Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Third root'

Talk is the vehicle of exchange in language classrooms when communicative competence is being developed. Turns of talk then facilitate the meaning-making process as students and teachers collaboratively come to understand the discourse of knowledge they are co-constructing. During the pivotal third turn in the essential teaching exchange, there is potential for teachers to realise productive pedagogies as they facilitate their students' organisational and pragmatic skills in the foreign language. This study brings a lens to Initiation-Response-Evaluation (IRE) triadic dialogue, which has been criticised for its monological overuse and limitation of students' language production. Analysis of the third turn shows the uptake to be an implicit move in the exchange. Teachers appear not to be aware of the potential benefit it offers them for co-constructed language use at that point in teacher-student interactions. Teachers draw on students' background knowledge and experiential learning in the four domains of productive pedagogies (intellectual quality, supportive classroom environment, recognition of difference and connectedness) when they engage them through an authentic use of language. For this study, potential for productive pedagogy was investigated in the classroom talk of two teachers of Japanese at year 10 level. In a case study, six transcribed and translated lessons were subjected to conversational and membership categorisation analyses using Bachman's (1990) communicative language ability framework to describe language production around the third turn and to hypothesise its effectiveness in providing opportunities for students to generate output in the target language.

The neo-liberal policies of liberalization and deregulation, as utilized by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in its dealings with countries of the developing world, tend to facilitate the conditions for financial crisis. This can be traced by examining the economic crises of Mexico in 1982 and 1994/95, Asia in 1997 and Russia in 1998 and looking at the main causes and triggers of these crises. It is evident that the financial vulnerability that these countries suffered from existed due to, and not in spite of, these policy prescriptions. The IMF continues to present these policies as proven successes - a view that this dissertation contests. Further to this, the policies that the Fund uses are formulated for use in semi-peripheral economies and have little relationship to the actual economic environments of peripheral countries such as those of sub-Saharan Africa or Papua New Guinea. The ideology of free-markets and globalization is seen as unassailable by the IMF. By encouraging countries to remain part of the global financial system through debt rescheduling and open-markets policies, the IMF holds an increasingly fragile economic environment together. This dissertation formulates and tests four hypotheses in relation to Mexico, Asia, Russia and Papua New Guinea and the periphery. These are - (1) If there are periods of 'irrational exuberance' among investors in Third World debt, these are likely to contribute to debt crises. (2) If IMF policies are implemented in the Third World as dictated, then their primary benefits will accrue to the elites in those countries and in the developed world. (3) If Third World countries open their economies to foreign capital, then they are more likely to experience debt crises. (4) If IMF policies are implemented in peripheral countries, then they are even less likely to be successful than in semi-peripheral countries.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Different pathology associated with impacted wisdom teeth in the oral cavity showed that it is prevalent and may lead to varied dental complications. This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional retrospective analytical design in order to examine hard tissue features associated with the presence of impacted third molars in a random sample of 2998 digital panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of patients' records in Tygerberg Oral Health Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Cape. The specific objectives of the study were to categorize the type of impactions in the DPRs of patients and to determine the prevalence of distal cervical caries (DCC) in second molars, any radiolucent (RL) /radiopaque (RO) lesions or external root resorption (ERR) complications associated with impacted wisdom teeth. Results of the pantomographs and clinical records of patients indicated that the most prevalent type of impaction (TOI) is Mesioangular (MA) Impaction (65%) followed by Horizontal (H) Impaction (17%), Vertical (V) Impaction (15%), Transverse (TVS) Impaction (2 %) and Distoangular (DA) Impaction (1.2 %), respectively. The least prevalent type was Inverted (INV) Impaction with a frequency count of 0.5%. The results further indicated varied dental complications resulting from impaction, ranging from ERR with a frequency of 3% of which 66.70% was associated with MA type of impaction, followed by H with a frequency of 26.7%. The association of Gender and RL/ RO lesions was significant (p-value=0.04) while association between DCC and types of impaction was also significant (p-value =0.0017). The study concluded that the high prevalence of MA among all populations and genders over the years may be related to the anatomical normal inclination of the third molars to the mesial surface. The low prevalence of DA observed in the study sample on the other hand might be attributable to gender and demographic factors. Lastly, this study has only one radiopaque lesion and the high prevalence of RL lesions in males and in the older age group suggests that these complications take a while to develop. Future research is needed to raise more awareness and encourage patients to seek treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic third molars before complications arise.

Orientador: Francisco Haiter Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente estudo propôs-se a comparar um método radiográfico bidimensional, a radiografia panorâmica, com uma modalidade de imagem tridimensional, a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), no diagnóstico da reabsorção radicular externa (RRE) nos segundos molares relacionada à impactação dos terceiros molares. Buscou-se também relacionar a inclinação do terceiro molar, de acordo com a classificação proposta por Winter, com a presença da RRE no segundo molar. Primeiramente, a amostra foi composta por 188 terceiros molares impactados (66 indivíduos) observados na radiografia panorâmica (Orthopantomograph OP100 D) e nas imagens de TCFC obtidas no equipamento i-CAT Classic. Dois cirurgiões-dentistas, especialistas em Radiologia Odontológica, registraram a presença da RRE no segundo molar e a inclinação do terceiro molar impactado. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística por meio dos testes de qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, teste Z para duas proporções e regressão logística simples (nível de significância de 5%). Um número significativamente maior de casos de RRE foi diagnosticado na TCFC (n=43) quando comparada à radiografia panorâmica (n=10) (P=0,0001). Além disso, a concordância entre os métodos para o diagnóstico da RRE foi de apenas 4,3% (n=8). Terceiros molares inferiores e nas posições mesioangular e horizontal foram mais relacionados à presença da RRE nos segundos molares. Por esse motivo, 174 terceiros molares inferiores nessas duas inclinações foram avaliados em uma segunda amostra formada por 116 imagens de TCFC obtidas em dois diferentes equipamentos: i-CAT Classic e Picasso Trio. Além da presença da RRE, informações acerca da idade, sexo dos indivíduos e profundidade de terceiros molares (análise subjetiva e classificação de Pell & Gregory) foram registradas pelos dois avaliadores. Os dados numéricos foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA e Mann-Whitney, e os dados categóricos, aos testes do qui-quadrado para análises de contingência e qui-quadrado de aderência. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes na detecção da RRE nos dois equipamentos e entre as inclinações mesioangular e horizontal (p>0,05). A prevalência da condição na amostra total de dentes foi de 49,43%. Os terceiros molares pertencentes a pacientes de maior idade e posicionados mais superiormente (classes A e B de Pell & Gregory) estiveram mais associados à presença da RRE nos dentes adjacentes. Concluiu-se que a TCFC deve ser indicada quando for observado um contato direto entre o segundo e o terceiro molar inferiores na radiografia panorâmica, principalmente nos casos de impactações mesioangulares e horizontais, em classes A e B de Pell & Gregory e de pacientes com idade superior a 24 anos.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare a two-dimensional method - panoramic radiography - and a three-dimensional modality - cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) - on the assessment of external root resorption (ERR) of second molars associated with impacted third molars. In addition, we aimed to relate the third molar inclination (Winter's classification) with the detection of ERR on the second molar. First, the sample was consisted of 188 impacted third molars (66 individuals). Panoramic radiography (Orthopantomograph OP100 D) and CBCT imaging (i-CAT Classic) were obtained of all patients. Two oral radiologists investigated the presence of ERR on the adjacent second molar and the inclination of the third molar. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test, Fisher exact test, two-proportion Z test and simple logistic regression (significance level was set at 5%). A significantly higher number of ERR was diagnosed on CBCT images (n=43) than on panoramic radiographs (n=10) (P=0.0001). The agreement between panoramic radiographs and CBCT for diagnosing ERR was 4.3% (n=8). The mandibular third molars on mesioangular and horizontal inclinations were more related to ERR lesions on the second molars. Therefore, 174 mandibular third molars on these two inclinations were evaluated in a second sample comprising of 116 CBCT images acquired in two units: i-CAT Classic e Picasso Trio. Age and sex of individuals and depth of third molars (subjective analysis and Pell and Gregory classification) were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests (numerical data) and chi-square test (qualitative data). There were no statistically significant differences in the detection of ERR in images from both devices (p>0.05). Therefore, subsequent analyzes were performed on the total sample. The prevalence of ERR on this sample was 49.43%. There was no difference between mesioangular and horizontal inclination in the detection of ERR. Third molars of older patients (over 24 y-o) and in Pell and Gregory Class A and Class B were more associated with the presence of ERR. The results showed that CBCT should be indicated when a direct contact between the mandibular second and third molars is observed on panoramic radiography, especially in patients aged over 24 presenting with mesioangular or horizontal impactions, and Class A or Class B of Pell & Gregory.
Doutorado
Radiologia Odontologica
Doutora em Radiologia Odontológica

In this thesis, four robots will be used to implement a collision-free trajectory planning/replanning algorithm. The existence of a chained form transformation so that the robot's model can be control in canonical form will be analyzed and proved. A trajectory generation for obstacles avoidance will be derived, simulated, and implemented. A specific PC based control algorithm will be developed. Chapter two describes two wheels differential drive robot modeling and existence of controllable canonical chained form. Chapter 3 describes criterion for avoiding dynamic objects, a feasible collision-free trajectory parameterization, and solution to steering velocity. Chapter 4 describes robot implementation, pc wireless interface, and strategy to send and receive information wirelessly. The main robot will be moving in a dynamically changing environment using canonical chained form. The other three robots will be used as moving obstacles that will move with known piecewise constant velocities, and therefore, with known trajectories. Their initial positions are assumed to be known as well. The main robot will receive the command from the computer such as how fast to move and to turn in order to avoid collision. The robot will autonomously travel to the desired destination collision-free.
M.S.E.E.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Malinda Snow, committee chair; Murray Brown, Tanya Caldwell, committee members. Electronic text (223 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 11, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-223).

This study explores the dynamics of the triadic therapeutic relationship between interpreters, counsellors and non-English speaking clients in a triangular research design. It comprises three parts: In part one, two focus groups were held with a group of interpreters and of counsellors to explore common issues and general concerns that were pertinent to the relevant fields. In part two, twenty-nine semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with another group of interpreters and counsellors with the aim of exploring the issues that arose in the focus groups. In part three, a group of clients were interviewed to explore their experiences of receiving emotional help through interpreters. Participants were recruited through interpreting agencies and counselling organisations. The data was analysed, using Thematic Analysis. The overarching themes show that all the participants wanted to trust each other and expected to be trusted by the others. Confidentiality came out as a common concern across the data sets. Translation and language issues, cultural matters and organisational restraints were found to be barriers to establishing a working alliance. All participants expected practitioners, including language interpreters, to have relevant knowledge, awareness of their own strength and weaknesses, to be critical and flexible, and to demonstrate certain personal qualities. Overall, the participants were apprehensive about the triadic therapeutic process which they found to be emotional and full of surprises. They also found the process helpful and rewarding. The findings of this triangulated research suggest that mental health interventions and relevant educational programmes for counsellors and interpreters should address the complex needs of a multicultural client group and include an understanding of three-dimensional relationships.

The research question was stirred by observations that the set-up of the clinical situation seems to contain elements that have a deep impact on the patient. I found that the clinical situation shows important similarities to the space for play that children negotiate when they want to immerse themselves in mutual phantasy play. Consequently, one overall purpose of the present study is to explore the psychoanalytic situation as a play situation with the help of two clinical vignettes.In the first part, I give a picture of my understanding of Freud’s reasons for shaping his clinical situation as he did. A critical scrutiny of Freud’s case of the Rat Man gave us keys to an understanding of the clinical method’s contradictoriness.A tentative hypothesis was framed that the set-up of psychoanalysis’s clinical situation induces an ambiguity about different levels of reality, the purpose being to create a space in the course of the analysis in which this confusion can be analyzed and comprehended. This work on the ambiguity of the reality links psychoanalysis with the intimate and spontaneous interaction that characterizes children’s social phantasy play. The investigation came to the conclusion that there exists a conspicuous equivalence between the two situations. The issue of what connects the universal play situation of children on the one hand, with the specific psychoanalytic situation on the other, makes a point of departure from which to approach and investigate the field of inquiry.The theory is that a ‘play’ with factual and illusory asymmetry generates a field of tension that serves as a sounding board from the moment of psychoanalysis's introductory negotiations until its ending. A third area is created that supports a mutual explorative space that in its turn makes a bridge between outer and inner reality and between now and the past. In such a context the phenomenon of play becomes a transformational concept.The conclusion is that psychoanalysis organizes a clinical situation that speaks to a profound and universal human need and that it is understood as an analogy of the play situation of children.

The objective of this study was to develop design equations that predict lateral restraint forces in two commonly used Z-purlin supported roof systems. These are quarter point bracing and third point plus support bracing. To that end, a stiffness model used in the past has been reintroduced. This model has been modified slightly to better represent roof system behavior. The updated stiffness model was then used to estimate lateral restraint forces for a number of roof systems with a varying cross sectional dimensions of the purlin, number of purlin lines, number of spans, and span length. A regression analysis was then performed on the data to obtain empirical design equations similar to those found in the 1996 Edition of the American Iron and Steel Institute's Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Members, Section D.3.2.1.

Vita removed April 4, 2011. GMc
Master of Science

This thesis is an analysis of the development of new music in occupied Germany from the end of World War Two, on 8 May 1945, until the end of 1946, in terms of the creation of institutions for the propagation of new music, in the form of festivals, concert series, radio stations, educational institutions and journals focusing on such a field, alongside an investigation into technical and aesthetic aspects of music being composed during this period. I argue that a large number of the key decisions which would affect quite fundamentally the later trajectory of new music in West Germany for some decades were made during this period of a little over eighteen months. I also argue that subsequent developments up to the year 1951, by which time the infrastructure was essentially complete, were primarily an extension and expansion of the early period, when many of the key appointments were made, and institutions created. I also consider the role of new music in mainstream programming of orchestras, opera houses, chamber music societies, and consider all of these factors in terms of the occupation policies of the three Western powers – the USA, the UK and France. Furthermore, I compare these developments to those which occurred in during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, of which I give an overview, and argue as a result that the post-war developments, rather than being radically new, constituted in many ways a continuation and sometimes distillation of what was in place especially in the Weimar years. I conclude that the short period at the centre of my thesis is of fundamental importance not only for the course of German new music, but that in Europe in general.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar ex vivo a resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro (FV) e pinos de fibra de carbono (FC) nos terços cervical, médio e apical do canal radicular, cimentados com dois tipos de cimentos resinosos: auto-adesivo (RX) e convencionais (CP). Quarenta caninos superiores foram separados em 4 grupos (n = 10) de acordo com o cimento e pino utilizado. Após a secção transversal dos dentes em fatias de 2mm de espessura, o teste de resistência adesiva (0,5mm/min) foi realizado nos terços cervical, médio e apical de cada espécime. Cinco espécimes de cada grupo foram analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura para observar o tipo de fratura. Os dados foram submetidos à 2-way ANOVA (Bonferroni, p< 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que os pinos de FV apresentaram os maiores valores de resistência adesiva, tanto cimentados com RX quanto com CP. Analisando especificamente o tipo de cimento, pinos cimentados com RX (FV e FC) apresentaram maiores valores de resistência adesiva (p<0,05) que CP. Para todos os grupos em estudo, a resistência de união foi maior no terço cervical, seguido pelo terço médio e apical. A análise de fratura mostrou predominância de fratura coesiva de pino para RX, sendo que para os pinos cimentados com CP houve predominância de fratura adesiva entre dentina/cimento e mista. Pode-se concluir que a resistência de união foi significativamente afetada pelo tipo de pino e também pelo tipo de cimento utilizado, sendo que os mais altos valores de resistência de união foram encontrados com a utilização de pinos de FV e cimento RX.
The objective of this study was to evaluate ex vivo the Bond strength of glass-fiber posts (GF) and carbon-fiber posts (CF) to cervical, medium, and apical thirds of root canals after luting with two types of resinous cements: Self-adhesive (RX) and conventional (CP). Forty maxillary canines were divided into 4 groups (n=10) according to the luting cement and fiber post used. After roots were perpendicularly sectioned in 2mm-thick slices, bond strength teste (0.5mm/min) were perform in coronal, midlle and apical thirds. Five specimens were selected from each group for analysis in Scanning Electron Microscopy to observe the type of fracture. The data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (Bonferonis test, p<0.05). The results showed that highest bond strength values to GF, for both luting cements (RX and CP). Regard the type of luting cement, posts (GF and CF) luting with RX had the best performance (p<0.05) that CP. For all groups, bond strength values were higher at cervical third, followed by midlle and apical thirds. The failure analysis demonstrated a predominance of post-cohesive failure for RX, and dentin-adhesive-cement and mixed failure for CP. It was concluded that bond strength was affected by the type of fiber post and type of luting cement, where the highest bond strength values were showed by GF-post and RX-luting cement.

Originating from a disenfranchisement with the contemporary definition and realisation of Westernised architecture as a commodity and product, this thesis seeks to explore alternative examples of positive socio-spatial practice and agency. These alternative spatial practices and methodologies are drawn from participatory and grass-roots development agency in informal settlements and contexts of economic absence, most notably in the global South. This thesis explores whether such examples can be interpreted as practical realisations of key theoretical advocacies for positive social space that have emerged in the context of post-Second World-War capitalism. The principal methodological framework utilises two differing trajectories of spatial discourse. Firstly, Henri Lefebvre and Doreen Massey as formative protagonists of Western spatial critique, and secondly, John F. C. Turner and Nabeel Hamdi as key advocates of participatory development practice in informal settlements. These two research trajectories are notably separated by geographical, economic and political differentiations, as well as conventional disciplinary boundaries. However by undertaking a close textual reading of these discourses this thesis critically re-contextualises the socio-spatial methodologies of participatory development practice, observing multiple theoretical convergences and provocative commonalities. This research proposes that by critically comparing these previously unconnected disciplinary trajectories certain similarities, resonances and equivalences become apparent. These resonances reveal comparable critiques of choice, value, and identity which transcend the gap between such differing theoretical and practical engagements with space. Subsequently, these thematic resonances allow this research to critically engage with further appropriate surrounding discourses, including Marxist theory, orientalism, post- structural pluralism, development anthropology, post-colonial theory and subaltern theory. 5 In summary, this thesis explores aspects of Henri Lefebvre's and Doreen Massey's urban and spatial theory through a close textual reading of key texts from their respective discourses. This methodology provides a layered analysis of post-Marxist urban space, and an exploration of an explicit connection between Lefebvre and Massey in terms of the social production and multiplicity of space. Subsequently, this examination provides a theoretical framework from which to reinterpret and revalue the approaches to participatory development practice found in the writings and projects of John Turner and Nabeel Hamdi. The resulting comparative framework generates interconnected thematic trajectories of enquiry that facilitate the re-reading and critical reflection of Turner and Hamdi's development practices. Thus, selected Western spatial discourse acts as a critical lens through which to re-value the social, political and economical achievements of participatory development. Reciprocally, development practice methodologies are recognised as invaluable and provocative realisations of the socio-spatial qualities that Western spatial discourse has long advocated for, and yet have remained predominantly unrealised in the global North.

One of the desired outcomes of root canal instrumentation is to stay centered in the root canal and avoid stripping of the walls which could lead to perforation. Previous studies have shown that nickel titanium (NiTi) instruments stayed centered in the root canal system to a greater degree than stainless steel instruments. However, in cases such as mesial roots of mandibular molars, where root canals lie closer to the furcation side or the inner part of curved roots (danger zone), root canal instrumentation should be directed away from this region. This type of instrumentation, anticurvature filing technique, has not been reported utilizing rotary NiTi files to determine if removal of dentin during instrumentation can be directed away from the danger zone. It is of clinical significance to determine if rotary NiTi files can be directed away from the danger zone in order to avoid perforation and canal stripping which can lead to endodontic failure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rotary NiTi Orifice Shapers™ (ProfileR, Tulsa Dental, Dentsply, USA) can be directed away from the danger zone, into the bulky or safety zone of the root dentin during instrumentation of the coronal portion of mesial canals of mandibular molars. For studying the anatomical morphology of root canals before and after instrumentation teeth were mounted in a modified muffle block. The modified muffle block allowed for removal and exact repositioning of the complete tooth block after tooth sectioning. Teeth modified muffle blocks were sectioned at 3 different levels, around furcation and orifice. The mesial canals were divided into 2 groups. Group A (Force group) where force was applied 90 degree to the long axis of the root while instrumenting with NiTi Orifice Shapers™ (Profile[sup R]). Group B (no force group) functioned as control where no lateral force was applied during the instrumentation. Prior to instrumentation using NiTi rotary Orifice Shapers™ (Profile[sup R]), the canals in both groups were enlarged with K-files hand-instruments (Union Broach) up to size 25 as a pre-rotary instrumentation step. The first rotary instrumentation of canals was done using NiTi Orifice shapers™ (Profile[sup R]) according to the manufacturers suggested sequence sizes 30, 50, 40. The second rotary instrumentation of canals involved size 40 Orifice Shapers™ (Profile[sup R]) only. The third instrumentation of canals was done with Gates- Glidden bur #2 (Dentsply, Oklahoma, USA) as a positive control. The modified muffle block sections were scanned before and after each instrumentation. The images were superimposed in Corel Photopaint™ (Corel, Ottowa, CA) and transferred to Scion NIH image 1.62 (Scion Corp, Maryland, USA). Utilizing this software the X -Y centre point coordinates and the area of each canal space were computed. The X -Y centre point movement was calculated after the first rotary instrumentation, after the second rotary instrumentation and finally after Gates-Glidden instrumentation. The lateral force was applied 90 degrees to the long axis of the tooth, and was measured with an Instron Universal Testing Machine (Instron, Massachuset, USA), at all times. No significant difference in canal centre movement was found between force and no force groups after first and second rotary instrumentation. However, a significant difference (p=0.007) was seen in canal centre movement between force and no force groups after Gates-Glidden instrumentation (positive control). It was concluded that with the amount of force (3-5.5N) and the time period (12-16sec) under which the force was applied, it is not possible to direct NiTi Orifice Shapers™ away from the danger area in the coronal root third of the mesial root of mandibular molars.

Magister Scientiae - MSc
Nowadays, the availability of radiographic modalities from conventional radiography to more advanced approaches such as medical computed tomography as well as cone beam computed tomography have been useful in providing insights of relevant anatomy prior to surgical procedures. The increased popularity of cone beam computed tomography has prompted interest in the utility of this approach for diagnostic application in dentistry, including the assessment of the proximity of impacted mandibular third molars to the inferior alveolar canal. It is important to understand the reliability of conventional panoramic radiograph in the assessment of this criterion since it is more commonly used as first line radiographic approach due to its availability and lower radiation dose. This study is aimed to investigate the reliability of conventional panoramic radiograph in the evaluation of the proximity of impacted mandibular third molar root tip to the inferior alveolar canal by correlating the results with cone beam computed tomography. A retrospective study of forty nine patients who underwent panoramic radiography as well as cone beam computed tomography for examination of impacted mandibular third molars was conducted. Two observers were participated in all image evaluation. In this study, both observers recorded statistically significant differences in the measurement of the apices of vertically impacted third molars and the inferior alveolar canal from panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography images. The low reliability of panoramic radiograph to assess the vertical proximity between these two anatomical structures suggests the importance of additional assessment with cone beam computed tomography in cases where panoramic radiograph shows superimposition of the third molar root on the roof of the canal, presence of root below the roof of the canal and presence of bone height of less than one millimetre separating the third molar from the inferior alveolar canal.

碩士
臺北市立大學
歷史與地理學系社會科教學碩士學位班
107
In 1949, hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians came to Taiwan with the National Government of the Republic of China. At that time, they urgently needed to settle down, thus forming the residence type of the unique Dependents' Village in Taiwan. "Military Dependents' Village" is a historical settlement in Taiwan under the special time and space background. With the change of time, it represents not only the settlement of houses of a generation, but also the important historical memory and culture of Taiwan. The immigrants recreated their memories of their hometowns in Taiwan in the form of food. Following the evolution of history, it has added a new look to Taiwan's diversified food culture since the Aboriginal period. My grandfather came from Hunan Province, China. He was a member who followed the National Government of the Republic of China to Taiwan in 1949. He was also the "Mainlanders" that people would mention at the time. Based on this, this research is devoted to the following three projects: I. Integrating and exploring the formation background and life characteristics of the village; II. Discussing the dietary effects brought by immigrants; III. Pursuing the historical development track of Hunan cuisine in Taiwan. After literature analysis and oral interviews, the author has found that with the changes of the times, immigrants bring the eating habits of the native areas into Taiwan. Furthermore, these diverse food cultures have produced unique results in this land. With the dishes of military dependents' villages formed by immigrants from around 1949, it broke through the traditional Chinese eight cuisine system and formed the unique style of the local cuisine system. Among them, Hunan Cuisine has a long history and distinctive features, especially known as "spicy" and "cured". After the appearance of Zuan dishes in the early Republic of China, Hunan Cuisine laid an important position. The name of Zuan dishes comes from the representative of the early Republic of China and is also one of the important figures in modern history, Tan Yankai, and has a direct relationship with Taiwan's Hunan Cuisine. This kind of cuisine also injects new ideas into the traditional Hunan Cuisine in a fusion of innovative cooking styles. As time went by, the old Military Dependents' Village was dismantled one by one, and the life trajectories and history in the memory of the elders gradually disappeared. My original intention in writing this paper was to find the roots, and I wanted to leave a record for my grandfather who came to Taiwan in the age of chaos and the memory of the dying Military Dependents' Village.

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
餐旅管理研究所
102
The rise of the internet-based hotel room booking technology presents customers today gathering information and making reservation from multi-channels (online and offline). Therefore, having a better understanding of customers’ accommodation online and offline booking channels and factors affecting their booking intentions is essential for hoteliers. This study aims to understand the impact of website trust and hotels’ online and offline brand image on customers’ booking intentions via third party booking websites when conducting multi-channel transactions. Three dimensions were derived by factor analysis, namely: website trust, online brand image, and offline brand image. The results indicate that only hotels’ online brand image has a positive impact on customers’ online booking intentions, which is the most important factor that influences customers’ booking decisions in a cross-channel transaction. The findings will help hoteliers distribute products more effectively.

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
特殊教育學系碩士班
105
The study aimed to investigate the effects of game-based instruction on mathematics learning performance of elementary school third grade students in a resource class. Three elementary school students in resources class were chosen as participants of this study, the participants’ disiblities included intellectual disability and autism. The single subject research method with multiple probe across behavior design was employed. The independent variable was the game-based instruction, and the dependent variable was mathematical performance of participants, which means the percentages of the three subjects’ correct responses to the circle and angle questions on mathematics learning test. The content of instruction was the units of circle and angle. The experimental instruction of unit was offered forty minutes per class, four times per week and last for two months. The data were analyzed by visual analysis and C statistic. The study showed a good social validity. The results of this study were summarized as following: 1. The game-based mathematics instruction immediately enhanced the performance of mathematics learning for three elementary school third grade students in resource class. The mathematics learning included elements of circle, elements of angle, and identifying right angle. 2. The game-based instruction assisted instruction maintained the performance of mathematics learning for three elementary school third grade students in resource class. The mathematics learning included elements of circle , elements of angle, and identifying right angle. 3. Game-based instruction design enhanced the professional growth and reflection of the teacher in teaching. Finally, according to the results and conclusions, some suggestions for mathematics teaching and future research were proposed.

The meaning of loss is love. I know this through attention to experience. Whether loss or love is experienced in abundance or in absence, the meaning is mystical with an opening of body, mind, heart and soul to spirit. And so, in the style of a memoir, in the way of contemplative prayer, I contemplate and share my soul as a promise kept in the mystical reach through loss. With the first, initiating loss, the loss of my nine-year-old nephew, Caleb, I experience an epiphany that gives me spiritual instructions that will not be ignored. I experience loss as an abundance of meaning that comes to me as gnosis, as “knowledge of the heart” according to Elaine Pagels or divine revelation in what Evelyn Underhill calls mystical illumination in the experience of “losing-to-find” in union with the divine. Then, with gnostic import, in leaving the ordinary for the extraordinary, I enter the empty room in the painful yet liberating experience of the loss of my self. In the embrace of emptiness, I proceed to the first wall, the second wall, the third wall, the dark corner of denial, the return to centre, and, finally, to breaking the fourth wall in the empty room so as to keep my promise to you. Who are “you”? You are God. You are Caleb. You are spirit. You are my higher soul or self. And, you are the reader. You are my dear companion in silence. And then, through a series of broken promises and more loss, within what John of the Cross calls, “the dark night of the soul,” I am stopped by the ineffability of the dark corner of denial, the horror of separation and the absence of meaning, which is depicted as the grueling gap between the spiritual abyss and the breakthrough. What does it mean to keep going through a solemn succession of losses? I don’t know. In going into the empty room, I simply put pain to work in order to reach you. Through loss, though there are infinite manifestations, there is only one way: keep going. And so, in a triumph of the spirit, I keep going so as to be: a promise kept in the mystical reach through loss. As for you, through my illumined and dark experiences of loss, what is my promise to you? I keep going to reach the unreachable you. In the loss of self, with embodied emptiness, in going into the dark corner of denial, with a return to the divine centre of my emptied self, in an invitation to you, I give my soul to you in union with you.
Graduate
2020-06-25