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Journal articles on the topic 'Third Party Inspection'
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1
ISHIGAI, Seikan. "Quickening of Third-Party Inspection System in Japan." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 89, no. 812 (1986): 720–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.89.812_720.
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Petersen, DR, RE Link, and A. Kay. "Third-Party Inspection Agency Response to Changing Needs." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 24, no. 1 (1996): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11286j.
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Xu, Wei Pu, Lie Gao Wang, Hong Bo Ma, and Yi Ting Liu. "The Third Party Inspection Research of Valves for Liquefied Natural Gas Project." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.367.
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This paper expounded the necessities of third party inspection for liquefied natural gas project valves. The third party inspection methods are introduced in detail. Tests and operations on each item are analyzed.
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Avenhaus, R. "APPLICATIONS OF INSPECTION GAMES." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2004): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2004.9637251.
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An inspection game is a mathematical model of a non‐cooperative situation where an inspector verifies that another party, called inspectee, adheres to legal rules. The inspector wishes to deter illegal activity on the part of the inspectee and, should illegal activity nevertheless take place, detect it with the highest possible probability and as soon as possible. The inspectee may have some incentive to violate his commitments and violation, if observed, will incur punishment. Therefore if he chooses illegal behaviour, the inspectee will wish to avoid detection with the highest possible probability. Three examples of applications are presented. The first one deals with random controls in public transportation systems. The second one describes the problem of verification of arms control and disarmament in a very general way. The third one deals with inspections over time which are important in the context of non‐proliferation verification.
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Kunreuther, Howard C., Patrick J. McNulty, and Yong Kang. "Third-Party Inspection as an Alternative to Command and Control Regulation." Risk Analysis 22, no. 2 (April 2002): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.00029.
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Sugita, Yoshihiro. "OS1-5 Periodic inspection by third party for safety of elevator." Proceedings of the Industrial, Chemical Machinery & Safety Division Conference 2012 (2012): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicm.2012.21.
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Feder, Judy. "Best Practices for Avoiding Erosion in Annular Fracturing." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 06 (June 1, 2021): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0621-0046-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 204417, “Avoiding Erosion: Best Practices for Coiled Tubing Annular Fracturing Operations,” by Kaveh Yekta, SPE, and Jamie Fenwick, SPE, Essential Energy Services, and Kevin Elliott, SPE, NOV, et al., prepared for the 2021 SPE/ICoTA Virtual Well Intervention Conference, 22–25 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The onset of erosion of coiled tubing (CT) strings may be difficult to predict in annular fracturing operations. The complete paper describes a methodology of verifying that CT strings have not been subject to erosion caused by annular fracturing operations. An exploration of pumping rates used on these strings in operations also provides field-tested practical guidelines for avoiding erosion when performing annular fracturing jobs. Inspection A CT string may be exposed to erosion in the outer surface during CT annular fracturing operations. The critical parameters that may influence the magnitude of erosion include fracturing pump rate, sand concentration, fluid rheology, wellbore geometry, and the grade of CT string. One measurable parameter to examine the string’s suitability is the wall thickness for each section. The CT strings discussed in the complete paper were sent for inspection to learn about the effect of the fracturing treatment. A series of nondestructive tests was conducted pre- and post-operation to evaluate the readiness of strings for subsequent operations. The complete paper includes two graphs related to the results of these tests. Materials The API 5ST specification requires using eddy current (EC) inspection for CT. With respect to API 5ST, quenched and tempered tubing had not been addressed at the time of this paper’s submission, so it is not clear whether the CT manufacturers employ EC techniques after quenching and tempering. However, it is expected that all tubing will be subject to EC inspection at least before any quenching and tempering operations. Inspection methodology and equipment consistency is important to establish a baseline inspection necessary for subsequent comparisons. In the case of the CT strings used in this study, all were subject to EC inspection at tubing manufacturing and then subsequently inspected by an outside, third-party vendor using magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technology when spooling the strings on the unit. No known third-party EC vendors can inspect string lengths of CT, so MFL inspection is the only available solution. Photographs of CT inspections taken at the manufacturing facility and the service and distribution point are included in the paper. Several commercial third-party inspection companies operate in North America, where this work was performed. Provided that the inspection can begin by identifying features in the calibration standard (often a through-drilled hole), the selection of inspection methodology is primarily a matter of preference for the service company and operator.
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Starobin, Shana, and Erika Weinthal. "The Search for Credible Information in Social and Environmental Global Governance: The Kosher Label." Business and Politics 12, no. 3 (October 2010): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1322.
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Hundreds of “eco-labels” and “social labels” exist for consumer products. These labels claim to provide information about characteristics of these products, which consumers cannot directly observe but which many of them consider desirable, such as low environmental impact, good treatment of workers during production, and relatively high prices paid to the local producers of ingredients from developing countries. Third-party certifiers are supposed to solve the well-known problem that a producer's unilateral declarations lack credibility, given the producer's conflict of interest and the information asymmetries between producer and consumer. Much of the literature on global private regulation—through standards for environmental sustainability, corporate social responsibility, among others—assumes that third-party certification works (i.e., overcomes the problems of producer self-declaration). But closer inspection shows that many third-party certifiers lack credibility. This article examines why some third party certifiers are more credible than others. In doing so, we elucidate the ways in which social capital and trust bolster third party certifiers' credibility. The empirical analysis focuses primarily on Kosher food labels within the global food supply chain. We then explore the consequences of the credibility paradox for other third party certified labels that promote social and environmental values.
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Zhang, Ling Ling, Gang Fu, and Xian Fu Wang. "Application of the FTA in the Risk Management of Refined Oil Pipeline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 2211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2211.
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Building a fault tree for the refined oil pipeline on the basis of fault tree analysis method. By analyzing the potential risks existing in the refined oil pipeline, the main sources of risks have been figured out based on FTA. This paper aims to find out the key risk factors existing in the oil pipeline as followed: corrosion, machinery and material failure, the third-party damage and maloperation. The main risk sources and the vulnerable spots are found out through the structural importance analysis of the fault tree, including neglecting the construction supervision, corrosion detection, poor corrosion resistance, operation inspection and supervision and bad alarm system, cathodic protection failure and the third-party damage.
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Mishra, Mowmita, Soumya Kanti Hota, Santanu Kumar Ghosh, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Controlling Waste and Carbon Emission for a Sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain Management under a Cap-and-Trade Strategy." Mathematics 8, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8040466.
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Considering the increasing number of end-of-life goods in the context of improving the ambience and health of a population and their destructive impacts, recycling strategies are important for industries and organizations. In this article, a closed-loop supply chain management containing a single manufacturer, a single retailer, and a third party is introduced in which the manufacturer first propagates newly finished goods and then dispatches some of the finished goods to the retailer considering a single-setup multi-delivery policy. Due to shipping, carbon emission is taken into account as well as a carbon emission trading mechanism to curb the amount of carbon emissions by the retailer. For recycling through collection, inspection, remanufacturing, and landfill, the third party collects the end-of-life goods from its customers and ships perfect products to the manufacturer after a two-stage inspection. In this model, major sources of emissions such as shipping, replenishment orders, and inventory have been taken care of. The minimizing of the total cost relating to the container capacity, shipment numbers, and replenishment cycle length is the main objective of the closed-loop supply chain management for making the system more profitable. Expository numerical explorations, analysis, and graphic representations are conferred to elucidate this model, and it is observed that this model saves some percentage of the cost compared to the existing literature.
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Nie, Wenjing, David Abler, Liqun Zhu, Taiping Li, and Guanghua Lin. "Consumer Preferences and Welfare Evaluation under Current Food Inspection Measures in China: Evidence from Real Experiment Choice of Rice Labels." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114003.
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Frequent food quality and safety issues result in various food inspection measures in China, while some are not widely acknowledged by the public and are less efficient. Consumer demand is significant for priority setting in food policy. This study investigates Chinese consumers’ heterogeneous preferences for selected food inspection measures and estimates welfare effects based on willingness-to-pay (WTP) calculation. Rice consumption data from a 2018 nationwide consumer survey designed using the real choice experiment is analyzed by the random parameters logit and the latent class model. The findings reveal that consumers place a high value on government certification, and brand is valuable especially when public management is perceived as weak. However, the insufficient market demand for third-party certification may increase transaction costs due to overlapping functions and consumers’ distrust. Moreover, there should be a need to broaden consumers’ understanding of traceability and grading systems. This study emphasizes the necessity of direct governmental involvement and the existence of unnecessary policy cost.
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Rust, Daniel L. "In the Shadow of Tragedy: The Evolution of Safety Coregulation on America’s Uninspected Towing Vessels." Enterprise & Society 15, no. 4 (December 2014): 885–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700016141.
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Disasters often prompt debates regarding public policy and lead to changes in safety regulations. With the deaths of 47 passengers and crew, the 1993 Sunset Limited tragedy focused public and governmental attention upon safety practices aboard uninspected towing vessels operated on US inland waterways. The event shaped the policy debate as the federal government imposed new safety regulations upon the towing industry and the dominant industry trade organization, the American Waterways Operators, adopted an industry-driven safety program. Subsequent tragedies revealed the inadequacies of the AWO’s Responsible Carrier Program and pushed industry stakeholders toward the creation of a formal US Coast Guard inspection regime for all uninspected towing vessels. Set within the context of steamboat safety regulations dating from 1838 and drawn from diverse primary sources, this article traces the evolution of safety coregulation aboard America’s uninspected towing vessels, explores the Coast Guard’s reluctance to establish a formal inspection regime for uninspected towing vessels, and highlights why self regulation without a form of strong government or third-party involvement is often unsuccessful.
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Yanyan, Dai, and Chen Meng. "Application Problems and Solutions of Intelligent Airport Service Robots." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804030.
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With the development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, the “intelligent airport” is considered to be an effective means to solve or alleviate the current industry problems such as large-scale airport business, the large number of operating entities, and the complicated operation conditions. This paper is about the collaboration between universities and enterprises based on the concept of service design. Relying on big data and cloud computing technology, this paper addresses the problems of airport service robots in inquiries, blind spots of security inspection, and full monomer smart navigation diffluence, combined with the basic technology of service robot artificial intelligence and the third-party interface to design solutions to effectively solve the problems of process.
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Надоненко, О. Н., and А. В. Николаенкова. "THE REASONS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF CONTAMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL TRACES AT THE BEFORE EXPERT STAGE AND POSSIBLE WAYS TO PREVENT IT." Modern Science, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53039/2079-4401.2021.4.2.001.
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Современное развитие науки в целом и криминалистического ДНК-анализа в частности позволяет исследовать микроколичества веществ, обнаруживаемых на предметах, изъятых с места происшествия. В связи с этим возрастает важность исключения загрязнения места происшествия сторонними материалами и веществами, привнесенными участниками осмотра. В статье рассмотрены причины возникновения контаминации и возможные пути ее предотвращения. The modern development of science in general and forensic DNA analysis in particular allows us to investigate the micro amounts of substances detected on objects seized from the scene. In this regard, the importance of avoiding contamination of the accident site by third-party materials and substances introduced by the participants of the inspection increases. This article is devoted to the consideration of the causes of contamination and possible ways to prevent it.
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Ismail, Rahmah, Wan Amir Azlan Wan Haniff, Suzanna Mohamed Isa, Rozlinda Mohamed Fadzil, Syed Sagoff AlSagoff, and Kartini Aboo Talib Khalid. "The Approach to Safety of Children’s Toys in United States and European Union: A Comparative Study." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0011.
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Following the ‘Year of Recall’ in 2007 which saw greatest number of children’s toys product recalls from United States of America (US) and European Union (EU) markets, both regions instituted new legislations governing children’s products: the US Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA 2008) and EU 2009 Toy Safety Directive. This article analyses the approaches to safety of toys adopted in US and EU in light of the potential for cross-jurisdictional use of the framework. This qualitative research utilizes secondary data gained from scientific database analysis and library research, including documents and precedents on toys safety. These data were analyzed by using legal interpretation and comparative assessment. The study finds key features of each jurisdiction as well as notable similarities and differences in terms of regulations, safety standards used such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO 8124); The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM F963); and European Standards (EN 71). Further, two competing systems, each with its own reigning global governor namely, Third-Party Assessor (3PA) supported by the US and Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity System (SDOC) adopted by the EU, were assessed. When both systems were put into an evaluation, the extra third-party inspection for issuing certificate on the product based on 3PA enable to provide important protection to consumers over the SDOC system.
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Akram, Muhammad Rizwan, and Abdullah Can ZÜLFİKAR. "Identification of Factors Influencing Sustainability of Buried Continuous Pipelines." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030960.
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Threat to the sustainability of buried continuous pipelines (BCPs) can be associated with different factors such as corrosion, natural hazards, and third-party influences. In the past, these factors have been discussed independently by various researchers. Despite these studies, there is still space for a comprehensive review report to be performed in this domain. The purpose of this article is to manage, classify, and describe the literature work done in this sphere. Firstly, the screening of various factors based on their damage criteria has been carried out. An environmental analysis is performed to review the impact of different parameters that can influence the sustainability of BCPs. Further, a technical review on primary factors has been done to examine and measure the causes, damages, mitigation, and inspection techniques. In the last stage, review based decision has been performed. Results of the current study shows that research contribution for corrosion and earthquake factors are in an advanced stage, followed by flood and external surface loads, that are still in progress. However, temperature variations and blast factors are in a premature phase and need broad inspection and research support.
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Bhat, Basanta Rana. "Opportunity and Challenge of Organic Certification System in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 10 (August 12, 2009): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v10i0.2139.
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The demand for organic certification is gradually increasing in Nepal although it is in early stage. Organic certification is a written assurance given by an independent third party about the production methodology and quality of products to confirm special requirements. Certification brings opportunities for protection of local resources, better market access, improvement of worker and consumer health, and eventually enhancement of living conditions of rural communities. The demanding nature of regulatory requirements makes it difficult as well as expensive for local certification initiatives in developing markets to establish themselves to offer export certification. Certification cost, limited awareness of group certification, small and medium-sized farms and inadequate understanding of how organic certification works are some of the constraints for organic certification. Certification Alliance (Cert All), a regional collaboration in certification representing national and international organic certification bodies, addresses the aforementioned challenges. The alliance has recognized the value of collaborating instead of competing. Organic Certification Nepal (OCN), a part of Cert All, offers an internationally accredited inspection and certification service to local operators at a reasonable cost. This paper highlights certification process followed by OCN and potential challenges and opportunities it will likely face.Key words: Organic Agriculture; Standards; Inspection; Certification; HarmonizationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 144-149
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Elvira-Hernández, Ernesto A., Francisco López-Huerta, Héctor Vázquez-Leal, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, and Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May. "Aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle with infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage in pipeline networks." Acta Universitaria 30 (February 12, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2020.2534.
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Oil pipeline networks require periodic inspection to detect damages that can generate oil leakage in natural and human environments. These damages can be caused by geological hazard and interference from third party. In order to detect these damages, low-cost techniques that consider both the oil pipeline networks and the environment are required. In this paper, the aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with Eppler 748 sailplane airfoil (wingspan of 1.635 m) is presented. The UAV can include a small infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage of a pipeline network using the infrared radiation related to oil. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the UAV is developed to predict its lift and drag coefficients as a function of the Reynolds number and the angle of attack (AoA). The air velocity profile around UAV is estimated with the CFD simulations. In addition, a scale model (1:6.5) of the UAV is fabricated using a 3D printer, which is tested employing a subsonic wind tunnel. For the UAV with AoA of 0, the drag and lift coefficients obtained with the CFD model have a similar behavior with respect to those measured through the subsonic wind tunnel. The designed UAV could be used for low-cost inspections of damages in oil pipeline networks in comparison with the use of helicopters or light aircraft.
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Smith, Liane, and Enda O'Sullivan. "Well integrity management—a progressive approach to a major industry challenge." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13059.
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Integrity of the well and well system is of paramount importance, it is central to safe operation of any oil and gas facility and to the corporate and social reputation of the licenced operator to being a competent party to operate these facilities. Indeed, NOPSEMA’s misson statement is to independently and professionally regulate offshore safety, well integrity, and environmental management. This extended abstract highlights the importance of data as being core to knowledge and assurance of well integrity: what to monitor, how to manage that data, and ultimately how to interpret that data to determine the well condition and to ensure the safe operation of the wells. This extended abstract uses case studies that include more than 2,000 wells distributed across multiple operators, multiple fields, multiple countries, and multiple continents. Each has a unique story; however, a common element is the management of data spread across multiple third-party data systems, which have been successfully integrated in each case. More challenging is the range of data analysis and presentations customised for each client to achieve their goal of safe well operation. Examples of the data analysis and presentations include risk evaluation against complex criteria in individual well failure matrices, determination of tubing condition based on varying production conditions, managing well safe operating limits, and determining mean time to failure of equipment to establish risk-based inspection frequencies.
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Tang, Ke, Haiwen Yuan, Jianxun Lv, and Fengchen Chen. "Developing an Intelligent Monitoring Technology for Airport Stone Column Machines." Sensors 20, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113050.
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Most of the construction machinery for vibro-sinking stone columns, which are widely used in China, needs to be improved in terms of degree of automation. Engineering quality control is mainly carried out post-inspection; consequently, it is difficult to control the construction quality in real time. According to the construction characteristics of traditional stone column machines, we established the theory and model for the real-time monitoring of stone column construction, as well as put forward an intelligent monitoring method for stone column machines. With the comprehensive application of critical technologies such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurement technology, laser ranging sensors, and massive data processing, an intelligent data acquisition technique and associated monitoring equipment for stone column construction machines are developed. The data acquisition and storage of crucial construction parameters, such as pile depth, pile point co-ordinates, bearing layer current, and reverse insertion times, are realized. A large number of actual construction data are collected and the construction quality parameters of stone column machines are obtained. By comparison with third-party detection data, it is verified that the intelligent monitoring technique for stone column machines proposed in this paper is feasible.
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Bartlett, R. C., M. Mazens-Sullivan, J. Z. Tetreault, S. Lobel, and J. Nivard. "Evolving approaches to management of quality in clinical microbiology." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 55–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.1.55.
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Quality management in clinical microbiology began in the 1960s. Both government and professional societies introduced programs for proficiency testing and laboratory inspection and accreditation. Many laboratory scientists and pathologists were independently active and creative in expanding efforts to monitor and improve practices. The initial emphasis was placed on intralaboratory process. Later, attention was shifted to physician ordering, specimen collection, reporting, and use of information. Quality management in the laboratory depends in large part on the monitoring of indicators that provide some evidence of how laboratory resources are being used and how the information benefits patient care. Continuous quality improvement should be introduced. This consists of a more thorough assessment of doing the right things versus the wrong things in terms of customer demand and satisfaction and studying the cumulative effect of error when responsibility is passed from one person to another. Prevention of error is accomplished more through effective training and continuing education than through surveillance. Also, this system will force more conscious attention to meeting the expectations of the many customers that must be satisfied by laboratory services, including patients, physicians, third-party payers, and managed-care organizations.
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Grandin, Temple. "Methods to Prevent Future Severe Animal Welfare Problems Caused by COVID-19 in the Pork Industry." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030830.
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In the U.S., the most severe animal welfare problems caused by COViD-19 were in the pork industry. Thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farm due to reduced slaughter capacity caused by ill workers. In the future, both short-term and long-term remedies will be needed. In the short-term, a portable electrocution unit that uses scientifically validated electrical parameters for inducing instantaneous unconsciousness, would be preferable to some of the poor killing methods. A second alternative would be converting the slaughter houses to carcass production. This would require fewer people to process the same number of pigs. The pandemic revealed the fragility of large centralized supply chains. A more distributed supply chain with smaller abattoirs would be more robust and less prone to disruption, but the cost of pork would be greater. Small abattoirs can coexist with large slaughter facilities if they process pigs for specialized premium markets such as high welfare pork. The pandemic also had a detrimental effect on animal welfare inspection and third party auditing programs run by large meat buyers. Most in-person audits in the slaughter plants were cancelled and audits were done by video. Video audits should never completely replace in-person audits.
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Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Consumers’ Awareness on Their Basic Rights and Willingness to Pay for Organic Vegetables in Ethiopia." Journal of Socioeconomics and Development 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v3i1.1278.
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In developing countries, widely reported incidents of dangerous levels of pesticides in food have stimulated the demand for organic food, a movement to choose organic agriculture. It also makes more people have desires to consume chemical free foods. This study, therefore, assessed the consumers’ awareness of their eight basic rights and willingness to pay for organic vegetables in Ethiopia. The data were collected from 200 respondents (consumers) from Addis Ababa and 80 smallholder vegetable farmers at Ziway and Meki through a combination of random and purposive sampling procedures using a structured interview and were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results show that vegetable producers used a lot of chemicals, but not in a safe way or at the optimum level. The findings also show that the overall degree of consumers’ awareness on the eight consumer rights is low. Furthermore, willingness to pay premium prices about 5-50% to obtain organic products, which can be viewed as the cost of investment in human health, is encouraging. There is a need to target agricultural policies relating to handling practices and for public health policies to be more differentiated in promoting food safety. Informing consumers about unique characteristics of organic production methods, the strict inspection and required third party certification might be a promising strategy to develop the market for organic vegetables in Ethiopian urban centers. JEL Classification: D18, Q10, Q18
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Quah, Jon S. T. "Evaluating the effectiveness of anti-corruption agencies in five Asian countries." Asian Education and Development Studies 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2014-0050.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to ascertain the levels of effectiveness of the anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) in China, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan; second, to explain why some of these ACAs are more effective than others; and third, to suggest some policy recommendations for addressing their limitations. Design/methodology/approach – This paper relies on three well-known international indicators to assess the perceived extent of corruption in the five countries. Similarly, their quality of governance is assessed by their total percentile rank on the World Bank’s six governance indicators in 2013. Findings – Singapore’s Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau is effective because of its government’s political will and favorable policy context. The Philippines and Taiwan rely on ineffective multiple ACAs, which are inadequately staffed and funded, and compete with each other for limited resources. China’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection is ineffective because corrupt party members are disciplined and not prosecuted, and the political leaders use corruption as a weapon against their opponents. Japan’s weak political will is reflected in its reluctance to address its structural corruption. This paper concludes with policy recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of the ACAs in the five countries. Originality/value – The comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the ACAs in the five Asian countries and the policy recommendations for addressing their limitations will be of interest to policy makers, scholars and anti-corruption practitioners.
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APPLING, XARVIERA S., PETRONA LEE, and CRAIG W. HEDBERG. "Understanding the Relation between Establishment Food Safety Management and Risk Factor Violations Cited during Routine Inspections." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 1936–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-278.
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ABSTRACT Certified Food Manager (CFM) training can help ensure proper food safety practices for decreasing risk factor violations associated with foodborne illness. However, the effectiveness of food safety management also depends on the authority of the person in charge (PIC) and the added value of third-party inspectors auditing food safety policies and practices. To examine the effect of food safety management characteristics on risk factor violations cited on routine inspections, we evaluated results of 546 routine inspections in the cities of Bloomington and Richfield, MN, between 2016 and 2017. Food establishment management was characterized by the presence of a CFM of record for the establishment, whether the PIC was certified, and whether the establishment used a third-party inspector to audit food safety policies and practices. For each of these food safety management characteristics, the establishment had fewer risk factor observations that were out of compliance during routine inspections. The relationship between the establishment's food safety management characteristics and either the percentage of observations out of compliance or the inspections with observations out of compliance differed by risk factor category. For preventing contamination by hands, the lowest rates were found for inspections in which the CFM of record was the PIC. However, for potentially hazardous food time and temperature violations, establishments that used third-party inspectors had lower percentages of both observations and inspections out of compliance across all categories of management characteristics. The results of our study support the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regarding CFMs. However, our findings also suggest greater complexity in the characteristics of food safety management, which include the role of third-party inspectors and whether a CFM is acting in the role of the CFM of record.
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Er, Jweeping, Howard C. Kunreuther, and Isadore Rosenthal. "Utilizing Third-Party Inspections for Preventing Major Chemical Accidents." Risk Analysis 18, no. 2 (April 1998): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00926.x.
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Alme, Inge, Angel Casal, Trygve Leinum, and Helge Flesland. "Blowout preventer (BOP) risk model to assist critical decisions in offshore drilling." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12018.
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The BOP is a critical safety system of an offshore drilling rig, as shown in the 2010 Macondo accident. A challenge for the oil and gas industry is to decide what to do when the BOP is failing. Pulling the BOP to the surface during operations for inspection and testing is a costly and timely operation. Many of the potential failures are not critical to overall safety as multiple levels of redundancy are often available. Scandpower and Moduspec, both subsidiaries of Lloyd’s Register, have developed a BOP risk model that will assist the industry make the pull or no pull decisions. Scandpower’s proprietary software RiskSpectrum is used for the modelling. This software is used for equivalent decision support in the nuclear power industry, where the risk levels of total nuclear power plants are monitored live by operators in the control rooms. By modelling existing BOPs and their submerged control systems, and using risk monitor software for keeping track on the status of the BOP subsystems and components, the industry is able to define the real-time operational risk level the BOP is operating at. It, therefore, allows the inclusion for sensitivity modelling with possible faulty components factored in the model. The main task of the risk model is to guide and support energy companies and regulators in the decision process when considering whether to pull the BOP for repairs. Moreover, it will help the communication with the regulators, since the basis for the decisions are more traceable and easier to follow for a third party.
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Hartmann, C., A. Totemeier, S. Holcombe, J. Liverud, M. Limi, J. E. Hansen, and E. Navestad. "Measurement station for interim inspections of Lightbridge metallic fuel rods at the Halden Boiling Water Reactor." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817004011.
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Lightbridge Corporation has developed a new Uranium-Zirconium based metallic fuel. The fuel rods aremanufactured via a co-extrusion process, and are characterized by their multi-lobed (cruciform-shaped) cross section. The fuel rods are also helically-twisted in the axial direction. Two experimental fuel assemblies, each containing four Lightbridge fuel rods, are scheduled to be irradiated in the Halden Boiling Water Reactor (HBWR) starting in 2018. In addition to on-line monitoring of fuel rod elongation and critical assembly conditions (e.g. power, flow rates, coolant temperatures, etc.) during the irradiation, several key parameters of the fuel will be measured out-of-core during interim inspections. An inspection measurement station for use in the irradiated fuel handling compartment at the HBWR has therefore been developed for this purpose. The multi-lobed cladding cross section combined with the spiral shape of the Lightbridge metallic fuel rods requires a high-precision guiding system to ensure good position repeatability combined with low-friction guiding. The measurement station is equipped with a combination of instruments and equipment supplied from third-party vendors and instruments and equipment developed at Institute for Energy Technology (IFE). Two sets of floating linear voltage differential transformer (LVDT) pairs are used to measure swelling and diameter changes between the lobes and the valleys over the length of the fuel rods. Eddy current probes are used to measure the thickness of oxide layers in the valleys and on the lobe tips and also to detect possible surface cracks/pores. The measurement station also accommodates gamma scans. Additionally, an eddy-current probe has been developed at IFE specifically to detect potential gaps or discontinuities in the bonding layer between the metallic fuel and the Zirconium alloy cladding. Potential gaps in the bonding layer will be hidden behind a 0.5-1.0 mm thick cladding wall. It has therefore been necessary to perform a careful design study of the probe geometry. For this, finite element analysis (FEA) has been performed in combination with practical validation tests on representative fuel dummies with machined flaws to find the probe geometry that best detects a hidden flaw. Tests performed thus far show that gaps down to 25 μm thickness can be detected with good repeatability and good discrimination from lift-off signals.
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Ozeran, Alla, and Nadiia Gura. "Audit and accounting considerations on cryptoassets and related transactions." Economic Annals-ХХI 184, no. 7-8 (September 10, 2020): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v184-11.
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Introduction. The rapid rise and volatility of cryptoassets have led to increased global interest by governments, investors, regulators. In 2020, the market capitalization of cryptocurrencies increased to USD 758.06 billion by expert estimations. Each of the cryptoassets has its own unique features and characteristics which makes their accounting and auditing challenging. The lack of official accounting and auditing guidance for cryptoassets and related transactions impose additional audit risks that should be measured properly before the client-acceptance stage and planning audit procedures. We developed a model which links financial statement assertions, identified cryptoassets’ risks that should be considered during the audit, and related controls in response to such risks. The purpose of this paper is to identify cryptoassets framework for audit planning and gathering audit evidence to support management assertions regarding their financial statements. Methods. This paper adopts an empirical research approach with application of auditing and analytical procedures. In a comprehensive analytical overview of trends in cryptoassets market capitalization, the authors have used statistical methods and structural analysis, the selected sample includes daily data of cryptoassets market capitalization during January 2016 - February 2020. Results. According to the conducted research, the auditors have to consider whether to accept or continue an audit engagement when an entity has engaged in material cryptocurrency transactions; the auditors have to identify and assess risks of material misstatement in financial statements related to cryptoassets transactions and balances. We suggested a possible substantive audit procedures for cryptoassets and related transactions, such as: inspection of the wallets and verification the balances on them; confirmation by a third party (traders); inspection of documents supporting ownership of the asset (white papers, agreements with crypto-traders); testing client internal controls system and controls that are implemented to ensure the security of the private key of crypto-wallet. Conclusions. It is becoming common for financial statements to show cryptoassets balances and reflect the results of cryptoassets transactions, however, many auditors may have little or no experience with cryptoassets and therefore may not fully appreciate the challenges that auditing these items may present. The auditors need to identify and assess risks of material misstatement throughout the process of obtaining an understanding of the entity and its control environment, and evaluate the potential effect of that risks on financial statements.
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WALLACE, F. MORGAN, JEFFREY E. CALL, ANNA C. S. PORTO, GEORGE J. COCOMA, and JOHN B. LUCHANSKY. "Recovery Rate of Listeria monocytogenes from Commercially Prepared Frankfurters during Extended Refrigerated Storage†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.4.584.
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To assess the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurters, about 33,000 packages (1 lb each) were obtained by a third-party contractor from 12 volunteer commercial manufacturers over a 2-year period. The 12 producers, each of which contributed about 2,700 packages of frankfurters from one production run, comprised 9 large and 3 small plants located in eight U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) districts in 10 states. Five days after manufacture, 500 packages were sampled at the USDA/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC) in Wyndmoor, Pa., by the USDA/ARS package rinse method. At regular intervals during subsequent storage at 4 and 10°C, an additional 200 packages were tested for the pathogen at each sampling point. From a statistical perspective, L. monocytogenes was not recovered from any of the products of nine of the producers, whereas the pathogen was recovered at rates of 1.5% (plant 367), 2.2% (plant 439), and 16% (plant 133) from the products of the remaining three plants. In total, 532 of 32,800 (1.6%) packages of frankfurters tested positive for the pathogen. The recovery rates did not change appreciably over time, there was no appreciable difference in L. monocytogenes recovery rates with respect to frankfurter storage temperature (4 or 10°C), and the seasonality of manufacture had no influence on recovery rate. Molecular subtyping of multiple L. monocytogenes–positive isolates from each plant revealed that profile A (serotype 1/2a) was displayed by about 90% of the 1,105 isolates tested. However, in some cases it was also possible to recover more than one profile from a given plant. This study provides estimates of the prevalence, types, and viability of L. monocytogenes associated with commercially prepared frankfurters during extended refrigerated storage.
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Turku, M., O. Lepistö, and J. Lundén. "Differences between official inspections and third party audits of food establishments." Food Control 85 (March 2018): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.031.
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Naspetti, Simona, and Raffaele Zanoli. "Consumatori e certificazione dei prodotti da agricoltura biologica. Un'analisi empirica." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 1 (May 2012): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2012-001009.
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According to the new organic (Regulation (ec) No 834/2007, a mandatory eu logo for organic food was introduced as well as new guidelines to label organic products. In the new labelling the indication of origin of the raw materials is compulsory: ‘eu Agriculture', ‘non-eu Agriculture' or ‘eu/non-eu Agriculture'. When all agricultural raw materials came from the same country, the terms ‘eu' and ‘non-eu' can be replaced or supplemented by the name of that country. The name of the Organic certifier can be also signalled to final consumers by the product labelling. In some eu countries (Denmark and Germany) the product label based on a third-party certification, private or public, make them trust the underlying certification scheme. Although consumers often lack knowledge on organic certification and organic farming practices in general, several studies highlight that scepticism and uncertainty towards organic logos and certification prevent consumers from buying more organic food. The present study analyses how consumers perceive some of the most important aspect of the new labelling regulation (the origin of raw materials and the organic certifier for organic food). Few studies exist on consumer views on organic labelling for organic food and willingness to pay for trust in the organic food quality (Burrell et al., 2006). The recommendations drawn from our findings can help stakeholders in the Italian organic sector. 415 consumers in three Italian locations (Ancona, Milano, Bari) participated to a survey in March 2010. The results show that the organic consumers prefer organic products from Europe and trust products certified by Italian (more than from foreign countries) and public certification bodies (more than private). These findings suggest the need for transparency of the complexity of the organic certification and accreditation system, unknown to most of the consumers. There is a need to make them clear what the new label characteristics stand for and remove consumer concerns of the standards and the trustworthiness of the inspection system.
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Raihani, Nichola J., Alexandra S. Grutter, and Redouan Bshary. "Punishers Benefit From Third-Party Punishment in Fish: Fig. 1." Science 327, no. 5962 (January 7, 2010): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1183068.
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In cases where uninvolved bystanders pay to punish defectors, this behavior has typically been interpreted in terms of group-level rather than individual-level benefits. Male cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus, punish their female partner if she cheats while inspecting model clients. Punishment promotes female cooperation and thereby yields direct foraging benefits to the male. Thus, third-party punishment can evolve via self-serving tendencies in a nonhuman species, and this finding may shed light on the evolutionary dynamics of more complex behavior in other animal species, including humans.
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Pathak, Vimal Kumar, and Amit Kumar Singh. "Investigating Alignment Effect on Inspection Accuracy of AM Part Using 3D Scanner." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 16, no. 02 (June 2017): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021968671750010x.
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Presently, parts having intricate custom-made profiles are mostly fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) processes. It becomes an essential task to verify the accuracy of AM parts so that they meet customer’s need and requirement. In product quality control, quick error comparison of manufactured part and an original CAD model is usually laborious but still a critical issue. Noncontact inspections using 3D scanners were preferred over conventional coordinate measurements, due to the significant amount of point data capturing in very short span of time. One of the important step of the noncontact inspection procedure using the 3D scanner is the correct localization of the datum reference frame. This step would help in the effective alignment of the digitized point data. This paper takes into consideration various 3-2-1 alignment approaches and investigates their influence on the inspection results. The result provides an evidence that an incorrect description of the product reference frame can lead to erroneous estimation of actual part deviations. The results show higher distance distribution for most of the point data of third alignment as the distance distribution is influenced by the worst description of the part reference frame. On the contrary, second alignment shows least distance distribution among point data due to correct reference frame definition.
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Piney, Mark, Diane Llewellyn, Rachel O'Hara, John Saunders, John Cocker, Kate Jones, and David Fishwick. "Reducing isocyanate exposure and asthma risk in motor vehicle repair." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 8, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-10-2014-0043.
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Purpose – Exposure to isocyanates was the leading cause of occupational asthma in the UK. Motor vehicle repair (MVR) bodyshop paint sprayers were at greatest risk, despite widespread use of air-fed breathing apparatus and ventilated booths. Most paint sprayers work in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) project, described in this paper, is to improve exposure control measures in at least 20 per cent of MVR bodyshops, and reduce the risk of occupational asthma. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – A three-stranded plan consisted of: Safety and Health Awareness Days (SHADs); workplace inspections; and third-party stakeholder communications. The impact of various parts of the project were evaluated. Findings – Approximately 18 per cent of bodyshops in the UK attended one of 32 SHADs, following which over 90 per cent of delegates expressed an “intention to act” to improve exposure control measures. A local assessment showed that at least 50 per cent of bodyshops improved exposure control measures. An evaluation of 109 inspections found that enforcement action was taken at 40 per cent of visits. Third-party engagement produced a joint HSE-industry designed poster, new agreed guidance on spray booths and dissemination of SHAD material. Knowledge of booth clearance time has become widespread, and 85 per cent of booths now have pressure gauges. Biological monitoring data show that, post-SHAD, exposures were lower. Originality/value – A sustained national project using clear, relevant, tested messages delivered via different routes, had a sector-wide impact in bodyshops. It is probable that the project has improved isocyanate exposure control in at least 20 per cent of bodyshops. The generic lessons could be applied to other widespread SME businesses.
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Безлюдько, Gennadiy Bezlyudko, Попов, Boris Popov, Соломаха, and Roman Solomakha. "Application of Coercive Force Method Nowadays." NDT World 18, no. 4 (December 16, 2015): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16326.
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The article shows an attempt to group the main areas of practical applications for NDT of ferromagnetic metal mechanical properties by measuring a magnetic parameter – a coercive force. All the areas are divided into 5 blocks. The first block represents coercivity application for process inspection and acceptance inspection at metal production. The second and third blocks represent in-service local and integral inspection of equipment and its parts current status. The fourth and fifth blocks present coercimetric fatigue state estimation of austenitic (initially non-magnetic) stainless steels. Using a coercimetric inspection (the tried-and-true method for ferromagnetic steels) is getting possible due to austenite transformation followed by initiation of ferromagnetism. In this case the fatigue damage level can also be estimated. The cumulative coercimetric effect of austenite degradation is even more evident than that for classic ferromagnetic steels. Thus the task of fatigue testing for stainless austenitic steels can be considered solved at practice level.
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DEGANI, FRANCA CATTELANI, and FRANCESCO BARBIERI. "TRE LETTERE DI GEMINIANO MONTANARI A GIAN DOMENICO CASSINI *." Nuncius 12, no. 2 (1997): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539197x00807.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title Here are been transcribed three letters sended by Geminiano Montanari to Gian Domenico Cassini. The first two, written in 1669, deal with his experiments with different types of tempered glass and with the tears or gocciole e vermicelli di vetro che rotti in qualunque parte si stritolano d'un subito in minuta polvere. The third, dated 1673, regards mainly the inspections made by Montanari on the S. Petronio sundial in Bologna.
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Belodedenko, Sergei, V. Hanush, A. Baglay, and О. Hrechanyі. "Fatigue Resistance Models of Structural for Risk Based Inspection." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091477.
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The current stage of civil engineering is characterized by special attention to the safety of structures with a long service life. Such objects were designed several decades ago and their safe operation was ensured by significant safety margins. Now this approach to safety has been replaced by the concept of acceptable risk. It forms the basis of a risk based inspection (RBI) maintenance strategy. The transition from preventive maintenance strategies to a technical condition maintenance is substantiated. Complex indicators of technical condition, suitable for RBI- maintenance, are considered. The methodology of the resource safety index (RSI) is proposed. The latter is used as an indicator of risk. Special models of fatigue resistance is required for its control. The purpose of this paper is to build fatigue models for critical structural elements that are serviced according to the RBI concept. Instead of the traditional S-N curve, the lifetime general equation (first model) be used, where by the arguments are the main influence factors. Along with this, a modified ε - N equation is proposed for deformation criteria. The novelty of this equation is that it uses the rate of S-N- curve (slope) obtained in the first model with high cycle fatigue. The second model, combining the results of fatigue tests, is the equation for the dispersion of durability. The third model is the accumulated damage function under overloads. The efficiency of the RSI method is demonstrated by the example of the reliability assessment of the high strength bolts. Thanks to RSI method forecasting, during RBI-maintenance, parts can be used 3-5 times longer than with traditional methods.
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Lapshov, Iurii A. "AUTOMATED CONTROL OF THE SOFTWARE PROTOTYPE CODE REVIEW BASED ON THE QUESTION-ANSWERING PROTOCOLS FOR REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS." АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ 63, no. 1 (2021): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35752/1991-2927-2021-1-63-119-129.
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The paper describes the architecture of software tools for automating the management of code review of software prototypes of design solutions that allow to obtain such effects as ensuring interactive interaction between the designer and an expert performing code review, as well as reducing the expert’s time spent on commenting the code by selecting a comment from the list prepared in advance for each requirement from the requirements obtained during the analysis. The tools being developed consist of three main parts. The first part presents requirements in a question-and-answer format including standard comments to be inserted into the prototype code in case of non-compliance with these requirements. The second one is a relational database, which is designed to store the source codes of prototypes aimed at inspection and passed it with expert comments. The third one is a Web-application that allows the designer to send prototype codes for review and see the results of the inspection, and an expert to provide viewing and editing of the prototype source code with the insertion of both standard, pre-prepared comments, and written in free form.
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Abdulhameed, Osama, Abdurahman Mushabab Al-Ahmari, Wadea Ameen, and Syed Hammad Mian. "Novel dynamic CAPP system for hybrid additive–subtractive–inspection process." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 988–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2017-0239.
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Purpose Hybrid manufacturing technologies combining individual processes can be recognized as one of the most cogent developments in recent times. As a result of integrating additive, subtractive and inspection processes within a single system, the relative benefits of each process can be exploited. This collaboration uses the strength of the individual processes, while decreasing the shortcomings and broadening the application areas. Notwithstanding its numerous advantages, the implementation of hybrid technology is typically affected by the limited process planning methods. The process planning methods proficient at effectively using manufacturing sources for hybridization are notably restrictive. Hence, this paper aims to propose a computer-aided process planning system for hybrid additive, subtractive and inspection processes. A dynamic process plan has been developed, wherein an online process control with intelligent and autonomous characteristics, as well as the feedback from the inspection, is utilized. Design/methodology/approach In this research, a computer-aided process planning system for hybrid additive, subtractive and inspection process has been proposed. A framework based on the integration of three phases has been designed and implemented. The first phase has been developed for the generation of alternative plans or different scenarios depending on machining parameters, the amount of material to be added and removed in additive and subtractive manufacturing, etc. The primary objective in this phase has been to conduct set-up planning, process selection, process sequencing, selection of machine parameters, etc. The second phase is aimed at the identification of the optimum scenario or plan. Findings To accomplish this goal, economic models for additive and subtractive manufacturing were used. The objective of the third phase was to generate a dynamic process plan depending on the inspection feedback. For this purpose, a multi-agent system has been used. The multi-agent system has been used to achieve intelligence and autonomy of different phases. Practical implications A case study has been developed to test and validate the proposed algorithm and establish the performance of the proposed system. Originality/value The major contribution of this work is the novel dynamic computer-aided process planning system for the hybrid process. This hybrid process is not limited by the shortcomings of the constituent processes in terms of tool accessibility and support volume. It has been established that the hybrid process together with an appropriate computer-aided process plan provides an effective solution to accurately fabricate a variety of complex parts.
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H. Walsh, John. "SEC’s examination program issues a risk alert on investment adviser due diligence processes." Journal of Investment Compliance 15, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-05-2014-0019.
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Purpose – To summarize and interpret a Risk Alert titled “Investment Adviser Due Diligence Processes for Selecting Alternative Investments and their Respective Managers,” issued by the USA Securities and Exchange Commission Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations on January 28, 2014. Design/methodology/approach – Focuses on investment advisers selecting underlying alternative investment managers. Discusses the scope of the Staff’s observations. Describes several due diligence practices observed by the staff, including seeking greater transparency; utilizing third-party information aggregators, administrators, custodians, and auditors; using more quantitative analysis; and extending due diligence process to include operational and liquidity reviews. Lists several observed warning indicators that could lead an advisor to conduct additional due diligence, request the underlying manager to make appropriate changes, or reject or veto an investment. Identifies both positive and negative compliance practices. Findings – The Risk Alert noted several observed risk indicators that could lead an adviser to conduct additional due diligence, request the underlying manager to make appropriate changes, or reject or veto the investment. Advisers can assume that SEC Staff will ask about these risks in future adviser examinations. Originality/value – Practical guidance from an experienced financial services and securities lawyer.
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Assi, Abdullah Daie'e. "Estimation of Some Mechanical Properties for Similar & Dissimilar Welded Joints." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2014): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol2.iss1.24.
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This research deals with the choice of the suitable filler metal to weld the similar and dissimilar metals (Low carbon steel type A516 & Austenitic stainless steel type 316L) under constant conditions such as, plate thickness (6 mm), voltage (78 v), current (120 A), straight polarity. This research deals with three major parts.
The first parts Four types of electrodes were used for welding of dissimilar metals (C.St A516 And St.St 316L) two from mild steel (E7018, E6013) and other two from austenitic stainless steel (E309L, E308L) various inspection were carried out include (Visual T., X-ray T., δ- Ferrite phase T., and Microstructures T.) and mechanical testing include (tensile T., bending T. and micro hardness T.)
The second parts done by used the same parameters to welding similar metals from (C.St A516) Or (St.St 316L).
The third parts deals with welding of dissimilar weldments (C.St And St.St) by two processes, gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) and shielded metal are welding (SMAW).
The results indicated that the spread of carbon from low carbon steel to the welding zone in the case of welding stainless steel elect pole (E309L) led to Configuration Carbides and then high hardness the link to high values compared with the base metal. In most similar weldments showed hardness of the welding area is higher than the hardness of the base metal. The electrode (E309L) is the most suitable to welding dissimilar metals from (C.St A516 With St.St 316L). The results also showed that the method of welding (GTAW) were better than the method of welding (SMAW) in dissimilar welded joints (St.St 316L with C.St A516) in terms of irregular shape and integrity of the welding defects, as well as characterized this weldments the high-lift and resistance ductility good when using the welding conditions are similar.
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Vavra, S. H., and S. B. Carroll. "The zygotic control of Drosophila pair-rule gene expression. I. A search for new pair-rule regulatory loci." Development 107, no. 3 (November 1, 1989): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.3.663.
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The examination of pair-rule gene expression in wild-type and segmentation mutant embryos has identified many, but not necessarily all, of the elements of the regulatory system that establish their periodic patterns. Here we have conducted a new type of search for previously unknown regulators of these genes by examining pair-rule gene expression in blastoderm embryos lacking parts of or entire chromosomes. This method has the advantage of direct inspection of abnormal pair-rule gene patterns without relying upon mutagenesis or interpretation of larval phenotypes for the identification of segmentation genes. From these experiments we conclude that: (i) most zygotically required regulators of the fushi tarazu (ftz), even-skipped (eve) and hairy (h) pair-rule genes have been identified, except for one or more loci we have uncovered on chromosome arm 2L; (ii) the repression of the ftz and eve genes in the anterior third of the embryo is under maternal, not zygotic control; and (iii) there are no general zygotically required activators of pair-rule gene expression. The results suggest that the molecular basis of pair-rule gene regulation can be pursued with greater confidence now that most key trans-acting factors are already in hand.
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Kanehira, Masafumi, Werner J. Finger, Keiichi Sasaki, Naohiko Iwasaki, Hidekazu Takahashi, and Natthavoot Koottathape. "Texture of Composite Resins Exposed to Two- and Three- Body Wear in vitro." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 15, no. 2 (2014): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1521.
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ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures from eight composite resins, taken in the centers of the initial, the middle and the terminal thirds of in vitro produced wear tracks morphological features to explain causative mechanisms for the material wear observed under two- and three-body wear. Materials and methods In vitro wear behavior of eight composite resins, three conventional and five nanofiller containing marketed products was evaluated using a custommade Zr-ball-on-disk sliding device. The composite specimens were subjected to 50,000 one-way sliding cycles (1.2 Hz, 50 N load), either simulating two-body wear with water as the intermediate medium or three-body wear using aqueous suspensions of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads and poppy seeds, respectively. Volume loss of the materials was determined in previous study. Representative specimens were selected for inspection by scanning electron microscopy at 500-fold magnification. From each of the 24 wear tracks microphotographs were taken in the central deepest parts of the initial, middle and terminal thirds of the tracks. Results For most materials morphological differences were detected depending on the location within the wear track. As a rule, the surface deterioration found increased toward the final part of the wear scar. According to common classification in tribology abrasive wear and fatigue wear, or a combination of both mechanisms were found for all materials tested. Wear was dependent both on the testing mode and on the composition of the individual composite resin material. Conclusion The morphological assessment of wear tracks reflects the nature of the abrasive and reveals insight into the mechanism generating wear patterns. Morphological details confirmed abrasive and fatigue-related wear as main failure mechanisms. Selection of food-like slurries as third-body media, such as poppy seed suspension is mandatory to simulate wear of composite restorations in occlusal cavities where three-body wear is the dominating determinant of loss of substance and surface deterioration. How to cite this article Iwasaki N, Takahashi H, Koottathape N, Kanehira M, Finger WJ, Sasaki K. Texture of Composite Resins Exposed to Two- and Three-Body Wear in vitro. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):232-241.
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Raines, Susan Summers, Tan Rong, and Xu Fei. "Costs, Benefits, and Motivations for ISO 14001 Adoption in China and Around." Chinese Public Administration Review 1, no. 3/4 (January 1, 2006): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v1i3/4.108.
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In an attempt to overcome barriers to trade posed by numerous and often contradictory national-level enveironmental requirements, the International Orgnaization for Standardization (ISO) has created a voluntry set of uniform environmental management system guidelines for firms, formally known as ISO 14001. Firms may decide to implement an ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS) and become third-party certified in order to improve their environmental management and to increase their marketability. This study examines the relative costs, benefits, and motivations for ISO 14001 certification for China compared to other economically developing and developed countries. These comparisons allow us to better understand the ways in which the unique economic and political conditions within China affect the incentives for Chinese firms to join in voluntary self-regulatory measures. Survey results indicate that ISO 14001 certified firms in China and experiencing benefits equal to or greater than their peers in other countries. Benefits to environmental management appear to be significant and they generally outweigh the costs of implementation and certification. However, as with most voluntary standards, the potential for abuse remains. Therefore regulators and policy makers are advised not to grant regulatroy relief or reduced inspections except on a case-by-case basis.
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Ahmed, Bilal. "Impact of Privatisation On Financial Performance and Efficiency of State Owned Enterprises." IBT Journal of Business Studies 14, no. 2 (2018): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2018.14.02.13.
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This study designed for inspecting the potential effect of privatization on the financial performance and efficiency of the Cement Sector (Kohat Cement Company and Dandot Cement Company), Oil and Gas Sector (PPL and NRL) and Service Sector (PTCL and KESC). This research is an effort to contribute in the discussion on how privatization of state-owned enterprises may impact on the financial performance and efficiency of these enterprises. The data were obtained from the State Bank library of Pakistan, Official websites of selected companies, Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and Karachi Stock Exchange of five years pre and five years' post-privatization. Moreover, Paired t-test applied for determining and comparing the significant differences among companies' financial performances and their efficiency levels, under before and after privatization periods. The findings revealed that privatization has an insignificant impact on Cement Sector, as well as, on Service Sector. However, there is a significant impact of privatization on Oil and Gas Sector documented in this research. Furthermore, instead of privatizing companies, the government of Pakistan should accept the skills of individual persons and understand that they can resolve issues more brilliantly as compared to the third party.
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Delhaise, André, Stephan Meschter, Polina Snugovsky, Jeff Kennedy, and Zohreh Bagheri. "Tin Whisker Formation on Small Outline Transistors Assembled Using Bismuth-Containing Lead-Free Solder Alloys After Long-Term Ambient Temperature, High Humidity Storage Part 3: In-Depth Characterization and Mechanisms." Journal of Surface Mount Technology 34, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37665/smt.v34i1.23.
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With the introduction of environmental legislation such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), lead (Pb)-free materials have made their way into the electronics manufacturing industry. One issue that has emerged is that Pb-free solder alloys can initiate and grow tin whiskers under specific conditions. These whiskers are thin, highly conductive filaments which have the potential to grow and can cause field failures in many applications. Most concerning with respect to tin whiskering are high reliability applications such as aerospace, automotive, and medical.
Bismuth (Bi) is being considered for inclusion in solder alloys to replace the current industry standard (SAC 305) and provide improved thermomechanical and vibration reliability. In this paper, we discuss whisker formation of several Bi-bearing alloys after long-term (12,000 hours), ambient high humidity (25°C/85% RH) storage. Three alloys containing Bi, in addition to SAC 305 (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu), were considered. These alloys were Violet (Sn-2.25Ag-0.5Cu-6.0Bi), Sunflower (Sn-0.7Cu-7.0Bi), and Senju (Sn-2.0Ag-0.7Cu-3.0Bi). The boards were fabricated with electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and immersion tin (ImmSn) finishes and populated with parts having Cu and Fe42Ni alloy leads and chip parts, with half of assemblies cleaned and half cleaned and contaminated with low levels of NaCl.
This paper is the third in a series of three in which we share more in-depth characterization of features of interest from the small outline transistor (SOT) inspection. Discussion regarding the role of Bi in the overall stress state of the joint will also be provided.
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Sidebottom, Mark, D. Gordon Allan, and Manish Paliwal. "Analysis of a retrieved squeaking ceramic-on-ceramic hip arthroplasty bearing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 13 (March 7, 2016): 2373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216637085.
Full textAbstract:
Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings in total hip replacements have shown superior wear performance compared to other material couples. However, 1–10% of patients have reported squeaking with the use of ceramic-on-ceramic bearings. A ceramic-on-ceramic bearing was retrieved from a patient after 4.5 years in service secondary to squeaking. The explant was analyzed to investigate the possible factors attributing to the hip squeak utilizing acoustic analysis, visual inspection, modal analysis, random vibration analysis, and mathematical modeling. Random vibration analysis of the parts of the implant showed that boundary conditions along the metallic shell play an important role in squeal occurrence. The implant also showed the evidence of material transfer. Using the results of modal analysis, a 2-degree of freedom friction model demonstrated the influence of third body material transfer on the stability of the system to be an important factor in squeaking. The mathematical parametric analysis showed that a larger mass creates more instability, and hence more noise and vibration. Increased stiffness of the shell proved to stabilize the system for most loading conditions. Limit-cycle plots showed a definite change in the system behavior but stability was maintained through a significant increase in contact stiffness.
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Kandhari, Akhil, Anna Mehringer, Hillel J. Chiel, Roger D. Quinn, and Kathryn A. Daltorio. "Design and Actuation of a Fabric-Based Worm-Like Robot." Biomimetics 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4010013.
Full textAbstract:
Soft-bodied animals, such as earthworms, are capable of contorting their body to squeeze through narrow spaces, create or enlarge burrows, and move on uneven ground. In many applications such as search and rescue, inspection of pipes and medical procedures, it may be useful to have a hollow-bodied robot with skin separating inside and outside. Textiles can be key to such skins. Inspired by earthworms, we developed two new robots: FabricWorm and MiniFabricWorm. We explored the application of fabric in soft robotics and how textile can be integrated along with other structural elements, such as three-dimensional (3D) printed parts, linear springs, and flexible nylon tubes. The structure of FabricWorm consists of one third the number of rigid pieces as compared to its predecessor Compliant Modular Mesh Worm-Steering (CMMWorm-S), while the structure of MiniFabricWorm consists of no rigid components. This article presents the design of such a mesh and its limitations in terms of structural softness. We experimentally measured the stiffness properties of these robots and compared them directly to its predecessors. FabricWorm and MiniFabricWorm are capable of peristaltic locomotion with a maximum speed of 33 cm/min (0.49 body-lengths/min) and 13.8 cm/min (0.25 body-lengths/min), respectively.
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Zyryanov, Sergey, Anastasia Kalmykova, Tatyana Levonenkova, Ekaterina Kozlova, and Olyesya Starodubova. "New trends in regulation of agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308018.
Full textAbstract:
Regulatory state agencies propose new solutions on regulating relationship in agriculture. Countries with developed agriculture have various national public institutions with a wide range of functions. They develop public policies, set standards, issue licenses and other permissions, do inspections, protect rights of agricultural products consumers, provide support to producers, and etc. Bodies regulating relationship in agriculture act in accordance with the general regulatory trends. Their activity is influenced by modernization and reformation processes, such as deregulation in various forms, transition from a command and control model of regulation to new models providing incentives for producers to voluntarily compliance, risk-based approach introduction, etc. Regulatory tools are often not effective enough for a number of reasons. This work consists of three parts, it evaluates the current state of agriculture in specific actual areas. The first section investigates general trends in the development of regulatory theory and practice. The second section deals with the problems of protecting farmers from unfair trade practices of suppliers and retail chains. The third section presents the results of the analysis of competing provisions on environmental protection and food safety. In conclusion, the authors give a system of new ways of regulation which can replace traditional ways of deterrence.