Journal articles: 'Third generation (3G)'

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Goodrick, Joanna, and Lara Srivastava. "Licensing of third generation (3G) mobile." info 4, no. 1 (February 2002): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690210426631.

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Blanchard, Colin. "Security for the Third Generation (3G) Mobile System." Information Security Technical Report 5, no. 3 (September 2000): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1363-4127(00)03007-7.

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Goble, Ryan A. "Linguistic Insecurity and Lack of Entitlement to Spanish among Third-Generation Mexican Americans in Narrative Accounts." Heritage Language Journal 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.13.1.2.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the narrative accounts (De Fina, 2009) of third-generation (3G) Mexican-Americans, as they aim to excuse their English monolingualism in contexts that have reinforced the ideology that they should speak native-like Spanish. Traditionally, studies that have investigated the intergenerational disappearance of Spanish by the 3G have focused on how parents and grandparents have socialized the 3G to use or not use Spanish, without much attention to the 3G themselves. The present study aims to extend this line of research by analyzing the narrated and recontexutalized interactions that the 3G claims have resulted in the attrition of Spanish in their respective families. Through the theoretical frameworks of indexicality (Ochs, 1992) and imagined communities (Anderson, 1991), the findings indicate that the participants index linguistic insecurity (Preston, 2013) when they recount using Spanish with their generational predecessors, whom they construct as having a stronger nativist orientation. Such insecurity emanates from the unattainable goal to speak native-like Spanish, which is exacerbated by familial teasing. These speakers’ negative selfperception consequently leads to their withdrawal from imagined communities of Spanish owners, contributing to the intergenerational loss of Spanish.

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Gannagé-Yared, Marie-Hélène, Nada Younès, Anne-Sophie Azzi, and Ghassan Sleilaty. "Comparison between Second- and Third-Generation PTH Assays during Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy (MIP)." International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5230985.

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Context. Intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) drop of more than 50% during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) predicts the surgery success. Comparison between second- and third-generation PTH assays (PTH 2G and PTH 3G) on IOPTH decline is scarce. The aim of this study is to compare both assays and to determine the predictors of IOPTH decline. Methods. 112 patients (of which 72.3% females) underwent MIP by the same surgeon. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), pre- and postoperative serum calcium, creatinine, 25(OH)D levels, PTH at baseline (PTH T0), and PTH at 10 minutes after adenoma resection (PTH T10) were recorded. Both PTH 2G and PTH 3G assays were assessed using the Diasorin assays. Results. The mean age was 56.1 ± 14.7 years. Mean value of BMI, preoperative calcium, 25(OH)D, and CKD-EPI-eGFR were, respectively, 26.8 ± 4.8 kg/m2, 110.9 ± 7.9 mg/L, 19.3 ± 9.2 ng/mL, and 88.6 ± 25.6 mL/min/1.73 m2. PTH 2G and PTH 3G assays were well correlated at PTH T0 and PTH T10 (respectively, correlation coefficient 0.74 and 0.72 for intraclass correlation type 3). The median PTH fall was, respectively, of 79.9% and 82.5% for PTH 2G and PTH 3G. Multivariate analysis using the combined PTH 2G and PTH 3G as a dependent variable with 2 repeated measurements (at PTH 0 and PTH 10) showed a significant effect of preoperative calcium on IOPTH fall (p=0.001, effect size 0.13), while no significant effects were observed for sex, age, BMI, and 25(OH)D. Conclusion. PTH 2G and PTH 3G assays resulted in a similar drop in IOPTH values. Elevated preoperative calcium levels are the only independent predictor of IOPTH decline. Further studies are needed to determine other factors that can influence PTH kinetics.

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Dickson, Kyley, John Sorochan, William Strunk, and Taylor Williams. "Impact of Brushing and Infill Maintenance on Field Safety of Third Generation Synthetic Turf." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049034.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of brushing and infill maintenance of third generation (3G) synthetic turf on field safety. A split-plot randomized complete block design was used with six different fiber pile heights, infill depths, and shock pad combinations subjected to 120 games in the summer of 2017 at the Center for Athletic Field Safety (CAFS) in Knoxville, TN, USA. Traffic was applied with a CAFS traffic simulator. Half of the plots received maintenance every 20 games with a rotating power broom and infill applied to those below manufacturer’s recommendations. All 3G synthetic turf systems required maintenance to the same degree, and maintenance was necessary to keep surface hardness of 3G synthetic turf systems consistent and acceptable. Overall, field safety and consistency increased in this study due to maintenance, thus suggesting brushing and infill maintenance plays a vital role in maintaining high performance on 3G synthetic fields.

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Riedel, Benedikt, Lincoln Bryant, John Carlstrom, Thomas Crawford, Robert W. Gardner, Nicholas Harrington, Nicholas Huang, Alexandra Rahlin, Judith Stephen, and Nathan Whitehorn. "SPT-3G Computing." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 03051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921403051.

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SPT-3G, the third generation camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT), was deployed in the 2016-2017 Austral summer season. The SPT is a 10-meter telescope located at the geographic South Pole and designed for observations in the millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The SPT is primarily used to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The upgraded camera produces an order of magnitude more data than the previous generations of SPT cameras. The telescope is expected to collect a petabyte (PB) of data over course of five years, which is a significantly larger data volume than any other CMB telescope in operation. The increase in data rate required radical changes to the SPT computing model both at the South Pole and University of Chicago. This paper will describe the overall integration of distributed storage and compute resources into a common interface, deployment of on-site data reduction and storage infrastructure, and the usage of the Open Science Grid (OSG) by the SPT collaboration.

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Karjaluoto, Heikki. "An Investigation of Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technologies and Services." Contemporary Management Research 2, no. 2 (January 3, 2007): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.653.

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Karim, Bakhtiar Ali, and Bzhar Rahaman Othman. "Study of Uplink Interference in UMTS Network: ASIACELL Company, Iraq." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 5, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2020.1.7.

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Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), is the third generation (3G) of mobile communication which is based on the wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access to provide bandwidth and spectral efficiency. Interference in 3G system is significantly lower compared to the preceded generations. However, it does not mean 3G is free from the issues associated with interferences, such as low signal quality and call drop. The interference level in UMTS can be measured by using the well-known parameter Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP). This parameter is affected by many factors such as number of the users connected to the system, combining second generation (2G) and 3G frequencies within the same geographical area, geographical causes (difference of Altitude), and hardware impairment. In this paper we intensively study how these factors affect the uplink interference level (i.e. RTWP value) in 3G system used by a particular telecommunications company, Asiacell company, Iraq. The obtained data shows that call drop is the most serious issue raised due to high value of RTWP in 3G system. We demonstrate that system enhancement, in terms of lower RTWP level, are obtained by adding second carrier to the sites, separating 2G band from 3G band using special filter, and optimizing the hardware components.

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Zheng, Ming Xing, Ai Hua Zhang, Jing Xu, and Yang Sun. "The Role of Self-Construal in 3G Acceptance in China: An Empirical Investigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.865.

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This study aims to validate a model of consumer acceptance for 3G use in China. It integrates the technology acceptance model (TAM) and satisfaction theory to examine plans to introduce third-generation mobile phones to second-generation mobile phone users. In addition, this study considers the effect of self-construal on the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norms, prior satisfaction with 2G/2.5G, and intention to use 3G. The empirical results of this study show that the technology acceptance model partially explains consumers intentions to adopt 3G technology. Although consumers perceive that 3G is easier to use, this does not directly influence them to use 3G. Prior satisfaction with their current model of phone does not influence consumers intention to use 3G. Moreover, self-construal has moderate effects on the relationship between perceived usefulness, subjective norms, and the intention to use 3G.

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van der Hofstad, Remco, and Marten J. Klok. "Improving the performance of third-generation wireless communication systems." Advances in Applied Probability 36, no. 04 (December 2004): 1046–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800013318.

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The third-generation (3G) mobile communication system uses a technique called code division multiple access (CDMA), in which multiple users use the same frequency and time domain. The data signals of the users are distinguished using codes. When there are many users, interference deteriorates the quality of the system. For more efficient use of resources, we wish to allow more users to transmit simultaneously, by using algorithms that utilize the structure of the CDMA system more effectively than the simple matched filter (MF) system used in the proposed 3G systems. In this paper, we investigate an advanced algorithm called hard-decision parallel interference cancellation (HD-PIC), in which estimates of the interfering signals are used to improve the quality of the signal of the desired user. We compare HD-PIC with MF in a simple case, where the only two parameters are the number of users and the length of the coding sequences. We focus on the exponential rate for the probability of a bit-error, explain the relevance of this parameter, and investigate how it scales when the number of users grows large. We also review extensions of our results, proved elsewhere, showing that in HD-PIC, more users can transmit without errors than in the MF system.

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van der Hofstad, Remco, and Marten J. Klok. "Improving the performance of third-generation wireless communication systems." Advances in Applied Probability 36, no. 4 (December 2004): 1046–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1103662958.

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The third-generation (3G) mobile communication system uses a technique called code division multiple access (CDMA), in which multiple users use the same frequency and time domain. The data signals of the users are distinguished using codes. When there are many users, interference deteriorates the quality of the system. For more efficient use of resources, we wish to allow more users to transmit simultaneously, by using algorithms that utilize the structure of the CDMA system more effectively than the simple matched filter (MF) system used in the proposed 3G systems. In this paper, we investigate an advanced algorithm called hard-decision parallel interference cancellation (HD-PIC), in which estimates of the interfering signals are used to improve the quality of the signal of the desired user. We compare HD-PIC with MF in a simple case, where the only two parameters are the number of users and the length of the coding sequences. We focus on the exponential rate for the probability of a bit-error, explain the relevance of this parameter, and investigate how it scales when the number of users grows large. We also review extensions of our results, proved elsewhere, showing that in HD-PIC, more users can transmit without errors than in the MF system.

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Tarapiah, Saed, Kahtan Aziz, and Shadi Atalla. "Third Generation (3G) Mobile Network Planning Process and Methodology - Case Study." International Journal of Computer Applications 143, no. 12 (June 17, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016909881.

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SCHARNHORST, W., L. HILTY, and O. JOLLIET. "Life cycle assessment of second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) mobile phone networks." Environment International 32, no. 5 (July 2006): 656–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.001.

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Chen, Dong Ya. "Security Analysis of 3G-WLAN Fusion." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2795.

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With development of wireless Internet, the interworking of the third generation (3G) and wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has become a focus research. Fusion of 3GWLAN has complementary advantages. The background and scheme of 3G and WLAN Fusion are discussed. The security of Fusion was analysed. Presents two security Fusion schemes has given. The first is called a loose coupling, The second is called close coupling. Two schemes are complement each other, realize the 3G and WLAN user unified management and 3G signing based on user WAPI security mechanism of WLAN access, and protect the user privacy.

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Teng, Weichen, Hsi-Peng Lu, and Hueiju Yu. "Exploring the mass adoption of third-generation (3G) mobile phones in Taiwan." Telecommunications Policy 33, no. 10-11 (November 2009): 628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2009.07.002.

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Chimmanee, Sanon, and Suttisak Jantavongso. "THE PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THIRD GENERATION (3G) TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTERNET SERVICES IN BANGKOK." Journal of Information and Communication Technology 15, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jict2016.15.1.1.

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Ge, Wei, Cheng De Qin, and Xiao Hong Qin. "Comparative Study on Mobile Search Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.436.

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On the last day of 2008, China finally agreed to three grant telecom operators licenses to offer the third-generation (3G) services using WCDMA, CDMA 2000, and TD-SCDMA standards. The Issuing of 3G Licenses is going to excite the mobile business, and also expand the broad user basis and development space of the mobile search industry. Today mobile search has become one of the hot topics in the mobile field and the search field, and many giant companies have started action.

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Fernandez-Fuentes, Miguel H., Andrea A. Eras-Almeida, and Miguel A. Egido-Aguilera. "Characterization of Technological Innovations in Photovoltaic Rural Electrification, Based on the Experiences of Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina: Third Generation Solar Home Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063032.

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The electrification of isolated homes in rural areas without access to the electric grid has been achieved in part using solar energy transformed into electricity through Photovoltaic (PV) equipment known as Solar Home Systems (SHSs), which has been widely disseminated throughout the world. The use of SHSs in rural electrification projects has been studied from 1980 to date, they have been incorporating advances and technological innovations successively. Through the review of documents on PV projects, articles, and technical reports, it has been possible to identify the changes in the main components of the SHS and the typical configurations, systematizing them in a discrete timeline. Thereby, this article characterizes three generations of SHSs and highlights their differences. The first generation is fully valid between 1980–1995, the second generation in 1995–2010, and the third generation from 2005 to date, which overlaps the beginning. In any case, the time limits in each period are only referential. The later generation, Third Generation Solar Home Systems (3G-SHSs), is highly efficient, uses LED lamps, lithium batteries, microelectronic control, and plug and play connections. Indeed, this equipment can be self-managed by the user and reflects the technology’s high reliability by a minimum maintenance service in situ. Furthermore, their lower costs make access to electricity more affordable for the last mile population. The present research offers a detailed technological and operational characterization of the 3G-SHSs to show the most relevant aspects of support to project developers, planners, and decision-makers to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7.

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Yuan, Quan Bo, Feng Juan Qu, Hui Zhao, and Li Yuan Liu. "Study of the Fourth-Generation Communication Technology Standards in Internet of Things." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2498.

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At present,Chinese third-generation communications technology (3G) has been applied, and global internet of things technology development has been put on the agenda. The fourth-generation communication technology will be discussed based on the wireless communication field, mainly introducing the development situation of fourth-generation communication system. In the paper, the key technology will be discussed in detail, and is involved in domestic network development. Finally, the fourth-generation communication technology in the network is prospected.

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Rezaei, Sajad, Muslim Amin, Minoo Moghaddam, and Norshidah Mohamed. "3G post adoption users experience with telecommunications services." Nankai Business Review International 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 361–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2016-0007.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of service quality, perceived usefulness and users’ cognitive satisfaction to determine the third-generation (3G) mobile phone users’ behavioural retention in using 3G telecommunications services. Design/methodology/approach A total of 243 valid questionnaires were collected from 3G users in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The combination of partial least squares (PLS) path modelling approach and structural equation modelling (SEM; PLS-SEM) technique was used to analyze the measurement and structural model. Findings Our empirical assessment supports the proposed research hypotheses and further suggests that service quality is a second-order reflective construct comprising navigation and visual design, management and customer service and system reliability and connection quality. Originality/value Prior studies have examined the impact of service quality, perceived usefulness, overall users’ satisfaction and behavioural intention on an information system in general. This study is among the few studies that have attempted to gain insights into 3G users’ post-adoption experience with telecommunications services.

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Ho, Kevin K. W. "A Study on the Intention to Adopt Third Generation (3G) Wireless Service on a Small Community with Unique Culture." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssoe.2012100104.

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Most of the prior studies conducted in mobile commerce and wireless service adoption are using the technology acceptance model as their theoretical foundation and are conducted in metropolis. To gain a better understanding on whether the findings of these adoption studies can be generalized in other regions, and in particular, those communities with a small population and have a unique cultural background, the author revisits the third generation (3G) wireless adoption service issue using data collected from Guam. The result shows that the people on Guam have a different 3G wireless service adoption behavior compared with the people from Hong Kong. It is noted that perceived enjoyment plays a mediator role between the impacts of perceived service availability and social influence on the adoption intention. This result helps researchers and practitioners to gain insight for conducting adoption study for communities with a different cultural background, where their information and communication technology infrastructures are rapidly developing.

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Winter, B., M. Wendt, C. Waldschmidt, M. Rozanski, A. Kunz, F. Geisler, U. Grittner, S. Kaczmarek, M. Ebinger, and HJ Audebert. "4G versus 3G-enabled telemedicine in prehospital acute stroke care." International Journal of Stroke 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019830303.

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Background Time to reperfusion treatment is closely related to outcome in ischemic stroke. Prehospital stroke work-up in CT-equipped mobile stroke units is effective in reducing time to thrombolytic treatment. Current evidence predominantly comes from mobile stroke units staffed with neurologists but telemedicine-guided management may be acceptable for providing neurological expertise in ambulances. With unsatisfactory experiences in third-generation (3G)-based approaches, fourth-generation (4G) networks may provide adequate audio-visual quality but systematic comparisons of technological parameters and decision-making are lacking. Methods Trained actors presented stroke symptoms and paramedics assisted the remotely guided extended National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (eNIHSS) assessment on the mobile stroke unit in Berlin, Germany. We compared technical parameters of 4G and 3G connections, assessed audio-visual quality of examination, and analyzed reliability of neurological assessment and treatment decisions made by the remote neurologist versus the mobile stroke unit neurologist. Results 4G and 3G connections were evaluated in 40 scenarios each. Connectivity was not available in 17% of 4G- and 15% of 3G-attempts with 6% simultaneous unavailability of both networks. The remote examiners graded audio and video quality in 4G better than in 3G with slightly shorter assessment duration in 4G (mean: 9 (SD:5) vs. mean 11 (SD:3) min, p = 0.10). Reliability of the eNIHSS sum scores was high with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.987–1.00) for 4G and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96–0.99) for 3G. None of the remote treatment decisions differed from onsite decisions. Conclusions 4G mobile communications provided higher quality of video-examination and allowed reliable remote assessment of stroke symptoms but coverage was still incomplete in both networks.

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Xia, Jun. "The third-generation-mobile (3G) policy and deployment in China: Current status, challenges, and prospects." Telecommunications Policy 35, no. 1 (February 2011): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2010.12.008.

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Ho, Kevin K. W. "Impact of Prior Usage Experience on the Intention to Adopt 3G Mobile Service for the Youth in Hong Kong." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsita.2011100101.

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Third generation (3G) mobile service has been launched for several years and yet the information systems (IS) community has not yet gained a full understanding of how various technological and social factors affect the intention to adopt this technology. This study probes into this issue using the Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) (Rogers, 1995) along with two other constructs, i.e., subjective norms and perceived security on 3G mobile service. Using survey data collected from the youth of Hong Kong, the author notices that observability and complexity are IDT factors that affect the intention to adopt 3G mobile service by experienced users, i.e., who are current users of 2G or 2.5G mobile service. Plus subjective norms and perceived security are factors considered by both experienced and inexperienced users. Recommendations are provided to mobile service operators and developers in developing their rollout strategy in the mobile service market.

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Tsai, Terence, Shaohua Lu, Gary Liu, and Shubo Liu. "Beijing Tianyu Communications: Winning in the 3G Era." Asian Case Research Journal 17, no. 01 (June 2013): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927513500053.

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As emerging markets such as mainland China grew to be vital for the global commercial players, leading mobile telecommunication giants increasingly turned to China for opportunities. China's fast-expanding mobile telecommunication market became a throat-cutting battlefield for both international and local players. Among these competitors, Rong Xiuli's Tianyu had the local advantages. In order to sustain Tianyu's hardearned success, Rong decided to upgrade Tianyu brand and firmly secure a foothold in the 3G era. In 2002, Rong Xiuli closed Beijing Benephon, the then largest distributor of Samsung Mobile Phone in the Chinese market, and established Beijing Tianyu Communication Equipment Co. Ltd (hereinafter referred to as “Tianyu”) entering the handset manufacturing industry. Despite the growing pains in the beginning, Tianyu eventually went ahead of other domestic mobile phone manufacturers. In 2008, Tianyu reached a sales volume of 24 million mobile phones and a market share of more than 6%, ranking after Nokia, Samsung, and Motorola in the Chinese mobile phone market. A transition from the second generation (2G) communication technologies to the third generation (3G), however, was initiated at the end of 2008. Mobile phone manufacturers responded by investing heavily on technology upgrades. 3G also elevated the position of telecommunication operators in the industry value chain. As such, Tianyu's advantage in the 2G market could not necessarily guarantee its success in the 3G market. Adding to the uncertainties, demands for 2G mobile phone dropped sharply due to the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. Despite the oppositions from many colleagues, Rong Xiuli launched a campaign to win the 3G market, reconfiguring almost all the resources to the new business. The case describes Tianyu's success in the 2G mobile phone market and its entry into the 3G market.

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Yamanaka, T., N. Yamamoto, T. Seto, T. Takahashi, H. Murakami, A. Tsuya, T. Naito, K. Kaira, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Ichinose. "Can meta-analysis suggest carboplatin/paclitaxel as a reference arm in randomized trials of first-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e19039-e19039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e19039.

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e19039 Background: The validity of adapting carboplatin/paclitaxel (CbP) as a reference arm in randomized trials of first-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer has not been fully evaluated. Methods: We performed a meta- analysis on trials identified through a literature search. The analysis included randomized trials comparing CbP with cisplatin-based third- generation (3G) regimens. Results: Of 160 articles screened, seven randomized trials were eligible for the analysis. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival showed that CbP was not an inferior regimen to cisplatin-based 3G regimens (HR=1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.96–1.13; p=0.296). On focusing on 3G agents other than vinorelbine, we observed a marginally significant improvement in survival with cisplatin-based regimens (HR=1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.18; p=0.080). CbP generally involved a higher risk of thrombocytopenia and peripheral neuropathy but a lower risk of anemia, nausea, and toxic deaths. Conclusions: There is no evidence that CbP was significantly inferior to cisplatin-based 3G regimens in terms of efficacy. However, since CbP was less inclined to result in better survival, the preferred use of CbP as a reference arm in randomized trials instead of cisplatin-based 3G regimens may depend on the purpose of the trial. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Siqueira, Stefania Fortes, Mariany Costa Deprá, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Third-Generation Biodiesel Produced Heterotrophically by Phormidium Autumnale." Open Biotechnology Journal 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010270.

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Objectives: The aim of this work was to perform a prospective life cycle assessment of the third-generation biodiesel (3G) produced from the heterotrophic cultivation of Phormidium autumnale, using sucrose as the carbon source. Materials and Methods: The study focused on the optimization of the process parameters, in the life cycle assessment and in the biofuel quality analysis in diverse microalgae-based scenarios. Results: In the best scenario, the production of microalgal biodiesel has positive energy production (50.59 MJ/kg) associated with low consumption of water (28.38 m3/kg) and low CO2 emissions (9.18 kg CO2-eq/kg). In terms of composition, this oil was predominantly saturated (45.20%), monounsaturated (34.70%), and polyunsaturated (19.90%), resulting in a biodiesel that complies with U.S., European, and Brazilian standards. Conclusion: The high potential capacity for lipid production obtained is interesting for the generation of quality biodiesel that meets or surpasses the most stringent U.S., European, and Brazilian fuel standard requirements.

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JAIMEZ-ORDAZ, Judith, Jesús Guadalupe PÉREZ-FLORES, Araceli CASTAÑEDA-OVANDO, Luis Guillermo GONZÁLEZ-OLIVARES, Javier AÑORVE-MORGA, and Elizabeth CONTRERAS-LÓPEZ. "Kinetic parameters of lipid oxidation in third generation (3G) snacks and its influence on shelf-life." Food Science and Technology 39, suppl 1 (June 2019): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.38917.

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Elfeitori, Anwar A., and Hussein Alnuweiri. "Network architecture and medium access control for deploying third generation (3G) wireless systems over CATV networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 5, no. 2 (2005): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.202.

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Lim, Ghee Soon. "Hutchison Whampoa: A Global 3G Giant in the Making?" Asian Case Research Journal 09, no. 02 (December 2005): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927505000642.

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This case focuses on an unprecedented attempt by an Asian telecommunications company to capture a sizable share of the emerging, potentially lucrative global 3G (third-generation) mobile communication services market. It provides details on several crucial aspects of the huge risk-taking venture undertaken by Hong Kong-based Hutchison Whampoa for the period between 2000 and 2003. If successful, the endeavor would not only translate into huge monetary gains for Hutchison Whampoa, it would also show a contrarian style of investing and a far-sighted "gamble" could be systematically and skillfully planned and executed by ambitious enterprising decision makers. It would shed light on how real-life strategists could craft a corporate-level growth model by capitalizing on the synergy made possible by a portfolio of successful businesses available at hand.

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Colak, Cengiz, Hakan Parlakpinar, Necip Ermis, Mehmet Emin Tagluk, Cemil Colak, Ediz Sarihan, Omer Faruk Dilek, Bahadir Turan, Sevtap Bakir, and Ahmet Acet. "Effects of electromagnetic radiation from 3G mobile phone on heart rate, blood pressure and ECG parameters in rats." Toxicology and Industrial Health 28, no. 7 (October 13, 2011): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233711420468.

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Effects of electromagnetic energy radiated from mobile phones (MPs) on heart is one of the research interests. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from third-generation (3G) MP on the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and ECG parameters and also to investigate whether exogenous melatonin can exert any protective effect on these parameters. In this study 36 rats were randomized and evenly categorized into 4 groups: group 1 (3G-EMR exposed); group 2 (3G-EMR exposed + melatonin); group 3 (control) and group 4 (control + melatonin). The rats in groups 1 and 2 were exposed to 3G-specific MP’s EMR for 20 days (40 min/day; 20 min active (speech position) and 20 min passive (listening position)). Group 2 was also administered with melatonin for 20 days (5 mg/kg daily during the experimental period). ECG signals were recorded from cannulated carotid artery both before and after the experiment, and BP and HR were calculated on 1st, 3rd and 5th min of recordings. ECG signals were processed and statistically evaluated. In our experience, the obtained results did not show significant differences in the BP, HR and ECG parameters among the groups both before and after the experiment. Melatonin, also, did not exhibit any additional effects, neither beneficial nor hazardous, on the heart hemodynamics of rats. Therefore, the strategy (noncontact) of using a 3G MP could be the reason for ineffectiveness; and use of 3G MP, in this perspective, seems to be safer compared to the ones used in close contact with the head. However, further study is needed for standardization of such an assumption.

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Dogan, M., MG Turtay, H. Oguzturk, E. Samdanci, Y. Turkoz, S. Tasdemir, A. Alkan, and S. Bakir. "Effects of electromagnetic radiation produced by 3G mobile phones on rat brains: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, biochemical, and histopathological evaluation." Human & Experimental Toxicology 31, no. 6 (June 9, 2011): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111412092.

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Objective: The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) produced by a third-generation (3G) mobile phone (MP) on rat brain tissues were investigated in terms of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), biochemistry, and histopathological evaluations. Methods: The rats were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 is composed of 3G-EMR-exposed rats ( n = 9) and Group 2 is the control group ( n = 9). The first group was subjected to EMR for 20 days. The control group was not exposed to EMR. Choline (Cho), creatinin (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels were evaluated by MRS. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometric method. Histopathological analyses were carried out to evaluate apoptosis in the brain tissues of both groups. Results: In MRS, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios were not significantly different between Groups 1 and 2. Neither the oxidative stress parameters, CAT and GSH-Px, nor the number of apoptotic cells were significantly different between Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions: Usage of short-term 3G MP does not seem to have a harmful effect on rat brain tissue.

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Eras-Almeida, Andrea A., Miguel Fernández, Julio Eisman, José G. Martín, Estefanía Caamaño, and Miguel A. Egido-Aguilera. "Lessons Learned from Rural Electrification Experiences with Third Generation Solar Home Systems in Latin America: Case Studies in Peru, Mexico, and Bolivia." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 7139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247139.

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There are 17 million people without access to electricity services in Latin America. This population lives in small isolated and scattered communities with low incomes where it is difficult to achieve 100% access to electricity by the grid extension. Therefore, it is necessary to create market mechanisms and promote off-grid electrification in which photovoltaic (PV) technology plays a fundamental role. This research assesses successful projects developed in Peru, Mexico, and Bolivia, where 3rd Generation Solar Home Systems (3G-SHSs) are being introduced to support off-grid initiatives. To do so, we applied a mixed-methods approach including a comparative case study analysis, an extensive literature review, focus group discussions, and field research. Thereby, the lessons learned reveal that confidence, commitment, and flexibility are the main pillars of rural electrification. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the combination of various business models—an energy service company, fee-for-service, pay-as-you-go, and a microfranchising—with 3G-SHSs is powerfully effective in terms of sustainability. Our findings are useful to policy makers, researchers, promoters, and other stakeholders to rethink intervention strategies in rural areas. Access to electricity must be a state policy to facilitate the participation of new actors, especially of the private sector and communities, and the introduction of innovative business models and high-quality technology.

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Dickson, Kyley, John Sorochan, and William Strunk. "Impact of Alternative Synthetic Turf Infills on Athlete Performance and Safety." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049035.

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The objective of this study is to determine the impact of three alternative infills of various particle size on athlete performance and safety in a third generation (3G) synthetic fields. A complete randomized design composed of three different infill materials (thermoplastic elastomer, coconut and cork mixture, and recycled Nike shoes (Nano)) with all infills having the same infill depth, fiber length, fiber density, and shock pad. The study took place at the Center for Athletic Field Safety (CAFS) during the summer of 2017 in Knoxville, TN. Each plot received 120 traffic events with the CAFS traffic simulator. This study found that alternative infills do impact the safety and performance of the field, while showing a variation of performance properties among the alternative infills. The results of this study indicate that particle size and distribution of the infill plays a key role in the superior field performance in 3G turf.

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Ouyang, Ye, and Hosein Fallah. "Optimizing the Traffic of Voice Core Domain in UMTS Network through RNC Re-homing." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 2, no. 4 (October 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2010100101.

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The past few years have seen mobile operators transition to next-generation mobile networks, specifically from third-generation networks (3G) to long term evolution (LTE). This paper describes the basic architecture and topology of UMTS R4 core network and introduces two options in network planning, i.e., flat structure or layered structure. This paper introduces the re-homing of radio network controller (RNC) and base station controller (BSC) and studies the impact on the performance of voice core of UMTS networks. The proposed RNC re-homing models are created and analyzed for voice core of UMTS networks. The paper concludes that the appropriate RNC re-homing optimizes the traffic of voice core in UMTS network.

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Jiang, Jing Ya, and Dao Xing Guo. "Effect of Rotation of a High Altitude Platform on Handover." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1922.

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High altitude platform station (HAPs) system is a novel and promising communication infrastructure, providing various wireless mobile services in Third Generation (3G) even Forth Generation (4G) communication. Because of the wind, variation of temperature and some other complexity conditions in the layer of stratosphere, HAPs might inevitably encounter relative movement to the ground. In this paper, two rotation models rotate around z-axis and x or y-axis respectively are constructed to illustrate the effects on handover. Computer simulation shows that the average possibility of handover is definitely determined by the rotation direction, cell’s position and rotation angle; the critical rotation angle of handover is also calculated when the cell’s position and the altitude of platform are fixed.

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Brodņevs, Deniss, and Aleksandrs Kutins. "Deterioration Causes Evaluation of Third Generation Cellular LTE Services for Moving Unmanned Terrestrial and Aerial Systems." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2018-0017.

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AbstractWell-deployed cellular networks offer a cheap wireless solution for the control channel deployment of Remote-Control Vehicles (RCV) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). However, a cellular data transfer service performance is affected by a different kind of User Equipment (UE) mobility. Operating conditions of UAV imply working at different altitudes, variable velocities with accelerations/decelerations and rapidly changed antennas angular position, which lead the wireless signal to be prone to negative effects. Available field measurement studies are not sufficient to provide excessive information on degradation problem causes for UEs moving along a complex trajectory. This paper presents an evaluation of the service quality of live operational 3G and LTE networks for both ground moving and flying UE. It has been found that antennas angular position variations in 3D (for example, during UAV manoeuvers) increase data transfer latency and jitter. Moreover, this effect in conjunction with higher interference at high altitudes may partially or fully block the data transfer service. This paper has been prepared to draw attention to the problem that makes the cellular data transfer service unusable for highly-manoeuvrable UAVs.

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Rangankar, Suresh B., and Nitiket Mhala. "Performing Analysis of Quality of Service Parameters of 4G Long Term Evolution in Health Care System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 5008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8556.

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Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a leading 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. LTE is expected to provide very fast, highly responsive and cost effective data services and appears itself to be the right technology at the right time. LTE is becoming an ultimate choice for 4G services around the world due to its higher data rates and lower latency objectives. E-Health services comprise a wide range of healthcare services delivered by utilizing information and communication technology. In order to help existing and emerging e-Health services over converged next generation network (NGN) architectures, there is a need for network QoS control mechanisms that meet the often stringent requirements of such services. The mobile Health (m-health) is currently uniting major academic research worldwide to achieve innovative arrangements in the areas of healthcare. However, there are several challenges and issues that need to be addressed. In this paper we have proposed m-health care system based on 4G LTE network communication instead of existing 3G communication system. We will be monitoring QoS parameters like Delay, Throughput, Jitter, Energy Efficiency and Packet Data Rate for comparing 3G and 4G LTE usage over health care applications. We will further experiment the parameters with graph based analysis.

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Bhatt, P. R. "Internationalisation and Innovation: A Case Study of Nokia." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 6, no. 2 (July 2002): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290200600212.

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NOKIA is one of the ‘e-generation’ companies, which relies on the web to conduct their everyday business, demanding richer and more personalized experience. Its objective is ‘to transform the Digital Age to a truly Mobile Age’, giving everyone access to information. Nokia is the undisputed global king of mobile communication. Its strategy is to become a global player in telecommunications through ‘collaboration and innovations'. It has made spectacular innovations in mobile communications. It brought technologies such as General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as the mobile moves third generation (3G). Nokia has established their cutting edge technology and trend settling lifestyle offerings while unveiling their mobile handset products. In 3G services, Nokia will give e-mail, weather information maps, rout planning, traffic information, bank account data, views, travel information, etc. Nokia adopted a strategy of mergers, acquisitions, alliance and collaboration to gain superiority in technology and competitive advantage. While Nokia is the market leader in handset manufacturing with 35.3% share, Ericsson is the king of wireless network equipment with 33% market share. Nokia's performance was impressive during 1996–2000. Nokia's future growth areas include market leadership in security infrastructure for corporates, supplying solutions to help corporations block viruses and intruders at their network gateways.

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Iqbal, Muhammad Saqib, Zulhasni Abdul Rahim, Syed Aamer Hussain, Norulhusna Ahmad, Hazilah Mad Kaidi, Robiah Ahmad, and Rudzidatul Akmam Dziyauddin. "Mobile communication (2G, 3G & 4G) and future interest of 5G in Pakistan: a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp1061-1068.

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<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The use of mobile communication is growing radically with every passing year. The new reality is the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technology. 5G requires expensive infrastructural adjustment and upgradation. Currently, Pakistan has one of the most significant numbers of biometrically verified mobile users. However, at the same time, the country lags incredibly in the field of mobile internet adoption, with just half of the mobile device owners avail broadband subscription. It is a viable market with a large segment yet to be tapped. With the advancing progression in Pakistan towards the internet of things (IoT) connectivity, i.e., solar-powered home solutions, smart city projects, and on-board diagnostics (OBD), the urgency for speed, bandwidth and reliability are on the rise. In this paper, Pakistan's prevalent mobile communication networks, i.e., second, third and fourth generation (2G, 3G and 4G), were analyzed and examined in light of the country's demographics and challenges. The future of 5G in Pakistan was also discussed. The study revealed that non-infrastructural barriers influence the low adoption rate, which is the main reason behind the spectrum utilization gap, i.e., the use of 3G, and the 4G spectrum is minimal.</span>

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Abu, Sheikh Taher. "Innovations in Mobile Broadband in Japan and its Implications to Developing Countries." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jide.2011100101.

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Japan has experienced two developmental stages in the mobile telephony innovation since 1979 when the first mobile phone was commercially launched. The stages can be identified as traditional mobile phone with only voice function and mobile phone with IP (Internet Protocol). This paper discusses how mobile phone with IP function offers diversified services, influences people’s daily lives by changing their ways of communication, and interaction by adopting mobile broadband. The paper examines key economic, technology and policy factors based on monthly datasets from 2000-2007 in the provision of both second (2G) and third generation (3G) mobile phones adoption. Particularly, the study uses a linear regression model and presents extended and reduced models using the Pearson correlation method. The results of the empirical study examine how innovations in services contribute to the mobile broadband deployment in Japan. Main findings of this study suggest policy and strategy implications for developing countries which are adopting IP functionality in mobile phones. The paper also presents brief recommendations for India’s 3G mobile phone adoptions in terms of opportunities, challenges, and policies which drive on growth.

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Yu, Zhen, Ziheng Lin, Xiaoying Ran, Yao Li, Bing Liang, and Xiaoyan Wang. "A Novel “回” Pane Structure Multiband Microstrip Antenna for 2G/3G/4G/5G/WLAN/Navigation Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5567417.

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This work proposes a novel multiband slotted planar antenna with a “回” structure, which is similar to an ancient Chinese window grille structure. The antenna is suitable for wireless applications, including the second-generation (2G), third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), and fifth-generation (5G) technologies, as well as WLAN and navigation applications. The proposed antenna is based on the structural characteristics of a conventional monopole antenna, which combines the advantages of a slit structure and microstrip line structure for feeding. It adopts a circular patch with a slit structure placed in it, which is similar to the Chinese classical pane structure. This structure enables an effective reduction of the size of the antenna. The four-sided “回” gaps change the path of current flow and are coupled to each other, improving the impedance matching and radiation characteristics of the entire target frequency band. The antenna covers the frequency ranges of 1.58–1.77 GHz (12%), 2.1–2.50 GHz (17%), 3.61–4.09 GHz (12%), and 4.75–6.5 GHz (36%), permitting more than 10 wireless applications in these 4 frequency bands. This antenna uses an FR-4 dielectric material; the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric plate is 4.4, and the actual dimensions of the antenna are 85 × 70 × 1.6 mm³. The test and simulation results are in good agreement with each other, thus confirming that the proposed design method meets the requirements of various wireless applications.

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Tarapiah, Saed, Shadi Atalla, Kamarul Faizal Bin Hashim, and Motaz Daadoo. "Mobile Network Planing Process Case Study - 3G Network." Computer and Information Science 9, no. 3 (July 30, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v9n3p115.

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Third Generation cellular networks (3G) were developed with the aim of offering high data rates up to 2Mbps and 384Kbps for stationary and mobile users respectively which allows the operators to offer a multimedia connectivity and other data services to the end customers. In this work we apply techniques to design a 3G radio network, in particular we study the planning and implementation in developing countries, and state of Palestine as a case study. In order to carry a 3G radio network planning for a selected regions, we must follow a roadmap consists of set of phases; First of all, we must determine the region under study on the digitized map in order to obtain some useful information, such as the area distribution; thus using digital maps gives a good clearness for areas classification, land use, land terrain, heights, vectors, etc. Also we must forecast subscriber profile to perform coverage and capacity dimensioning process to achieve nominal cell plan. This paper work studies Nablus as one of the major Palestinian cities. then, subscriber forecast profile is applied in order to calculate the service traffic demand, the capacity and and coverage requirements, this study is carried in corporation with Wataniya which is one of the leading mobile telecommunication service provider in Palestine. For Nablus city we’ve found that 28 sites are required to be installed to meet the given capacity requirements, on the other hand 46 sites are for coverage. At this point we should make decision about how many site will be implemented. In general we have to select number of sites relative to coverage requirement; so to serve Nablus city by 3G services we should implement 46 sites. At final stage, we have to be sure that our proposed 3G network is suitable not only for the first year of running the 3G services over the deployed network, our design takes into consideration the growth of subscribers number and their demands, so periodically, the networking administrators and the network planning department, assess the network current status and upgrade the network to meet the future demands.

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Ali, R. A., and M. R. M. Arshad. "Perspectives of Students’ Behavior Towards Mobile Learning (M-learning) in Egypt: an Extension of the UTAUT Model." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 4 (August 26, 2016): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.710.

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The rapid development of third-generation (3G) mobile technologies has led to the emergence of a new kind of learning called mobile learning (m-learning). M-learning means the use of mobile devices to access learning materials at anytime and anywhere with the aid of mobile terminals and networks. This paper explores the possibility of applying m-learning for schools in Egypt through a proposed model of acceptance factors that may affect the students’ intentions to adopt m-learning. We use the original model of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and extended it with three new factors mobility, interactivity, and enjoyment.

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Hunaiti, Z., V. Garaj, and W. Balachandran. "A Remote Vision Guidance System for Visually Impaired Pedestrians." Journal of Navigation 59, no. 3 (August 23, 2006): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463306003894.

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This paper presents research and development work on a novel system with a view of developing a navigation system for the guidance of visually impaired pedestrians. The prime aim of the new developed system is to enhance the mobility of visually impaired pedestrians using remote guidance provided by sighted person. However, the system can be used in many other applications. The system implementation is based on the integration of the Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) database and a remote vision facility over the third generation (3G) of mobile networks, providing a technological platform enabling visually impaired pedestrians to be guided remotely by a sighted guide.

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Jones, Adam, Chris Brogden, Richard Page, Ben Langley, and Matt Greig. "The Influence of Soccer Playing Surface on the Loading Response to Ankle (P)Rehabilitation Exercises." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0199.

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Context: Contemporary synthetic playing surfaces have been associated with an increased risk of ankle injury in the various types of football. Triaxial accelerometers facilitate in vivo assessment of planar mechanical loading on the player. Objective: To quantify the influence of playing surface on the PlayerLoad elicited during footwork and plyometric drills focused on the mechanism of ankle injury. Design: Repeated-measures, field-based design. Setting: Regulation soccer pitches. Participants: A total of 15 amateur soccer players (22.1 [2.4] y), injury free with ≥6 years competitive experience. Interventions: Each player completed a test battery comprising 3 footwork drills (anterior, lateral, and diagonal) and 4 plyometric drills (anterior hop, inversion hop, eversion hop, and diagonal hop) on natural turf (NT), third-generation artificial turf (3G), and AstroTurf. Global positioning system sensors were located at C7 and the mid-tibia of each leg to measure triaxial acceleration (100 Hz). Main Outcome Measures: PlayerLoad in each axial plane was calculated for each drill on each surface and at each global positioning system location. Results: Analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for sensor location in all drills, with PlayerLoad higher at mid-tibia than at C7 in all movement planes. AstroTurf elicited significantly higher PlayerLoad in the mediolateral and anteroposterior planes, with typically no difference between NT and 3G. In isolated inversion and eversion hopping trials, the 3G surface also elicited lower PlayerLoad than NT. Conclusions: PlayerLoad magnitude was sensitive to unit placement, advocating measurement with greater anatomical relevance when using microelectromechanical systems technology to monitor training or rehabilitation load. AstroTurf elicited higher PlayerLoad across all planes and drills and should be avoided for rehabilitative purposes, whereas 3G elicited a similar mechanical response to NT.

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Azrour, Mourade, Mohammed Ouanan, and Yousef Farhaoui. "SIP Authentication Protocols Based On Elliptic Curve Cryptography: Survey and comparison." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i1.pp231-239.

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<p>Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is the most popular signaling protocol using in order to establish, modify and terminate the session multimedia between different participants. It was selected by the Third Generation Project Partnership (3GPP) as a multimedia application protocol in 3G mobile networks. SIP is the protocol currently used for signaling ToIP calls. The security of SIP is becoming more and more important. Authentication is the most important security service required by SIP. To ensure a secured communication, many SIP authentication protocols have been proposed. This work provides an overview of the proposed schemes based on elliptic curve cryptography. Those proposed schemes are analyzed in security consideration and the computational cost.</p>

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Ran, Xiaoying, Zhen Yu, Tangyao Xie, Yao Li, Xiuxia Wang, and Peng Huang. "A Novel Dual-Band Binary Branch Fractal Bionic Antenna for Mobile Terminals." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (January 9, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6109093.

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A novel two-iteration binary tree fractal bionic structure antenna is proposed for the third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), WLAN, and Bluetooth wireless applications in the paper, which is based on the principles of conventional microstrip monopole antenna and resonant coupling technique, combined with the advantages of fractal geometry. A new fractal structure was presented for antenna radiator, similar to the tree in nature. The proposed antenna adapted two iterations on a fractal structure radiator, which covers mobile applications in two broad frequency bands with a bandwidth of 44.2% (1.85–2.9 GHz) for TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, CDMA2000, LTE33-41, and Bluetooth frequency bands, and 11.5% (4.9–5.5 GHz) for WLAN frequency band. The proposed antenna was fabricated on a G10/FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a size of 50 × 40 mm2. The good agreement between the measurement results and the simulation results validate that the proposed design approach meet the requirements for various wireless applications.

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Etienne, Gabriel, Stéphanie Dulucq, Fréderic Bauduer, Didier Adiko, François Lifermann, Corinne Dagada, Caroline Lenoir, et al. "Incidences of Deep Molecular Responses and Treatment-Free Remission in de Novo CP-CML Patients." Cancers 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092521.

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Background: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) discontinuation in patients who had achieved a deep molecular response (DMR) offer now the opportunity of prolonged treatment-free remission (TFR). Patients and Methods: Aims of this study were to evaluate the proportion of de novo chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) patients who achieved a sustained DMR and to identify predictive factors of DMR and molecular recurrence-free survival (MRFS) after TKI discontinuation. Results: Over a period of 10 years, 398 CP-CML patients treated with first-line TKIs were included. Median age at diagnosis was 61 years, 291 (73%) and 107 (27%) patients were treated with frontline imatinib (IMA) or second- or third-generation TKIs (2–3G TKI), respectively. With a median follow-up of seven years (range, 0.6 to 13.8 years), 182 (46%) patients achieved a sustained DMR at least 24 months. Gender, BCR-ABL1 transcript type, and Sokal and ELTS risk scores were significantly associated with a higher probability of sustained DMR while TKI first-line (IMA vs. 2–3G TKI) was not. We estimate that 28% of CML-CP would have been an optimal candidate for TKI discontinuation according to recent recommendations. Finally, 95 (24%) patients have entered in a TFR program. MRFS rates at 12 and 48 months were 55.1% (95% CI, 44.3% to 65.9%) and 46.9% (95% CI, 34.9% to 58.9%), respectively. In multivariate analyses, first-line 2–3G TKIs compared to IMA and TKI duration were the most significant factors of MRFS. Conclusions: Our results suggest that frontline TKIs have a significant impact on TFR in patients who fulfill the selection criteria for TKI discontinuation.

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Fan, Xiujun, Matthew Petitt, Matthew Gamboa, Mei Huang, Sabita Dhal, Maurice L. Druzin, Joseph C. Wu, Yanru Chen-Tsai, and Nihar R. Nayak. "Transient, Inducible, Placenta-Specific Gene Expression in Mice." Endocrinology 153, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 5637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1556.

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Abstract Molecular understanding of placental functions and pregnancy disorders is limited by the absence of methods for placenta-specific gene manipulation. Although persistent placenta-specific gene expression has been achieved by lentivirus-based gene delivery methods, developmentally and physiologically important placental genes have highly stage-specific functions, requiring controllable, transient expression systems for functional analysis. Here, we describe an inducible, placenta-specific gene expression system that enables high-level, transient transgene expression and monitoring of gene expression by live bioluminescence imaging in mouse placenta at different stages of pregnancy. We used the third generation tetracycline-responsive tranactivator protein Tet-On 3G, with 10- to 100-fold increased sensitivity to doxycycline (Dox) compared with previous versions, enabling unusually sensitive on-off control of gene expression in vivo. Transgenic mice expressing Tet-On 3G were created using a new integrase-based, site-specific approach, yielding high-level transgene expression driven by a ubiquitous promoter. Blastocysts from these mice were transduced with the Tet-On 3G-response element promoter-driving firefly luciferase using lentivirus-mediated placenta-specific gene delivery and transferred into wild-type pseudopregnant recipients for placenta-specific, Dox-inducible gene expression. Systemic Dox administration at various time points during pregnancy led to transient, placenta-specific firefly luciferase expression as early as d 5 of pregnancy in a Dox dose-dependent manner. This system enables, for the first time, reliable pregnancy stage-specific induction of gene expression in the placenta and live monitoring of gene expression during pregnancy. It will be widely applicable to studies of both placental development and pregnancy, and the site-specific Tet-On G3 mouse will be valuable for studies in a broad range of tissues.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Third generation (3G)'

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