols are more than simple campaign tools—they are literal markers of partisan identity. As public cues that push into private life, they affect individuals and their neighborhoods, coloring perceptions of social spaces and impacting social networks. In Politics on Display we answer a series of questions about this familiar feature of electoral politics: Why do people put their preferences out there for the world to see? Do neighborhoods become political battlegrounds? And what are the consequences of displaying yard signs in these spaces where we spend most of our time? We answer these questions with an innovative research design, documenting political life in neighborhoods with complementary data sources: street-level observation of the placement of signs and neighborhood-specific survey research that delves into the attitudes, behavior, and social networks of residents. Integrating these data into a geo-database that also includes demographic and election data—and supplementing these data with nationally representative studies—we bring together insights from political communication, political psychology, and political geography. Against a backdrop of today’s political environment of conflict and division, we advance a new understanding of how citizens experience campaigns, why many still insist on airing their views in public, and what happens when social spaces become political spaces.
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Kornicki, Peter Francis. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797821.003.0001.
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The Introduction introduces the themes and scope of this book by problematizing the terms ‘East Asia’, ‘China’, and ‘Chinese’, all of which pose epistemological problems. Here an attempt is also made to unravel the geographic and linguistic terminology that relates to East Asia, including the terms tianxia (all under heaven) and huayi (centre and barbarian) which have for many centuries and over large swathes of East Asia conditioned discourses relating to power, identity, and nation. The names used for Japan, Korea, and Vietnam within those societies and by other societies, particularly China, differed substantially over time, so the significance of these differences needs to be established at the outset. Finally, the questions that are to be answered in this book are laid out along with the approaches to be taken to answer them.
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Gossai, Anala, Dorothea T. Barton, Judy R. Rees, Heather H. Nelson, and Margaret R. Karagas. Keratinocyte Cancers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0058.
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Keratinocyte cancers (KC) include basal and squamous cell carcinomas that arise from keratinocytes or their precursors. KCs are the most common malignancies in humans. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has higher incidence rates, but squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) causes most deaths. Despite increasing incidence rates, the mortality rates have not changed markedly in recent years. The geographic and demographic features of these tumors have remained consistent over the past several decades, with a gradient of increasing incidence rates with proximity to the equator, predominantly affecting fair-skinned populations. Risk increases with age, is higher in men than women, and is associated with artificial as well as natural exposure to UV light. There is emerging evidence that these malignancies, particularly BCCs, may be increasing in younger adults and among women. While basal and squamous cell carcinomas share etiological factors, the relative importance of these factors, pattern of exposure, molecular alterations, and even the factors themselves differ.
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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated population fragments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0010.
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The number and geographic location of genetically differentiated populations must be identified to determine if fragmented populations require genetic management. Clustering of related genotypes to geographic locations (landscape genetic analyses) is used to determine the number of populations and their boundaries, with the simplest analyses relying on random mating within, but not across populations. Evidence of genetic differentiation among populations indicates either that they have drifted apart (and are likely inbred) and/or that the populations are adaptively differentiated. The current response when populations are genetically differentiated is usually to recommend separate management, but this is often ill-advised. A paradigm shift is needed where evidence of genetic differentiation among populations is followed by an assessment of whether populations are suffering genetic erosion, whether there are other populations to which they could be crossed, and whether the crosses would be beneficial, or harmful.
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Bond, William J. Open Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812456.001.0001.
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This book explores the geography, ecology, and antiquity of ‘open ecosystems’, which include grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. They occur in climates that can support closed forest ecosystems and often form mosaics with forest patches. With the aid of remote sensing, it is now clear that open ecosystems are a global phenomenon and occur over vast areas in climates that could also support forests. This book goes beyond regional narratives and seeks general explanations for their existence. It develops the theme of open ecosystems as being widespread and ancient, with a distinct biota from that of closed forests. It examines hypotheses for their maintenance in climate zones favouring the development of forests, including soils hostile for tree growth, fire, and vertebrate herbivory.
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Young, Serinity. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195307887.003.0014.
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The conclusion summarizes some of the major commonalities of aerial women across time and geography, such as flying females as revealers of gender conflict. One answer to the question of why are there so many female fliers and so few male ones, is that women felt oppressed by patriarchy-induced domesticity, so tales about the freedom of aerial women were alluring to them; therefore they preserved and retold those tales. The stories and myths presented here also point to the “exceptional woman,” who has not always been a friend to other women. Additionally, aerial women have often been associated with war, or presented as a dead warrior’s reward, as goddesses hovering over battlefields, and as pilots. Overall, flight of any kind has historically empowered women.
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Rehman, Zia Ur. Karachi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656546.003.0004.
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This chapter by Zia Ur Rehman problematizes a historical view of Karachi as a predominantly Mohajir city populated by the descendants of the Urdu-speaking migrants from India after Partition, and as laboring under the political control of the Muttahida Quami Movement party (MQM). Rather, this chapter thoroughly documents some grand transformations Karachi has experienced in regard to historical Pashtun migrations and settlement, and the subsequent entrance of the Taliban into Karachi’s Pashtun neighborhoods. These developments reveal how Karachi’s Pashtun geography and demographic patternings involve far from monolithic political mobilizations of Pashtuns from all classes, neighborhoods, and originary regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Rooted in decades of Rehman’s field research as an award-winning Karachi journalist, the chapter comprises a richly detailed reflection of the controversial question of whether Karachi is fast becoming a Pashtun-dominated city.
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Reimer, Mavis, Clare Bradford, and Heather Snell. Juvenile Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609932.003.0017.
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This chapter focuses on the juvenile fiction of the British settler colonies to 1950, and considers how writers both take up forms familiar to them from British literature and revise these forms in the attempt to account for the specific geography, politics, and cultures of their places. It is during this time that the heroics associated with building the empire had taken hold of British cultural and literary imaginations. Repeatedly, the juvenile fiction of settler colonies returns to the question of the relations between settlers and Indigenous inhabitants—sometimes respecting the power of Indigenous knowledge and traditions; often expressing the conviction of natural British superiority to Indigenous ways of knowing and living; always revealing, whether overtly or covertly, the haunting of the stories of settler cultures by the displacement of Indigenous peoples on whose land those cultures are founded.
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Clarke, Katherine. Mapping Out the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.003.0002.
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Starting from the well-known episode in which Aristagoras presents a map of the world to Cleomenes of Sparta in a bid to persuade him to collaborate against Persia, this chapter explores Herodotus’ presentation of different ‘layers’ of geographical space, ranging from the edges of the earth and the encircling Ocean, through the vast scope of continents and geographical symmetries, through patterning sequences such as the interconnected seas stretching from Asia to the Atlantic, then down through various types of ‘travelled space’. First of these is the world as experienced by armies on the march, then the world of recreational travellers in search of enlightenment or pleasure. Lastly, the geographical picture evoked by lists within the narrative is considered. Throughout, the focus is on illuminating the detailed picture drawn by Herodotus from his authorial distance, but incorporating many different viewpoints to create a complex and subtle sense of geography.
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Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Is Globalization Killing Local Business? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0002.
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The fact that the influence of globalization has been driven by dramatic changes is not one of those “blinding flashes of the obvious” that seems to sneak up on us. It is very evident and even predictable. Advances in technology, markets, and environments were precursors to the big changes we are now talking about. Advances in technology have led to the current global grid driven by information. The primary mission of business is to provide solutions, and this technology explosion has provided opportunities and market applications for those solutions. Local businesses now have an opportunity to move beyond their restricted geography of the past into the global arena with the use of technology. A local store in a remote village in Kentucky has the same opportunity as a large store in London to access global customers. These could be exciting times for local businesses if they use technology to their advantage.
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Harford Vargas, Jennifer. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190642853.003.0001.
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This introduction lays out the book’s key terms and methodologies. First it asserts that there is a subgenre of Latina/o fiction that depicts the aftermath of Latin American authoritarian regimes alongside authoritarian structures and discourses of power that minorities and migrants face in the United States and that these novels dramatize these linkages at the levels of both content and form. It then outlines how these novels broaden the thematic concerns, character types, and stylistic features of this subgenre through their development of a Latina/o counter-dictatorial imaginary and deployment of narrative form to critically represent forms of dictatorial power. Furthermore, it positions these novels as postdictatorship and postmemory novels to mark their geographic, historical, generational, thematic, and conceptual distance and difference from Latin American political regimes and novels. It ends by laying out the conceptual utility of its pan-ethnic and transnational Latina/o literary analyses. It thus demonstrates how genre provides a means to understanding shared formal strategies and political concerns across Latina/o groups, at the same time demonstrating how to unpack hemispheric relations through the aesthetic forms and transnational subjectivities that constitute the imaginative horizon of the Latina/o dictatorship novel.
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Straumann, Tobias. Zurich and Geneva. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.003.0006.
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The Global Financial Crisis has had a strong negative effect on Zurich and Geneva by ending banking secrecy for foreign clients. The reason for this historical break was the rapid rise of public debt in the wake of the crisis which prompted major EU countries and the United States to intensify their fight against financial centres profiting from tax evasion. As Zurich and Geneva have always had other comparative advantages besides banking secrecy, they are likely to remain important hubs in the international financial geography. But there is no doubt that their golden age has come to an end. Brexit and fintech are unlikely to provide opportunities to reverse the relative decline, since Switzerland is not part of the EU and the Eurozone and does not have the economic size required to be a first mover in developing basic innovations.
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Bhatia, Sunil. The Cultural Psychology of Globalization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199964727.003.0002.
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In this chapter, an interdisciplinary lens is used to examine the contested and multiple meanings, references, and definitions of globalization that vary across the different disciplines of political science, geography, cultural studies, economics, and sociology. It is argued that the lives of Indian youth comprise an important story of our time—a story that remains largely invisible and neglected in psychology. There are huge swathes of Indian urban youth who are experiencing conflicting meanings about their gender roles, marriage, sexual practices, filial obligations, household responsibilities, and child care duties. This chapter shows how contemporary forms of globalization practices, structures, and discourses occur through neoliberalism and the ways in which new urban spaces and identities are being reconfigured. It specifically examines how global and transnational Indianness is constructed in the semiotics and spaces of urban malls and through Indo-German cultural exchange programs.
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Roy, Tirthankar. The Economic History of India, 1857-2010. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190128296.001.0001.
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From the end of the eighteenth century, two global processes began to transform livelihoods and living conditions in the South Asia region. These were the rise of British colonial rule, and the integration of the region in the emerging world markets for goods, capital, and labour services, or globalization. Two hundred years later, India was the home to many of the world’s poorest people. India was also one of the fastest-growing emerging market economies of the world. Does a study of the past help to explain the paradox of growth amidst poverty? The book claims that the roots of the paradox did go back to India’s colonial past, when internal factors like geography and external forces like globalization and imperial rule created prosperity in some areas and poverty in others. This revised edition of a popular textbook sets out the key questions that a study of long-run economic change in India should begin with, shows how historians have answered these questions, and where the gaps remain. An essential guide for students of economics, history, and development studies, and a profitable read for anyone interested in India’s economic past.
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Geniets, Anne, James O'Donovan, Niall Winters, and Laura Hakimi, eds. Training for Community Health. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866244.001.0001.
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Training and supervision have been cited as integral aspects to well-functioning community health worker (CHW) programmes. However, to date no books have focused on addressing this specific topic. This edited volume brings together a range of viewpoints from world leading practitioners and academics in CHW training, education, and supervision from different geographic regions. It explores the themes of supervision, technology support for training, participatory design, ethics and programme evaluation. The book aims to provide a comprehensive and multifaceted overview of the current state of this emerging field and to identify gaps in research and practice in this key area of global health.
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Dearman, J. Andrew. Narrative Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246488.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the role of the ancient historical and cultural contexts in the modern interpretation of biblical narratives, and it compares these narratives to modern historical period dramas. Several aspects of the account of Moab’s subjugation of Israel in Judges 3 are examined, including the geographic and cultural connections between Judah and Moab, the importance of tribute in the ancient world as a way for polities to relate, the ways in which the narrator of Judges puts the account into a larger historical and theological storyline, and how it serves broadly as background material for the setting of the book of Ruth.
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Idler, Annette. Borderland Battles. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190849146.001.0001.
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Borderlands are like a magnifying glass on some of the world’s most entrenched security challenges. In unstable regions, border areas attract violent non-state groups, ranging from rebels and paramilitaries to criminal organizations, who exploit central government neglect. These groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illicit cross-border activities, and provide a substitute for the governance functions usually associated with the state. Drawing on extensive fieldwork with more than six hundred interviews in and on the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela—where conflict is rife and crime thriving—this book provides exclusive firsthand insights into these war-torn spaces. It reveals how dynamic interactions among violent non-state groups produce a complex security landscape with ramifications for order and governance both locally and beyond. These interactions create not only physical violence but also less visible forms of insecurity. When groups fight each other, community members are exposed to violence but can follow the rules imposed by the opposing actors. Unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups fuel mistrust and uncertainty among communities, eroding their social fabric. Where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements, “shadow citizenship” arises: a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups that provide public goods and services, and communities that consent to their illicit authority. Contrary to state-centric views that consider borderlands uniformly violent spaces, the transnational borderland lens adopted in the book demonstrates how the geography and political economy of these borderlands intensify these multifaceted security impacts.
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Ready, Jonathan L. The Spectrum of Distribution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802556.003.0003.
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This chapter details the model underlying the examination of similes in subsequent chapters. In order to investigate how an oral performer shows his competence, one can talk about the sources a performer utilizes without employing the concepts of tradition and innovation. This is a good thing because these terms get in the Homerist’s way. Here those words are set aside, and, taking a geographic approach to the elements an oral performer uses, the chapter speaks of the idiolectal, dialectal, and pan-traditional. These three categories constitute a spectrum of distribution. A performer reveals his competence by moving around on the spectrum of distribution and especially by deploying elements that falls on the shared (dialectal and pan-traditional) end of the spectrum. The chapter concludes by hypothesizing that similes help performers show off their movements on the spectrum of distribution.
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Idris, Murad. Interlude II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658014.003.0007.
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The second Interlude unfolds additional intersections across all the chapters. These intersections emerge through geographic linkages, the contexts of colonialism, and histories of textual citation. First, it considers the translation of Grotius’s theological writings into Arabic for theorizing the politics of the missionary. Second, it highlights that some jurists turned some states into pirates, and others turned pirates into states. Third, it analyzes claims about Ibn Khaldūn’s significance for Europe and for Islam, as well as for theorizations of the desert nomad, such as Kant’s. Finally, it offers a reading of Pufendorf’s claim that Hobbes duplicates Plato’s Laws and only mimics Cleinias’s arguments, and it ultimately situates Hobbes on the enemy, neighbor, pirate, and nomad in relation to empire.
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Shaver, J. Myles. What Does a Headquarters Economy Look Like? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828914.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and its economic and social vitality. It presents data on the significant concentration of many types of business headquarters in the region and describes the evolution of headquarters over time. Based on these data, the chapter describes why well-established explanations for the geographic concentration of business and headquarters activity fail to explain the Minneapolis-St. Paul experience (e.g., industry clusters or business incentives). The chapter describes the empirical regularities that a novel explanation for this headquarters economy has to explain. It highlights that a valid explanation will have to be one about creating and growing new businesses into large companies, and sustaining or reinventing large, established companies.
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Gompper, Matthew E. Range decline and landscape ecology of the eastern spotted skunk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0025.
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The eastern spotted skunk has declined in numbers across its eastern North American geographic range, and its range has also contracted. This chapter examines the possible causes of this decline (including landscape change, overharvest, novel pathogens, and the onset of modern pesticide use), reviews the state of knowledge of the eastern spotted skunk with a particular focus on the landscape ecology of the species, and identifies topics that represent knowledge gaps for the species. Most knowledge of the ecology of eastern spotted skunks derives from studies conducted at just a handful of sites, and it is unclear the extent to which findings gained from these studies are representative of the ecology of the taxon across its range.
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Mitchell, Graham. How Giraffes Work. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571194.001.0001.
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There are few creatures more beautiful, more aloof, and more fascinating than giraffes. Once they were plentiful and filled African landscapes, but in 2016 they were re-classified from “least concern” to “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Their survival in the wild is not assured. Much has been written about their private lives, about their behavior, social biology, and ecology, and their history in art and diplomacy. But so far no book has been written about their private lives, their physiology, and their anatomy and biochemistry—in short, the normal functions of a free-living animal in its natural environment—and it is these aspects of their lives that are the focus of this book. The study of a single species could be concise and relatively simply told. In reality it is not. A species never evolves in isolation from the general biological milieu in which it finds itself. Tectonics, astronomical physics, climate, and purely biological factors affecting food and water resources all shape the path of their evolution and all interact with its morphology, its internal physiological and biochemical systems, and the behavior patterns that regulate its daily life. Giraffes are no exception, as is revealed as the story told here unfolds. How do giraffes work? The answers lie in a story filled not only with the internal workings of a unique creature, but with geography, climate changes of great magnitude, and the labors of extraordinary people who put many pieces of the puzzle together.
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Hosey, Geoff, and Vicky Melfi, eds. Anthrozoology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753629.001.0001.
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Anthrozoology, the study of human–animal interactions (HAIs), has experienced substantial growth during the past twenty years and it is now timely to synthesise what we know from empirical evidence about our relationships with both domesticated and wild animals. Two principal points of focus have become apparent in much of this research. One is the realisation that the strength of these attachments not only has emotional benefits for people, but confers health benefits as well, such that a whole area has opened up of using companion animals for therapeutic purposes. The other is the recognition that the interactions we have with animals have consequences for their welfare too, and thus impact on their quality of life. Consequently, we now study HAIs in all scenarios in which animals come into contact with humans, whether as pets/companions, farm livestock, laboratory animals, animals in zoos or in the wild. This topical area of study is of growing importance for animals in animal management, animal handling, animal welfare and applied ethology courses, and also for people within psychology, anthropology and human geography at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. It will therefore be of interest to students, researchers and animal managers across the whole spectrum of human–animal contact.
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Kirmani, Nida. Life in a ‘No-go Area’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656546.003.0006.
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This chapter by Nida Kirmani offers a rare academic study on Lyari. It historicizes Lyari’s development as a contradictory ‘no-go’ site of resistance, protest and gang warfare. This perspective is organized around two of Lyari’s most notorious protagonists, Rehman Dakait and Uzair Baloch. Drawing on narratives of fear that comprise and interweave into everyday life in Lyari, she analyzes the persistent question of the extent to which gang war constitutes politics, rather than being separate to or an obstacle to politics. Through a portrait of Rehman as a community ‘Robin Hood’ figure, Kirmani’s analysis describes a geographic mapping of the paradox of ‘military-humanitarianism’ at the level of local gang warfare. This both mirrors, and also provokes, some original insights into ways these projects are inextricably linked in national and international politics.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. The Biology of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.001.0001.
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The world’s mediterranean-type climate regions (including areas within the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, California, and Chile) have long been of interest to biologists by virtue of their extraordinary biodiversity and the appearance of evolutionary convergence between these disparate regions. Comparisons between mediterranean-type climate regions have provided important insights into questions at the cutting edge of ecological, ecophysiological and evolutionary research. These regions, dominated by evergreen shrubland communities, contain many rare and endemic species. Their mild climate makes them appealing places to live and visit and this has resulted in numerous threats to the species and communities that occupy them. Threats include a wide range of factors such as habitat loss due to development and agriculture, disturbance, invasive species, and climate change. As a result, they continue to attract far more attention than their limited geographic area might suggest. This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to mediterranean-type ecosystems. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate these regions although their management, conservation, and restoration are also considered.
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Livermore, Roy. Chilling Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0010.
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The Earth’s climate changes naturally on all timescales. At the short end of the spectrum—hours or days—it is affected by sudden events such as volcanic eruptions, which raise the atmospheric temperature directly, and also indirectly, by the addition of greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Over years, centuries, and millennia, climate is influenced by changes in ocean currents that, ultimately, are controlled by the geography of ocean basins. On scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is the crucial influence, producing glaciations and interglacials, such as the one in which we live. Longer still, tectonic forces operate over millions of years to produce mountain ranges like the Himalayas and continental rifts such as that in East Africa, which profoundly affect atmospheric circulation, creating deserts and monsoons. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, plate movements gradually rearrange the continents, creating new oceans and destroying old ones, making and breaking land and sea connections, assembling and disassembling supercontinents, resulting in fundamental changes in heat transport by ocean currents. Finally, over the very long term—billions of years—climate reflects slow changes in solar luminosity as the planet heads towards a fiery Armageddon. All but two of these controls are direct or indirect consequences of plate tectonics.
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Jarjour, Tala. Emotion and the Economy of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635251.003.0001.
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This chapter sets forth the theoretical and epistemological frame for the book and the themes it integrates. The chapter introduces the main issues at stake in Sense and Sadness, be they intellectual, historical, political, geographic, temporal, methodological, or disciplinary. Its holistic contextualization is essential in order to understand the Suryani music experience as this book explains it: an emotional-cognitive aesthesis. The chapter explains the economy of emotion and aesthetics, proposed here as a new interpretive and analytical concept for a suggested connection between two main problems in music studies, namely mode and emotion. It thus offers theoretical frameworks for connecting mode and emotion through their mutual relation to the aesthetic. While maintaining emphasis on music modality and human emotionality in explaining Syriac chant music, the chapter draws on the cognitive capacities of metaphor and imagination, and addresses issues of liminality as positionality, dynamic method, and musical and contextual complexity.
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Vandrei, Martha. ‘That ubiquitous monarch’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816720.003.0007.
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This chapter extends the chronology to the first half of the twentieth century, when Boudica emerged as a figure in modern popular culture, particularly in film. But she also acted as an embodiment of local history and identity, once again puncturing the notion that she was merely an icon of empire with no specific ‘site of memory’. Rather, this chapter shows how Boudica came to be associated most notably with the historical narrative of Wales—though not unproblematically. She was also associated with more local histories, in the east of England, where her story was celebrated through the medium of historical pageants. These forms of historical culture show the persistence of history as a form of popular narrative, particularly in the crossovers between early modern drama and twentieth-century film and pageantry. Thus this chapter argues for the localized nature of historical culture, and for Boudica’s geographic and chronological persistence.
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Cohn, Jr., Samuel K. Cholera on the Continent and in America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819660.003.0009.
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While describing the peculiarities of cholera myths and riots from Asiatic Russia to Quebec, 1831–7, this chapter emphasizes the remarkable similarities across national and linguistic divides, oceans, and political regimes. The chapter argues first that this pan-regional mental landscape with the poor and marginal lashing out against elites and the medical profession cannot be explained by political events, regimes, or other causes particular to local settings. Secondly, these beliefs and struggles, instead of fading with successive waves of cholera, continued in places such as Russia, parts of Eastern Europe, Spain, and Italy. Moreover, their geographic scope and violence could increase, as with the total destruction of the industrial town of Hughesofka (today Donetsk) and riotous crowds reaching 10,000 in Astrakhan in 1892, murdering governors, counts, and physicians. As Fernand Braudel taught us long ago, pan-regional phenomena cannot be explained by local events.