Journal articles: 'Third generation photovoltaic cell'

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Li, Tingkai. "The Research and Development of the Third Generation of Photovoltaic Modules." MRS Proceedings 1538 (2013): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.683.

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ABSTRACTIn order to make high efficiency and low cost solar cell modules, the concept of third generation of photovoltaic modules have been provided. The first generation solar cell: Crystal Si solar cell including single crystal and poly-crystal Si solar cell；The second generation solar cell：Thin film solar cell including Si base thin film, CIGS, CdTe and III-V thin films; The third generation solar cell is the future high efficiency and low cost solar cell modules, such as low cost quantum dots solar cell, Si base thin film tandem and triple cell modules, III-V solar cell on Si, HIT solar cell and nanotechnology with no vacuum technique such as printable technologies and etc. This paper reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of each generation of the solar cell modules and technologies and discussed the research and development of the third generation of photovoltaic modules including the detail technology developments.

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Banne, Chiranjeev. "Modern third generation solar photovoltaic technology: Dye sensitized solar cell." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 4, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2020.4.2.173.

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Depleting conventional energy resources are forcing the world to search for new and renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the potent and abundant energy resource .To use the solar energy to its fullest along with conventional technology has specific limitations. These limitations can be eliminated by use of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). DSSC can be seen as promising future technology. It is advantageous over Silicon (Si) based Photovoltaic (PV) cell in terms cost, easy manufacturing, stability at higher temperature, aesthetics, etc. Also it works in indoor conditions i.e. diffused sunlight which nearly not feasible with conventional PV cells. Now Research and Development Departments of many countries like Japan, Germany, USA, Switzerland, India, China and many firms like G-Cell, Oxford PV, Sony, TATA-Dyesol are working on DSSC to improve its various aspects so as to make it more applicable in various conditions. The paper will discuss the concept, construction, working of DSSC. Also it will illustrate current applications of DSSC.

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Liu, Junshi, Mengnan Yao, and Liang Shen. "Third generation photovoltaic cells based on photonic crystals." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 11 (2019): 3121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05461d.

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Conibeer, Gavin, Martin Green, Richard Corkish, Young Cho, Eun-Chel Cho, Chu-Wei Jiang, Thipwan Fangsuwannarak, et al. "Silicon nanostructures for third generation photovoltaic solar cells." Thin Solid Films 511-512 (July 2006): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.119.

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Thrithamarassery Gangadharan, Deepak, Zhenhe Xu, Yanlong Liu, Ricardo Izquierdo, and Dongling Ma. "Recent advancements in plasmon-enhanced promising third-generation solar cells." Nanophotonics 6, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0111.

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AbstractThe unique optical properties possessed by plasmonic noble metal nanostructures in consequence of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are useful in diverse applications like photovoltaics, sensing, non-linear optics, hydrogen generation, and photocatalytic pollutant degradation. The incorporation of plasmonic metal nanostructures into solar cells provides enhancement in light absorption and scattering cross-section (via LSPR), tunability of light absorption profile especially in the visible region of the solar spectrum, and more efficient charge carrier separation, hence maximizing the photovoltaic efficiency. This review discusses about the recent development of different plasmonic metal nanostructures, mainly based on Au or Ag, and their applications in promising third-generation solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dot-based solar cells, and perovskite solar cells.

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Mirabi, Elahe, Fatemeh Akrami Abarghuie, and Rezvan Arazi. "Integration of buildings with third-generation photovoltaic solar cells: a review." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab031.

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Abstract Clean-energy technologies have been welcomed due to environmental concerns and high fossil-fuel costs. Today, photovoltaic (PV) cells are among the most well-known technologies that are used today to integrate with buildings. Particularly, these cells have attracted the attention of researchers and designers, combined with the windows and facades of buildings, as solar cells that are in a typical window or facade of a building can reduce the demand for urban electricity by generating clean electricity. Among the four generations that have been industrialized in the development of solar cells, the third generation, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite, is used more in combination with the facades and windows of buildings. Due to the characteristics of these cells, the study of transparency, colour effect and their impact on energy consumption is considerable. Up to now, case studies have highlighted the features mentioned in the building combination. Therefore, this paper aims to provide constructive information about the practical and functional features as well as the limitations of this technology, which can be used as a reference for researchers and designers.

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Ouarrad, H., F. Z. Ramadan, and L. B. Drissi. "Engineering silicon-carbide quantum dots for third generation photovoltaic cells." Optics Express 28, no. 24 (November 18, 2020): 36656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.404014.

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Voroshilov, Pavel M., and Constantin R. Simovski. "Affordable universal light-trapping structure for third-generation photovoltaic cells [Invited]." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 34, no. 7 (June 19, 2017): D77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.34.000d77.

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Cao, Cheng Sha. "Modeling and Solving on the Solar Photovoltaic Cells Paving Optimization on Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (April 2014): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.256.

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The paving optimization of PV panels on buildings is an issue deserved to be studied. The issue is divided into three parts. First, choose the right PV cell aimed at maximum the PV generation. Second, determine the arrangement of the photovoltaic array aimed at the cost of all packages. Third, plan the model of photovoltaic array. At the end of the paper, the author gives the summary of the issue.

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Nguyen, Bich Phuong, Taehoon Kim, and Chong Rae Park. "Nanocomposite-Based Bulk Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/243041.

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Photovoltaic devices based on nanocomposites composed of conjugated polymers and inorganic nanocrystals show promise for the fabrication of low-cost third-generation thin film photovoltaics. In theory, hybrid solar cells can combine the advantages of the two classes of materials to potentially provide high power conversion efficiencies of up to 10%; however, certain limitations on the current within a hybrid solar cell must be overcome. Current limitations arise from incompatibilities among the various intradevice interfaces and the uncontrolled aggregation of nanocrystals during the step in which the nanocrystals are mixed into the polymer matrix. Both effects can lead to charge transfer and transport inefficiencies. This paper highlights potential strategies for resolving these obstacles and presents an outlook on the future directions of this field.

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Satapathy, Rudrakanta, Mohan Ramesh, Harihara Padhy, I. Hung Chiang, Chih-Wei Chu, Kung-Hwa Wei, and Hong-Cheu Lin. "Novel metallo-dendrimers containing various Ru core ligands and dendritic thiophene arms for photovoltaic applications." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 18 (2014): 5423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00444b.

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A polymer solar cell device containing an active layer of BTRu2G3 : PC70BM = 1 : 3 (by wt), i.e., the third generation of the bis-Ru-based dendritic complex BTRu2G3 showed the highest PCE value of 0.77%.

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Cheng, Qijin, Igor Levchenko, Denyuan Song, Shuyan Xu, and Kostya Ken Ostrikov. "Silicon quantum dots embedded in amorphous SiC matrix for third-generation solar cells: Microstructure control by RF discharge power." Functional Materials Letters 08, no. 05 (September 29, 2015): 1550054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179360471550054x.

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A low-frequency (460 kHz), low-pressure, thermally non-equilibrium, high-density inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has been used to synthesize a novel, advanced photovoltaic material suitable for fabrication of third-generation solar cells. Silicon quantum dots (SQDs) embedded in an amorphous silicon carbide matrix were prepared at a very low substrate temperature of approximately 200°C without any hydrogen dilution. The effect of the radio-frequency (RF) power of the plasma discharge on the morphology and structure of the embedded quantum dots was studied. A brief discussion on the possible mechanisms of the quantum dot formation in the ICP is presented. This study is relevant to third-generation photovoltaic solar cells.

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García-Hemme, Eric, Rodrigo García-Hernansanz, Javier Olea, David Pastor, Álvaro del Prado, Ignacio Mártil, Perla Wahnón, Kefrén Sanchez, Pablo Palacios, and Germán González-Díaz. "Double Ion Implantation and Pulsed Laser Melting Processes for Third Generation Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/473196.

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In the framework of the third generation of photovoltaic devices, the intermediate band solar cell is one of the possible candidates to reach higher efficiencies with a lower processing cost. In this work, we introduce a novel processing method based on a double ion implantation and, subsequently, a pulsed laser melting (PLM) process to obtain thicker layers of Ti supersaturated Si. We perform ab initio theoretical calculations of Si impurified with Ti showing that Ti in Si is a good candidate to theoretically form an intermediate band material in the Ti supersaturated Si. From time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements, we confirm that we have obtained a Ti implanted and PLM thicker layer of 135 nm. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a single crystalline structure whilst the electrical characterization confirms the transport properties of an intermediate band material/Si substrate junction. High subbandgap absorption has been measured, obtaining an approximate value of 104 cm−1in the photons energy range from 1.1 to 0.6 eV.

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Goswami, Romyani. "Three Generations of Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 1165 (July 23, 2021): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1165.113.

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In photovoltaic system the major challenge is the cost reduction of the solar cell module to compete with those of conventional energy sources. Evolution of solar photovoltaic comprises of several generations through the last sixty years. The first generation solar cells were based on single crystal silicon and bulk polycrystalline Si wafers. The single crystal silicon solar cell has high material cost and the fabrication also requires very high energy. The second generation solar cells were based on thin film fabrication technology. Due to low temperature manufacturing process and less material requirement, remarkable cost reduction was achieved in these solar cells. Among all the thin film technologies amorphous silicon thin film solar cell is in most advanced stage of development and is commercially available. However, an inherent problem of light induced degradation in amorphous silicon hinders the higher efficiency in this kind of cell. The third generation silicon solar cells are based on nano-crystalline and nano-porous materials. Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) is becoming a promising material as an absorber layer of solar cell due to its high stability with high Voc. It is also suggested that the cause of high stability and less degradation of certain nc-Si:H films may be due to the improvement of medium range order (MRO) of the films. During the last ten years, organic, polymer, dye sensitized and perovskites materials are also attract much attention of the photovoltaic researchers as the low budget next generation PV material worldwide. Although most important challenge for those organic solar cells in practical applications is the stability issue. In this work nc-Si:H films are successfully deposited at a high deposition rate using a high pressure and a high power by Radio Frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RF PECVD) technique. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show the formations of distinct nano-sized grains in the amorphous tissue with sharp crystalline orientations. Light induced degradation of photoconductivity of nc-Si:H materials have been studied. Single junction solar cells and solar module were successfully fabricated using nanocrystalline silicon as absorber layer. The optimum cell is 7.1 % efficient initially. Improvement in efficiency can be achieved by optimizing the doped layer/interface and using Ag back contact.

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Raphael, E., D. H. Jara, and M. A. Schiavon. "Optimizing photovoltaic performance in CuInS2 and CdS quantum dot-sensitized solar cells by using an agar-based gel polymer electrolyte." RSC Advances 7, no. 11 (2017): 6492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27635k.

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Albuquerque, Lais Schmidt, Jose Jonathan Rubio Arias, Bianca Pedroso Santos, Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Synthesis and characterization of novel conjugated copolymers for application in third generation photovoltaic solar cells." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 4 (July 2020): 7975–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.009.

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Nozik, A. J., M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, M. Law, R. J. Ellingson, and J. C. Johnson. "Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Quantum Dot Arrays and Applications of Multiple Exciton Generation to Third-Generation Photovoltaic Solar Cells." Chemical Reviews 110, no. 11 (November 10, 2010): 6873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr900289f.

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Grätzel, Michael. "Photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1853 (February 2007): 993–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1963.

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The Sun provides approximately 100 000 terawatts to the Earth which is about 10 000 times more than the present rate of the world's present energy consumption. Photovoltaic cells are being increasingly used to tap into this huge resource and will play a key role in future sustainable energy systems. So far, solid-state junction devices, usually made of silicon, crystalline or amorphous, and profiting from the experience and material availability resulting from the semiconductor industry, have dominated photovoltaic solar energy converters. These systems have by now attained a mature state serving a rapidly growing market, expected to rise to 300 GW by 2030. However, the cost of photovoltaic electricity production is still too high to be competitive with nuclear or fossil energy. Thin film photovoltaic cells made of CuInSe or CdTe are being increasingly employed along with amorphous silicon. The recently discovered cells based on mesoscopic inorganic or organic semiconductors commonly referred to as ‘bulk’ junctions due to their three-dimensional structure are very attractive alternatives which offer the prospect of very low cost fabrication. The prototype of this family of devices is the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC), which accomplishes the optical absorption and the charge separation processes by the association of a sensitizer as light-absorbing material with a wide band gap semiconductor of mesoporous or nanocrystalline morphology. Research is booming also in the area of third generation photovoltaic cells where multi-junction devices and a recent breakthrough concerning multiple carrier generation in quantum dot absorbers offer promising perspectives.

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Yedji, M., J. Demarche, G. Terwagne, R. Delamare, D. Flandre, D. Barba, D. Koshel, and G. G. Ross. "Method for fabricating third generation photovoltaic cells based on Si quantum dots using ion implantation into SiO2." Journal of Applied Physics 109, no. 8 (April 15, 2011): 084337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3575325.

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Giannouli, Myrsini. "Current Status of Emerging PV Technologies: A Comparative Study of Dye-Sensitized, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (May 15, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6692858.

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The imminent depletion of conventional energy sources has motivated the advancement of renewable energy technologies. Third-generation photovoltaic technologies, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs), are being developed as alternatives to silicon solar cells. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the market development of these emerging photovoltaic technologies, especially for sustainable solar energy applications. However, these technologies have not yet reached the maturity required for large-scale commercialization. Further research is required in order to improve the efficiency and stability of these devices, while keeping their production costs to a minimum. In this study, a comparative assessment of DSSCs, OSCs, and PSCs is conducted and the current state of the art of these promising technologies is investigated. Advanced techniques and research trends are examined from the perspective of novel materials, device modelling, and innovative device structures. The comparative advantages and limitations of each of these photovoltaic technologies are assessed in terms of device efficiency, durability, ease of fabrication, and performance-price ratio. Emphasis is placed on assessing the potential of these solar cell technologies for sustainable solar energy applications. Finally, the future outlook of these technologies is featured, and avenues for progress beyond the state of the art are explored.

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Gomesh, Nair, Z. M. Arief, Syafinar Ramli, M. Irwanto, Y. M. Irwan, M. R. Mamat, U. Hashim, and N. Mariun. "Performance Comparison between Dyes on Single Layered TiO₂ Dye Sensitized Solar Cell." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.78.

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) is another kind of solar cell from the third generation that forms a photovoltaic. DSSC is designed to reduce cost from usage of expensive material in conventional solar panels. The purpose of this project is to fabricate and compare dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) by using organic dye from blueberry and blue dye from chemical substances. The DSSC is fabricated using ‘Doctor Blade’ method. Results are based on investigating the electrical performance and characteristic of the fabricated TiO2 solar cell based on these comparisons of dyes in order to investigate the potential of organic dyes as a light absorbing mechanism. The required data that is investigated are the open circuit voltage, Voc, short circuit current, Isc, fill factors, solar cells efficiency and UV absorption. Result shows good potential in the blueberry dyes as a sensitizer but further investigation is needed in order to fully understand the characteristic of these organic dyes.

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Wang, Chang Chun, and Kuang Jang Lin. "Analysis on Efficiency of Power Generation for Various Sun Tracking and Fixed Solar Cells under Different Sunshine Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1286.

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Solar energy directly converses light energy into DC power without fuel, no moving parts, no pollution, and no noise with long life-span more than about twenty years. Its application is extensive and the set up of solar generation can be scattered and in a small amount on demand which is the most available of all renewable energy, and is the most practical and effective energy. There are many kinds of solar cell, such first generation as Mono-crystalline Silicon, Multi-crystalline Silicon, and Amorphous Silicon, the second generation as Film Photovoltaic and the third generation as Dye-Sensitized (DSSCs) etc. The utilization of solar energy is greatly influenced by environmental change with the main reason of solar radiation. This research collects the data from the test of Mono-crystalline Silicon, Multi-crystalline Silicon, and Film Photovaltaic solar cells in different solar radiation, and then conducts the analysis and research thereby. Using the program written by Labview, collect the data of voltage, current, and the power, solar radiation, and temperature emitted by solar cells under test for analysis. And then discuss the results of the collected data by Matlab for data analysis.

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Shneen, Salam Waley. "Advanced Optimal for Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Energy Sources." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v1.i3.pp543-555.

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Renewable and clean energies like a photovoltaic (PV) energy and wind energy (WE), they can contribute in decreasing the electric energy cost. Energy storage is necessary in PV and WE hybrid system with the variable nature. A hybrid system (PV, WE and diesel), it uses the aim of minimizing the total cost and ensuring the energy available. In this paper, the modeling and cost analysis of a hybrid system (PV, WE and diesel) considering three types systems: First, diesel with a hybrid system. Second, diesel and battery with a hybrid system. Third, grid, battery and hybrid system. In comparison to all types, for cost analysis, a mathematical model have introduced for each type. There are two parts of this work. First by Homer software, it has been used to find the system feasibility and conduct the economic analysis. Second by Matlab simulation, this paper includes status of grid integration in one day through twenty four. The power generation by wind turbine, the change of wind speed which effect on values of power generation. The power generation by solar cell, the change of temperature and radiation which effect in values of power generation.

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Nahar, Kamrun. "A Review on Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Dye Extraction, Application and Comparing the Performance." Advanced Engineering Forum 39 (February 2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.39.63.

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Among all the solar cell system dye sensitized solar cell is the third-generation solar cell that contains working electrode coating with semiconducting material, dye sensitizer, counter electrode and the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cell is reliant on the material which is absorbing light and converting it as energy. In this respect, dye sensitizer is the most substantial component in dye sensitized solar cell. Though organic and natural dye has been used in solar cell but due to the deleterious effect of organic dye, its application has been suppressed by the natural dye which is environment friendly and accessible. Ample of natural dyes has been applied in solar cell as sensitizer, while their way of application is different especially in case of dye extraction process. In this theoretical analysis, various research work related to dye sensitized solar has been included and explained the working principle of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), also summarized the extraction process of natural dye from different along with their photovoltaic parameters of various natural dye sensitized solar cell. Moreover, this study also compares the performance of natural dye sensitized solar cell according to presence of chromophore group in natural pigment.

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Sanglee, Kanyanee, Surawut Chuangchote, Taweewat Krajangsang, Jaran Sritharathikhun, Kobsak Sriprapha, and Takashi Sagawa. "Quantum dot-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles as an energy-band tunable electron-transporting layer for open air-fabricated planar perovskite solar cells." Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 10 (January 1, 2020): 184798042096163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847980420961638.

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Perovskite solar cells have been attracted as new representatives for the third-generation photovoltaic devices. Simple strategies for high efficiency with the long-term stability of solar cells are the challenges for commercial solar cell technology. Another challenge of the development toward industrial scale in perovskite solar cells is the production under the ambient and high humidity. In this sense, we successfully fabricated perovskite solar cells via solution depositions of all layers under ambient air with a relative humidity above 50%. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with the roles for efficient charge extraction and electron transportation properties were used as an electron-transporting layer in the cell fabrication. The modification of TiO2 nanoparticles for energy band adjustment was done by doping with nontoxic cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots. With the variation of CdS concentrations, energy band is not only changeable, but the enhancement of the perovskite solar cells efficiency could be achieved compared with the conventional cells made of pristine-TiO2 film and TiO2 nanoparticles.

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Pari, Baraneedharan, Siva Chidambaram, Nehru Kasi, and Sivakumar Muthusamy. "Recent Advances in SnO₂ Based Photo Anode Materials for Third Generation Photovoltaics." Materials Science Forum 771 (October 2013): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.771.25.

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) based on metal oxide photo anode is of greater interest at the present scenario. The light harvesting capability of the photo anode is the most crucial factor in determining the efficiency of DSSC. Thus to decide on suitable photo anode to attain greater efficiency is critical confront. The wide band gap (3.6eV) and higher electron mobility (me ~ 250 cm2V-1S‑1) of SnO2put together a promising material when compared to other photo electrode materials . Besides, its low sensitivity towards UV makes them more stable for a long time. This review will focus on recent progress in development of SnO2and hybrid SnO2based photo anode material and its allied key issues based on articles published in the last five years. A short introduction about the current energy scenario, DSSC principle and working will be presented followed by a brief description about the importance of photo anode in DSSC. Subsequently a complete review on SnO2and hybrid SnO2photo anode materials will be explained together with the recent year reports considering all the challenges and perspectives related to DSSC.

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Meyer, Mbese, and Agoro. "The Frontiers of Nanomaterials (SnS, PbS and CuS) for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications: An Exciting New Infrared Material." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 4223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234223.

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To date, extensive studies have been done on solar cells on how to harness the unpleasant climatic condition for the binary benefits of renewable energy sources and potential energy solutions. Photovoltaic (PV) is considered as, not only as the future of humanity’s source of green energy, but also as a reliable solution to the energy crisis due to its sustainability, abundance, easy fabrication, cost-friendly and environmentally hazard-free nature. PV is grouped into first, second and third-generation cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), classified as third-generation PV, have gained more ground in recent times. This is linked to their transparency, high efficiency, shape, being cost-friendly and flexibility of colour. However, further improvement of DSSCs by quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) has increased their efficiency through the use of semiconducting materials, such as quantum dots (QDs), as sensitizers. This has paved way for the fabrication of semiconducting QDs to replace the ideal DSSCs with quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Moreover, there are no absolute photosensitizers that can cover all the infrared spectrum, the infusion of QD metal sulphides with better absorption could serve as a breakthrough. Metal sulphides, such as PbS, SnS and CuS QDs could be used as photosensitizers due to their strong near infrared (NIR) absorption properties. A few great dependable and reproducible routes to synthesize better QD size have attained much ground in the past and of late. The injection of these QD materials, which display (NIR) absorption with localized surface plasmon resonances (SPR), due to self-doped p-type carriers and photocatalytic activity could enhance the performance of the solar cell. This review will be focused on QDs in solar cell applications, the recent advances in the synthesis method, their stability, and long term prospects of QDSSCs efficiency.

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Ozerova, Victoria V., Ivan S. Zhidkov, Aleksandra Boldyreva, Nadezhda N. Dremova, Nikita A. Emelianov, Gennady V. Shilov, Lyubov A. Frolova, et al. "Spectacular Enhancement of the Thermal and Photochemical Stability of MAPbI3 Perovskite Films Using Functionalized Tetraazaadamantane as a Molecular Modifier." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030669.

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Perovskite solar cells represent a highly promising third-generation photovoltaic technology. However, their practical implementation is hindered by low device operational stability, mostly related to facile degradation of the absorber materials under exposure to light and elevated temperatures. Improving the intrinsic stability of complex lead halides is a big scientific challenge, which might be addressed using various “molecular modifiers”. These modifiers are usually represented by some additives undergoing strong interactions with the perovskite absorber material, resulting in enhanced solar cell efficiency and/or operational stability. Herein, we present a derivative of 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane, NAdCl, as a promising molecular modifier for lead halide perovskites. NAdCl spectacularly improved both the thermal and photochemical stability of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films and, most importantly, prevented the formation of metallic lead Pb0 as a photolysis product. NAdCl improves the electronic quality of perovskite films by healing the traps for charge carriers. Furthermore, it strongly interacts with the perovskite framework and most likely stabilizes undercoordinated Pb2+ ions, which are responsible for Pb0 formation under light exposure. The obtained results feature 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane derivatives as highly promising molecular modifiers that might help to improve the operational lifetime of perovskite solar cells and facilitate the practical implementation of this photovoltaic technology.

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Leghari, Mehwish, Mukhtiar Ahmad Memon, Mehjabeen Leghari, and Akhtar Hussain Jalbani. "A Database for Urdu Text Detection and Recognition in Natural Scene Images." January 2020 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.05.

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Conventional solar cells are not economical and are recently too expensive to the manufacturers for extensive-scale electricity generation. Cost and efficiency is most vital factor in the accomplishment of any solar technology. In order to improve the conversion efficiency, the major research in third generation photovoltaic (PV) cells is directed toward retaining more sunlight using nanotechnology. Advancement in nanotechnology solar cell via quantum dots (QDs) could reduce the cost of PV cell and additionally enhance cell conversion efficiency. Silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) are semiconductor nano crystals of nanometers dimension whose electron-holes are confined in all three spatial dimensions. Quantum dots have discrete electronic states. Quantum dots have capacity to change band gap with the adjustment in size of quantum dot. As the quantum dots size fluctuates over a wide range that demonstrates the variety of band gap so it will assimilate or discharge light. In this paper, the generic mathematical models of PV cell are adopted and then I-V and P-V characteristic curves are obtained from selected parameters using MATLAB software. The essential parameters are taken from datasheets. I-V and P-V characteristics curves are obtained for selected model. Silicon quantum dots have the tunable band gap that is added to conventional PV cell and obtain the I-V and P-V curves. After simulation, efficiency and power of Conventional PV cell to quantum dots based PV cell is compared. The property of quantum dots is used in extending the band gap of solar cells and increasing the maximum proportion of incident sunlight absorbed, hence improving efficiency.

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Arivarasan, Ayyaswamy, Sasikala Ganapathy, and Ramasamy Jayavel. "Fabrication of Highly Fluorescent Cadmium Based Aqueous Phase Colloidal Quantum Dots for Solar Cell Applications." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.313.

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Highly fluorescent Cadmium based II-VI CQD’s plays a vital role in third generation photovoltaic’s design. In this paper, a novel approach for rapid synthesis of two different high quality cadmium based CQD’s in aqueous phase was presented and the optical stability and the structural properties of those materials were studied out. In this work Tellurium composed CQD’s along with cadmium were prepared by colloidal route. In the above procedure Thio Glycolic Acid (TGA) as well as Mercapto succinic acids (MSA) was used as the capping agents. All these procedures were carried out in aqueous medium at air atmosphere. The size dependent band gaps of the prepared quantum dots were determined from UV-Vis spectra and compared with the other one. The fluorescent properties of CdTe CQDs were investigated by using fluorescence spectra. The surface and structural morphologies were determined by using HRSEM and X-ray diffraction studies. The formation of CdTe quantum dots and the capping effect of the thiol group were investigated from EDAX and FTIR analysis.

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Kim, Ma Ro, Hyung Wook Choi, and Chung Wung Bark. "Low-Temperature Thermally Evaporated SnO2 Based Electron Transporting Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells with Annealing Process." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 5491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17620.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent the third generation of solar cells that comprise a semiconductor electrode, a counter electrode, and an electrolyte. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been comprehensively researched and led to an impressive improvement in a short period of time as cheaper alternatives to silicon solar cells due to their high energy-conversion efficiency and low production cost. Tin oxide (SnO2) has attracted attention as a promising candidate for electron transport material of perovskite solar cells, because it can be easily processed by low annealing temperature and solution processing method. However, in the fabrication of SnO2 electron transfer layer (ETL) via the conventional solution method, it is greatly difficult to increase the size of the substrate by the solution treatment method or to commercialize it. In this work, we report the photovoltaic characteristics of SnO2 based electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated by the thermal-evaporation processing method. The deposited SnO2 layer with the thermal evaporator is known to be not crystallographically stable. To solve this problem, we performed the annealing process at relatively low temperature (below 200 °C). As a result, we could confirm the optimum annealing temperature and we could demonstrate PSCs with thermally deposited SnO2 as the compact electron transport layer through a low-temperature annealing process. It would contribute to new opportunities in commercialization and development of perovskite solar cells.

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Kusakabe, Tetsuo. "A Super-Green Factory: The Sharp Kameyama Plant." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.90.

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Sharp Corporation is making a concerted effort to reduce environmental impacts to the greatest extent possible at its production facilities around the world, and it is applying its own original evaluation criteria to recognize those plants having an extremely high level of environmental performance as “SuperGreen Factories.”Our Kameyama plant, the frst such factory to be so recognized, is an integrated, start-to-fnish production facility for liquid-crystal display (LCD) televisions (TVs), from fabricating the LCD panel to assembling the fnished TV set (see Table I). Given that large amounts of energy are consumed to operate production equipment and to power air conditioning, we focused particular attention on environmental measures intended to reduce global warming and introduced an energy supply system that combines environmental friendliness and operational stability. As shown in Figure 1, this system is based on integrating different types of large-scale distributed power sources and consists of a gas-fred cogeneration system, a fuel cell system, and a photovoltaic power generating system. The power output of this system covers about one-third of the total electrical needs of the plant.

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Rezk, Hegazy, Mohammed Alghassab, and Hamdy A. Ziedan. "An Optimal Sizing of Stand-Alone Hybrid PV-Fuel Cell-Battery to Desalinate Seawater at Saudi NEOM City." Processes 8, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040382.

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NEOM City in Saudi Arabia is planned to be the first environmentally friendly city in the world that is powered by renewable energy sources minimizing CO2 emissions to reduce the effect of global warming according to Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has had a problem with water scarcity. The main factors affecting water security are unequal water distribution, wrong use of water resources and using bad or less efficient irrigation techniques. This paper is aimed to provide a detailed feasibility and techno-economic evaluation of using several scenarios of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system to satisfy the electrical energy needs for an environmentally friendly seawater desalination plant which feeds 150 m−3 day−1 of freshwater to 1000 people in NEOM City, Saudi Arabia. The first scenario is based on hybrid solar photovoltaic PV, fuel cells (FC) with a hydrogen storage system and batteries system (BS), while the second and third scenarios are based on hybrid PV/BS and PV/FC with a hydrogen storage system, respectively. HOMER® software was used to obtain the optimal configuration based on techno-economic analysis of each component of the hybrid renewable energy systems and an economic and environmental point of view based on the values of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). Based on the obtained results, the best configuration is PV/FC/BS. The optimal size and related costs for the optimal size are 235 kW PV array, 30 kW FC, 144 batteries, 30 kW converter, 130 kW electrolyzer, and 25 kg hydrogen tank is considered the best option for powering a 150 m3 reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. The values of net present cost (NPC) and the cost of energy (COE) are $438,657 and $0.117/kWh, respectively. From the authors’ point view, the proposed system is one among the foremost environmentally friendly systems to provide electric energy to the seawater desalination plant, especially when connecting to the utility grid, because it is ready to reduce a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions due to using oil/nature gas in utility generation stations to reduce the effect of global warming.

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Green, Martin A. "Third generation photovoltaics: solar cells for 2020 and beyond." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 14, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(02)00361-2.

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Lewinska, Gabriela, Jerzy Sanetra, and Konstanty W. Marszalek. "Application of quinoline derivatives in third-generation photovoltaics." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, no. 14 (July 2021): 18451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06225-6.

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AbstractAmong many chemical compounds synthesized for third-generation photovoltaic applications, quinoline derivatives have recently gained popularity. This work reviews the latest developments in the quinoline derivatives (metal complexes) for applications in the photovoltaic cells. Their properties for photovoltaic applications are detailed: absorption spectra, energy levels, and other achievements presented by the authors. We have also outlined various methods for testing the compounds for application. Finally, we present the implementation of quinoline derivatives in photovoltaic cells. Their architecture and design are described, and also, the performance for polymer solar cells and dye-synthesized solar cells was highlighted. We have described their performance and characteristics. We have also pointed out other, non-photovoltaic applications for quinoline derivatives. It has been demonstrated and described that quinoline derivatives are good materials for the emission layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and are also used in transistors. The compounds are also being considered as materials for biomedical applications.

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Krebs-Moberg, Miles, Mandy Pitz, Tiara L. Dorsette, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Third generation of photovoltaic panels: A life cycle assessment." Renewable Energy 164 (February 2021): 556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.054.

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Beiley, Zach M., M. Greyson Christoforo, Paul Gratia, Andrea R. Bowring, Petra Eberspacher, George Y. Margulis, Clément Cabanetos, Pierre M. Beaujuge, Alberto Salleo, and Michael D. McGehee. "Semi-Transparent Polymer Solar Cells with Excellent Sub-Bandgap Transmission for Third Generation Photovoltaics." Advanced Materials 25, no. 48 (October 7, 2013): 7020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301985.

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Guo, Hua Ping, Shuang Hui Wu, Zhao Qing Wang, and Chang An Wu. "Linear Regression for Forecasting Photovoltaic Power Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1771.

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One key issue for knowledge discovery is to build a model with simple structure, high performance and interpretability. Linear regression is simple and interpretable model comparing to other models such as neural network. This paper introduces linear regression into photovoltaic power forecasting. Experimental results on the data set collected by Zhongwei third photovoltaic power station of Ningxia Jinyang new energy Co., Ltd. show that, compared with neural network, linear regression performs better generated power forecasting.

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Otalora, C., M. A. Botero, and G. Ordoñez. "ZnO compact layers used in third-generation photovoltaic devices: a review." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 28 (June 25, 2021): 15538–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06275-5.

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Caruana, Liam, Thomas Nommensen, Toan Dinh, Dennis Tran, and Robert McCormick. "Photovoltaic Cell: Optimum Photon Utilisation." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 3 (June 7, 2016): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v3i0.1409.

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In the 21st century, global energy consumption has increased exponentially and hence, sustainable energy sources are essential to accommodate for this. Advancements within photovoltaics, in regards to light trapping, has demonstrated to be a promising field of dramatically improving the efficiency of solar cells. This improvement is done by using different nanostructures, which enables solar cells to use the light spectrum emitted more efficiently. The purpose of this meta study is to investigate irreversible entropic losses related to light trapping. In this respect, the observation is aimed at how nanostructures on a silicon substrate captures high energy incident photons. Furthermore, different types of nanostructures are then investigated and compared, using the étendue ratio during light trapping. It is predicted that étendue mismatching is a parasitic entropy generation variable, and that the matching has an effect on the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. Although solar cells do have their limiting efficiencies, according to the Shockley-Queisser theory and Yablonovitch limit, with careful engineering and manufacturing practices, these irreversible entropic losses could be minimized. Further research in energy losses, due to entropy generation, may guide nanostructures and photonics in exceeding past these limits.Keywords: Photovoltaic cell; Shockley-Queisser; Solar cell nanostructures; Solar cell intrinsic and extrinsic losses; entropy; étendue; light trapping; Shockley Queisser; Geometry; Meta-study

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Gaudiana, Russell. "Third-Generation Photovoltaic Technology − The Potential for Low-Cost Solar Energy Conversion." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1, no. 7 (April 2010): 1288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz100290q.

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Rusk, Nicole. "Cheap third-generation sequencing." Nature Methods 6, no. 4 (April 2009): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth0409-244a.

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Pan, Jing. "Research on fuel cell energy storage control and power generation system." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191113107p.

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In order to realize the continuous stability of photovoltaic power generation system and the controllability of thermal energy storage, a photovoltaic fuel cell combined power generation system consisting of photovoltaic cell array, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, alkaline electrolysis cell and super capacitor is proposed. The system, at the same time, establishes the mathematical model of its various components and the system cost model, designs the thermal energy distribution of the thermal energy storage management coordination system, and uses the high efficiency battery to meet the load requirements of the power system. In addition, the paper uses simulation technology as a research method to build a simulation model of hybrid fuel cell thermal energy storage control and power generation system, and analyzes the system?s thermal energy supply and demand balance. The simulation results confirm that the photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid power generation system has high economic performance, can meet the user?s power and thermal energy requirements, and realizes the requirement of completely independent power supply.

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Fadil, H. El, F. Giri, A. Yahya, and H. Erguig. "Nonlinear Control of Hybrid Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Distributed Generation System." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 11 (2013): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130703-3-fr-4038.00037.

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Feinberg, Andrew P. "A third-generation method reveals cell lineage ancestry." Nature Methods 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2013): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2338.

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Giuliano, Romeo, Franco Mazzenga, and Francesco Vatalaro. "Smart cell sectorization for third generation CDMA systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2, no. 3 (2002): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.56.

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Frankenberger, Bernhard, and Dolores J. Schendel. "Third generation dendritic cell vaccines for tumor immunotherapy." European Journal of Cell Biology 91, no. 1 (January 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.01.012.

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Zimmermann, Claus G. "Materials Challenges in Photovoltaic Energy Generation in Space." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 1 (January 2010): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.616.

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AbstractVirtually all spacecraft employ photovoltaic energy conversion for continuous power generation. Compared to their counterpart on Earth, photovoltaic modules in the space environment face a unique set of performance requirements. Among the most demanding ones are the need to have the highest possible specific power output with regard to mass and surface area while showing as little degradation as possible under intense particle and ultraviolet radiation during lifetimes of up to 15 years. In addition, the thermomechanical stresses induced by temperature fluctuations up to 200°C are not to result in additional electrical degradation. This article briefly outlines the state-of-the-art design solution to meet these requirements before it focuses on current materials issues in two core areas: On the solar cell itself, which requires new materials systems and cell concepts to surpass the efficiency of the lattice-matched triple junction solar cell technology, and on materials issues concerning the encapsulation of solar cells for space use. Closely linked to these materials challenges are testing-related issues that arise in verifying the expected material behavior during extended periods in the space environment. These are discussed in conjunction with the materials challenges.

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Karthikeyan, V., Venkatesan Jamuna, and D. Rajalakshmi. "Interleaved Boost Converter for Photovoltaic Energy Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 622 (August 2014): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.622.97.

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Renewable energy is derived from natural resources and most commonly used renewable energy system is photovoltaic cells. DC-DC boost converter serves many purposes and usually required in many applications which has a low output voltage such as batteries, photo-voltaic cell. In this paper interleaved boost converter (IBC) topology is discussed for solar energy generation. IBC have better performance characteristics compared to a conventional boost converter due to increased efficiency. DC-DC IBC have been considered and analyzed by input current ripple and output current ripple and output voltage ripple. The waveforms of voltage and current ripples and the output voltage are obtained by using MATLAB/SIMULINK are presented. The design of inductor, capacitor and analysis of ripples has been presented.

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Li, Zhe, Jian Yang, and Pouya Asareh Nejad Dezfuli. "Study on the Influence of Light Intensity on the Performance of Solar Cell." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (February 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6648739.

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In order to solve the problem that the influence of light intensity on solar cells is easily affected by the complexity of photovoltaic cell parameters in the past, it is proposed based on the influence of light intensity on the power generation performance of solar cells. By analyzing the electrical performance parameters of photovoltaic cell trough solar energy and determining the influencing factors, discarding other weakly related parameters, and designing targeted research programs, according to the study of the impact of light intensity and temperature on the battery temperature changes, the performance of photovoltaic power generation was understood. The output voltage and current of the maximum power point were obtained. By analyzing its relationship with influencing factors, the impact analysis on the power generation performance of photovoltaic cells was realized. The experimental results show that the open circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum output power of solar cells increase with the increase of light intensity. Therefore, it can be known that the greater the light intensity, the better the power generation performance of the solar cell.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Third generation photovoltaic cell'

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