Academic literature on the topic 'Third person plural. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Third person plural. eng"
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Limerick, Philip P. "First-Person Plural Subject Pronoun Expression in Mexican Spanish Spoken in Georgia." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 2 (2021): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2050.
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Abstract Variationist research on subject pronoun expression (SPE) in Spanish typically incorporates all grammatical persons/numbers into the same analysis, with important exceptions such as studies focusing exclusively on first-person singular (e.g., Travis, Catherine E. 2005. The yo-yo effect: Priming in subject expression in Colombian Spanish. In Randall Gess & Edward J Rubin (eds.), Selected papers from the 34th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), 329–349. Amsterdam, Salt Lake City: Benjamins 2004; Travis, Catherine E. 2007. Genre effects on subject expression in Spanish: Priming in narrative and conversation. Language Variation and Change 19. 101–135; Travis, Catherine E. & Rena Torres Cacoullos. 2012. What do subject pronouns do in discourse? Cognitive, mechanical and constructional factors in variation. Cognitive Linguistics 23(4). 711–748), third-person singular (Shin, Naomi Lapidus. 2014. Grammatical complexification in Spanish in New York: 3sg pronoun expression and verbal ambiguity. Language Variation and Change 26. 303–330), and third-person plural subjects (Lapidus, Naomi & Ricardo Otheguy. 2005. Overt nonspecific ellos in Spanish in New York. Spanish in Context 2(2). 157–174). The current study is the first variationist analysis (to the best of my knowledge) to focus solely on first-person plural SPE. It is well-established that nosotros/nosotras exhibits one of the lowest rates of SPE relative to the other persons/numbers; however, factors conditioning its variation are less understood. Conversational corpus data from Mexican Spanish are employed to examine tokens of first-person plural SPE (n=660) in terms of frequency and constraints, incorporating factors such as TMA, switch reference, and verb class in logistic regression analyses. Results suggest that nosotros, like other subjects, is strongly impacted by switch reference and tense-mood-aspect (TMA). However, the TMA effect is unique in that preterit aspect is shown to favor overt nosotros relative to other TMAs, diverging from previous studies. Furthermore, verb class — a factor found to be repeatedly significant in the literature — is inoperative for nosotros. These results suggest that nosotros does not respond to the same factors as other persons/numbers. Additionally, the findings lend support to researchers regarding the importance of studying individual persons/numbers in subject variation research.
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Hemmauer, Roland. "On the Tupi-Guaranian prehistory of the siriono verb." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 2, no. 2 (2007): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-81222007000200004.
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This paper shows that the verbal morphosyntax of Siriono, which is synchronically highly divergent from that of other Tupi-Guaranian (TG) languages, can be derived from the reconstructed proto-TG (PTG) system. Arguments will be presented to show that the S A=A series of person markers (e.g. PTG 1sg *a-) has merged with the So=O series (e.g. PTG 1sg *če-) in the 1st and 2nd plural persons in Siriono. In spite of this partial merger of two series of person markers, morphological elements that appeared in PTG between the personal prefix and the stem of transitive verbs have been retained in Siriono with an identical distribution. The partial merger of the S A=A series with the So=O series is explained by a combination of phonological and syntactic motivations. Additional evidence is drawn from Siriono's closely related sister language Yuki. Apart from this, the prefix k- that occurs on third-person forms of 'comitative-causative' verbs in Siriono has retained a trace of the PTG third-person prefix *o- in spite of the emergence of an innovated third-person prefix e-. These facts are taken as evidence of a PTG origin of the Siriono system
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MEALINGS, KIRI TRENGOVE, and KATHERINE DEMUTH. "Cluster reduction and compensatory lengthening in the acquisition of possessive -s." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 3 (2013): 690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000093.
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ABSTRACTPrevious research shows that two-year-olds' third person singular -s and plural -s are produced more accurately in utterance-final compared to utterance-medial position. However, only the third person singular is affected by coda complexity. This study explores these effects with possessive -s. Acoustic analysis of twelve two-year-olds' elicited imitations examined the use of simple versus complex codas (e.g. Sue's vs. Doug's) both utterance-medially and utterance-finally. Morpheme production was surprisingly robust across contexts, though coda clusters were often simplified to a lengthened -s morpheme utterance-medially (e.g., Dou's [dɐz]). The findings raise many questions about the development of speech planning processes across populations.
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Rian Meriandini, I. Gusti Ayu, Made Ratna Dian Aryani, and I. Made Budiana. "Deiksis Persona pada Pronomina Persona dalam Anime Barakamon Karya Tachibana Masaki." Humanis 23, no. 3 (2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2019.v23.i03.p11.
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The title of this research is “Personal Deixis on Personal Pronoun of Barakamon Anime Created by Tachibana Masaki” that aimed to research the deixis form, deixis reference, and deictic shift on personal pronoun of Barakamon anime 1-12 episode created by Tachibana Masaki. This research was analyzed by using descriptive method and informal technique. Deixis form and deixis reference analysis used personal deixis of pragmatic theory by Yule (1996) and personal deixis reference by Halliday and Hasan (1976). While the deictic shift analysis used personal deictic shift theory by Purwo (1984). The result of this research is on Barakamon anime was found three types of person deixis in the personal pronoun with each type of person deixis divided into two forms are singular and plural i.e. first personal deixis e.g. watashi, atashi, boku, ore, uchi, watashitachi, watashira, atashira, bokutachi, bokura, oretachi, orera, uchira, and wareware, second personal deixis e.g. anata, anta, kimi, omae, anatatachi, antatachi, antara, omaetachi, and omaera, and third personal deixis e.g. kare, koitsu, soitsu, aitsu, koitsura and aitsura. Deixis reference that found are exophora reference and endophora reference with anaphora category. And deictic shift that found are personal deictic shifting first personal form for second personal by using watashi, personal deictic shifting second personal form for first personal by using omae and omaera, and personal deictic shifting second personal form for third personal by using anata and omae.
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Fitriah, Fitriah. "AN INVESTIGATION OF INDONESIAN STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN PRODUCING THE THIRD PERSON SINGULAR /S/ IN SPEAKING." IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education) 1, no. 1 (2015): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v1i1.1193.
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This study examined the ability of Indonesian students in producing the third person /s/ in speaking. Seven respondents were presented with two speaking tasks and questions related to their daily activity and picture descriptions. Overall, results showed that the majority of the respondents were able to produce agreement in speaking, although only five respondents could produce agreement correctly above 30%. Therefore, the study suggested that strategies other than speaking should be examined if they could better facilitate students’ production of the third person singular /s/. In the last decade, psycho linguistics has shown strong interest in the production of subject-verb agreement. Several studies have identified the types of errors that most frequently occur in language production. These studies report observations on agreement errors in oral English (Haskel & Macdonald 2005; Hartsuiker & Barkhusyen 2006; Johnson, Villiers & Seymour 2005; Johnson 2005), written French (Hupet, Fayol & Schelstraete 1998; Fayol, Hupet &Largy 1999; Largy & Fayol 2001) and written German (Hemforth & Konieczny 2003). One example of a study which observed agreement errors in oral English was conducted by Haskel and Macdonald (2005). They examined agreement with disjunctive subjects which contained plurality nouns (singular-plural noun and plural- singular noun, e.g. have/has the president or the senators read the documents yet?). The research proved that in relation to agreement with disjunctions like „the president or the senators‟, English speakers tend to prefer a verb form that agrees with the nearer of the two nouns (Haskel & Macdonald, 2005). An investigation of working memory affecting the production of agreement errors in speaking was conducted by Hartsuiker & Barkhusyen (2006). To manipulate the availability of working memory, half of the participants had to remember the list of words while performing the primary (load condition) and half of the others performed the primary task without a memory load. All participants were given the speaking span test and had to perform under specific time constraints. The researchers assumed that agreement errors would occur more frequently in the load condition than in the no-load condition. In this study, there were 64 subjects from the University of Nijmegen participating; they were all native speakers of Dutch. In the presentation of the speaking span test in the load condition, the participants were presented with an adjective (e.g. large) that was followed by a sentence fragment (e.g. the cup for the winners). In the no-load condition, the adjective and sentence fragment were presented at the same time. Then, the participants were instructed to repeat and complete each fragment so they berita terkini indonesia had a full sentence, using the adjective (e.g. the cup for the winners was large) before the deadline. In this experiment, the result confirmed the researchers’ hypothesis that agreement errors were more common in the load condition than in the no-load condition, and the errors occurred more frequently when the head noun was mismatched in the number with the local noun (e.g. the colour on the canvasses). Though there are many research studies on verb agreement, in my study, a different attempt was made to elicit the respondents’ ability in producing the third person /s/ in speaking. I chose not to use complex subjects (which have plurality of the head noun and the local noun). I preferred obvious subjects, for example, ‘she, he, the girl, the boy’ (from which the number of the subjects is clear). The goal of the study was to examine the ability of Indonesian students to produce third person singular /s/ in speaking. I analyzed only the productive of agreement markers (there is /s/ inflection), such as, she walks, the girl works, he cleans. In conjunction with this stated purpose, the following research questions guide the current study: 1. Do advanced learners produce third person /s/ in speaking? 2. How well do they produce the third person /s/ in speaking?
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Bedore, Lisa M., and Laurence B. Leonard. "Grammatical Morphology Deficits in Spanish-Speaking Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44, no. 4 (2001): 905–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/072).
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The focus of this study was the use of grammatical morphology by Spanish-speaking preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI). Relative to both same-age peers and younger typically developing children with similar mean lengths of utterance (MLUs), the children with SLI showed more limited use of several different grammatical morphemes. These limitations were most marked for noun-related morphemes such as adjective-agreement inflections and direct object clitics. Most errors on the part of children in all groups consisted of substitutions of a form that shared most but not all of the target’s grammatical features (e.g., correct tense and number but incorrect person). Number errors usually involved singular forms used in plural contexts; person errors usually involved third person forms used in first person contexts. The pattern of limitations of the children with SLI suggests that, for languages such as Spanish, additional factors might have to be considered in the search for clinical markers for this disorder. Implications for evaluation and treatment of language disorders in Spanish-speaking children are also discussed.
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KEMP, NENAGH, PAUL MITCHELL, and PETER BRYANT. "Simple morphological spelling rules are not always used: Individual differences in children and adults." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 5 (2017): 1071–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000042.
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ABSTRACTThe English spelling system has a variety of rules and exceptions, but both theoretical and empirical accounts have generally concluded that by about age 9 or 10, children master the morphological rule that regular plural nouns (e.g., socks) and third-person singular present verbs (e.g., lacks) are spelled with the inflectional ending –s. In three experiments, however, we found that when forced to rely exclusively on morphological cues, only a minority of primary school children, secondary school children, and even adults performed significantly above chance at choosing the appropriate spelling for novel words presented as inflected or uninflected nouns and verbs. Further, significantly above-chance performance was more common in adults who had attended school until age 18, compared to age 16. We conclude that many spellers, especially those who do not go on to tertiary education, never learn some simple morphological spelling rules, and instead rely on a store of individual word-specific spellings.
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Özçelik, Öner. "Towards the use of phonological markedness and extraprosodicity in accounting for morphological errors in Specific Language Impairment." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 8, no. 2 (2017): 234–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.15029.ozc.
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Abstract Certain grammatical morphemes are variably produced in the speech of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Previous research tends to view this as a consequence of either a deficit in linguistic knowledge or a limitation in processing capacity; however, both approaches raise problems. For example, linguistic accounts are unable to explain why these children’s problems are mostly with production rather than comprehension. Processing accounts, on the other hand, have difficulty explaining why affected children have differing levels of problems with grammatical morphemes that are similar on the surface (e.g. English plural -s vs. third person singular -s). In this paper, a new, phonological account is proposed which avoids these problems, and better captures the wide array of data presented in the literature. It is proposed that children with SLI have problems with organizing segmental data into prosodic structures that are linguistically highly marked, in particular those that involve various forms of extraprosodicity.
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Ingram, David, and Donald Morehead. "Morehead & Ingram (1973) Revisited." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 3 (2002): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/044).
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The finding in Morehead and Ingram (1973) that children with a language impairment do better in the use of inflectional morphology than MLU-matched typically developing children has been in marked contrast to several subsequent studies that have found the opposite relationship (cf. review in Leonard, 1998). This research note presents a reanalysis of a subset of the original Morehead and Ingram data in an attempt to reconcile these contradictory findings. The reanalysis revealed that the advantage on inflectional morphology for children with language impairment was only on the progressive suffix, not on plural and possessive or on the verbal morphemes third-person present tense and past tense. The results of the reanalysis are in line with more recent research (e.g., Rice, Wexler, & Cleave, 1995). The resolution of these discrepant results highlights the critical roles that methodological issues play—specifically, how subjects are matched on MLU, how inflectional morphology is measured, and the selection of subjects with regard to age.
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van Gelderen, Elly. "Reflexive pronouns in the Lindisfarne glosses." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 72, no. 2 (2019): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00028.gel.
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Abstract Old English uses personal pronouns, demonstratives, and limited null subject for reference to previously mentioned nouns. It uses personal pronouns reflexively and pronouns modified by ‘self’ identical in form with an intensive. This use of a pronoun modified by self has been attributed to British Celtic influence. Other changes in the pronominal system have been attributed to Scandinavian influence, e.g. the introduction of the third person plural pronoun they. This paper looks at the use of the specially marked reflexives in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, a northern text where both British Celtic and Scandinavian influence may be relevant. It provides lists of all of the self-marked forms and shows, for instance, that Matthew and Mark have reflexives based on an accusative/dative pronoun followed by self and they don’t have this form as an intensifier. British Celtic of this period has an intensifier but has no special reflexives and has lost case endings, so the Lindisfarne language is unlike British Celtic. Luke and John have intensives and reflexives, with ‘self’ modifying case-marked pronouns, again unlike British Celtic. In addition to contributing to the debate on external origins, the paper adds to the authorship debate by comparing the use of reflexives in the different gospels.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Third person plural. eng"
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Rubio, Cássio Florêncio. "A concordância verbal na língua falada na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86592.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves<br>Banca: Roberto Gomes Camacho<br>Banca: Maria Marta Pereira Scherre<br>Resumo: Considerando que inúmeras pesquisas sociolingüísticas realizadas sobre a concordância verbal (CV, daqui em diante) de terceira pessoa do plural (3PP, daqui em diante) evidenciaram a variabilidade do fenômeno, e, considerando ainda que esse fenômeno é constituído por uma variável binária, presença versus ausência de marcas de plural nos verbos, buscamos neste trabalho investigar, por meio do controle de fatores sociais e lingüísticos, a CV na fala da Região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, mais precisamente na Região de São José do Rio Preto, usando, como subsídio principal, a Teoria da Variação Lingüística (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). O córpus utilizado para a realização de nossa pesquisa provém do Banco de Dados Iboruna, que, constituído pelo Projeto ALIP (Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista), compõe-se de amostras de fala de 152 informantes da região. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foi constituída uma subamostra, composta de 76 entrevistas, estratificadas uniformemente mediante os fatores sociais escolaridade, faixa etária e gênero. Do total de 3.308 ocorrências de 3PP analisadas, 2.314 (70%) apresentaram marcas de plural explícitas nos verbos, evidenciando tratar-se de um caso de variação estável na comunidade investigada, instanciada pela interação entre os seguintes fatores sociais e lingüísticos estatisticamente relevantes: paralelismo formal de nível oracional, escolaridade, paralelismo formal de nível discursivo, saliência fônica, posição do núcleo do SN-sujeito em relação ao verbo, traço semântico do sujeito, idade, gênero e tipo morfológico do sujeito. Palavras-chave: concordância verbal, terceira pessoa do plural, Português brasileiro, variação lingüística.<br>Abstract: Whereas many sociolinguistics searches conducted on the verbal agreement (VA hereinafter) from the third person plural (3PP, hereinafter) demonstrated the variability of the phenomenon, and, considering that such phenomenon consists of a binary variable, presence versus absence of marks of the plural in the verbs, we sought in this study investigating, through the control of linguistic and social factors, the VA from speech in the Northwest Region of the Sao Paulo State, more precisely in the Region of São Jose do Rio Preto, using as main tool, of the Theory of Linguistics Variation (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). The corpus used in the research comes from the Database Iboruna, which was constituted by the Project ALIP - Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (Sample Linguistics of the Interior Paulista), composed of samples of speech of 152 informants from region. To conduct this research, a sub-sample was formed, consisting of 76 interviews, stratified evenly through the social factors: education level, age and gender. A total of 3,308 occurrences of 3PP analyzed, 2,314 (70%) presented marks of plural explicit in the verbs, showing it is a case of variation stable in the community investigated, instantiated by the interaction between the social and linguistic following factors statistically relevant: formal parallelism of a clause level, education level, formal parallelism of a discourse level, phonic salience, position of the head of the subject-NP in relation to the verb, semantic feature of the subject, age, gender and morphologic type of the subject. Keywords: verbal agreement, third person plural, Brazilian Portuguese, language variation.<br>Mestre
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Rubio, Cássio Florêncio [UNESP]. "A concordância verbal na língua falada na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86592.
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rubio_cf_me_sjrp.pdf: 2059842 bytes, checksum: 34bd56df41a2ce21c0ea549d897cce36 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Considerando que inúmeras pesquisas sociolingüísticas realizadas sobre a concordância verbal (CV, daqui em diante) de terceira pessoa do plural (3PP, daqui em diante) evidenciaram a variabilidade do fenômeno, e, considerando ainda que esse fenômeno é constituído por uma variável binária, presença versus ausência de marcas de plural nos verbos, buscamos neste trabalho investigar, por meio do controle de fatores sociais e lingüísticos, a CV na fala da Região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, mais precisamente na Região de São José do Rio Preto, usando, como subsídio principal, a Teoria da Variação Lingüística (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). O córpus utilizado para a realização de nossa pesquisa provém do Banco de Dados Iboruna, que, constituído pelo Projeto ALIP (Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista), compõe-se de amostras de fala de 152 informantes da região. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foi constituída uma subamostra, composta de 76 entrevistas, estratificadas uniformemente mediante os fatores sociais escolaridade, faixa etária e gênero. Do total de 3.308 ocorrências de 3PP analisadas, 2.314 (70%) apresentaram marcas de plural explícitas nos verbos, evidenciando tratar-se de um caso de variação estável na comunidade investigada, instanciada pela interação entre os seguintes fatores sociais e lingüísticos estatisticamente relevantes: paralelismo formal de nível oracional, escolaridade, paralelismo formal de nível discursivo, saliência fônica, posição do núcleo do SN-sujeito em relação ao verbo, traço semântico do sujeito, idade, gênero e tipo morfológico do sujeito. Palavras-chave: concordância verbal, terceira pessoa do plural, Português brasileiro, variação lingüística.<br>Whereas many sociolinguistics searches conducted on the verbal agreement (VA hereinafter) from the third person plural (3PP, hereinafter) demonstrated the variability of the phenomenon, and, considering that such phenomenon consists of a binary variable, presence versus absence of marks of the plural in the verbs, we sought in this study investigating, through the control of linguistic and social factors, the VA from speech in the Northwest Region of the Sao Paulo State, more precisely in the Region of São Jose do Rio Preto, using as main tool, of the Theory of Linguistics Variation (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). The corpus used in the research comes from the Database Iboruna, which was constituted by the Project ALIP - Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (Sample Linguistics of the Interior Paulista), composed of samples of speech of 152 informants from region. To conduct this research, a sub-sample was formed, consisting of 76 interviews, stratified evenly through the social factors: education level, age and gender. A total of 3,308 occurrences of 3PP analyzed, 2,314 (70%) presented marks of plural explicit in the verbs, showing it is a case of variation stable in the community investigated, instantiated by the interaction between the social and linguistic following factors statistically relevant: formal parallelism of a clause level, education level, formal parallelism of a discourse level, phonic salience, position of the head of the subject-NP in relation to the verb, semantic feature of the subject, age, gender and morphologic type of the subject. Keywords: verbal agreement, third person plural, Brazilian Portuguese, language variation.
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Joelsson, Klara. "-S morphemes in L2 English : An investigation into student essays in grades 6, 9, and 12 in Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-38572.
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Swedish students’ morpheme acquisition order in English, including the acquisition of -s morphemes, is a relatively unstudied topic. Given the morphological differences between the English and Swedish languages, students learning English in Sweden may encounter difficulties in the use of the third person singular present tense -s morpheme. Research also shows that Swedish students use the plural -s morpheme rather accurately at 9-10 years old. Mapping out the usage of the -s morphemes may pave the way for understanding the difficulties learners encounter in the use of such morphemes. Furthermore, looking into the usage of morphemes that have the same form but different grammatical functions (e.g.,-s morphemes) may help us understand the relationship between different proficiency levels and the accuracy rate of morpheme usage in L2 English. To this end, this study investigates a corpus of texts produced by students learning English in Sweden in grades 6, 9 and 12. The focus is particularly on the frequency and accuracy of the use of -s morphemes, aiming at revealing which type of -s morphemes has a higher accuracy rate. The results show that the accuracy rate with the plural -s morpheme is relatively higher, whereas the possessive -‘s morpheme is the most problematic one across all levels. Additionally, the largest issue with the contracted verb form of be -‘s was that the students did not add an apostrophe between the word and the -s, rather than not using the form at all. Lastly, the third person singular present tense-s accuracy was very low in grade 6 but increased a lot through grade 9 and 12 where more complex subjects were the largest issue. However, the results indicate that further research with a larger corpus size is required to be able to generalize the findings.
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Kříž, Adam. "Vliv představitelnosti slov na osvojování slovních tvarů v češtině." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321457.
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(in English): In many studies there was demonstrated that word's imageability - the ability of a word to produce a mental image of it's referent - affects the processing of its inflection (e.g. Prado - Ullman, 2009), its acquisition (e.g. McDonough et al., 2011) and the acquisition of grammatical morphemes (Smolík, in press). This thesis builds on the Smolík's paper, and its goal is to test whether the imageability of a word's stem influences the acquisition of its inflections in Czech children. Word imageability ratings and ratings of other variables that were assumed to affect the process of the acquisition of word inflections, were collected, then questionnaires were distributed to parents to examine how the forms of chosen words are acquired by children. The focus was on the acquisition of nominative plural of nouns, present tense in second person and past tense of verbs. The results show that the imageability significantly predicts the age of acquisition of the nominative in singular and all observed forms of verbs. The absence of the imegability effect on the acquisition of nominative in plural may be due to the overall high imageability and thus reduced variability of ratings in nouns in our dataset. Two possible explanations of the imageability effect on the acqusition of morphological...
Books on the topic "Third person plural. eng"
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Maiden, Martin. The L-pattern and the U-pattern. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0005.
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The chapter presents the two types of Romance palatalization that have given rise to patterns of allomorphy. These involve principally the first-person singular present indicative and all the forms of the present subjunctive (the L-pattern); and in some cases the third-person plural present (the U-pattern). The diachronic persistence, replication, and ‘repair’ of this morphomic pattern is illustrated. It is argued that the apparent realignment of the alternant just with present subjunctive in Gallo-Romance is itself morphomic, rather than motivated semantically; that the patterns may retain a measure of phonological conditioning in Italo-Romance and Daco-Romance; and that morphomic patterns may involve asymmetrical distributions in paradigms.
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de Vries, Lourens. The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Greater Awyu language of West Papua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0012.
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The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Papuan language of West Papua, is the richest independent verb paradigm of Korowai: it makes the same distinctions as all other independent verb paradigms but makes more distinctions in grammatical person: three grammatical persons rather than conflation of second and third person as in all other Korowai and Greater Awyu verb paradigms. This formal richness is matched by functional richness: imperatives are used in a typologically striking range of contexts, for example in bridging constructions (tail–head linkage), in the domain of inner states (through quotative framing of emotion, thoughts, and intentions) and in both addressee-inclusive and addressee-exclusive contexts (in the case of first person plural imperatives). Diachronically, the Korowai imperative paradigm developed from a basic injunctive zero paradigm of proto Greater Awyu that has reflexes in all branches and languages of the Greater Awyu family.
Book chapters on the topic "Third person plural. eng"
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Evans, Bethwyn. "20. Third person plural as a morphological zero: Object marking in Marovo." In Morphology and Language History. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.298.25eva.
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Miller, D. Gary. "The nominal system." In The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.003.0003.
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Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular and plural), and case: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative. Except in -u- stems, the vocative has the form of the accusative and/or is syncretized with the nominative. Demonstratives and pronominals have a residual instrumental, e.g. þe (by this), and ablative, e.g. jáinþro (from there). Adjectives are similarly inflected but also have strong and weak forms. Comparatives and nonpast participles are weak. The precise syntactic status of D-words (demonstratives, determiners, and articles) is impossible to test. Personal pronouns of the first and second person are inflected for singular, plural, and dual, and have no gender distinction. The third person pronoun has all three genders but only singular and plural number. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are morphologically identical. Gothic has a rich negative polarity system. Numerals are partly inflected and partly indeclinable. Deictic adverbs belong to an old local case system.
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Metcalf, Allan. "My Pronoun, ’tis of Thee." In The Life of Guy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 interrupts the narrative to explain the importance of the further development of “Guy” to “guy” or “guys.” It tells about the second-person personal pronouns of English from Old English times, a thousand years ago, to the present. These are words we regularly use in speech and writing: first-person singular “I” and plural “we,” third person “he, she, it” and “they,” and then the second person, which happens to have undergone major changes in the past few centuries. Originally the second-person singular was “thou,” the plural “you.” But then, like several other European languages, the second-person plural was seen as more polite than “thou,” so “you” became second-person singular too. That was fine, except now a listener couldn’t tell whether a speaker was referring just to the listener or to the whole group. So with “you” solidly entrenched as second-person singular, a substitute had to be found for second-person plural. One possibility was “y’all,” still preferred in the American South, but that can be used for the singular too. Eventually, while the vacancy remained empty two centuries later, a successful substitution emerged, none other than the “guys” most of use as second-person plural today.
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Frabboni, Franco. "Is Electronic Knowledge a Plural Thought?" In Encyclopedia of Information Communication Technology. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-845-1.ch037.
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With the third millennium a new and attractive scenario has opened up, giving voice to an old face of culture: knowledge. Its “new” identity—holistic, multidimensional, and ecosystemic—was highlighted by the European Union in 2000 at the Lisbon conference. In the 21st century there is a star carrying out on its tail these words: welcome to the knowledge society. Knowledge is an immaterial good needed by any nation, because it’s like a bank account that any complex and changing society needs to have. It’s a capital with three faces: economic, social and human (Frabboni, 2006). a. As an economic resource, knowledge promotes a mass-school, a school for everybody: the competitiveness and reliability of a productive system are based on schooling and on the “well-made heads” of younger generations, b. As a social resource it promotes democracy, because knowledge provides all citizens with the necessary alphabets to create a widespread social cohesion; therefore education must be spread during all the seasons of life, from childhood to old age, c. As a human resource it helps the person-subject to move away from the devastating mass-subject. A school of knowledge and of values (i.e., of mind and heart) will have to invest on a person that is nonduplicable, noneasily influenced, and nonuseful; with his or her eyes open on dreams, utopias, and enchantment. School has the task of forming a plural mind and an ethic of solidarity.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Optative forms *." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0019.
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The optative (also referred to as subjunctive by some) plays a dominant role in day-to-day conversations and expresses desirability. There are forms for all six grammatical persons. For the first-person singular and plural there are affirmative forms and negative forms, and in combination with the question particle, the sum total is four forms per grammatical person. Typically, such declarative forms are used to state something that is judged as desirable by the speaker, but the questioned forms clearly serve as a proposal with an invitation to comment on it. For the second person (singular and plural) there are only affirmative and negated forms, but question forms are nonexistent. Although there is also an optative suffix for the third-person singular, its usage is limited mainly to adverbial doublets.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "On plurality." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0025.
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Certain pronouns exhibit inherent plurality and a corollary of this property is that multiple subjects require agreement (or concord): the expression of plurality on the predicate. Hence it takes a personal marker agreeing in person and number with that subject. Similar phenomena play a role in postponed suffixation, that is, when the suffixes for person and number in a clause occur solely in the final clause of a sentence. A special problem is posed by the question of what exactly determines the position where the personal marker for the third person plural should be placed. It is shown that notions such as property attribution, class inclusion, and identification are the mechanisms which are the crucial factors in the placement of the plural marker.
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Miller, D. Gary. "The verbal system." In The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.003.0005.
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Verbs in Gothic are thematic, athematic, or preterite present. Several classes, including modals, are discussed. Strong verbs have seven classes, weak verbs four. Inflectional categories are first, second, and third person, singular, dual (except in the third person), and plural number. Tenses are nonpast and past/preterite. There are two inflected moods, indicative and optative, and two voices (active, passive). The passive is synthetic in the nonpast indicative and optative. The past system features two periphrastic passives, one stative-eventive with wisan (be), the other inchoative and change of state with wairþan (become). Middle functions are mostly represented by simple reflexive structures and -nan verbs. Nonfinite categories include one voice-underspecified infinitive, a nonpast and past participle, and a present active imperative. The third person imperative is normally expressed by an optative.
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Bloch, Yigal. "The Third-Person Masculine Plural Suffixed Pronoun -mw and Its Implications for the Dating of Biblical Hebrew Poetry." In Diachrony in Biblical Hebrew. Penn State University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv18r6r7n.12.
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Bloch, Yigal. "The Third-Person Masculine Plural Suffixed Pronoun -mw and Its Implications for the Dating of Biblical Hebrew Poetry." In Diachrony in Biblical Hebrew. Penn State University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575066837-010.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Indirect imperative forms." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
An element particularly conspicuous in day-to-day conversation is the frequent occurrence of a verb form by means of which the desirability or advisability of some state of affairs is expressed. This form is often compared to the so-called subjunctive in other languages. However, the function of the indirect imperative in Turkish is quite different. There is one suffix for the third-person singular and one for the third-person plural. Such forms can be negated or questioned, as well as negated and questioned at the same time. And what is more, the projectional suffix for the past is applicable as well. The occurrence of indirect imperative forms in many fixed expressions based on olsun ‘may it be’ shows how important these structures are in interpersonal situations.